Instructional Methods and Their Applications

INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
METHOD USES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
THE LECTURE METHOD 1. To orient students. 1. Saves time. 1. Involves one way
A formal or semi-formal discourse is 2. To introduce a subject. 2. Permits flexibility. communication.
which the instructor presents a series 3. To give directions on 3. Requires less rigid 2. Poses problems in
of events, facts, or principles, explores procedures. space requirement. skill teaching.
a problem or explains relationships 4. To present basic material. 4. Permits 3. Encourages student
5. To introduce a adaptability. passiveness.
demonstration, discussion, 5. Permits versatility. 4. Poses difficulty in
or performance. 6. Permits better gauging student
6. To illustrate application of centre over contact reaction.
rules, principles, or and sequence. 5. Require highly
concepts. skilled instructors.
7. To review, clarify,
emphasise or summarise.
THE DISCUSSION METHOD 1. To develop imaginative 1. Increase students 1. Require highly

A method in which group discussion solutions to problems. interest skilled instructor.
techniques are used to reach 2. To stimulate thinking and 2. Increases students 2. Requires
instructional objectives. interest and to secure acceptance and preparation by
student participation. commitments. student.
3. To emphasise main 3. Utilises student 3. Limits content.
teaching points. knowledge and 4. Consumes time.
4. To supplement lectures, experience. 5. Restricts size of
reading, or laboratory 4. Results in more groups.
exercises. permanent learning
5. To determine how well because of high
student understands degree of student
concepts and principles. participation.
6. To prepare students for
application of theory of
procedure.
7. To summarise, clarify
points or review.
THE PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION 1. To provide remedial 1. Reduce failure rate. 1. Require local or
METHOD instruction. 2. Improves end-of- commercial
A method of self-instruction 2. To provide make-up course proficiency. preparation.
instruction for late arrivals, 3. Saves time. 2. Requires lengthy
absentees, or translents. 4. Provides for self programmer training.
3. To maintain previously instruction. 3. Increases expenses.
learned skills which are not 4. Requires
performed frequently considerable lead
enough. time.
4. To provide retraining on
equipment and procedures
which have become
obsolete.
5. To upgrade production.
6. To accelerate capable
students.
7. To provide enough
common background among
students.
8. To provide the review and
practice of knowledge and
skills.
THE STUDY ASSIGNMENT METHOD 1. To orient students to a 1. Increase coverage 1. Require careful
A method in which the instructor topic prior to classroom or of material. planning and follow
assigns reading to books, periodicals, Laboratory work. 2. Reduce classroom up.
project or research papers or exercises 2. To set the stage for a time. 2. Poses evaluation
for the practice. lecture demonstration or 3. Permits individual problem.
discussion. attention. 3. Produce non-
3. To provide for or standard results.
capitalise on individual
differences in ability,
background, or experience
through differentiated
assignments.
4. To provide for the review
of material covered in class
or to give practice.
5. To provide enrichment
material.
THE TUTORIAL METHOD 1. To reach highly 1. Permits adaptive 1. Requires highly

A method of instruction in which an complicated skills instruction. competent instructor.
instructor works directly with an operations or operations 2. Stimulates active 2. Demands time and
individual student. involving danger or participation. money.
expensive equipment. 3. Promotes safety.
2. To provide individualised
remedial assistance.
THE SEMINAR METHOD 1. To provide general 1. Provides 1. Requires highly

A tutorial arrangement involving the guidance for a group motivation and competent instructor.
instructor and groups, rather than working on an advanced report. 2. Poses evaluation
instructor and individual. study or research project. 2. Stimulates active problems.
2. To exchange information participation. 3. Is more costly than
on techniques and 3. Permits adaptive most other methods.
approaches being explored instruction.
by members of a study or
research group.
3. To develop new and
imaginative solutions to
problems under study by
the group.
THE DEMONSTRATION METHOD 1. To teach manipulative 1. Minimise damage 1. Require careful

A method of instruction where the operations or procedures. and waste preparation and
instructor by actually performing an 2. To teach troubleshooting. 2. Saves time rehearsal.
operation or doing a job shows the 3. To illustrate principles. 3. Can be presented 2. Requires special
students what to do, how to do it, and 4. To teach operation or to large groups.
functioning of equipment.
through explanations brings out why, 5. To teach teamwork. classroom
where, and when it is done. 6. To set standards of arrangements.
workmanship.
7. To teach safety
procedures.
THE DEMONSTRATION METHOD 1. To teach manipulative 1. Builds confidence. 1. Requires tools and
A method of instruction is required to operations or procedures. 2. Enable learning equipment.
perform under controlled conditions 2. To teach operation or evaluation. 2. Requires large
the operations, skills or movement functioning of equipment. 3. Reduces damages block.
being taught. 3. To teach team skills and waste. 3. Requires more
4. To teach safety 4. Promotes safety. instructors.
procedures.
THE BUZZ GROUP 1. To develop and express 1. Help trainers to 1. Unfamiliarity in use.
imaginative ideas, opinions. draw breath. 2. Time required.
2. Stimulate thinking. 2. Gauge the mood by 3. Need for group
listening to some leaders.
discussion.
3. Change pace of
discussion.
4. Encourage
participants to reflect
what was learnt.
BRAINSTORMING 1. Discover new ideas, 1. Leads to a very 1. It takes time

thoughts and responses very animated and particularly if it is a
quickly. energising session. large group.
2. More reserved 2. May consume a lot
participants feel free of material e.g.
to contribute. flipcharts or writing
materials.
3. Requires high level
facilitation skills.
ROLE PLAYS 1. Exploring and improving 1. Good energizers. 1. Participants might

interviewing techniques and 2. Promotes empathy be reluctant.
examining complexities and of trainees for other 2. May not work with
potential conflicts of groups. situation. trainees who do not
2. To consolidate different 3. Encourrages know each other well.
lessons in one setting. creativity in learning.

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INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS

METHOD USES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

THE DISCUSSION METHOD 1. To develop imaginative 1. Increase students 1. Require highly

THE TUTORIAL METHOD 1. To reach highly 1. Permits adaptive 1. Requires highly

THE SEMINAR METHOD 1. To provide general 1. Provides 1. Requires highly

THE DEMONSTRATION METHOD 1. To teach manipulative 1. Minimise damage 1. Require careful

BRAINSTORMING 1. Discover new ideas, 1. Leads to a very 1. It takes time

ROLE PLAYS 1. Exploring and improving 1. Good energizers. 1. Participants might

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