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    Signals and Systems: BITS Pilani

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    rajeevdutt_1215
    This document provides an introduction to signals and systems. It defines a signal as a physical quantity that varies with time. Signals can be classified as continuous or discrete, analog or digital, periodic or aperiodic, causal or non-causal, and deterministic or random. The size of a signal is described by its energy and power. Useful signal operations are shifting, scaling, and inversion. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.

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    Signals and Systems: BITS Pilani

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    rajeevdutt_1215
    31 views21 pages
    This document provides an introduction to signals and systems. It defines a signal as a physical quantity that varies with time. Signals can be classified as continuous or discrete, analog or digital, periodic or aperiodic, causal or non-causal, and deterministic or random. The size of a signal is described by its energy and power. Useful signal operations are shifting, scaling, and inversion. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.

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    signals and system

    Original Title

    Lecture 01

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    This document provides an introduction to signals and systems. It defines a signal as a physical quantity that varies with time. Signals can be classified as continuous or discrete, analog or digital, periodic or aperiodic, causal or non-causal, and deterministic or random. The size of a signal is described by its energy and power. Useful signal operations are shifting, scaling, and inversion. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    31 views21 pages

    Signals and Systems: BITS Pilani

    Uploaded by

    rajeevdutt_1215
    This document provides an introduction to signals and systems. It defines a signal as a physical quantity that varies with time. Signals can be classified as continuous or discrete, analog or digital, periodic or aperiodic, causal or non-causal, and deterministic or random. The size of a signal is described by its energy and power. Useful signal operations are shifting, scaling, and inversion. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.

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    SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

    EEE F243 / INSTR F243

    Lecture 01
    Introduction to Signals

    BITS Pilani
    Pilani Campus

    Todays Session

    Signals
    Size of a Signal
    Classification of Signals
    Useful Signal Operations

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Signal
    Signal:
    Signal is a physical quantity which varies with time, space,
    frequency etc.
    Examples: Electricity, Voice, Photons, Telephonic conversation, TV
    signal etc.

    Signal should be a function of an independent variable mainly time.


    Though others may be space, frequency etc.

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Size of a Signal
    Signal Energy:
    It takes account of both amplitude and duration.

    E f = | f (t ) |2 dt

    V2s (A2s)

    Signal Power:
    Time average of the signal energy is the signal power.
    1 T /2
    2
    Pf = lim
    f
    (
    t
    )
    dt

    T T T / 2

    V2 (A2)
    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Size of a Signal
    Energy Signal: If and only if it has finite energy and zero
    average power.
    Power Signal:

    If and only if its power is finite and energy is


    infinite.

    Generally all periodic signals are power signals.

    A signal may not get classified as an energy or power signal, if it does


    not satisfy both the criteria. It is then called as neither energy nor
    power signal. Example: Ramp signal f(t) = t
    It increases indefinitely as t
    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Examples
    Find the energies of the following signals:

    f(t) = sin t
    t

    f(t) = t
    t

    Find the power of the following signal: 8


    f(t) = t3
    -2
    2
    -8
    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Signal
    Classification

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Signal Classification
    Continuous Time / Discrete Time Signals:
    - Uniquely defined at all times / Defined at discrete intervals of time.

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Signal Classification
    Analog Signals Amplitude can take any value in continuous range.

    Digital Signals Amplitude can take only finite number of values.

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Signal Classification
    Periodic Signal: Repeats after finite intervals.
    f (t ) = f (t + T )

    for all t

    Smallest value of T satisfies above equation Period.


    Aperiodic Signal: Does not repeat after regular intervals.
    f (t ) f (t + T )

    for all t

    A periodic signal can be generated by its periodic extension.


    A periodic signal remains unchanged when time shifted by one
    period.
    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Signal Classification
    Example of Periodic Signals:

    t
    T
    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Signal Classification
    Example of Aperiodic Signals:
    f1(t)

    f1(t)

    t
    0

    t
    0

    f2(t)

    f2(t)

    1
    t

    t
    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Signal Classification
    Causal Signal: A signal which does not start before t =0.

    f (t ) = 0

    t<0

    Non- causal Signal: A signal that does not hold the above condition.

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Signal Classification
    Deterministic Signal:
    A signal whose description is
    mathematically or by graphically.

    known

    completely

    either

    by

    Random Signal:
    A signal which can only be predicted by probabilistic description.

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Signal
    Operations

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Signal Operations
    Shifting: shifting of a signal certain time.

    (t + T ) = f (t )
    (t ) = f (t T )

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Signal Operations
    Scaling: The compression or expansion of a signal by time.
    Compression: (t ) = f ( at )

    Expansion: (t) = f
    a

    a >1
    f(2t)

    f(t/2)

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Signal Operations
    Inversion (Reversal): Inverting or folding a signal.

    ( t ) = f (t )
    (t ) = f ( t )

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Combined Operations
    One operation for example is:

    First way:

    f (at b )

    (1) Time shift:

    f (t b )

    (2) Time scaling:

    f (at b )

    Second way: (1) Time scaling:

    (2) Time shift:

    f (at )

    b
    f a t = f (at b )
    a
    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Examples
    Express following signals f2(t) and f3(t) in terms of f(t):

    f3(t)

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

    Examples
    For the following signal f(t): find (i) f(-t) (ii) f(t+6) (c) f(t/2)
    f(t)
    0.5
    6
    0

    t
    12

    15

    24

    -1

    BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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