Code switching and code mixing

The present work is the sociolinguistic analysis of a corpus of short monologues written and acted out by the Veneto actor Andrea Pennacchi –El Pojana–, which is characterized by the the extreme use of code-switching (CS) and code-mixing (CM) strategies between Italian, an extreme version of regional Italian (Veneto) and Veneto dialect. The main challenge concerning artistic use in such cases consists in the fact that similar monologues are thought out and programmed, in other words in a very different way from spontaneous production, and greater difficulty is included by the various strategies due to diamesic factors, recited text, a read text, or typological differences, i.e theatrical production, monologue, dialogue, texts for the cinema or literary texts. Strategies may vary somewhat. When such productions succeed in giving an impression of naturalness, approaching real life situations, it is obvious that the mechanisms characterizing real speech are at work, in all their aspects, even if not in a completely conscious way

PHP is one of the most commonly used languages to develop web sites because of its simplicity, easy to learn and it can be easily embedded with any of the databases. A web developer with his basic knowledge developing an application without practising secure guidelines, improper validation of user inputs leads to various source code vulnerabilities. Logical flaws while designing, implementing and hosting the web application causes work flow deviation attacks. In this paper, we are analyzing the complete behaviour of a web application through static and dynamic analysis methodologies.

The current study investigates DP-internal adjectives in Spanish/English code-switching (CS). Specifically, we analyze two concomitant phenomena that have been previously investigated; namely, the distributional frequency and placement of adjectives in mixed determiner phrases (DPs). A total of 1680 DPs (477 monolingual Spanish and 1203 Spanish/English DPs), extracted from sociolinguistic interviews with 62 consultants from Northern Belize, were quantitatively examined. This paper is the first of its kind to examine adjectives in the innovative Spanish/English CS variety of Northern Belize, an understudied context where bilingual CS has thrived among younger generations. The distributional and statistical analyses revealed that the avoidance of Spanish attributive adjectives and overt gender marking is a distinguishing characteristic of mixed DPs but not monolingual Spanish DPs, a finding that supports Otheguy and Lapidus' (2003) adaptive simplification hypothesis. In terms of adjective placement, both the Matrix Language Frame model and the Minimalist approach to CS were able to account for mixed noun-adjective DPs, with the exception of a few cases that could only be predicted by the former model. The present analysis highlights the pivotal role that simplification and convergence play in code-switchers' optimization of linguistic resources in bi/multilingual discourse.

Après avoir discuté de diverses typologies existantes, sur la question des alternances codiques, nous décrivons dans cet article, au regard de nos données, les propriétés linguistiques et sociales des parlers bilingues dans les communautés kali'na et businenge. Nous espérons ainsi, au travers de la présentation de nos résultats, montrer que quel que soit le regard porté sur les alternances (linguistique, interactionnel), celles-ci ne peuvent être dégagées des significations sociales qu'elles ont pour les locuteurs qui les produisent.

« L’art de l’écrivain est son véritable passeport » : Multilinguisme, psycholinguistique et écriture chez l’écrivain Vladimir Nabokov

Nabokov est le seul des écrivains russes (en Russie aussi bien que dans l’émigration) appartenant au monde occidental en entier (ou au monde entier), et non seulement à la Russie. L’appartenance à une nationalité bien définie et à une langue bien définie pour des écrivains comme lui ne joue pas, au fond, un grand rôle . 

Tout comme la littérature russe, la littérature américaine a dû se définir par rapport à, et bien souvent contre, son héritage européen. Nabokov se trouve justement au croisement de ces multiples traditions littéraires : en raison de son changement de langue d'écriture au début des années 1940, Nabokov est tantôt qualifié d'auteur russe, tantôt d'auteur américain. Cette identification découle le plus souvent de sa langue d'écriture alors que l'« américanité » de certains de ses romans est discutable. Quel critère peut permettre de déterminer l'appartenance à une littérature nationale ? Que faire de la non-appartenance, du déracinement ? Si la littérature russe se voit généralement découpée entre littérature soviétique et littérature émigrée à partir de la révolution bolchévique, la littérature américaine, et plus généralement en langue anglaise, ne reconnait nullement le déracinement géographique ou culturel comme paramètre déterminant de la « littérature américaine ».
Nabokov refusait toute étiquette et revendiquait la primauté de son style: 
L’art de l’écrivain est son véritable passeport. Son identité doit être immédiatement reconnaissable à cause d’un dessin particulier ou d’une coloration unique. Son habitat peut venir confirmer la justesse de l’identification, mais il ne doit pas y conduire.
En effet, un des critères essentiels de l'écriture nabokovienne est son rapport à la langue. Grand écrivain, Nabokov écrivait comme dans une langue étrangère, pour reprendre la formule proustienne « Les beaux livres sont écrits dans une sorte de langue étrangère ». Si Nabokov appartient à une catégorie littéraire, à une nation, c'est celle des écrivains bilingues, étrangers dans la langue.
Dans un premier temps, nous montrerons la particularité des écrivains bilingues dans une perspective littéraire et surtout psycholinguistique. Chez Nabokov, l’impact du bilinguisme sur l’écriture s’observe dans ses mémoires comme dans ses romans. D’une part, dans son autobiographie auto-traduite, le changement de langue a conduit au retour de certains souvenirs et à la modification de certains autres, impliquant donc une réécriture. D’autre part, dans ses romans en anglais, les mots étrangers ne se résument nullement à des traces biographiques de l’éducation polyglotte de Nabokov mais ont une réelle fonction esthétique.

The study of grammatical variation in language mixing has been at the core of research into bilingual language practices. Although various motivations have been proposed in the literature to account for possible mixing patterns, some of them are either controversial, or remain untested. Little is still known about whether and how frequency of use of linguistic elements can contribute to the patterning of bilingual talk. This book is the first to systematically explore the factor usage frequency in a corpus of bilingual speech. The two aims are (i) to describe and analyze the variation in mixing patterns in the speech of Russia German adolescents and young adults in Germany, and (ii) to propose and test usage-based explanations of variation in mixing patterns in three morphosyntactic contexts: the adjective-modified noun phrase, the prepositional phrase, and the plural marking of German noun insertions in bilingual sentences. In these contexts, German noun insertions combine with either Russian or German words and grammatical markers, thus yielding mixed bilingual and German monolingual constituents in otherwise Russian sentences, the latter also labelled as embedded-language islands. The results suggest that the frequency with which words are used together mediates the distribution of mixing patterns in each of the examined contexts. The differing impacts of co-occurrence frequency are attributed to the distributional and semantic specifics of the analyzed morphosyntactic configurations. Lexical frequency has been found to be another important determinant in this variation. Other factors include recency, or lexical priming, in discourse in the case of prepositional phrases, and phonological and structural similarities and differences in the inflectional systems of the contact languages in the case of plural marking.

Language matters in education. More precisely, languages matter – not just officially recognised ones, but, crucially, the multilingual repertoires and home language practices of students.
One dimension garnering attention for some decades now is codeswitching or code mixing. This comprises the routine switching between or mixing of different language varieties in everyday social interactions – a pattern of flexible multilingualism that the majority of the world’s communities engage in. You might well do this with family members or friends from different backgrounds, at wet markets, kopitiams and cha chaan tengs, or on social media and hiphop.
Closely related to and a development of this is translanguaging, a concept emerging in early 2000s in the field of bilingual education.
[...]
Prevailing dominant language policies and ideologies nonetheless present real challenges for practice. Scholars’ suggestions include more explicit recognition of diversity (e.g. the value of different varieties of English, including e.g. African American Vernacular English, Singlish), and the inclusion of material that explores and builds on existing cultural and linguistic knowledge of students, to reinforce how content learning in school is not incompatible with home competencies.
The recognition of multilingualism (and multiculturalism) as a resource, not a problem, is truly a cornerstone for inclusive, sustainable education for all.

In: Multidimensionality of vocabulary in the literary language (2018): 117–133.
The chapter analyzes the semantic, structural, and functional features of the Ukrainian socio-political vocabulary in given period. It describes external factors which influence the language of internet media, such as Revolution of Dignity, Russian-Ukrainian hybrid war, post-truth politics, and other phenomena of social and political life. The research demonstrates change in semantic contents of socio-political vocabulary and emergence of a new associative field "Military affair." It investigates numerous neologisms in the given thematic layer and brings to light most productive methods, for instance, prefixation, blending, semantic change and borrowing. The study highlights trends in socio-political vocabulary functioning in the internet media and examines use of lexicon from pop-culture phenomena (for example, "The Lord of the Rings" and "Game of Thrones") in the Ukrainian political discourse.

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The belief that language instruction should be done exclusively in the target language and that 'native-speakers' are better language teachers is still around. In this context, there are language teachers who perceive code-switching as detrimental to language learning, while others believe L1 usage should not be excluded and can enhance L2 learning (Tian & Macaro, 2012). Seeking to understand what recent research has found on the effects of code-switched instruction on L2 learning, we conducted a research synthesis of experimental studies published from 2008 to 2018. Our research questions were 1) what are the effects of code-switched instruction on second language learning?; 2) does code-switched instruction lead to better learning results than target-language-only instruction?; and 3) what are the learning contexts of the research investigating code-switched instruction and who are their participants?. Eight out of the nine studies found that the code-switched instruction outperformed instruction done exclusively in the target language, with positive effects, such as reduced anxiety, being reported in all of them. Considering our results, we argue that code-switching is not necessarily a sign of diminished linguistic competence and that it is not detrimental to language learning.

The goal of the present study is the analysis of the lexical composition of any language (or language variant) which covers not only the peculiarities of language units functioning, but also the facts of their social and ethnic specificity taking into account the system-forming cultural and national relations between language units and culturally significant concepts.
The inevitable connection of culture and its language has been proven by a number of scholars. Thus, the influence of a person's speech on his thought process is of fundamental importance. V.A. Zvegintsev claims that there is a dependence of language on the general cultural state of a nation. The study of this question has much in common with the problem of the relationship between language and thought.

There has been a lot of recent research on bilingual or multilingual code-switching in pop songs in various speech communities. In this talk, I shall introduce code-switching in Hong Kong Cantopop in the context of this literature. After commenting on language choice and functions of code-switching, I shall point out some recurrent patterns of English-Cantonese/Chinese code-switching and discuss various ways to analyse them. In order to properly understand these patterns and their variations, it appears that we need to look beyond concepts often discussed in the code-switching literature (e.g. "we-code" vs "they-code", the marked language vs the unmarked language, contextualization (cue), crossing, etc.) and even standard notions in sociolinguistics (e,g, identity) and pragmatics (e.g. speech act). The primary objective of this talk is to explore the relevance of stylistic/literary analysis in analysing these code-switching patterns.

The paper attempts to analyze if the sentiment stability of financial 10-K reports over time can determine the company’s future mean returns. A diverse portfolio of stocks was selected to test this hypothesis. The proposed framework downloads 10-K reports of the companies from SEC’s EDGAR database. It passes them through the preprocessing pipeline to extract critical sections of the filings to perform NLP analysis. Using Loughran and McDonald sentiment word list, the framework generates sentiment TF-IDF from the 10-K documents to calculate the cosine similarity between two consecutive 10-K reports and proposes to leverage this cosine similarity as the alpha factor. For analyzing the effectiveness of our alpha factor at predicting future returns, the framework uses the alphalens library to perform factor return analysis, turnover analysis, and for comparing the Sharpe ratio of potential alpha factors. The results show that there exists a strong correlation between the sentiment stability of our portfolio’s 10-K statements and its future mean returns. For the benefit of the research community, the code and Jupyter notebooks related to this paper have been open-sourced on Github1.

The article makes an introduction to the modern linguistic landscape in the city of Chennai, India. The author discusses the coordination of language varieties, their status, and particular characteristics of their speakers. Special attention is paid to linguistic features of all the four Tamil variants spoken in the city: the phonetics of Colloquial Tamil in comparison with Literary Tamil, the vocabulary of Chennai Tamil slang, and the codeswitching in the Tamil – English mix, the so-called “Tanglish”. Preliminary results of the research concerning the role of Colloquial Tamil and Chennai Tamil slang in the daily life of the speakers are presented. 

Key words:  Tamil, sociolinguistics, Colloquial Tamil, Literary Tamil, diglossia, Tanglish, Chennai Tamil, Madras bhasha, code-switching, linguistic landscape, slang.

This chapter focuses upon the learning experience of five MA TESOL students in a World Englishes module entitled “English as a Global Language” at the largest Sino-UK international collaborative university in China. Interviews with the MA TESOL student-teachers revealed that they experienced “knowledge shock” in learning that (1) English can be in the plural form, (2) users can claim ownership of a particular variety of the English language, and (3) challenges for teachers wishing to apply ideas (e.g. world Englishes) from the pluralistic paradigm to teaching English at primary and secondary levels.

Using an ethnography of speaking approach, this article discusses the ideological aspects of language practices, as they are played out in a traditional Yupik (Eskimo) village in Chukotka, in the Far East of the Russian Federation. The article shows how local linguistic practices and language choices of individual speakers intersect with purist language ideologies, which frame certain beliefs about languages and ways of speaking, making them appear more normal and appropriate than others. Placing the " work of speaking " within the context of cross-cultural dynamics and purist language economies, this article challenges the basic assumption of linguistic purism about language and identity being intertwined.

The objective of this research is to investigate the code-switching in communication between nurse and patient which takes place in South Malang. The people speak Indonesian language, Javanese, and Madurese; therefore, they are living in a bilingual society. This research uses questioner to collect demographic data and audio recordings to collect the communication production between nurse and patient while a nurse is giving an initial assessment. The data are analyzed by looking at the code-switching from a sociolinguistic view. The result shows that nurse and patient use code-switching not because they cannot speak one of the languages but they do not want to throw respect to each other. It can be seen from the word used in Javanese which is part of the mid-high Javanese speech level.

Code-mixing is an interesting and useful device of communication. Code-mixing is very common in Radio Jockey speech. Tomato FM is one of the private FM channels in Kolhapur city. The present paper analyses the way Radio Jockeys on Kolhapur Tomato FM channel mix words, phrases, clauses and sentences in their speech. Programmes on Tomato FM have catchy names. This is reflected in the tag line of the channel-'Tomato FM 'ekdam fresh' (so fresh). The paper classifies embedded words into different word classes like, nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, functional words, etc., and also uses quantitative analysis to understand the phenomenon of code-mixing.

The present research explores the features of code-switching in Hanif's (2011) English fictional novel Our Lady of Alice Bhatti. The research explores code-switching by applying the Whorfian Hypothesis (Linguistic Relativity and Determinism) through textual analysis of Hanif's novel (2011). One of the distinguishing features of the novel is the use of two distinct languages (English and Urdu) which majorly cause the implementation of various features of code-switching and code-mixing. The researchers have employed the qualitative research approach during data analysis. The study examines how language influences ideas and identity with the use of code-switching. A comprehensive study or analysis of the relevant literature has also presented in a comprehensive way leading towards a theoretical framework of preferred Whorfian Hypothesis (Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis) in the field of sociolinguistics. The results and findings of the also proves that the writer of the novel consciously/unconsciously utilizes the technique of code-switching of code-mixing to highlight/promote the native/local identity (ies) and cultural values through the code-mixed language. The study would be helpful for the reader to develop an appropriate understanding of code-switching in language varieties.

This paper analyses Chinua Achebe's integration of indigenous linguistic words and expressions into his short stories in an attempt to legitimise the story teller's tribal/ethnic as well as Nigerian identities. It interfaces the general sociolinguistic concept of code-mixing with basic literary analysis strategies in the study of Achebe's deployment of words and expressions in the indigenous Nigerian languages and pidgin in select stories from Girls at War and other Stories. The findings reveal that Achebe utilizes specific indigenous words and Pidgin in the projection of socio-cultural, political and economic ideologies in the text.

Corpus Linguistics has been noted to be a trendy approach in language research in the last few decades as it is closely related to technological advancements. The rising number of available online corpora and the advanced concordancing software have been urging and boosting researches on potentials and uses of corpora in language analysis and teaching. In this study the researcher tried to fill in the gap apparent in the Saudi EFL context of poor or lack of corpora use. Therefore, the researcher has investigated the effect size of using corpus-based approach on vocabulary gains and retention. He has employed quasi-experimental study to thoroughly investigate the study questions. A diagnostic pre-test, posttest and delayed posttests have been employed with both groups, the control which has been taught using conventional approach and the experimental which has been taught using corpus-based approach. At the end of the treatment test scores for both groups have been statistically analyzed to find out the differences. The results of posttests and delayed posttests showed a statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, which indicated the effectiveness of using corpus-based approach on vocabulary gains and retention rates. Consequently, the researcher has recommended integrating corpus pre-service and in-service training for EFL teachers. He has also suggested enhancing friendly user interfaces for available corpora to be easily accessed and used by teachers and learners. Finally, combining conventional tools alongside with corpus-based method is recommended in some instances to meet some emerging challenges with corpora use.

All languages change. Creoles are no exception. However, do creoles change in the same ways as other languages? Research on language change in creoles has hinged on the notion of decreolization: apparently a ‘special case’ of contact-induced change whereby the creole adverges to the lexifier (Bickerton 1980). Decreolization has been characterized as ‘an insecure notion: insufficiently distinguished from ordinary change processes, possibly conceptually incoherent, and certainly not adequately supported by diachronic investigations to date’ (Patrick 1999:19, see also Aceto 1999, Russell 2015, Siegel 2010). This study tests whether decreolization can truly be distinguished from ‘ordinary’ change processes in non-creole languages and, crucially, brings diachronic corpus data to bear on this major gap in our understanding of language contact, change and creoles.

These data are drawn from Louisiana Creole, a critically endangered and under-researched French-lexifier creole. Louisiana Creole is particularly well-suited to a study of decreolization: over the course of its life, it has been in contact with its lexifier (French) and a more distantly related language (English). This allows a comparative study of the outcomes of contact between the creole and its lexifier (i.e. Louisiana Creole-French contact) and a dominant language which is not its lexifier (i.e. Louisiana Creole-English contact). Further, different varieties of Louisiana Creole have had differing levels of contact over their history: the variety spoken along the Bayou Teche is typically described as heavily decreolized as a result of contact with French as well as being heavily influenced by English (Neumann 1985a);  the variety spoken along the Mississippi river, from which the former variety developed, has had relatively less contact with French (Klingler 2003a). Additionally, this thesis demonstrates that Louisiana’s long history of racial segregation has significantly impacted the sociolinguistic dynamics in the region, with LC undergoing differing levels of contact with French on either side of the Jim Crow divide.

Data on the morphosyntactic, phonological and lexical consequences of language contact are drawn from a purpose-built diachronic corpus containing 19th-century folklore texts, 20th-century language documentation materials as well as a transcribed subsample of some 50 hours of sociolinguistic interviews conducted in early 2017. In addition, a corpus of Facebook data is used analyze the language of the burgeoning online language revitalization community.

Ultimately, this thesis finds that contact-induced change in Louisiana Creole does not proceed in a creole-specific fashion. It is therefore argued that language contact and change in creole languages is better characterized through existing theoretical frameworks and not through the creole-specific notion of decreolization. The intention of this thesis is not to dismiss decades of work on decreolization; rather, this thesis demonstrates that work on decreolization can be integrated into a non-creole-specific account of language contact, variation and change and so contribute to our understanding of the universal factors which modulate these phenomena.

Mayeux, O. (2019). Rethinking decreolization: Language contact and change in Louisiana Creole (Doctoral thesis). https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.41629

The majority of characters in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake are multilingual, which is one of the reasons why an estimated total of 50 distinct languages (not counting regional variants of English) feature in the novel. Finnegans Wake on the whole is written in English, or as it has been said 'a kind of English':  the omniscient narrators and all characters possessing English as their L1 language, so to speak. However, within the space of a sentence (or even within a single word), speakers regularly include lexis from a variety of different languages: from one or two, to seven in total, together with English. Code-switching is the reason why Finnegans Wake is so difficult: obviously the majority, or indeed every conceivable reader of the novel, is not going to be multilingual to the extent of knowing 50 specific languages. Therefore, language barriers exist copiously on every page.
I have decided to study Irish and Bulgarian code-switching (more or less exclusively) in the section of Finnegans Wake known as "Buckley and the Russian General" in Book 2 chapter 3 of the novel. This 15 paged section contains the most diverse variety of languages in the book, with 35 distinct codes being spoken in the text.
There are multiple motives for code-switching in Finnegans Wake: all of which we will analyse within a lengthy dialogue between two men called Butt and Taff. It is difficult to definitively determine their level of competence in each language; however, it is possible to surmise why they use them in each instance of code-switching.  I conclude that (amongst other reasons) Butt and Taff's choice knowledge of both languages is dictated by their social identities as soldiers, (well experienced with foreign language having had many international tours of duty), as well their national identities as Irishmen living in Dublin in the 1940's (with reference to the 'politicisation' of the Irish language at this time).

Makalah ini membahas campur kode bahasa Korea ke dalam bahasa Indonesia yang dilakukan oleh orang Indonesia asli. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan bentuk satuan bahasa yang dominan dalam campur kode yang dituturkan oleh ketiga informan dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian studi kasus ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif-analistis. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara. Terdapat sumber data primer dan sekunder yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini. Data primer berupa hasil wawancara dengan ketiga informan dan data sekunder berupa buku-buku, tesis, skripsi, kuesioner, serta makalah non seminar atau jurnal. Hasil penelitian studi kasus ini menunjukkan adanya kemunculan campur kode sebanyak 110 kali dalam 64 ujaran informan, yang dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 72 kali berwujud kata, 12 kali berwujud frasa, 5 kali berwujud pengulangan kata, 1 kali berwujud ungkapan, 15 kali berwujud klausa, dan 5 kali berwujud baster. Dari 110 kali kemunculan, satuan yang paling dominan adalah satuan kata. Sampai saat ini, penelitian yang mengkaji tentang campur kode bahasa Korea ke bahasa Indonesia masih langka. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi literatur tambahan yang berkaitan dengan campur kode, khususnya campur kode bahasa Korea dalam tuturan bahasa Indonesia.

Kata Kunci: studi kasus, campur kode bahasa Korea; bahasa Indonesia; baster

This article examines young men’s concepts of status in urban Tamil Nadu, India, focussing in particular on their concept of ‘style’. The article shows how young men experience their position in the life cycle as between childhood and adulthood, and how this liminality mediates their concepts of status. In particular, I focus on the construction of the youth peer group as in distinction to, and transgressive of, the forms of adult respectability, propriety and authority from which young men are excluded by virtue of their age. I show how the peer group is marked by a productive tension between transgression and self-differentiation, and reciprocity, intimacy and peer pressure. The article then turns to two kinds of source material for young men’s performances of status: English-Tamil slang and counterfeit global brands. I show how the tension between, and negotiation of, the mandates to status-raise and status- level in the peer group transform and revalourise these signs of status. The article concludes by arguing that while from afar, such youth practice seems to be negotiating globalisation, modernity and tradition, a close analysis of peer-group dynamics shows that youth practice is more centrally concerned with peer-group status negotiations.

The article looks at the role of code-switching in advertising, focusing on its motivation, the functions it performs in advertising, its structural-syntactic types, and its effect on persuading potential consumers. The results show that code-switching increases the recall of the product and thus can enhance the effectiveness of an advertisement.

This paper will examine the situation of English and Spanish in contact in Gibraltar, noting the effects of contact on each language, and the emergence of a local variety of English with contact features alongside the local Spanish based vernacular called Llanito. It will discuss the social processes of language, identity and politics reflected in the attitudes of the speech community towards the language varieties in the territory. Finally it will discuss the impact of the linguistic situation on the preparation and realisation of a documentation project of Llanito (which has undergone somewhat of a transition from covert to overt prestige) which uses its own orthography-neither Spanish nor English based-which this paper will argue, reflects well the status of Llanito as a symbol of Gibraltarian local ethnic and linguistic identity.