Wu Zetian

En este trabajo presentamos las dos inscripciones relacionadas con la construcción del gran Buda Vairocana del templo Fengxian en Longmen, y una pagoda del monasterio Shaolin en el monte Song. Se expondrá como ambas construcciones realizadas durante el reinado de Gaozong y Wu Zetian, guardan una estrecha relación con la política de refuerzo de la autoridad imperial y se empleó estas construcciones y otras fundaciones budistas como un medio propagandístico. In this paper we present the two inscriptions associated to the construction of the great Buddha Vairocana of the Fengxian temple in Longmen, and a pagoda of the Shaolin monastery on Mount Song. It will be expounding as the two constructions made during the reign of Gaozong and Wu Zetian, are closely related to the reinforcement policy of the imperial authority that used these constructions and other Buddhist foundations as a kind propaganda.

This paper briefly examines the construction and subsequent use of the Mingtang by Wu Zetian through the texts that herself wrote. These texts show the intention to reinforce the authority of the Empress by demonstrating the divine acceptance of her government, and linking her authority with the epic founders of Chinese civilization.

Examines the position and of royal women from a geographical, political and religious standpoint at the time of the Silk Roads (2nd c. BCE to 14th c. CE). Includes paragraphs on polygamy, polygamist institutions and Harems. (China, Persia, Iran, Sassanian, Mongol, Islam, Noblewomen, Royal females, queens princesses...) Mentions many historical Empresses, queens, princesses, Khatuns. Done in first Year undergrad. Contain Typos (this was the first draft, I am posting it because more detailed than the final version).  Good for looking for information.

This paper briefly examines the textual propaganda that Empress Wu Zetian generated to legitimize her accession to the throne. These texts show the intention to reinforce the authority of the empress, both through the concepts of filial piety and loyalty, as well as the presence of auspices favorable to the reign of a woman.

The goal of this diploma work is to reveal individual character features of the only female ruling emperor in Chinese history, Wu Zetian (17.02.624-16.12.705), explicating the theme of talented woman – leader of the country. As well as examine her influence on Tang Dynasty in China and look at her relationship with her two husbands. Each of them made a great impact on her as personality, as ruler and as a woman in a traditional sence. In order to achieve this goal, analysis of birth chart has been made using 90-degree, 360-degree and 22*30‘ degree discs. Also, I made analysis of partnership and analysis of the event – enthroning of Wu Zetian as emperor and founding her own Zhou Dynasty, interrupting Tang Dynasty for 15 years. In order to make deeper research, 22*30‘ disc has been used, as well as additional half-sums in birth chart.

Çin tarihinde saltanat babadan oğula geçen geleneksel ataerkil düşünce ile
yönetilmektedir.Tang Hanedanlığı’nın (MS. 618-907) kuruluşundan 72 yıl sonra tahta çıkan
İmparatoriçe Wu Zetian (624-705), bu ataerkil düşünceyi yıkarak Çin’de saltanatı yöneten ilk
ve tek kadın olmuştur. 690 yılında, II. Zhou Hanedanlığı’nı kuran İmparatoriçe Wu, 15 yıl
boyunca Tang Hanedanlığı’nı yönetmiş ve merkezi gücü kendinde tutmuştur. Wu döneminde
İmparatoriçe Wu’ya karşı olan, eski yönetimi destekleyen birçok kişi Wu Zetian’in
işkencelerine maruz kalmıştır. Ancak bu işkencelere rağmen Wu döneminde başarılı birçok
politika geliştirilmiş ve önemli siyasetçiler ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca bu dönemde hanedanlıkta
kadının gücünün arttırılmasına yönelik politikalar izlenmiştir.Çin’in feodal toplum tarihindeki
altın çağ olarak bilinen Tang Hanedanlığı döneminde kadınların siyasi ve sosyal statüsü
yükselmiş ve geçmişten beri süre gelen babasına, eşine ve oğluna itaat eden kadın profili
zayıflamıştır. Bu dönemde yönetimde etkisi olan kadınların yanı sıra bir hanedanlık kuran
kadın profilinin görülmesi kadının siyasi açıdan ön planda yer aldığını göstermektedir. Sosyal
hayatın içerisinde, kadınların eğitimine önem verilmesi, kadın haklarında sağlanan eşitlikler,
spor dallarında aktif olmaları, edebiyat ve sanat ile ilgilenmeleri ise diğer dönemlerle
kıyaslandığında kadınların haklarının genişlemiş ve statülerinin yükselmiş olduğunun
göstergeleridir. Bu çalışmada; Çin tarihindeki tek kadın hükümdar olan Wu Zetian’in hayatı,
reformları ve Tang Hanedanlığı döneminde kadının yeri ve önemi incelenecektir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: WuZetian, Tang Hanedanlığı, Kadın, II. Zhou Hanedanlığı

Aurel Stein was one of the pioneers in the archaeological study of Central Asia. Among their findings highlighted the discovery of the Dunhuang Manuscripts. The A. Stein's decision to take out of China the texts found served to initiate a process of dispersing them by various countries, which has generated harsh criticism from Chinese scholars. Due to the large number of manuscripts discovered in Dunhuang, we focus on the case of manuscripts for the reign of Chinese empress Wu Zetian, who are easily recognizable by changes in Chinese writing were in effect only during his reign.

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file:///C:/Users/David/Downloads/estudiosBizantinos04_1300_077815_4327_.pdf
Although the Byzantine sources don’t mention diplomatic contacts with the Far East, the Chinese chronicles narrate the arrival of different embassies to the Chinese Empire from Byzantium between 643 and 719, during the reigns of the Byzantine emperors Constans ii, Tiberio iii, and Leo iii. These embassies showed to the Chinese the image of a rich and prosperous empire that, threatened by the newly created Caliphate, seemed to seek some sort of alliance with China, but did not get more than moral support.

Tradicionalmente se ha destacado del reinado de la emperatriz Wu Zetian su apoyo a la iglesia budista, pero las fuentes señalan un interés creciente en su vejez por las prácticas taoístas para obtener longevidad. Gracias a una serie de textos epigráficos se puede conocer el interés y la práctica de esta emperatriz en la celebración del ritual taoísta toulong.

This essay is a condensed version (under 30 000 characters) of a longer one. Examines the position and of royal women from a geographical, political and religious standpoint at the time of the Silk Roads (2nd c. BCE to 14th c. CE). Includes paragraphs on polygamy, polygamist institutions and Harems. Done by a first-year student may contain typos.

Although the reign of Empress Wu Zetian is a period of consolidation of Imperial authority, economically this reign was characterized by poor management and the birth of a hard crisis in which no shortage of corruption scandals of some chancellors. In this study will be displayed both the cases and the measures taken against the corruption and economic crisis of this period.

Abstrac:
The fengshan sacrifices were the most important of all that the emperor could perform in  Ancient China, as symbolized the legitimacy of the imperial authority and the ability to unify and pacify the empire. In this paper are discussed the fengshan sacrifices made the empress Wu Zetian in Tai and Song Mountains and the reasons that led him to perform them.

Paper in Spanish lenguage. Is posible to read in

https://www.academia.edu/12290080/_Los_sacrificios_Fengshan_y_la_pol%C3%ADtica_religiosa_de_la_emperatriz_Wu_Zetian_._David_SEVILLANO_L%C3%93PEZ

http://www.antesteria.es/resources/22.+Sevillano.pdf

Two styles are representative of Tang imperial tomb design--the "mountain" style exemplified by Zhaoling (tomb of Taizong, r. 626-649) and the "royal progression" style exemplified by Qianling (tombs of Gaozong, r. 649-683, and Wu Zetian, r. 690-705). Zhaoling, evoking grandeur through an open landscape and more than 190 accompanying tombs of retainers and family members, is symbolic of Taizong as a patrimonial ruler, emperor of China, and qaghan over the nomadic peoples. Qianling, formalizing solemnity through spatial structuring and use of monumental stone sculptures in two straight lines along the spirit path, shows a distancing oft he ruler from his subjects and of the Li family from its Turkic-Xianbei roots. Qianling's royal progression tomb is especially important as it served as a model for later imperial tombs all the way to the Qing dynasty (1644-1911).

En la corte imperial china, las mujeres veían limitadas sus posibilidades de ascenso social y político a complacer en el lecho al emperador. En este contexto, Wu Zetian acaparó el afecto del emperador Gaozong y por medio de intrigas eliminó a sus oponentes, culminando con su proclamación como emperatriz en 690. Las relaciones amorosas de la emperatriz tras la muerte de su esposo, y sus consecuencias políticas, han generado una gran cantidad de documentación histórica y literaria, centrada en acusarla de lujuria distorsionado el uso taoísta del sexo como método para lograr la inmortalidad. At the Chinese imperial court, women saw their possibilities of social and political ascent limited to pleasing the emperor. In this context, Wu Zetian captured Emperor Gaozong's affection and, through intrigues, eliminated his opponents, culminating in his proclamation as Empress in 690. The Empress's amorous relationship after her husband's death and its political consequences Generated a large amount of historical and literary documentation, focused on accusing it of lust, distorting the Taoist use of sex as a method to achieve immortality.

Although the reign of Empress Wu Zetian is a period of consolidation of Imperial authority, economically this reign was characterized by poor management and the birth of a hard crisis in which no shortage of corruption scandals of some chancellors. In this study will be displayed both the cases and the measures taken against the corruption and economic crisis of this period.