Typicality

We discuss the concept of typicality of quantum states at quantum-critical points, using projector Monte Carlo simulations of an S = 1 2 bilayer Heisenberg antiferromagnet as an illustration. With the projection (imaginary) time τ scaled as τ = aL z , L being the system length and z the dynamic critical exponent (which takes the value z = 1 in the bilayer model studied here), a critical point can be identified which asymptotically flows to the correct location and universality class with increasing L, independently of the prefactor a and the initial state. Varying the proportionality factor a and the initial state only changes the cross-over behavior into the asymptotic large-L behavior. In some cases, choosing an optimal factor a may also lead to the vanishing of the leading finite-size corrections. The observation of typicality can be used to speed up simulations of quantum criticality, not only within the Monte Carlo approach but also with other numerical methods where imaginarytime evolution is employed, e.g., tensor network states, as it is not necessary to evolve fully to the ground state but only for sufficiently long times to reach the typicality regime.

Theory recovery is the process of restoring consistency of a theory with respect to some intended semantics. Recently, a general framework for theory recovery has been developed using a twin semantics. In this paper we establish some relationships between this recovery framework and the well-known AGM postulates for theory revision. We show that the AGM revision postulates can be easily adapted to theory recovery and AGM-style recovery can be embedded in the general recovery framework. We also generalize the AGM postulates to deal with recovery of not necessarily closed theories and we show that the general recovery framework specialised to a classical intended semantics satisfies the AGM postulates. It turns out that the backup semantics used is a special cumulative, non-inclusive paraconsistent semantics. Finally, we generalize the AGM postulates for recovery to cases where the intended semantics does not need to be classical. We show that in such cases the postulates allow for recovery by expansions.

This article aims at revisiting, with the aid of simple and neat numerical examples, some of the basic features of macroscopic irreversibility, and, thus, of the mechanical foundation of the second principle of thermodynamics as drawn by Boltzmann. Emphasis will be put on the fact that, in systems characterized by a very large number of degrees of freedom, irreversibility is already manifest at a single-trajectory level for the vast majority of the far-from-equilibrium initial conditions-a property often referred to as typicality. We also discuss the importance of the interaction among the microscopic constituents of the system and the irrelevance of chaos to irreversibility, showing that the same irreversible behaviours can be observed both in chaotic and non-chaotic systems.

Chardonnay wines impart a unique complex aroma characterized by its buttery, yellow stone fruit, melon, bready, and woody notes. Among the terms used in the sensory analysis of these wines, this study investigated hazelnut-like attributes. Multidimensional gas chromatography coupled to olfactometry identified five pyrroles reminiscent of hazelnut: 1-ethylpyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, 1H-pyrrole, 2-acetyl-1H-pyrrole (first identification in wine), 1-methylpyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, and 1H-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde. Quantitative analyses demonstrated their significantly higher abundance in Chardonnay wines. However, they proved irrelevant in sensory terms, given the low amounts measured in wine compared to their olfactory detection threshold. Nevertheless, the presence of methanethiol derivatives from these pyrroles was investigated in wine. 1-Methylpyrrole-2-methanethiol and 1-ethylpyrrole-2-methanethiol were identified and exhibited hazelnut-like aroma. These compounds, which have not bee...

In this letter we extend the so-called typicality approach, originally formulated in statistical mechanics contexts, to SU (2) invariant spin network states. Our results do not depend on the physical interpretation of the spin-network, however they are mainly motivated by the fact that spin-network states can describe states of quantum geometry, providing a gauge-invariant basis for the kinematical Hilbert space of several background independent approaches to quantum gravity. The first result is, by itself, the existence of a regime in which we show the emergence of a typical state. We interpret this as the prove that, in that regime there are certain (local) properties of quantum geometry which are "universal". Such set of properties is heralded by the typical state, of which we give the explicit form. This is our second result. In the end, we study some interesting properties of the typical state, proving that the area-law for the entropy of a surface must be satisfied at the local level, up to logarithmic corrections which we are able to bound.

Gibbsian statistical mechanics (GSM) is the most widely used version of statistical mechanics among working physicists. Yet a closer look at GSM reveals that it is unclear what the theory actually says and how it bears on experimental practice. The root cause of the difficulties is the status of the Averaging Principle, the proposition that what we observe in an experiment is the ensemble average of a phase function. We review different stances toward this principle, and eventually present a coherent interpretation of GSM that provides an account of the status and scope of the principle.

Why do gases reach equilibrium when left to themselves? The canonical answer, originally proffered by Boltzmann, is that the systems have to be ergodic. This answer is now widely regarded as flawed. We argue that some of the main objections, in particular, arguments based on the KAM-theorem and the Markus-Meyer theorem, are beside the point. We then argue that something close to Boltzmann’s proposal is true: gases behave thermodynamic-like if they are epsilon-ergodic, i.e., ergodic on the phase space except for a small region of measure epsilon. This answer is promising because there is evidence that relevant systems are epsilon-ergodic.

In two experiments with adults (N 126), we examined the influence of sampling procedure on inductive generalization. In predicate sampling, participants learned the category identity of individuals known to possess some property. In subject sampling, individuals selected for category identity were discovered to possess a novel property. In both experiments, sampling procedure influenced induction. Predicate sampling resulted in very narrow generalization, whereas subject sampling yielded a fairly high and constant rate of projection. Differences in confidence of generalizations were also observed. Conditions in which evidence was described as randomly sampled from a collection of animals yielded a consistent decrease in projections as predicted by similarity-based models. The results are presented as support for an evidence-based view of induction.

In Gärdenfors and Makinson (Artif Intell 65(2):197–245, 1994) and Gärdenfors (Knowledge representation and reasoning under uncertainty, Springer-Verlag, 1992) it was shown that it is possible to model nonmonotonic inference using a classical consequence relation plus an expectation-based ordering of formulas. In this article, we argue that this framework can be significantly enriched by adopting a conceptual spaces-based analysis of the role of expectations in reasoning. In particular, we show that this can solve various epistemological issues that surround nonmonotonic and default logics. We propose some formal criteria for constructing and updating expectation orderings based on conceptual spaces, and we explain how to apply them to nonmonotonic reasoning about objects and properties.

We define bulk/boundary maps corresponding to quantum gravity states in the tensorial group field theory formalism, for quantum geometric models sharing the same type of quantum states of loop quantum gravity. The maps are defined in terms of a partition of the quantum geometric data associated to an open graph into bulk and boundary ones, in the spin representation. We determine the general condition on the entanglement structure of the state that makes the bulk/boundary map isometric (a necessary condition for holographic behaviour), and we analyse different types of quantum states, identifying those that define isometric bulk-to-boundary maps.

For quantum gravity states associated to open spin network graphs, we study how the entanglement entropy of the boundary degrees of freedom (spins on open edges) is affected by the bulk data, specifically by its combinatorial structure and by the quantum correlations among intertwiner degrees of freedom. For a specific assignment of bulk edge spins and slightly entangled intertwiners, we recover the Ryu-Takayanagi formula (with a properly (discrete) geometric notion of area, thanks to the underlying quantum gravity formalism) and its corrections due to the entanglement entropy of the bulk state. We also show that the presence of a region with highly entangled intertwiners deforms the minimal-area surface, which is then prevented from entering that region when the entanglement entropy of the latter exceeds a certain bound. This entanglement-based mechanism leads thus to the formation of a black hole-like region in the bulk.

K-12 students often rely on testing examples to explore and determine the truth of mathematical conjectures. However, little is known about how K-12 students choose examples and what elements are important when considering example choice. In other domains, experts give explicit consideration to the typicality of examples-how representative a given item is of a general class. In a pilot study, we interviewed 20 middle school students who classified examples as typical or unusual and justified their classification. We then gave middle school students and mathematicians a survey where they rated the typicality of mathematical objects in two contexts-an everyday context (commonness in everyday life) and a mathematical context (how likely conjectures that hold for the object are to hold for other objects). Mathematicians had distinct notions of everyday and mathematical typicality-they recognized that the objects often seen in everyday life can have mathematical properties that can limit inductive generalization. Middle school students largely did not differentiate between everyday and mathematical typicality-they did not view special mathematical properties as limiting generalization, and rated items similarly regardless of context. These results suggest directions for learning mathematical argumentation and represent an important step towards understanding the nature of typicality in math.

The variety of fruits and vegetables in today's supermarkets is enormous. We investigated how color may lead consumers to anticipate differences in product properties. Forty volunteers rated the expected properties for carrots with different colors presented in pictures, together with their familiarity, purchase intention, and intended preparation method on 7-point scales. We found most positive expectations for the typical and most familiar kinds of orange carrots. Lower saturation of orange was associated with lower attractiveness and freshness, whereas higher orange saturation was evaluated as more artificial. Brown spots on carrots were associated with disease and such carrots were regarded less healthy. Carrots in atypical colors were rated as less familiar, attractive and healthy than orange ones. In comparison with the orange carrots, red carrots were expected to taste sourer and spicier, purple and yellow carrots were rated less nutritious and more artificial, with purple carrots expected to taste more bitter and yellow ones more sour. White and white-green carrots rated lower on sweet, and higher on sour, bitter, and spicy. These carrots were considered less ripe and less nutritious than orange ones. These results indicate that color hue and saturation have substantial impact on consumers' expectations about sensory and functional properties, including freshness and nutritional value. Some of these expectations may be derived from associations to other vegetables, as reflected by high ratings for spiciness (red pepper) and taste intensity (turnip, radish). However, low attractiveness ratings also suggest that consumers may be reluctant to try unfamiliar variants, at least at first glance. Although atypical colors produce culinary opportunities, commercial success may be limited until consumers integrate them in their everyday habits.

Michael Esfeld has recently put forth his ontology of persons, with which he hopes to secure freedom and irreducible personhood as well as scientific realism, all by working with minimal ontological assumptions. I present his view and investigate it, finding it too minimalistic: Esfeld's featureless matter points do not warrant an emergence of persons from matter, and his claim that persons can create themselves by adopting a normative attitude seems more like a just-so story. Also, Esfeld's rejection of classical mind-body dualism seems premature. I present as an alternative a modified mind-body dualism which solves the problems of Esfeld's view and argue that embedding it in a theistic worldview is favorable for any account that seeks to establish irreducible personhood.

Within analytic philosophy, induction has been seen as a problem concerning inferences that have been analysed as relations between sentences. In this article, we argue that induction does not primarily concern relations between sentences, but between properties and categories. We outline a new approach to induction that is based on two theses. The first thesis is epistemological. We submit that there is not only knowledge-how and knowledge-that, but also knowledge-what. Knowledge-what concerns relations between properties and categories and we argue that it cannot be reduced to knowledge-that. We support the partition of knowledge by mapping it onto the long-term memory systems: procedural, semantic and episodic memory. The second thesis is that the role of inductive reasoning is to generate knowledge-what. We use conceptual spaces to model knowledge-what and the relations between properties and categories involved in induction.

Symmetry-based inferences have permeated many discussions in philosophy of physics and metaphysics of science. It is claimed that symmetries in our physical theories would allow us to draw metaphysical conclusions about the world, a view that I call ‘symmetry inferentialism’. This paper is critical to this view. I claim that (a) it assumes a philosophically questionable characterization of the relevant validity domain of physical symmetries, and (b) it overlooks a distinction between two opposing ways through which relevant physical symmetries become established. My conclusion is that symmetry inferentialism loses persuasive force when these two points are taken into consideration.

In the studies of categorization it was assumed that two important effects  typicality and basic level  are connected in such a way that typical members are recognized at the basic level and atypical members are recognized at the subordinate levels. The results of two experiments described in the paper show that the pattern of interaction between typicality and basic level effect is more complex than it was supposed before. It is proposed to explain the effects in terms of activation of correspondent concept in the conceptual system of a person that makes NN the most plausible alternative for semantic memory modelling.

In recent years, various approaches have been developed for representing and reasoning with exceptions in OWL. The price one pays for such capabilities, in terms of practical performance, is an important factor that is yet to be quantified comprehensively. A major barrier is the lack of naturally occurring ontologies with defeasible features-the ideal candidates for evaluation. Such data is unavailable due to absence of tool support for representing defeasible features. In the past, defeasible reasoning implementations have favoured automated generation of defeasible ontologies. While this suffices as a preliminary approach, we posit that a method somewhere in between these two would yield more meaningful results. In this work, we describe a systematic approach to modify real-world OWL ontologies to include defeasible features, and we apply this to the Manchester OWL Repository to generate defeasible ontologies for evaluating our reasoner DIP (Defeasible-Inference Platform). The results of this evaluation are provided together with some insights into where the performance bottlenecks lie for this kind of reasoning. We found that reasoning was feasible on the whole, with surprisingly few bottlenecks in our evaluation.

Searching keywords in databases is complex task than search in files. Information Retrieval (IR) process search keywords from text files and it is very important that queering keyword to the relational databases. Generally to retrieve data from relational database Structure Query Language(SQL) can be used to find relevant records from the database. There is natural demand for relation database to support effective and efficient IR Style Keyword queries. This paper describes problem of supporting effective and efficient top-k keyword search in relational databases also describe the frame word which takes keywords and K as inputs and generates top-k relevant records .The results of implemented system with Skyline Sweeping(S.S) Algorithm shows that it is one effective and efficient style of keyword search

En la cátedra de Teoría General del Derecho Penal es muy importante que el alumno desarrolle una actitud crítica a través del análisis de lo que el delito es, ya que en términos generales debe conocer tres teorías fundamentales, a saber: la Teoría de la Ley Penal, la Teoría del Delito y la Teoría de las Penas y Medidas de Seguridad, fundamentales en la enseñanza del Derecho Penal. Por lo que el presente artículo abordará la Teoría del Delito para explicar y comprender del delito sus elementos positivos y negativos: conducta y ausencia de conducta, tipicidad y atipicidad, antijuridicidad y causas de justificación, imputabilidad y causas de inimputabilidad, y la culpabilidad y causas de inculpabilidad, desde una perspectiva en el sistema jurídico mexicano actual, aplicada a la legislación penal en el Estado de México.

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The use of concepts is a fundamental capacity underlying complex, human-level cognition. A number of theories have explored the means of concept representation and their links to lower-level features, with one notable example being the Conceptual Spaces theory. While these provide an account for such essential functional processes as prototypes and typicality, it is not entirely clear how these aspects of human cognition can arise in a system undergoing continuous development - postulated to be a necessity from the developmental systems perspective. This paper seeks to establish the foundation of an approach to this question by showing that a distributed, associative and continuous development mechanism, founded on principles of biological memory, can achieve classification performance comparable to the Conceptual Spaces model. We show how qualitatively similar prototypes are formed by both systems when exposed to the same dataset, which illustrates how both models can account for t...

The question of conditional inference, i.e., of which conditional sentences of the form “if α then, normally, β” should follow from a set KB of such sentences, has been one of the classic questions of non-monotonic reasoning, with several well-known solutions proposed. Perhaps the most notable is the rational closure construction of Lehmann and Magidor, under which the set of inferred conditionals forms a rational consequence relation, i.e., satisfies all the rules of preferential reasoning, plus Rational Monotonicity. However, this last named rule is not universally accepted, and other researchers have advocated working within the larger class of disjunctive consequence relations, which satisfy the weaker requirement of Disjunctive Rationality. While there are convincing arguments that the rational closure forms the “simplest” rational consequence relation extending a given set of conditionals, the question of what is the simplest disjunctive consequence relation has not been explo...

Propositional Typicality Logic (PTL) is a recently proposed logic, obtained by enriching classical propositional logic with a typicality operator. In spite of the non-monotonic features introduced by the semantics adopted for the typicality operator, the obvious Tarskian definition of entailment for PTL remains monotonic and is therefore not appropriate. We investigate different (semantic) versions of entailment for PTL, based on the notion of Rational Closure as defined by Lehmann and Magidor for KLM-style conditionals, and constructed using minimality. Our first important result is an impossibility theorem showing that a set of proposed postulates that at first all seem appropriate for a notion of entailment with regard to typicality cannot be satisfied simultaneously. Closer inspection reveals that this result is best interpreted as an argument for advocating the development of more than one type of PTL entailment. In the spirit of this interpretation, we define two primary forms...

We introduce Propositional Typicality Logic (PTL), a logic for reasoning about typicality. We do so by enriching classical propositional logic with a typicality operator of which the intuition is to capture the most typical (or normal) situations in which a formula holds. The semantics is in terms of ranked models as studied in KLM-style preferential reasoning. This allows us to show that rational consequence relations can be embedded in our logic. Moreover we show that we can define consequence relations on the language of PTL itself, thereby moving beyond the propositional setting. Building on the existing link between propositional rational consequence and belief revision, we show that the same correspondence holds for rational consequence and belief revision on PTL. We investigate entailment for PTL, and propose two appropriate notions thereof.

Resumen: Este trabajo analiza el efecto de distintos factores implicados en la modificación de los estereotipos. Partiendo de los modelos sociocognitivos, se consideran dos tipos: exógenos y endógenos. Como factores endógenos, los relativos al sujeto, se analiza el procesamiento de la información, la motivación, la percepción de amenaza, la tipicalidad percibida y la variabilidad. Como factores exógenos, relativos a la situación, se consideran el tipo de información ofrecida a los sujetos y las diferentes formas de medir y evaluar el cambio producido en el estereotipo. Dadas las diferencias en medidas y procedimientos las conclusiones sobre la influencia de las variables no son unánimes, además de impedir la comparación. El artículo defiende la necesidad de unanimidad en las formas de medida y la ventaja que supondría el uso de investigaciones con un modelo pre-test pos-test. Palabras clave: Cambio de estereotipos; tipos de medidas; tipicalidad; variabilidad; motivación.

Sugarcane honey (SCH) is a black syrup produced in Madeira Island widely known for their excellent quality being used in traditional pastry and confectionery. However, its notoriety has been affected by circumstances in which some producers do not guaranty the product quality. The purpose of this study was to establish, for the first time, the volatomic profile of SCH produced by certified and non-certified producers in order to define their authenticity and typicality as useful platform to ensure SCH safety, protect consumer interests and fight the continuous problems of food fraud and adulteration. Solid-phase microextraction in headspace mode (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied as high throughput approach for extraction, separation and identification of SCH volatile compounds. The extraction technique was optimized for nature of stationary phase, extraction temperature, extraction time, and validated according with IUPAC and AOAC guidelines. Different volatomic fingerprints for SCH from certified and non-certified producers were recognized, being identified up to 87 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) belonging to distinct chemical classes, mainly aldehydes, alcohols, ketones and furans. One-way ANOVA analysis showed the existence of 18 VOCs with statistically significant differences between volatile profiles from certified and non-certified producers. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) differentiate and discriminate the samples from both type of producers. According to the obtained results, the followed strategy revealed an effective way to establish the authenticity and typicality of SCH, providing useful information to producers that might therefore be used to improve the SCH quality and a powerful platform to promote a European certification application.

Sugarcane honey (SCH) is a black syrup produced in Madeira Island widely known for their excellent quality being used in traditional pastry and confectionery. However, its notoriety has been affected by circumstances in which some producers do not guaranty the product quality. The purpose of this study was to establish, for the first time, the volatomic profile of SCH produced by certified and non-certified producers in order to define their authenticity and typicality as useful platform to ensure SCH safety, protect consumer interests and fight the continuous problems of food fraud and adulteration. Solid-phase microextraction in headspace mode (HS-SPME) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied as high throughput approach for extraction, separation and identification of SCH volatile compounds. The extraction technique was optimized for nature of stationary phase, extraction temperature, extraction time, and validated according with IUPAC and AOAC guidelines. Different volatomic fingerprints for SCH from certified and non-certified producers were recognized, being identified up to 87 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) belonging to distinct chemical classes, mainly aldehydes, alcohols, ketones and furans. One-way ANOVA analysis showed the existence of 18 VOCs with statistically significant differences between volatile profiles from certified and non-certified producers. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) differentiate and discriminate the samples from both type of producers. According to the obtained results, the followed strategy revealed an effective way to establish the authenticity and typicality of SCH, providing useful information to producers that might therefore be used to improve the SCH quality and a powerful platform to promote a European certification application.

International audiencePartitive constructions either with proper nouns or with adjectives have much in common: the same contexts of appearance, nearly no variations in gender and number of the partitive determiner, and a strong similarity in the expressed content, which shows an emphasis on typicality. Both can be described as nominalizations of properties. The definite article within the partitive determiner has no origin in the proper noun or in the adjective and shows the basic state of that form, a neutral proform used as a support of nominalization.Le partitif dans les noms propres et les adjectifs RESUME Les constructions partitives des noms propres et des adjectifs ont beaucoup en commun: les mêmes contextes d'occurrence, pratiquement pas de variations en genre et nombre du déterminant, et une forte ressemblance dans le sens, qui met en évidence la typicité. Les deux peuvent être décrites comme des nominalisations de propriétés. L'article défini à l'intérieur du p...

Sangiovese is the most cultivated red grape variety in Italy where it is certified for the production of several Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) wines, and it is one of the most cultivated Italian red grape varieties in California. Despite the global distribution of this variety, there is a lack of international studies on Sangiovese grapes and wines. For this reason, the present study aimed to compare 20 commercial Sangiovese wines from 2017 harvest, 9 produced in Italy (Tuscany) and 11 in California, in order to evaluate the intrinsic and perceived quality. The eligibility, identity, and style properties (the intrinsic quality) of the wines were evaluated. A group of 11 Italian experts evaluated the perceived quality by rating the typicality of the wines. The experimental data showed that the intrinsic quality of Sangiovese wine samples was affected by the growing area; in particular, the wine resulted very different for the color indices and polyphenol composition. The abov...

In the last 30 years, numerous studies analysed the factors that affect land prices mainly using the Hedonic Pricing method. These studies have shown that many factors can affect land prices (e.g. land and surrounding territory characteristics, accessibility, proximity to urban area, etc.). However, they rarely addressed the analysis of the reliability of the models by comparing the estimated values to the observed one. Attempting to face this problem, our study analysed the land market of the “Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco Superiore PGDO” area. Despite the quite high coefficient of determination (r2 = 0.76) and statistical significance of the model parameters, we found that the percentage absolute deviation between observed and estimated value is higher than 30% in 34% of cases. Our results seem to suggest that future researches should devote particular attention to the analysis of the discrepancies existing between estimated values and market prices in order to support the app...

The Swedish wine industry has exponentially grown in the last decade. However, Swedish wines remain largely unknown internationally. In this study, the typicality and sensory space of a set of twelve wines, including five Swedish Solaris wines, was evaluated blind by Swedish wine experts. The aim of the work was to evaluate whether the Swedish wine experts have a common concept of what a typical Solaris wines should smell and taste like or not and, also, to bring out more information about the sensory space and chemical composition of Solaris wines. The results showed a lack of agreement among the wine experts regarding the typicality of Solaris wines. This, together with the results from the sensory evaluation, could suggest the possibility of different wine styles for Solaris wines. From a chemical perspective, the global volatile profile showed a larger variability between individual wines than between Solaris and non-Solaris. However, 4MMP, ethyl propionate, ethyl 2-Methyl propa...

Theory recovery is the process of restoring consistency of a theory with respect to some intended semantics. Recently, a general framework for theory recovery has been developed using a twin semantics. In this paper we establish some relationships between this recovery framework and the well-known AGM postulates for theory revision. We show that the AGM revision postulates can be easily adapted to theory recovery and AGM-style recovery can be embedded in the general recovery framework. We also generalize the AGM postulates to deal with recovery of not necessarily closed theories and we show that the general recovery framework specialised to a classical intended semantics satisfies the AGM postulates. It turns out that the backup semantics used is a special cumulative, non-inclusive paraconsistent semantics. Finally, we generalize the AGM postulates for recovery to cases where the intended semantics does not need to be classical. We show that in such cases the postulates allow for recovery by expansions.

The distinctive Portuguese wines from Beira Atlântico region, encompassing the protected designation of origin (PDO) Bairrada and the protected geographical indication (PGI) Beira Atlântico, were investigated by a wine expert panel through descriptive analysis and through assessment of typicality. For that 19 trained tasters performed a blind sensory evaluation of 21 representative wines from those designations. The variables considered were the color tonality and color intensity, aroma intensity, 18 aroma descriptors and 14 taste descriptors. Typicality was investigated through a single question, where the assessor was asked to score if the sample is a good or bad example of the type. Of the 21 wines selected, seven were classified as PGI or Regional, eight as PDO and six as "Clássico". Firstly, differences were analyzed between wine types considering all variables followed by clusters analyses confirmation. We could not find any difference between Regional and PDO Bairrada wines in terms of typicality and sensory profile. However the small group of "Clássico" wine was clearly identified by the tasters as being more typical, with also significant differences on sensory evaluation. Secondly, centered means analysis (CMA) of the 18 aroma and 14 taste items were performed to identify which of them are considered to be more distinctive. Thirdly, an exploratory factor analyses (EFA) by the principal component method (PCM) was applied to data, allowing identification of five vectors which aggregate the aroma items and four vectors which aggregate taste items. Finally, data collected from a sample of 20 questionnaires from a previous study based on cognitive knowledge and long term memory of 20 wine experts interviewed over the same 18 aroma variables and 14 taste variables, was analyzed under the same principal components (PC) and compared. The 21 wines representatives of PGI Beira Atlântico and PDO Bairrada can be defined as being medium-high intensity, ruby colored wines, having a woody & spice, ripe fruit aroma profile with also herbal and mineral aromas. On taste they tend to have a pronounced component of acidity & astringency, balanced with a smooth & sweet taste component, with a very persistent finish. RESUMO Os vinhos portugueses da região Beira Atlântico, abrangendo a denominação de origem protegida (DOP) Bairrada e a indicação geográfica protegida (IGP) Beira Atlântico, foram investigados através de análise descritiva e avaliação de tipicidade. Para tal, um painel de 19 especialistas, que incluiu enólogos, académicos e formadores de opinião, levou a cabo uma prova cega sensorial de 21 vinhos representativos da região. As variáveis estudadas foram a tonalidade e intensidade de cor, intensidade aromática, bem como 18 descritores para avaliação do aroma e 14 descritores para as sensações de boca. A tipicidade foi investigada com uma única pergunta, tendo sido pedido ao provador que avaliasse cada amostra em função de se tratar de um bom ou mau exemplo de um vinho tinto típico da Bairrada. Entre os vinhos selecionados, sete foram classificados como IGP ou Regional, oito como DOP e seis como "Clássico". Primeiro, foram analisadas as diferenças entre os três tipos de vinho, considerando todas as variáveis em estudo, seguido de análise de clusters para confirmação dos resultados encontrados. Não se verificaram diferenças significativas entre os grupos Regional e DOP Bairrada, quer na avaliação de tipicidade quer na análise dos descritores sensoriais. No entanto, o grupo que compunha os vinhos "Clássico" foi claramente identificado pelos provadores como sendo mais típico, apresentando também diferenças significativas em vários descritores de avaliação sensorial. Em segundo lugar, foi realizada uma análise de médias centradas para todos os descritores de aroma e de gosto, identificando-se assim quais os mais distintivos. Em terceiro lugar, uma análise fatorial exploratória pelo método de componentes principais foi aplicada aos dados, tendo sido identificados cinco vetores que agregam os descritores de aroma e quatro vetores que agregam os descritores de gosto. Por último, os dados obtidos a partir de uma amostra de 20 questionários obtidos em estudo prévio, com base na experiência e conhecimento cognitivo de 20 especialistas entrevistados sobre os vinhos da região Beira Atlântico, para as mesmas 18 variáveis de aroma e 14 variáveis de gosto, foram analisados e comparados tendo em conta as mesmas componentes principais.

Resumen: Esta investigación presenta un estudio sobre la influencia que ejercen dos variables, género y profesión en la modificación de los estereotipos. Partiendo de los modelos clásicos sobre modificación de estereotipos, de conversión y subtipo, y de los estudios sobre categorización cruzada, se analiza la influencia de factores a través del modo en que presentamos la información del sujeto estímulo, ya sea esta concentrada o dispersa. Para el análisis de los datos empleamos como variables de respuesta el índice de estereotipia y la percepción de tipicalidad. El diseño del estudio es un 2 (profesión) x 2 (género) x 2 (forma de presentación), que genera ocho condiciones experimentales. Los resultados demuestran que la información ocupacional y/o la información sobre la calidad del desempeño en una determinada ocupación son tanto o más influyentes al emitir un juicio, y en consecuencia modificarlo, que el asignar al sujeto estímulo dentro de la categoría de hombre o mujer. Palabras clave: Cambio del estereotipo; índice de estereotipia; tipicalidad; género; profesión.

In Gärdenfors and Makinson (Artif Intell 65(2):197–245, 1994) and Gärdenfors (Knowledge representation and reasoning under uncertainty, Springer-Verlag, 1992) it was shown that it is possible to model nonmonotonic inference using a classical consequence relation plus an expectation-based ordering of formulas. In this article, we argue that this framework can be significantly enriched by adopting a conceptual spaces-based analysis of the role of expectations in reasoning. In particular, we show that this can solve various epistemological issues that surround nonmonotonic and default logics. We propose some formal criteria for constructing and updating expectation orderings based on conceptual spaces, and we explain how to apply them to nonmonotonic reasoning about objects and properties.

The construction of a consistent theory for structuring and representing how concepts combine and interact is one of the main challenges for the scholars involved in cognitive studies. All traditional approaches are still facing serious hindrances when dealing with combinations of concepts and concept vagueness. One of the main consequences of these difficulties is the existence of borderline cases which is hardly explainable from the point of view of classical (fuzzy set) logic and probability theory. Resting on a quantum-theoretic approach which successfully models conjunctions and disjuncions of two concepts, we propound a quantum probability model in Fock space which faithfully reproduces the experimental data collected by Alxatib and Pelletier (2011) on borderline contradictions. Our model allows one to explain the occurrence of the latter contradictions in terms of genuine quantum effects, such as contextuality, superposition, interference and emergence. In particular, we claim that it is the specific mechanism of 'emergence of a new concept' that is responsible of these deviations from classical logical thinking in the cognitive studies on human thought. This result seems to be compatible with a recent interesting application of quantum probabilistic modeling in the study of borderline vagueness (Blutner, Pothos & Bruza, 2012), and analogies and differences with it are sketched here.

It is often said that the world is explained by laws of nature together with initial conditions. But does that mean initial conditions don’t require further explanation? And does the explanatory role played by initial conditions entail or require that time has a preferred direction? This chapter looks at the use of the ‘initialness defence’ in physics, the idea that initial conditions are intrinsically special in that they don’t require further explanation, unlike the state of the world at other times. Such defences commonly assume a primitive directionality of time to distinguish between initial and final conditions. Using the case study of the time-asymmetry of thermodynamics and the so-called ‘past hypothesis’ — the hypothesis that the early universe was in a state of very low entropy —, I outline and support a deflationary account of the initialness defence that does not pre- suppose a basic directionality of time, and argue that there is a relevant explanatory asymmetry between...

Resumen: Esta investigación presenta un estudio sobre la influencia que ejercen dos variables, género y profesión en la modificación de los estereotipos. Partiendo de los modelos clásicos sobre modificación de estereotipos, de conversión y subtipo, y de los estudios sobre categorización cruzada, se analiza la influencia de factores a través del modo en que presentamos la información del sujeto estímulo, ya sea esta concentrada o dispersa. Para el análisis de los datos empleamos como variables de respuesta el índice de estereotipia y la percepción de tipicalidad. El diseño del estudio es un 2 (profesión) x 2 (género) x 2 (forma de presentación), que genera ocho condiciones experimentales. Los resultados demuestran que la información ocupacional y/o la información sobre la calidad del desempeño en una determinada ocupación son tanto o más influyentes al emitir un juicio, y en consecuencia modificarlo, que el asignar al sujeto estímulo dentro de la categoría de hombre o mujer. Palabras clave: Cambio del estereotipo; índice de estereotipia; tipicalidad; género; profesión.

This study examined the effect of two sources of memory error: exposure to post-event information and extracting typical contents from schemata. Participants were shown a video of a bank robbery and presented with high-and low-typicality misinformation ...