Speech Act Theory

The primary concern of this study is to understand how curse affects the power of blessing in Genesis 1–11. First, we examine the semantics of blessing and curse in light of their history of interpretation. Second, each blessing (1:22, 28; 9:1–3, 7, 26, 27) and curse (3:14–15, 16, 17–19; 4:11–12; 9:25) that occurs within reported speech in Genesis 1–11 is categorized and examined according to its linguistic pattern and performative character. Third, the role of blessing and/or curse is determined in the development of narrative tension in the various discourse units of Genesis 1–11.
Blessing and curse are shown to be intimately connected to Creation theology: blessing is given to drive Creation toward its intended telos, while curse is pronounced when that telos is threatened. Both are a central part of Yahweh's upholding of the Order of Creation. Curse affects the power of blessing both negatively and positively in Genesis 1–11. Negatively, curse causes hostility and alienation, and can also be held partially responsible for the epidemic of death. But curse does not have the final word. Positively, curse mitigates rebellion by imposing restrictions on the transgressor. Furthermore, curse carries with it a way for life to continue.
The narrative of Genesis 1–11 bespeaks of the power words have in the world. Some create, some commission, some empower; while others punish, others alienate, and others cause death. From the beginning God has intended good for his Creation. Blessings and curses are one way of achieving that end.

The article explores the apotropaic use of the written word through τhe  inscriptions found on Byzantine amulets, i.e. portable items of a private use, which were addressed to a Christian audience and have a magical character because of their depictions, symbols and inscriptions, which are not derived from the traditions of the official church. The aim of the paper is to investigate the perceptions behind the creation, possession and use of these artifacts and to demonstrate that the written word appearing on these objects has all the characteristics of a ritual language, as it is defined in anthropological and religious studies

Students are frequently not given the background of the pragmatic knowledge to understand the language in their learning activities. Students tend to have difficulty to understand the intended meanings carried by speech acts. This problem then lead the researchers to do study which aim is to find out the kinds of speech acts employed in the speech of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, and to describe the applications of speech acts from the speech in teaching speaking. By classifying the kinds of speech acts proposed by Searle, the study shows that 115 data of speech acts found including assertives (65.21%), expressives (6.96%), directives (25.21%), commissives (1.74%), and declaratives (0.86%). Some of the speech acts categories found can be applied in teaching speaking by using them as the teaching materials. In this study, congratulating illocutionary forces of expressives are and can be applied for senior high school students in grade X semester 1.

Individuals can do a broad variety of things with their words and enjoy different degrees of this capacity. What moderates this capacity? And in cases in which this capacity is unjustly disrupted, what is a good explanation for it? These are the questions I address here. I propose that speech capacity, understood as the capacity to do things with your words, is a structural property importantly dependent on individuals’ position in a social structure. My account facilitates a non-individual- istic explanation of cases in which speech capacity is undermined due to speaker’s perceived social identity, e.g. episodes of silencing. Instead of appealing to interlocutors’ implicit bias against speaker’s identity, a structural approach refers to the positions interlocutors occupy in the social structure and the discursive conventions operating upon those positions. I articulate my proposal drawing on the notion of affordances. Each position within a social structure is associated with its own range of speech affordances. Thus, speech capacity is a function of the probability distribution of speech affordances across positions in the structure.

This paper argues that Jessie Fauset's short stories "Emmy" (1912-13) and "'There Was One Time!': A Story of Spring" (1917) reveal how white ideology operates through seemingly unracialized discourse, how one could confound this subtle process of ideological penetration, and how the author uses the motif of "literal" reading to explore strategies for resistance. In these stories, both set in early-twentieth-century Pennsylvania, white-supremacist discourses are not explicitly white-supremacist. Instead, they take an egalitarian guise on the denotative level and function by subtly inviting one to make a white-supremacist interpretation. Often unwittingly, Fauset's black characters take these discourses at face value, but such a literal approach paradoxically enables them to read against the grain and find ideologically forbidden meanings, including the availability of self-actualization regardless of one's racial background. While both stories thus explore new possibilities of ideological resistance, "There Was One Time!" proposes a more developed strategy, as the protagonists' literal approach helps to illuminate the otherwise invisible black masses with whom to cultivate a reciprocally empowering relationship. In tandem with Fauset's heightened awareness that resistant reading enhances collective solidarity and vice versa, "There Was One Time!" does not stop at black characters' personal self-fulfillment but actively addresses larger, socio-historically informed issues such as the relationship between black and American identities.

In addition to the Frege point, Frege also argued for the force-content distinction from the fact that an affirmative answer to a yes-no question constitutes an assertion. I argue that this fact more readily supports the view that questions operate on and present assertions and other forceful acts themselves. Force is neither added to propositions as on the traditional view, nor is it cancelled as has recently been proposed. Rather higher level acts such as questioning, but also e.g. conditionalizing, embed assertive or directive acts that are forceful and committal, while suspending commitment to them. The Frege point confounds different varieties of force and the question whether something is merely presented for consideration with the question what is so presented. Force is representational: through assertoric and directive force indicators subjects non-conceptually present positions of theoretical or practical knowledge, while interrogative acts indicate positions of wondering which strive for such knowledge.

Ժ. 02.07 «Գերմանական լեզուներ» մասնագիտությամբ բանասիրական գիտությունների թեկնածուի գիտական աստիճանի հայցման ատենախոսության Սեղմագիրը

Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата филологических наук по специальности 10.02.07 - «Германские языки» Резюме

Christian appropriation of OT legal material is a perennial crux interpretum. Evident, is a spectrum of approaches, from Marcion-like dismissal on the one hand through to theonomist appeals for re-enactment on the other. Within Western Christianity, the Reformation served to enshrine one approach in particular: a threefold division of the Law that distinguished between civil, ceremonial, and moral commands. However, while undoubtedly neat, such compartmentalization is highly problematic and has resulted in a myopic view of OT legal material. Leviticus 11 is a case in point. While regulations regarding the eating and touching of (un)clean animals remain determinedly central to Judaism, Christian tradition since the early church has sidelined the pericope with equal determination. Even though the Reformation sparked a renewed interest in the reading of Scripture, the designation (and, arguably, dismissal) of Leviticus 11 as “ceremonial” merely served to perpetuate a lacuna regarding the enduring relevance of this text as Christian Scripture. In this article I tease out how Leviticus 11 might be better appropriated by employing tools derived from the fields of speech act theory and intertextuality. These tools allow for greater precision in describing what Leviticus 11 as a text is doing. It becomes apparent that while some illocutions performed by Leviticus 11 are supervened when read in light of the NT, other illocutions persist. These illocutions may be legitimately appropriated by Christian readers of the text with benefits for both faith and practice.

This short essay attempts to deepen the yet unexplored and uncriticized literature of David Foster Wallace, particularly focusing on the possibility for a "performative literature" to contrast the emerging emptiness of the speech depicted by Baudrillard by using the term "simulacrum".

The book Lezioni di deontica collects the lectures of the Philosophy of Law course held by Amedeo Giovanni Conte at the Faculty of Law of the University of Pavia in the academic year 1996-1997. Lezioni di deontica deal with central topics to deontics, philosophy of normative language and general theory of law, topics to which Conte devoted most of his research activity: (i) deontic sentence, (ii) deontic validity, (iii) deontics in Ludwig Wittgenstein, (iv) constitutive rules, (v) the specificity of prescriptive texts, (vi) performativity, and (vii) the logics of deontics. The book is the result of a re-elaboration of Conte’s lecture notes, carried out with the intention of framing, in a systematic and organic way, the exposition of his research (at least those to which he devoted most attention in those years). In this perspective, therefore, Lezioni di deontica can be a useful introduction to Conte’s philosophical thought, even for students or for those who intend to start approaching Conte’s research. At the same time, in spite of the reworking and the systematization of the contents, the book try to preserve the lively and brilliantly problematic spirit that has always characterized Conte’s teaching, trying, in the end, to preserve the “style” and the “tone” and, with them, the memory of a great maestro.

While recent work in lyric theory has put the generic category of the lyric into radical question, less attention has been paid to how lyric poets employ the instabilities of figuration and reference to critical, and ultimately social, ends. Taking as a test case the most popular poet of a regionally authentic American lyric, Robert Frost, I argue that Frost uses techniques of lyric voicing to critique the very means by which persons appear as familiar individuals, of a sociality or place, and therefore worthy of certain liberties and property claims. I draw upon Frost's early New England poems, his relationship with Edward Thomas, as well as his final public lecture, "On Extravagance" to show how he links " drifts" in reference and cumulative "shifts" in sound or sense to the lived experience of transience, particularly within the context of rural economies. Frost allies the vocation of poetry and lyric form not with a rugged isolationism but a more conditional notion of freedom, one that forms across a variety of egoisms, boundaries, and moral or ethical values.

How to say no less, no more about conditional than what is needed? From a logical analysis of necessary and sufficient conditions, we argue that a proper account of conditional can be obtained by extending the logical notation of Frege’s Begriffsschrift. After discarding his Equivalence Thesis, according to which the denial of a sentence equates with the affirmation of its negation, it becomes possible to characterize the logical meaning of “if”, and only “if”. That is: without irremediably leading from entailment into formal implication, whilst sticking to a bivalent definition of conditional as a speech-act commitment. Finally, the two main inference rules for conditional, viz. Modus Ponens and Modus Tollens, are reassessed in this new light.

Political speeches, no doubt, have been object and subject of diverse linguistic and non-linguistic analyses for decades. Apparently, communication is the most vital tool in politicking within and outside Nigeria as politicians vehemently trade in various discourses and arguments through fliers, pamphlets, manifestoes, public statements and speeches. In fact, political speeches are occasioned by different contexts or situations. Hence, the research portrays context as an integral part in speaker᾽s intention and hearer᾽s interpretation. Specifically, performative political-speeches are selected to explore the significance of the context in negotiating pragmatic meaning through the frame work of Speech Act Theory. The data are drawn from two speeches of Nigerian President Umaru Musa Yar᾽Adua based on periodisation (2008-2009). The Speech Act analysis of these action political discourses provides the understanding that political leaders employ unique speech act types which are mainly assertive when delivering performative political speeches. The reason for this is premised on the fact that the speeches are performative and delivered by a President in a democratic government. The study, therefore, recommends a contrastive analysis of performative and ceremonial political speeches of the President or other political leaders to further demonstrate the influence of context on speech act patterns.

Poster presented at the International Association for the Study of Dreams, 34th Annual International Conference, June 16-20, 2017. The poster outlines a study on avatar animation of dreamer motor behavior from electromyography collected at the University of Texas, Austin, Cognitive Neuroscience Lab in 2016.

Speech Act of Prohibition in English and Arabic: A Contrastive Study on
Selected Biblical and Quranic Verses

Sawsan Kareem Al-Saaidi
College of Education, Al-Qadisiya University,
Iraq

Ghayth K. Shaker Al-Shaibani
English Section, School of Languages, Literacies and Translation
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
Hashim A. Mohammed Al-Husseini
College of Education, University of Wasit
Iraq



Abstract
Speech act theory has played an interesting role in the philosophy of language recently and has drawn great interest among pragmaticists, anthropologists, philosophers, linguists, and semanticists. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to investigate the speech act of prohibition as one of the most essential communicative uses of language. It is defined as a desire or a wish to forbid someone from doing something. The researchers attempt to show how the speech act of prohibition can be used in both English and Arabic at various levels of analysis. Specifically, a three-level analytical framework, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic, is suggested for textual analysis through a set of linguistic devices. This means that in performing a linguistic act, we often do further things. The data of this paper consists of a number of verses from the Glorious Quran and the Holy Bible. The main findings of this paper indicate that prohibition in English is most commonly realized by using a syntactic device, namely declarative sentences. Whilst prohibition in Arabic is expressed by the negative imperative “do not do”. In addition, prohibition can be expressed explicitly and implicitly in both languages. However, it was found that Arabic is distinguished from English by its heavy use of explicit and implicit devices expressing the speech act of prohibition.
Keywords: pragmatics, prohibition, semantics, speech act theory, syntax.

In dieser Diplomarbeit werden die beiden Teilbereiche der Persuasion, Überzeugen und Überreden, unter pragmalinguistischem Gesichtspunkt auf ihre Voraussetzungen und Erfolgsbedingungen in interpersonaler, interaktiver face-to-face-Kommunikation untersucht, um die theoretischen Grundlagen eines Modells der Persuasion zu erarbeiten.
Ausgangspunkt der Arbeit ist die Sprechakttheorie, die den Handlungscharakter persuasiver Kommunikation fassbar macht. Dabei ist der Zusammenhang zwischen Intention und Effekt bei perlokutionären Akten von besonderem Interesse, da sich aus seiner Klärung die Rollen der Interaktionspartnerinnen ergeben: Wer entscheidet über den Ausgang des Persuasionsveruchs? Wie weit reicht der Einfluss der Sprecherin, welche Möglichkeiten hat die Hörerin? Perlokutions- und Persuasionskonzepte werden vorgestellt und miteinander verglichen. Die Weiterentwicklungen der Sprechakttheorie gehen in Richtung einer Aufwertung der passiven Hörerin, die in Folge als (aktive) Opponentin behandelt wird.
Um die Interaktivität im Vollzug, die sprachliche Gestaltung und die Faktoren der Wirksamkeit zu erfassen, werden die sprechakttheoretischen Konzepte in der zweiten Hälfte der Arbeit interdisziplinär erweitert: Erkenntnisse und Theorien aus Sprechwissenschaft, Rhetorik, Sozialpsychologie und Kommunikationswissenschaft werden mit einander in Beziehung gesetzt, um die Faktoren zu analysieren, die persuasive Wirkung bestimmen. Als Variable des Erfolgs gilt der Persuasionsversuch in seiner sprachlichen Ausgestaltung. Er füllt die Lücke zwischen Intention und Effekt über die Akzeptanz vonseiten der Opponentin. Antizipation und Perspektivenübernahme müssen jeder persuasiven Strategie vorausgehen. Mit dem Fortschreiten der Analyse wird deutlich, dass der Erfolg von Persuasion nicht im Eintreten des intendierten Effekts bei der Hörerin, sondern in einer freien Entscheidung desr Op¬ponentin im Sinne der Proponentin zu sehen ist.
Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung werden in Form der theoretischen Grundlagen eines Persuasions-modells zusammengeführt, das in Abgrenzung zu Argumentation, Manipulation und Aufforderungen erstellt wird und dessen Teilbereiche, Überzeugen und Überreden, definitorisch getrennt werden. An¬schlussmöglichkeiten für empirische Untersuchungen zur Persuasion und damit für eine Validierung und Vervollständigung des Modells werden aufgezeigt.

Lady Lumley's Iphigenia, a dramatization of sacrifice for a political cause, echoes the Lumley family's participation in the politics of the 1550s. The role of Lady Lumley's father in the events surrounding Lady Jane Grey's death illuminates his daughter's translation of Euripides, revealing affinities with Palestinian constructions of gender and female 'martyrdom' whereby women transcend convention while self-silencing their voices of protest. In both the fictional world of Lumley's Iphigenia and contemporary Palestine, marriage and sacrifice are metaphorically associated. Clytemnestra's opposition to Agamemnon's plan to sacrifice Iphigenia and the Chorus's complicity with the former enacts a presentist dialogue with contemporary Palestinian mothers divided in their support of or opposition to their daughters' participation in armed resistance. Controversially, in common Palestinian parlance those dying defending the Palestinian cause (including, even more controversially, suicide bombers) are termed 'martyrs' for a just cause. Iphigenia's heroism and Agamemnon's indecisions therefore bear contemporary resonances.

This essay collection examines the current status of the interaction between literary studies and the philosophy of literature, articulates its potentialities and difficulties, and implements a genuine dialogue between the two fields by featuring twelve essays on shared issues written by scholars coming from both disciplines with an interdisciplinary audience in mind.

Literary studies and the philosophy of literature share an object (literature), in part a methodology (at a minimum, an investment on proposing generalisable theses about literature), and a number of crucial issues (how to determine the value of literature, how can we learn from fiction, what is the role of the author in understanding a literary work, etc.). Each of the two fields has given a range of answers to these questions, and their reciprocal relevance is often obvious to those few who are acquainted with both fields. Nonetheless, genuine interaction remains very scant: while philosophers of literature often talk about literary works, and literary scholars often talk about philosophy, very rarely do their outputs engage with the other discipline’s rationale and findings satisfactorily. This state of affairs stems largely from institutional separateness and from the relative heterogeneity of the respective intellectual frameworks and rhetoric.

This collection shows that this need not be the case. Twelve scholars from both disciplines have produced essays that span the two fields. We aim to show that the possibility of interaction is real and has an ample potential to open up new approaches and issues to enquiry. As such, this is an addition to the literature both for philosophers of literature and for those literary scholars who have an investment in the theory of literature.

The book contains essays by Catherine Belsey, Stein Haugom Olsen, Jukka Mikkonen, Michael Rose-Steel, Ery Shin, Manuel García-Carpintero, Maximilian de Gaynesford, Derek Matravers, Samuel O'Donoghue, Andrea Selleri, Marianna Ginocchietti and Giulia Zanfabro, and Heiko Zimmermann.

The undergraduate thesis deals with the ways of expressing epistemic (extrinsic) modality in spoken English. In the light of knowledge gained from individual reference books it offers different views on modality in general and subsequently focuses only on epistemic modality. There are two main ways speakers use to express their commitment to the truth or likelihood of a proposition and these are: grammatical (modal verbs) and lexical (adverb phrase, finite clause). Each branch further examines individual means of realisation, so called ‘epistemic markers’. The second part of the thesis analyses 181 excerpts taken from the film Pride & Prejudice directed by Joe Wright in 2005. The following results of the analysis show that epistemic modality is relatively frequent phenomenon in spoken language (15% of sequences) considering its limited means of realization. The second research question proved that epistemic stance is usually expressed lexically (77%) thanks to its syntactic mobility. Finally, it was detected that the most frequent expression are ‘I think’ (21 cases), ‘must’ (14 cases) ‘I hope’ (11 cases), ‘perhaps’ (11 cases) and ‘I believe’ (9 cases), most of them being lexical. Generally, there is a tendency to express higher degree of certainty rather than lower.

Commentators have suggested that Nella Larsen’s Passing rejects the view that there is some sort of black essence. I want to challenge this reading. Since Irene is the most vocal advocate of an essence in respect to which all blacks are homogeneous, much of the evidence for thinking that Passing is skeptical about such an essence amounts to evidence for not trusting Irene’s judgment in general, and for not trusting her judgment on this matter in particular. My arguments, then, will often involve explaining why Passing is not leading the reader to mistrust Irene’s judgment on this matter. Now, what exactly is meant by a black essence is, explicitly in this book, mysterious. Nevertheless, I hope to shed some light on how Passing understands the nature of this something, this je ne sais quoi, peculiar to blacks. My tentative interpretation is that this something is an intangible and indefinite manner of being that is neither a conscious choice nor an inborn fact of biology, but rather a given of culture. I take this, in effect, blackness manner to be, so Passing seems to indicate, a function of one’s belief that one is black in a milieu of pervasive anti-black prejudice. Passing, as I see it, thus has something to offer those of us today who struggle to adjudicate between a pull towards essentialism and a pull towards constructionism. What Passing emphasizes in this discussion is the possibility that, in addition to biological and societal influences, one’s mind state is a crucial ingredient to one’s racial identity.

In the last twenty years, recorded messages and written notes have become a significant test and an intriguing puzzle for the semantics of indexical expressions (see Smith 1989, Predelli 1996, 1998a, 1998b, 2002, Corazza et al. 2002, Romdenh-Romluc 2002). In particular, the intention-based approach proposed by Stefano Predelli has proven to bear interesting relations to several major questions in philosophy of language. In a recent paper (Saul 2006), Jennifer Saul draws on the literature on indexicals and recorded messages in order to criticize Rae Langton's claim that works of pornography can be understood as illocutionary acts – in particular acts of subordinating women or acts of silencing women. Saul argues that it does not make sense to understand works of pornography as speech acts, because only utterances in contexts can be speech acts. More precisely, works of pornography such as a film may be seen as recordings that can be used in many different contexts – exactly like a written note or an answering machine message. According to Saul, bringing contexts into the picture undermines Langton's radical thesis – which must be reformulated in much weaker terms. In this paper, I accept Saul's claim that only utterances in contexts can be speech acts, and that therefore only works of pornography in contexts may be seen as illocutionary acts of silencing women. I will, nonetheless, show that Saul's reformulation doesn't undermine Langton's thesis. To this aim, I will use the distinction Predelli proposes in order to account for the semantic behaviour of indexical expressions in recorded messages – namely the distinction between context of utterance and context of interpretation.

The divine authorship of Scripture has been a much-debated topic throughout history, particularly in the modern and postmodern eras. Those who continue to hold to such a conviction have often wrestled with its hermeneutical implications. Hermeneutic realists who employ forms of authorial discourse interpretation have realized that their presuppositions regarding the divine authorship of Scripture pose significant hermeneutical challenges. In particular, it is often believed that the divine author may intend to communicate something different from what the human author of the text intended. This belief has led many to employ what became known as a sensus plenior hermeneutic, a hermeneu-tic that has generated criticism from both hermeneutic realists and non-realists alike. Recent years have witnessed renewed interest in understanding Scripture as divine communication. Those involved in theological herme-neutics have drawn upon advances in a wide range of disciplines in order to develop and defend their methodologies. From the fields of communication theory and pragmatics, speech act theory has been proffered by some as providing an insightful analysis of the anatomy of communication and, in particular, authorial intention. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how speech act theory highlights the problems related to a dual-authorship hermeneutic and with sensus plenior approaches in particular. At the same time, speech act theory is shown to be a valuable tool that can clarify interpretive goals and enable a greater appreciation of the divine authorship of Scripture at both canonical and intracanonical levels.

У статті показано місце компліменту у системі експресивних мовленнєвих актів, виокремлено
основні критерії відмежування компліменту від таких суміжних мовленнєвих актів як похвала, лестощі
та вітання, кожен аспект проілюстровано на основі прикладів з німецькомовних драм кінця XVIII ст.
Ключові слова: мовленнєвий акт, комплімент, похвала, лестощі, вітання, критерії розмежування,
німецькомовні драми.
This article devotes to the role of the compliment in the system of the expressive speech acts, the basic
criteria are shown that help to distinguish the compliment from the other similar speech acts such
as praise, flattery and congratulations, each aspect is illustrated by examples from German dramas of the end
of the XVIII century.
Key words: the speech act, compliment, praise, flattery, congratulations, separation criteria, the German
dramas

This study investigates to what extent Turkish formal complaint letters followed ‘PROBLEM-SOLUTION Pattern’ (Hoey 1983) and how the writers expressed their wish in the SOLUTION Move where they were supposed to ask the authorities to correct a mistake.
The informants were 134 Turkish university students in the city of Bursa. The data was collected by means of a task. It is based on a hypothetical situation where a university student notices an innacuracy in one of her/his final grades. Consequently, s/he writes a complaint letter to appeal to the students’ registrar.
The results show that Turkish complaint letters follow Hoey’s pattern in general. However, there is no EVALUATION Move which follows Hoey’s description though some of the writers expressed evaluation via lexical particles like ‘despite’.
All writers used Turkish traditional FORMULA ‘Gereğinin yapılmasını arz ederim.’ [I present what is necessary to be done.] (Akar 2002) in its three varying forms. The impersonalised expression ‘gereğinin’ (what is necessary) gives the writer the freedom of not specifying what exactly s/he wants the authorities to do to solve the problem. Here the verb is ‘yapılmasını’ (do-POSS-NOM-POSS-ACC) which is also impersonalised.  Some writers used the formula alone (36 %). Some of them modified the formula by replacing the verb ‘yapılmasını’ (to be done) with ‘düzeltilmesini’ (the mistake to be corrected) the verb in it. Others merged the formula with a request (39 %) (I present this mistake to be rectified). Small group wrote a request with negative politeness which is followed by the formula (6 %). ‘Bu hatanın düzeltilmesini istiyorum. FORMULA.’ (I would like this mistake to be corrected. FORMULA)
The traditional way of formal letter writing in Turkish has been ‘stylised’ formula (Yeung 1997) which is to be followed strictly. It functions as a type of ‘social index’ indicating the relative positions of interactants in a given situation (ibid). This formula conveniently saves language users from making strategic linguistic choices. The politeness expressed in this kind of stylised formula is normative rather than strategic personal choice (Gu 1990).  The literature shows that Turkish traditions  shows similarities when compared to Chinese, Japanese and Korean formal letter writing traditions.

Sommaire de la Revue: "Il est important d’ouvrir les colonnes de Sémiotique & Bible à d’autres réflexions herméneutiques, comme celle de Kyriakoula Papademetriou. Professeure de sémiotique en Grèce, elle montre comment l’approche d’Austin, qui a elle-même ouvert de nouveaux horizons herméneutiques en développant son approche de la dimension performative du langage, n’a fait que révéler ce dont les Pères de l’Église, notamment Saint Jean Chrysostome, avaient déjà nourri leur herméneutique. L’article de Kyriakoula Papademetriou nous offre d’ailleurs l’occasion de poser une question théorique passionnante : quelles ressemblances et quelles différences y aurait-il entre les actes performatifs de parole d’Austin et l’énonciation telle que conçue dans la thèse d’Olivier Robin ou, plus largement, dans les travaux du CADIR ? Ou encore : et si l’herméneutique patristique recelait d’autres richesses que le XXème  et le XXIème siècles n’avaient pas encore théorisées ?"

Traduction grecque: "Είναι σημαντικό να ανοίξουμε τις στήλες του Sémiotique & Bible και σε άλλες ερμηνευτικές συλλογιστικές, όπως αυτή της Κυριακούλας Παπαδημητρίου, Καθηγήτριας Σημειωτικής στην Ελλάδα, που δείχνει πώς η προσέγγιση του Austin, η οποία άνοιξε η ίδια νέους ερμηνευτικούς ορίζοντες, αναπτύσσοντας την προσέγγιση της επιτελεστικής διάστασης της γλώσσας, δεν έκανε κάτι άλλο παρά να αποκαλύψει αυτό με το οποίο οι Πατέρες της Εκκλησίας, ιδίως ο Άγιος Ιωάννης Χρυσόστομος, είχαν ήδη θρέψει την ερμηνευτική τους. Το άρθρο της Κυριακούλας Παπαδημητρίου μας προσφέρει, εξάλλου, την ευκαιρία να θεσουμε ένα συναρπαστικό θεωρητικό ερώτημα: ποιες ομοιότητες και ποιες διαφορές θα υπήρχαν μεταξύ των επιτελεστικών πράξεων του λόγου του Austin και της εκφώνησης, όπως κατανοείται στη διατριβή του Olivier Robin ή, ευρύτερα, στα έργα του C.A.DI.R.; Ή το ερώτημα: κι αν η πατερική ερμηνευτική περικρύβει κι άλλα πλούτη, για τα οποία οι 20ός και 21ος αιώνες δεν έχουν ακόμη παρουσιάσει μία θεωρία;"

Performance a performativita se staly v poslední době velmi módními slovy. Nesporně v sobě nesou zprávu o výrazné paradigmatické změně v umění i v kritickém myšlení. Jejich nadužívání však může způsobit, že se rozbřednou do prázdných klišé. Cílem tohoto semináře je dobře zmapovat kontext, ve kterém se tyto pojmy zrodily a následně pak hledat, v čem skutečně spočívá jejich potenciál a významnost. Za tímto účelem budeme nejprve sledovat čtyři hlavní kořeny performativity a performance: 1. lingvistika a teorie speech-acts, 2. sociologie/psychologie a performativita identity, 3. antropologie rituálů a her 4. umění a vztah mezi tradičním divadlem a performancí. Na základě popisu těchto východisek si posléze položíme otázku po hlubším vztahu mezi myšlením a divadlem. Jedním z efektů obratu k performativitě je totiž zrušení po staletí udržovaného přesvědčení o bytostném rozdílu mezi myslí a tělem, ideou a výrazem (gestem, slovem, expresí), teorií a uměním. Transformací této umělé separace se však myšlení ukazuje jako nutně dramatické, sjednávané a vtělené a divadlo jako jeden z nejadekvátnějších způsobů uvažování. Setkává se divadlo a kritické myšlení opět v postoji údivu, ochoty nechat se překvapit, připravenosti likvidovat mínění a klišé a pokusu o permanentní otevřenost? Má tento postoj i svá rizika?

Die Soziologie der Mitgliedschaft legt einen besonderen Anschnitt bei der Untersuchung der klassischen soziologischen Grundbegriffe Rolle, Status, Erwartungen und soziale Gruppe. Er besteht darin, dass sie im Hinblick auf die Strukturbestandteile sozialer Systeme zu untersuchen sind. Der Begriff der sozialen Gruppe wird in die Problemstufenordnung der Mitgliedschaftssoziologie Gesellschaft, Organisation und Interaktion eingeordnet. Sie ist jedoch keine eigene Ebene der Anordnung der Mitgliedschaft in sozialen Systemen auf der Problemstufenordnung. Gruppen bilden sich sozialsystem-, teilsystem- und organisationssystemtypisch. Sie können die sozialen Systeme, die Teilsysteme und das Organisationssystem auch übergreifen. Die Gruppensoziologie motivierte zu einer mitgliedschaftstheoretische Reinterpretation, da soziale Gruppen durch besondere Mitgliedschaftsbedingungen selbstdeterminiert sind.
Der Band führt in zentrale Grundbegriffe der Soziologie ein, die dem Soziologiestudenten eine Orientierung für die Beobachtung von Kommunikation und Mitgliedschaft bereitstellen. Er wertet soziologisches Wissen aus und führt die Kommunikation mit der Tradition des Faches fort.

Bilingualism and multilingualism are the speaker’s ability to speak two or more languages. This capability is achieved by the individual speakers, where besides the mother tongue (L1) learners different languages on a parallel basis or gradually, indifferent times and places, creating different language competence, which memorializes in his cognitive and uses the self-actualization in the process of instruction in the language required in compliance with contextual communication situation.
Linguistic diversity reflected in multicultural social community enables all individuals to develop bilingualism and multilingualism skills ranging from family environment with mixed marriages and social environment with formal education systems, formal and informal education for the achievement of personal and collective in ward-processing versatile in every aspect of life.
Achievements of the Individual in ward-processing to multilingual speakers reflected on the enrichment cognitive with different competitive languages, in developing affective achieving empathic on respecting the principle of multicultural democratic society toward psychomotor skills development of oral and written expression in every language, communication towards the provision and acceptance of different messaging and social terms with the facilitation of providing vital existential unemployment challenge in the XXI century.
This project aims to clarify scientific theoretical concepts about bilingualism and multilingualism and with empirical research to illuminate the current state of bilingualism and multilingualism which is used by the speakers to provide vital existentiality in everyday life in the city of Gostivar, Republic of Macedonia. In this research shall use combined questionnaires prepared in advance according to Likert scale and with alternative questions for three groups of bilingual speakers. The survey will held with employed citizens of three ethnic groups in Gostivar with Albanians, Macedonians and Turks.

Makalah ini membahas campur kode bahasa Korea ke dalam bahasa Indonesia yang dilakukan oleh orang Indonesia asli. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan bentuk satuan bahasa yang dominan dalam campur kode yang dituturkan oleh ketiga informan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian studi kasus ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif-analistis. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara. Terdapat sumber data primer dan sekunder yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini. Data primer berupa hasil wawancara dengan ketiga informan dan data sekunder berupa buku-buku, tesis, skripsi, kuesioner, serta makalah non seminar atau jurnal. Hasil penelitian studi kasus ini menunjukkan adanya kemunculan campur kode sebanyak 110 kali dalam 64 ujaran informan, yang dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 72 kali berwujud kata, 12 kali berwujud frasa, 5 kali berwujud pengulangan kata, 1 kali berwujud ungkapan, 15 kali berwujud klausa, dan 5 kali berwujud baster. Dari 110 kali kemunculan, satuan yang paling dominan adalah satuan kata. Sampai saat ini, penelitian yang mengkaji tentang campur kode bahasa Korea ke bahasa Indonesia masih langka. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi literatur tambahan yang berkaitan dengan campur kode, khususnya campur kode bahasa Korea dalam tuturan bahasa Indonesia.

Kata Kunci: studi kasus, campur kode bahasa Korea; bahasa Indonesia; baster

This study aimed to investigate the speech acts from the character’s conversations on Genshin Impact including monologue and dialogue when the video game started. Genshin Impacts is a role-playing game (RPG) where the players can explore whole places through beautiful and insightful stories. In this study, the writer analyses the conversations from the videos and character’s voices appearing in the game storylines. This study used a descriptive qualitative method. After that, the data were from the multi-choice conversation taken from cutscenes while the game started and those consist of the directive and indirective communications of the characters. According to Mihoyo website, every character had different expressions in the conversation such as vocabulary, utterance and even had the backgrounds of the tale itself. The findings will be elaborated speech acts theory on Genshin Impacts that the writer has learned in the current class. Lastly, Because online fantasy games and role-playing games (RPG) became popular, the writer made an idea to persuade young generations and general people to learn English through video games with English content as well.

Keywords: Speech acts, Genshin Impact, Conversation, Descriptive Qualitative Method, Vocabulary, and Utterance.

This essay takes the work of Samuel Fosso as
the starting point of my reflections—not in
an attempt to reveal the genuine features of
African self-portraiture but to examine a work
that is exclusively self-photographic with regard
to subject theory and the logics of representation
that are at work in a self-photographic situation.