Users

The era of journalism and the participation of the readers on online media websites have changed online journalism. The research interest is now focused on removing the distinction between the publisher/entrepreneur and the journalist/user, with the ultimate goal of actively involving citizens in the journalistic process but also in the web presence of media websites. The evolution of technology, the deep media crisis and the growing dissatisfaction of the citizens, create the conditions for journalism to work with citizens, and in particular through citizen journalism and journalism crowdsourcing. This concept is a form of collective online activity in which a person or a group of people volunteer to engage in work that always involves mutual benefit to both sides. The main research question of this research concerns the analysis of the current situation regarding crowdsourcing, co-creation and UGC and the adoption of best practices such as crowdcreation, comments from the users, c...

Transport networks are vital for the prosperity of countries and local communities as they facilitate passenger and cargo flows. Especially for islands, coastal transport systems are the lifelines for the well being of the islanders. The quality and quantity of links and modes, enhances the attractiveness of the islands as areas to live and develop business. Despite of their importance for the islanders, the perspectives of the latter as regards the performance of coastal transport system(s) as facilitators of the local communities are commonly neglected. The regulatory framework (state), business strategies (market), and passengers’ satisfaction, are all parameters having a direct impact on the performance of a coastal shipping system. Yet, most frequently decision-makers focus on the two former parameters (i.e. the efficient planning, development and operation of a coastal shipping system, or the subsidization of itineraries that are not profitable and thus maintain the status of ...

Velika uloga lokalnih vlasti u pružanju lokalnih javnih i socijalnih službi u Europi se u suvremeno doba gotovo podrazumijeva, dok je u drugim dijelovima svijeta situacija raznolika. I u razvijenim zemljama, naročito u velikim gradovima, u kriznim situacijama ili uslijed velikih migracija (čak i turističkih) postoje veliki problemi s lokalnim javnim službama koje treba rješavati u uvjetima velikih očekivanja i ograničenih sredstava. Komparativno gledajući lokalne se službe pružaju odnosno osiguravaju na različite načine. Postoje razlikovanja komunalnih i osobnih lokalnih službi, ali i razrađeniji modeli razlikovanja socijalnih, ekonomskih, okolišno-urbanističko-planskih službi te policije i srodnih službi kojima je cilj osiguravanje javnog reda. Politika za službe odnosno usluge od općeg interesa Europske unije uzrokuje značajne promjene u sektoru lokalnih službi, pri čemu se mogu uočiti divergentna nastojanja, sektorski pristupi, ali i opstanak različitih modela pružanja lokalnih službi u zemljama članicama. Harmonizacija napreduje, no punu harmonizaciju je teško očekivati. Posebni problem za praćenje, analizu i evaluaciju stanja predstavlja nepostojanje opsežnih komparativnih pregleda stanja u novim zemljama članicama EU. Velika svjetska ekonomska i financijska kriza s kraja 2000-ih bila je vrlo izazovna za lokalne službe naročito u ekonomski slabijim zemljama članicama dovodeći do traženja inovativnih pristupa u prekarnoj situaciji. U Hrvatskoj čitav sektor lokalnih službi prolazi kroz značajne promjene, a od posebnog su značenja promjene koje se tiču vodnih usluga i zbrinjavanja otpada, kao i zdravstva i obrazovanja kao tipičnih lokalnih službi.

Telehealth refers to the delivery of health care services at a distance by the use of information and communication technologies (ICT). Due to numerous advantages such as the enhancement of the treatment or reaching remotely located people who need treatment at affordable cost, telehealth is nowadays widely used in speech-language pathology (SLP) services. This paper presents the results of two empirical studies carried out among SLP stakeholders. The objective of the first study was to determine the state-of-the-art in using ICT among speech-language professionals and their clients in Croatia. The objective of the second study was to examine content validity and relevance of the introduced set of attributes meant for evaluating quality of educational artefacts employed in SLP therapies. Findings of both studies can be employed as a foundation for the design and implementation of the telerehabilitation systems aimed to assist in the delivery of remote speech-language therapies.

What might it mean to use books rather than read them?

This work examines the relationship between book use and forms of thought and theory in the early modern period. Drawing on legal, medical, religious, scientific and literary texts, and on how-to books on topics ranging from cooking, praying, and memorizing to socializing, surveying, and traveling, Carla Mazzio and Bradin Cormack explore how early books defined the conditions of their own use and in so doing imagined the social and theoretical significance of that use.

The volume addresses the material dimensions of the book in terms of the knowledge systems that informed them, looking not only to printed features such as title pages, tables, indexes and illustrations but also to the marginalia and other marks of use that actual readers and users left in and on their books. The authors argue that when books reflect on the uses they anticipate or ask of their readers, they tend to theorize their own forms. Book Use, Book Theory offers a fascinating approach to the history of the book and the history of theory as it emerged from textual practice.

This book, based on a library exhibition at the University of Chicago, has been put online by the University of Chicago library and thus has no restrictions on use.

In 1925, the Netherlands was a country of cyclists and cycle producers, as all classes cycled and almost all cycles were produced domestically. The bicycle was not a Dutch invention and the country had an open economy, and this raises the question 'how did the Netherlands become a bicycle nation?' This article investigates the interactions of users, firms and intermediaries from 1860 to 1940 and how these impacted the bicycle, its production and its use. Furthermore, it analyses knowledge flows and the roles of intermediaries. It illustrates changes in activities and the relevance of interactions between users, firms and intermediaries, and the effects of World War I. It shows how user organisations created an infrastructure and culture which made cycling Dutch. Firms created a cartel which produced bicycles that were wanted and used by all Dutch, as they were made in the Netherlands. Therefore, this article investigates how the Netherlands became a bicycle nation. The four factors above identify several interlinking research areas, like diffusion, usage, product and production capacity. Carnevali and Newton show how the development of a new sector takes many interactions between several actors, like producers, retailers and consumers. 8 Bijker illustrated the role of users and how their needs influenced bicycle design and its use. 9 Furthermore, Dutch bicycle firms had to compete with imported products, which were of better quality. To improve, they needed knowledge about bicycles, production, and sales. 10

Engagement has emerged as an important concept for news organizations. Yet lack of agreement within the industry and the academy on the definition of engagement has left news companies vulnerable to the definitions dictated by advertisers, who focus on brand placement not news content. This paper relies on quantitative and qualitative methodologies to define online engagement as a collection of experiences, illustrates that there are actually two important types of engagement (personal and social-interactive engagement) for media companies, and demonstrates their predictive validity by showing both are associated with readership.

In the last few years, social networks have been winning more and more space in the daily lives of users/consumers and therefore also in companies, and thus becoming an important element of interaction between both parties. Many events related with IT produce changes in society, and the social media produce changes which affect the IT consumer/user's behavior and the online strategy of companies. This paper has the objective to analyze the attitudes of Portuguese users and the effects produced by the presence of the brands/companies on social networks. To this end, we applied questionnaires to users and we analyzed the relations between both parties in order to understand the changes that occur when this communication tool is used. We conclude that the factors that most influence the presence of companies on social networks are: effectiveness of advertising; purchase intention; form/duration of exposure to advertising; importance of brand/company and quality of available information.

Information plays an important role in teaching, research and development. Moreover, information is growing in ever increasing volume and rate, in every field of human activity. During the recent decades, information needs have increased in volume and variety so also the information is necessary to be reprocessed and repackaged for different types of users so as to go with their needs. The researcher in this paper attempted to find out the information needs and seeking behavior of the users of Assam University Library, Silchar. Survey method was used and data was collected from 500 users of the library by administering questionnaires. The results of the study indicate that guidance and training is required for the use of library resources and services. Textbooks and periodicals are the most popular sources of information for the users. Library automation was found to be the need of the hour by most of the faculty members and research scholars.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is an innovative automated library system for automatic identification and tracking of library material. Currently, RFID applications range from book tracking and stock management, to theft detection and automatic book sorting. RFID technology is a dynamic link between people, objects and processes and in the near future it plays a prime role in data collection, identification as well as analysis necessary for specific library operations. An automated library with the support of RFID technology would be a “self service station” that demands least intervention by the library personnel. Efforts are being made to introduce self-service “check-in” and “check-out” that avoid long delay in the delivery of library material and also for achieving better efficiency in operations. RFID is used in libraries primarily to automate the book handling process including check-out, inventory control, check-in and anti-theft. When combined with computer assisted sorting equipment, RFID facilitates and speeds up even book sorting. Automating the library material handling process allows library professionals to spend more time with the clientele, thus, increasing the ‘user satisfaction’. The potential benefits are obvious and the systems are getting cheaper. When the technology matures even more and competition increases in the industry, better tags and equipment will become more economical.

Dans un monde façonné par de nombreuses innovations dans le domaine de l’information il apparaît pertinent de se pencher sur les apports des Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication à l’analyse des usages et des usagers à l’ère du numérique. En effet, si cette problématique des usages est entrée de façon « adventice » dans la littérature académique, elle répond aujourd’hui à des enjeux majeurs de société pour appréhender la dynamique technologique contemporaine du secteur de l’information

A mental model is a model that people have of themselves, others, the environment, and the things with which they interact, such as technologies. Mental models can support the user-centered development of digital libraries: if we can understand how users perceive digital libraries, we can design interfaces that take these perceptions into account. In this paper, we describe a novel method for eliciting a generic mental model from users, in this case of a digital library's search engine. The method is based on a content analysis of users' mental representations of the system's usability, which they generated in heuristic evaluations. The content analysis elicited features that the evaluators thought important for the search engine. The resulting mental model represents a generic model of the search engine, rather than a clustering of individuals' mental models of the same search engine. The model includes a number of references to Web search engines as ideal models, but these references are idealistic rather than realistic. We conclude that users' mental models of Web search engines should not be taken at face value. The implications of this finding for digital library development and design are discussed.

El objetivo de este trabajo es organizar la diversidad de significados asociados a la expresión
apropiación social aplicada tanto al conocimiento científico como tecnológico, presente en la
literatura contemporánea de los estudios sobre las relaciones entre ciencia, tecnología y
sociedad (CTS). En este camino se relevaron trabajos de autores iberoamericanos de los últimos
10 años donde la expresión estaba presente en los títulos, resúmenes y terminología principal
de los textos. Se consideraron tanto las definiciones específicas –escasas- referidas a la
expresión, como su utilización en la conceptualización de otros fenómenos que en términos
generales se ubicaban dentro de lo que se conoce como la “ciencia en la sociedad”.5

In a short period of time, open design went from an unknown notion to a buzzword in the Dutch design world. This development is usually attributed to the proliferation of bottom-up activities fostered by a typically open Dutch society. However, although open design is commonly associated with grassroots, bottom-up activities, in the Netherlands, the most visible effort at widespread dissemination of these ideals has been the result of a highly centralized effort largely supported by government funding. Why were the government and cultural organizations interested in fostering open design practices? And what type of open practices has this top-down model engendered? Advancing from a constructivist approach, we examine how this discourse has been formed by the convergence of actors with distinct agendas, and position it in relation to its cultural and economic contexts.

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the academic debate on new scenarios of creation, production and distribution of goods, through the model of Open Design, a phenomena based on co-creation, shared knowledge, distributed production and open licensing.

The birth of the internet in the 1990's did not only change the way of how people communicate but also of how they access information. The amount of information that the internet offers is enormous, it grows by the day and can be retrieved at any time – only technical issues may interrupt its constant availability. That is why the World Wide Web is nowadays the first port for information retrieval. Information retrieval tools are indispensible in this environment. They filter the information mass and allow users to locate the desired information. Search engines are one of the most popular web services. Most of what is known about user search engine behavior comes from query log analysis and clickthrough analysis. Only few studies have so far examined search engine behavior and user satisfaction from a mere user perspective. The number still shrinks when it comes to narrowing down the research focus on users of a specific country or language community. This study investigates user search engine behavior and satisfaction from the perspective of Chinese-speaking users in Malaysia. A survey made among 62 Malaysian Chinese users assesses search engine usage frequency, preferred search engines, and user priorities for search engine selection. It also assesses linguistic aspects such as preferred search language and search engine interface language. The study evaluates the users' satisfaction with the search results in general and the search results on the first page, with the search results of English and Chinese search queries, and the necessity for query rephrasing. Where possible, the study compares the results with existing studies conducted in Malaysia. 1. Introduction Comprehending and assessing user interactions and satisfaction with search engines are important aspects of evaluating information retrieval on the internet. This work represents an investigative study of search engine behavior and satisfaction from the perspective of the users themselves. The target group considered in the test are Chinese-speaking users in Malaysia. The test aims at assessing the specific needs and habits of this language community when using an information retrieval system. Although recent years have shown an emerging approach of analyzing search engine log data or conducting controlled experiments to find out about user interactions, predict search success and searcher satisfaction, the number of user-perspective research of web search behavior and satisfaction that so far exists is still low. The motivation of the study is therefore to investigate how the users evaluate their own information search behavior and judge the quality of their search experience. The study is the first to provide results about graded user search satisfaction on a multi-level scale in different aspects of information retrieval. The analyzed aspects are the user satisfaction with the search results in general, the search results on the first page, and the search results obtained with English and Chinese search queries. It is also the first study to examine graded search interactions, such as the necessity for query rephrasing, and user preferences as to search query language, search engine interface language, and priorities for search engine selection. The study results intend to make a contribution to the evaluation of user search behavior and qualitative search experience obtained by subjective user assessment.

"Three levels of axioms matching three levels of disciplines:
1. Multidiscipline: Macro most general where the metaphors and axioms and metaphors used by the widest and diverse disciplines, users and societies. All of society, crossing culture, disciplines, professions, industrialist arts and fields as mathematics and interdisciplinary vocabulary.
2. Interdisciplinary axioms are between fields of art [I] whereas metaphors in general inhabit all these axioms drive a wide variety and aid in associations, interdisciplinary contributions and conversations about board fields not necessary involved with a particular project but if about a project about all context including city plan, land use, institutions, culture and site selection, site planning and potent ional neighborhood and institutional involvement.
3. Micro Discipline: Between architects all involved in making the built environment particularly on single projects in voting relevant arts[I], crafts, manufactures, engineers, sub-con tractors and contactors. As well as owners, users, neighbors, governments agencies, planning boards and town councils."(2.0)Indeed, users of a building designed according to these inherited solutions understand the building's organization and meaning because its underlying principles have been encountered before.  Metaphors communicate what both composer and reader know from similar and common experiences.  These are incorporated in building's vocabulary such as walls, doors, stairs, floors, ceilings, windows, etc.  They further exude through scale, proportion, size, magnitudes, dimensions, geometry, patterns, etc.  Architectural metaphors are communicated but are not only a kind of linguistic communication.  It includes a three-dimensional content of what people want to know.  It is more than the obvious materialization into physical form although it is the physical form which communicates.  Students of architecture learn the language, vocabulary and syntax to communicate and compose but they also, unlike the linguist, actor, musician, draftsman, need to learn the content, program and 1three-dimensional concept of creation.


(2.0)        Gelernter, M.,"Teaching design innovation through design traditions"


1.      three-dimensional: where architects discover spatial functional, structural, mechanical and constructional realities in well rounded completeness.







"Metaphoric techniques":
            Architecture and the making of metaphors is a serious subject, not to be taken lightly nor reduced to one or another of its' variables.  It deals with the whole and substance of much of what constitutes the treasure, wealth, success and accomplishment of a society, civilization and individuals.
            The school, university, college, professors, teacher, student, department, etc. which limits its' view of architecture then becomes and produces that view.  What may seem relevant, marketable, compatible and timely may be circumstantial and as a result of the faculty's own projections.  They are getting what they asked for.  Not unlike most professions, architecture is self‑professing.  If architects say they make metaphors, are draftsman, builders, project managers, restoration specialist, traditionalist, etc. that is what they are and those will be the kinds of architects produced and the demands placed on the facility.  Architecture is classic, setting its' own standards and is standard setting. It is a type and model which others can add or emulate. If architects become builders or only designers to whom will the builders look to copy or emulate.  Even those advocating traditional imitations would be at a loss for a world without full architectural expressions.  This is the environment which has been abdicated by the architect which is then controlled by the real estate developer, lawyers, accountants, comptrollers, engineers, builders, constructors, municipality, etc.
            Students do wish to abandon a priori (2.0)"repertoire of mental images"
            which we may call cultural or traditional unless these images can be restored to value.  Students are asked to abandon their very means of understanding buildings".  For most involved in the dialectic process this is a welcomed and natural event.  It fits well to current maturing and when accepted culturally can induce new experiences.

(2.0)    Gelernter, M.,"Teaching design innovation through design traditions"





            One can reside in an environment for a life time without seeing, perceiving or noticing its' relationships, structure and connotations.  Education deals with extent reality, its' perspective and context in universal history.
            We can apply (2.0)Gelernter's analogy of learning language skills to learning not architecture but aspects of architecture related to technique, expression, building, construction, contract documents, model building, graphics drafting, rendering, writing etc. Those skills and facts as language that teach the student about words, their pronunciation, and the methods of combining them used and understood by a considerable community.  These are the architect's means of communicating ideas and including feelings by the use of conventionalized signs, symbols, forms, shapes, textures, scale, height, width or features having understood meanings.  Just as linguists utilize reading, spelling, literature and composition (the language arts) to develop the student's comprehension and capacity for use of the written and oral language so do architectural educators use history, two and three-dimensional design, construction, structures, research, programming, drafting, drawing, rendering, etc.
            In the way mimicking helps students learn a language, copying draftsmanship enables a draftsman.  Neither mimetic activities are the source of ideas, but rather the very necessary art to express those ideas.  It is often the mastery of some technique of expression which builds the ability of the composer to innovate and create.  But the two, technique and ideas are not the same.  They depend upon each other and are metaphorically interrelated but they are sovereign and cannot compete.


(2.0)    Gelernter, M.,"Teaching design innovation through design traditions"

           
                        They are complementary and mutually supportive.  Often our finest artists are both the source of great ideas expressed with excellent quality craftsmanship.
Mastering an idea is not the same as learning to speak a language, yet language is replete with words which are ideas.  We remember the words, grammar and syntax along with physical means of using them.  Both the technical and the cognitive realms of architectural composition are involved in the same idea(s) but the former articulates, explains, divides and makes conscious that which is deduced, inferred, learned, experienced and decided.  Without a language, ideas would not materialize nor be 1thought.  Technique of the vehicles which conduct our thoughts through a system of senses, perceptions, decisions, and recollections of experiences of both the inner and outer world.
                                (1.0)For the existentialist in this kind of experience the teacher and learner are partners in the learning process.  Perennialists promote a cognitive approach to education : one that stresses 1thinking and particularly philosophical 1thinking as its' primary goal while essentialist educational theory has stresses that factual, observable data predominates a purely rational approach.
                (1.0)Behavioral engineers think of schools as total conditioning units. Though behavioral engineering faculties and students initiate the kinds of changes necessary to create a new and better world.  Linguistic analyst maintain that what we need in education is to become aware of how language can be used to influence both thinking and action.
(1.0)    Ozman, H.A., and Craver, S.M., "Philosophical Foundation of Education"
1.        Thought : think, cognition, recognition, reasoning, the power to imagine, conception, a developed intention, as architectural plans, sections, elevations, axonometric, etc.
            think: to know : to form or have in the mind.  To devise by thinking.  To form a mental picture.  To subject to the process of logical thought.  To think implies the entrance of an idea into one's mind.  The forming and bringing forth a conception.  To think is to form; form forms from forms.

                        They contend that not only educational problems, but the social, economic, and political problems of today could be solved or at least abrogated by a more precise and informed use of language.  It is this philosophy and theory of education which most aligns with Gelernter's (2.0)"repertoire of mental schemata" which may provide a repertoire of solutions that provides the individual with competence to act in the world", "as the language analogy innovation of new ideas grows originally out of the old".  This verses the existential phenomenological experience of Husserl, Heidegger and Dewey.  Where new ideas are derived from an intimate experience "with"
            existence and not ideas "about" existence.  (1.0)In Husserl's words, "to go back to the things themselves".

"Metaphor's role in learning architecture"
            The transition from the passive non responsible ambivalence of youth is changed to a more relevant stage in schools of Higher Education.  Particularly architecture whose inherent content deals with teaching people how to learn how to learn and regurgitate, reify, and create from  what they have learned to others.  Architectural faculty also teach these same students how to teach.  This is the new world in which these people will reclaim their historical future.

Introduction In the proliferation of computational technologies the user emerges as an increasingly necessary subject-position to traditional regimes of modernity/globalization. The notion of user is no longer a design or platform affordance, but a bio and geopolitical position. Benjamin Bratton's conceptualization of the User Layer put forward in The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty (2016) conceives of the user currently as an extension of traditional geopolitical systems (nation-state/economy). I'd like to use Bratton's theoretical framework, which distinguishes the computational reality of the Stack from the felt experience of it, to further differentiate the tangible and ethical elements of user experience. I argue that when the management of multiple user identities and political positions within popular online platforms are treated as the normative politics of everyday life, it diffuses user agency by dissociating individuals from computational structures.1 It is crucial to reconceive being in relationship to the force of computation, unique to the contemporary moment's technological affordances at local and planetary scale. I propose the idea of userscapes to help alternatively orient the user as an agent within an unfolding era of computation and infrastructure, rather than the subject of interface narratives.

Social media can enable and significantly increase the collaboration and learning from customers in various ways, for instance by novel social ways of providing and receiving feedback from new products and concepts. We have created a model that can support managers and researchers to better analyse and understand the possibilities of social media approaches especially from the business-to-business (B2B) customer interface standpoint. We used the model to analyse found various types of business-to-business ...

Title:  «It is best of the accessible»: quality of imported consumer goods of the USSR from the socialist countries of Central and Eastern Europe (1950s – 1980s)
Abstract: The article is first studied in the historiography of the problem of import from the countries of Central and Eastern Europe in the context of the consumer revolution in the USSR. The author gives primary attention to questions of the quality of goods of the mass demand. In the course of a study clerical documents and statistical materials from the Russian State Archive of Economy and State Archive of the Russian Federation were used, and also the published memoirs and works of literature. The author shows that the purchases of imports within the framework of Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), expanded in 1950s, had great significance in the consumption structure of Soviet citizens. Foot-wear, clothing, furniture, household goods from socialist countries partly compensated scarcity on the domestic market. The quality of these products, however, not always corresponded to the highest standards, deliveries were achieved in violation of contractual obligations on the assortment, the timing, the seasonality. The government was forced to create the multi-stage system of control, intended to prevent the penetration into the retail network of substandard things. However, piety before the import was formed independently of its consumer properties, being the component of the mythical means of the West. ***** В статье впервые в историографии исследуется проблема импорта из стран Центральной и Восточной Европы в контексте потребительской революции в СССР. Основное внимание уделяется вопросам качества товаров массового спроса. В ходе исследования использовались делопроизводственные документы и статистические материалы из фондов Российского государственного архива экономики и Государственного архива Российской Федерации, а также опубликованные воспоминания
и произведения художественной литературы. Автор показывает, что закупки по импорту в рамках Совета экономической взаимопомощи, развернутые в 1950-е гг., имели большое значение в структуре потребления советских граждан. Обувь, одежда, мебель, товары домашнего обихода из социалистических стран отчасти компенсировали дефицит на внутреннем рынке. Качество этих товаров, однако, далеко не всегда соответствовало высочайшим стандартам, поставки осуществлялись с нарушением контрактных обязательств по ассортименту, срокам, сезонности. Государство вынуждено было создавать многоступенчатую систему контроля, призванную не допустить проникновения
в торговую сеть некачественных вещей. Однако пиетет перед импортом в значительной степени формировался вне зависимости от его потребительских свойств, являясь составляющей мифологизированного образа Запада.

In the novel Solar by Ian McEwan, Professor Michael Beard accepts a position as the head of a renewable energy research centre and, after the failure with a small‐scale wind turbine, ends up developing photovoltaics. He sees the job as an opportunity to increase his income and has no interest in the solar energy technology whatsoever. In the, at times, hilarious descriptions of the professor's lectures all over the world, the readers of the book learn more about his digestion system than a PV system. This is in stark contrast to what PV advocates expect from people with space available for solar panels on their rooftops or balconies. The latter are addressed as potentially interested in PV, willing to consider and buy PV as a benign alternative to fossil fuel‐generated electricity.

Cet article propose une approche socio-économique des médias et du rôle de l'usager à deux niveaux. À l'échelle « micro », on s'intéresse aux usagers qui sont des individus ou des communautés, et qui, au-delà de leur rôle de consommateurs ou/et de récepteurs des médias, définissent de nouveaux usages par leurs initiatives, leurs inventions, leur bricolage. La conception de l'usager actif, créatif conduit à une approche communicationnelle de l'innovation qui intègre l'usager dans le processus d'innovation. À l'échelle « méso », dans le cadre général de l'économie politique de la communication, et en rappelant les analyses des industries culturelles, nous proposons une approche socio-économique élargie aux industries des médias et de l'information. À l'aide notamment d'indicateurs quantitatifs, nous évaluons le poids économique considérable et la forte concentration des industries de l'information et nous montrons que l'usager risque d'être de plus en plus dominé par ces industries.

The article shows the results of a study conducted in the area of Academic Registration and Control which took part as elements, and direct observations timed in jobs, personal interviews with officials, implementing surveys to users of the service, lifting of flowcharts for the characterization and understanding of the procedures, as well as developing graphics cause and effect, which resulted in the drafting of a comprehensive proposal and systemic to improve and optimize the service of its users

Hypertext as a nonlinear, computer-based or digital text that is now used along with conventional, linear printed text and can be described as a relatively advanced text type. Moreover, hypertextuality is among the characteristics which differentiate online news from printed news. While digital writing has become more advanced with hypertextuality, its impact on users' reading habits has gained importance as an underlying matter. In this context, the present research aims to provide an analysis of users' experiences of reading digital news in the context of hypertextuality. This study begins by summarizing the studies on hypertextuality and news users. Following this, a case study is presented to analyze newspaper users' reading habits in a digital setting to propose empirical evidence for the theoretical ideas of poststructuralist thinkers on hypertextuality. This part focuses on the hypertext reception practices of UMASS/Amherst Department of Communication undergraduat...

Costumes and Textile Designs of India is derived from the rich Indian cultural heritage, which within recent years has received wide recognition throughout the world. Indian art has received some recognition from the hands of the scholars as well, but even this appreciation has been marred by hazy, nebulous, and mystic writings which strive to give it a philosophical background. However, this philosophical interpretation often denies to a universal audience an understanding of the core emotions and feelings that drove the creation of Indian art, cloaking it with an opaque coating of philosophical terms that hinder rather than help comprehension.

Joy Garnett is a painter and the arts editor of the journal Cultural Politics. Susan Meiselas is a photographer best known for her documentation of human-rights issues in Latin America. Both artists live in New York City, and their work has appeared previously in Harper's Magazine. This portfolio is drawn from their conversation at the New York Institute for the Humanities' "Comedies of Fair U$e" symposium, which took place in Spring 2006 at New York University.

"...the industry has to learn from manufacturers how to study its customers' needs and develop products that meet those needs.."

Sir John Egan
Rethinking Construction, July 1998




Entering an architectural space we react to it...most of the time our reaction is neutral or indifferent, but just occasionally an aspect of the design can affect our emotions - perhaps the space will excite or depress us.

This Guide provides a compilation of issues and techniques relevant to the definition of building users, identification of their needs, prioritising and structuring the collected information into an accessible format to facilitate communication within organisations.

A well-established technique from manufacturing (Quality Function Deployment, QFD) has been modified to suit the needs of architectural design and to help organisations in their pursuit for user friendly designs. The processes described here are deliberately not prescriptive and therefore do not encourage creativity and organisational input. It is hoped that by learning from theories developed in social sciences and the methods practised by the manufacturing industries the construction industry can improve quality ot its products.

This Guide is designed to stand alone, but it can also be read in conjunction with the Final Report and the Executive Summary under the CPDT project.

Engagement has emerged as an important concept for news organizations. Yet lack of agreement within the industry and the academy on the definition of engagement has left news companies vulnerable to the definitions dictated by advertisers, who focus on brand placement not news content. This paper relies on quantitative and qualitative methodologies to define online engagement as a collection of experiences, illustrates that there are actually two important types of engagement (personal and social-interactive engagement) for media companies, and demonstrates their predictive validity by showing both are associated with readership.

Przedstawiany tekst jest jednym z rozdziałów książki „Społeczność Internetu” wydanej w 2002 roku. Początkowa część książki (okładka, strona redakcyjna, spis treści, wprowadzenie) są udostępnione w serwisie Academia.edu w dziale Books.

Zawartość tego rozdziału ma obecnie wyłącznie historyczną wartość, gdyż przywołane w nim dane, aktualne w roku wydania książki, radyklanie różnią się od sytuacji, z jaką mamy do czynienia obecnie. Obecnie profil polskiego Internauty nie różni się niczym od profilu jego kolegi w USA czy w Tajlandii. Niemniej warto na ten tekst spojrzeć, żeby dowiedzieć się, jak bardzo polska Społeczność Internetu zmieniła się i rozwinęła w ciągu tych ostatnich 20 lat.

Warto dodać jedną uwagę: Poszczególne rozdziały udostępnione (tak jak ten tutaj) w dziale Papers zdobione są rysunkami (zwykle żartobliwymi) „a propos”, stworzonymi przez Tomasza Bielawskiego. Na rysunkach tych wykorzystywana jest metafora surfowania na desce, jako odpowiednik różnych aktywności członków Społeczności Internetu.

This paper presents a method for analysing an aspect of interaction that can help us understand how users can feel that they are part of a work. I argue that interaction can be a form of depiction, causing the user to imagine both her perceptual actions and her manipulation of the work as being fictional as well as actual. This produces an ontological fusion between the actual and the fictional. In brief analyses of three interactive works, I suggest how this framework can enable a better understanding of some aspects of interactive art and literature.

Cette contribution interroge la place du « penser, classer, catégoriser », dans la construction des connaissances, depuis les travaux visionnaires de grandes figures de la documentation (Otlet, Briet…), aux pratiques collaboratives et participatives portées par le web 2.0 et les réseaux aujourd’hui. Les nouveaux modes de circulation de l’information amènent une reconfiguration des rôles et des pratiques : à une représentation instrumentale a succédé une représentation cognitive du fonctionnement et de l’utilisation des outils de médiation, abordés sur un mode individuel (culture de l’information) ; le nouvel écosystème informationnel, avec la montée en puissance des dimensions participative et contributive, oriente vers une représentation davantage communicationnelle et intégrative des outils, abordés sur un mode plus collectif. « Participer, confronter, partager, construire sa propre vision du monde » correspond à un deuxième temps de la culture informationnelle.

Posearthquake housing reconstruction in Ixtepec, Mexico. Resumen: De las múltiples dimensiones que contiene el proceso de reconstrucción, este trabajo, se centra en analizar cómo se reconstruye la vivienda después del desastre a través de la experiencia de los habitantes y constante tensión con la política de reconstrucción. A partir de las limitaciones que plantea la política formal, por medio de una reflexión desde la pospolítica en torno al concepto de consenso, discutimos las alternativas que los saberes y las prácticas de los habitantes aportan a la reconstrucción de la vivienda en el municipio de Ixtepec, estado de Oaxaca en el suroeste de México, después de los sismos de septiembre de 2017. Esto se realiza por medio del enfoque de la etnografía institucional a partir de observaciones al proceso de reconstrucción, entrevistas a damnificados y se complementa con documentos institucionales. El artículo argumenta que la política de reconstrucción del Estado empuja las formas alternativas de reconstrucción a los intereses de mercado, que no permiten avanzar hacia nuevas maneras de entender la política.

An analysis is presented of a design meeting in which users and other stakeholders enter the design dialogue as ‘others’ who are talked about and spoken for in absentia, with particular attention paid to the circumstances in which these others are invoked. This lays an empirical foundation from which to premise a methodological discussion about researchers’ practices of identifying design phenomena to analyse. In many analytical treatments, the circumstances in and through which phenomena (e.g. designers’ actions) emerge tend to be stripped from those phenomena when they are treated as objects of analytical interest. This hides the actual work that designers are doing, work that is only recoverable through consideration of the circumstances in which design moves are made in interaction. Such analytic practices can be prone to generate an alien or ironic understanding of designers’ work. This does not condemn such analytic approaches, but the point remains that there is much of importance that ‘falls through the cracks’ in such analytical treatments, particularly since a pivotal objective of many forms of design research is to account for design activity.

Active involvement of users in smart grids is often seen as key to beneficial development of smart grids. In this paper, we investigate the diverse assumptions about how and why users should be active and to what extent these assumptions are supported by experiences in practice. We present the findings of a systematic literature review on four distinctive forms of user involvement in actual smart grid projects: demand shifting, energy saving, co-design, and co-provision. The state-of-the-art knowledge reflects the preoccupation with demand shifting in the actual smart grid development. Little is known about the other user roles. More diversity in types of projects regarding user roles would improve the knowledge base for important decisions defining the future of smart grids.