International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development-– Volume 2 Issue 1, Jan-Feb 2019

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RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

SIMULATING THE IMPACT OF WASTEWATER LEACHING

ON GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN MADDUANA DRAIN,
FAISALABAD
Talha Waqas*, Kashif Nazir**, Faizan Ahmed, Abdul Aleem, M. Asif Hanif
*(Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan. E-mail: talhawaqas66@gmail.com)
**(Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Agriculture
Faisalabad, Pakistan. E-mail: engrkashifnazir@gmail.com)
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Abstract:
The groundwater has become apparent as an excessively meaningful water resource but with the passage of time its
quality deteriorating continuously. There are lot of reasoning affiliated with disintegration of groundwater. In the developing
countries, like our country Pakistan the uncooked wastewater pours into unlined wastewater channels that are enduringly
leached down to groundwater, and it polluted the groundwater quality which is a major source of problem. In spite of to
simulate the trappings of wastewater leaching on groundwater quality, research has carried out to symbolize the constituents of
wastewater in Madduana wastewater drain Faisalabad, and make the comparison of groundwater quality in the study area. To
suggest the industries that they make assurance for the installation appropriate wastewater treatment option in their industries
for primary treatment of their wastes before pour into drain. From Khurrianwala to Khanuana bypass Faisalabad composite
wastewater samples have taken from drain and groundwater samples have collected on spatial and temporal stationed from the
surrounding areas and small villages of drain and studies in WASA Faisalabad Laboratory. The study involved determination of
water quality parameters of groundwater near the drain. The value of total Hardness (TH), carbonates and bicarbonates,
chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total dissolved solids (TDS), pH, Turbidity, electrical
conductivity (EC) in wastewater having a level of 340-864 mg/l, 1608-2344 mg/l, 146-828 mg/l, 104-833 mg/l, 2130-2810
mg/l, 7.8-9.1, 17.447-89.33 mg/l, 4260-5210 mg/l respectively. Then these parameters were correlated with National
Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) to checked the present quality of that wastewater. From results, it was concluded that
the quality of groundwater of the study area is out of order and cannot be drinkable and the wastewater is not feasible for
agriculture use.

Keywords — Wastewater (W.W), Up-Stream (U/S), Down-Stream (D/S), Groundwater (GW).

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discharged in un-lined surface drains without initial
I. INTRODUCTION treatment. This happened due poor tacklinglack of
ndustrializationleads to socio economic uplift, initial planning and implementations of the

I especially in developing countries. However,

industrialization also leads to environment
deterioration [1]. One of its productions is the
environmental legislation. The wastewater discharged
by different types of industry have different
characteristics of constituents depending on type of
raw material used in industry and which process they
industrial wastewater, inadequate unscientific tackling
of which has become the most crucial and unsolved processed [3]. The wastewater usually contains organic
problem in developing countries. At the end, it aged in matter, suspended solids, heavy metals, acids, bases
the pollution of receiving water bodies. It not only and coloring compounds those affects the quality of
affects aquatic life but also has adverse impacts on groundwater as well as surface water [4]. It can cause
public health [2]. serious problems to aquatic fauna and flora and
In most of the developing countries like our Pakistan, downstream users. Different type of diseases like
most of the industrial and domestic waste are hepatitis are the major illness of that area which
occurred due to groundwater contamination. Moreover,

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Campylobacter disease occurred due to usage of un- agricultural yield. This direction become more crucial
chlorinated water, Vibrio choleras disease occurred due in those urban and industrial areas where groundwater
to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. An urgent contamination caused various diseases and cureless
requirement is to treat industrial wastewater before damages to environment [11].
pour it into nearest drains for the protection of To check the impacts of wastewater on quality of
environment [5]. groundwater of Madduana drain which have the
Provision of safe and clean drinking water to the wastewater of surrounding industries in Faisalabad.
masses should be the foremost priority of every Collect the wastewater samples from the drain as well
government as it is the basic human right. In order to as groundwater samples from the surrounding area of
identify the potential areas for future environmental drain, then take that samples to WASA laboratory to
health problems, regular mapping of groundwater analysis the parameters as chemical oxygen zest
quality is pre-requisite for every city of the country. As (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), electrical
water quality index undertakes the analysis of multiple conductivity (EC), pH, total dissolved solids (TDS),
parameters, it is considered as efficient tool for carbonates, bicarbonates, color, turbidity, odor,
understanding the overall water quality scenario of the hardness, Heavy metals which includes total nitrogen,
area. Faisalabad is the 3rd largest city of the Pakistan. total phosphorus, mercuric Sulphate, ammonia, copper,
Groundwater is the primary source of drinking water iron, manganese, nickel, at minimum level chromium
for its population. To maintain to quality of water, the and cobalt.
water samples from different tube wells are regularly By analyzing above parameters in wastewater as well
tested for several water quality parameters. It has deep as in groundwater now it will check how much
been detected in the last few years that the water stress, wastewater deteriorate the groundwater quality. After
due to increase use of water and expeditious that, also made comparison of parameters with
industrialization, has become impend to the aquifer in standard acceptable limits of that constituents.
Faisalabad [6].
In distinct places of Faisalabad, the groundwater level II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
declined day by day which is due to the elevated
groundwater pressure [7]. The groundwater level has A. STUDY AREA
discarded more than 10m in distinct places of The area selected for the study are the
Faisalabad [8]. Therefore, groundwater and surface Madduana drain in the industrial zone of Faisalabad
water quality are also deteriorating by the continuous city with the criteria that this drain pass through the
and extra use of groundwater. The study of the heavy
area which is expected to be the major source of
metals getting main focus to check the present
contamination. That area will be in between the
condition of water quality which determined the
Khurrianwala to Satayana road Faisalabad.
expertise for its supplementary usage [9].
Faisalabad the city of textile, is becoming the third
B. SAMPLING PLAN
largest populous city of country. A survey tells that
1100 million cubic meter per year wastewater effluents As the part of research, Composite wastewater
were produced from different sources in Faisalabad samples will be collected from drain and
city and disposal off through surface lined and unlined groundwater samples will be collected from the
drains i.e. Paharang and Madduana drain [10]. surrounding areas of drain. Samples will be
Madduana drain collects the wastewater of surrounding randomly taken from whole area to persuade the
Dying and textile industries. Most of the industries different quality parameters in groundwater as well
may have their treatment plants. First, they treated their as in wastewater. The samples will be collected in
wastewater and then pour it into drain. But, some of 1500 ml bottles. The grab samples should be taken,
them pore their wastewater to drain without treated it. for this purpose a bucket and rope will be used and
The wastewater is permanently leach down which after shaking the sample should take. After taking
deteriorate the quality of groundwater, therefore people sample, bottled should be labeled with some
of that areas can’t be pumped the groundwater for their common information ofthe sampling place i.e.
usage. In that areas, it is also seen most of people are latitude, longitude of the place. The optimized water
suffering with different diseases i.e. hepatitis disease. samples will be collected in the total, from
Ecosystem of that area is also polluted. In that areas, groundwater and wastewater. After collecting the
untreated wastewater is also used for irrigation samples from study area, the samples will be
purposes which polluted the cropping system. The conserved and analyzed in the WASA Faisalabad
dumping and disposal system of domestic and laboratory.
industrial wastewater have severed and alarmed threats
for natural water resources, public health and

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C. 2.3 LOCATION OF SAMPLES POINTS average value of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand is
The position of samples points will be observed with 328.05. As we know that in drinking water there is no
the assist of coordinates of points. The coordinates of value of Biochemical Oxygen Demand as well as in
Chemical Oxygen Demand. The most effected samples
Sr. Parameter Units Method/Equipment
of Biochemical Oxygen Demand are Khurrianwala
No. Used
sight samples and the least effected samples of
1 Temperature °C HANNA digital meter Biochemical Oxygen Demand are Maccuana bypass
Faisalabad sight samples. According to NEQS, the
2 pH HANNA digital meter permissible limit of BOD is 80 mg/l so, most of the
samples exceeded the permissible limits for BOD.
3 EC µc/cm HANNA digital meter Biological Oxygen Demand measures the
biodegradable materials in water and helps in the
development of bacteria and other organic by products
4 TDS mg/l HANNA digital meter
(Manahan 1994).

5 Calcium mg/l Titration/USEPA BOD

1000
6 Magnesium mg/l Titration/USEPA
500
0

Point…
Point…
Point…
Point…
Point…
Point…
Point…
Point…
Point…
Point…
7 Chloride mg/l Titration/USEPA

8 Sodium mg/l Titration/USEPA

BOD (W.W)

9 Bicarbonates mg/l Titration/USEPA BOD (Permisible)

Fig. 1. Biochemical Oxygen Demand level against Wastewater

10 COD mg/l Standard method by
Level of Chemical Oxygen Demand
APHA
The figure 2 shows the relationship one of the
11 BOD5 mg/l DO meter
water quality parameter Chemical Oxygen Demand of
the wastewater samples. Firstly, we found the
the sample points will be taken with the help of maximum value of Chemical Oxygen Demand among
Global Positioning System (GPS). all of the 20 samples which is 828 mg/l present in
sample no. 3 at up-stream of the drain. The minimum
TABLE 1
value of COD is shown is sample no. 15 which is 146
METHOD/EQUIPMENT USED FOR ANALYSIS OF WASTEWATER
EFFLUENTS mg/l. Trend shows that the values of Chemical Oxygen
Demand varies between 146-828 for wastewater
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION samples. The average value of the Chemical Oxygen
Demand is 460.62. As we know that in drinking water
Level of Biochemical Oxygen Demand
there is no value of Chemical Oxygen Demand as well
The figure 1 shows the relationship
as in Biochemical Oxygen Demand. The most effected
one of the water quality parameter Biochemical
samples of Chemical Oxygen Demand are
Oxygen Demand of the wastewater samples. Firstly,
Khurrianwala sight samples and the least effected
we found the maximum value of BOD among all of the
samples of Chemical Oxygen Demand are Maccuana
20 samples which is 833 mg/l present in sample no. 2
bypass Faisalabad sight samples.
at up-stream of the drain. The minimum value of BOD
is shown is sample no. 10which is 104 mg/l. Trend
shows that the values of Biochemical Oxygen Demand
varies between 104-833 for wastewater samples. The

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Table2Results of physic-chemical parameters of wastewater at U/S and D/S of Study area

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According to NEQS, the permissible limit of COD is

150 mg/l so, most of the samples exceeded the EC
permissible limits for COD. Most of the wastewater 10000
from the WASA disposal stations will finally join the 0
rivers through drains and some of the wastewater will
become part of groundwater through soil profile.
COD is a measure of organic matter in a sample EC (W.W) EC (G.W)
including biodegradable fraction as well as fraction EC (Permiible)
that survive bacterial attack but is oxidizable by
strong chemical oxidants (Abbasi, 1998). Fig. 3. EC level against Wastewater and Groundwater Samples
Level of Bicarbonates
COD The figure 4 shows the level of Bicarbonates
1000 in wastewater of Madduana drain as well as in the
800 groundwater of the surrounding of the drain. Trend
600
400 shows that the values of Bicarbonates varies between
200 540-1124 for groundwater samples and 1608-2344
0
for wastewater samples. The maximum values of
Bicarbonates in groundwater as well as in wastewater
showed in down-stream samples. It is also noted that,
where the bicarbonates are present that carbonates are
absent. The permissible limit of bicarbonates is 1000
COD (W.W) COD (Permisible)
mg/l (NEQS 2005).
Fig. 2. Chemical Oxygen Demand level against Wastewater
Bicarbonate
Level of Electrical Conductivity
5000
The figure 3 shows the level of EC in
0
wastewater of Madduana drain as well as in the
groundwater of the surrounding of the drain. Trend
shows that the values of EC varies between 1770-
Bicarbonate (W.W)
5090 for groundwater samples and 4260-5210 for
wastewater samples. The maximum values of EC in Bicarbonate (G.W)
groundwater as well as in wastewater showed in Bicarbonate (Permisible)
down-stream samples. The results show that at up-
stream the level of EC is low but with the Fig. 4. Bicarbonates level against Wastewater and Groundwater
Samples
contribution of industrial effluents at down-stream its
level increased significantly. Level of Chloride
Four out of twenty samples exceeded the The figure 5 shows the level of Chloride in
groundwater samples permissible limits for ECwhile wastewater of Madduana drain as well as in the
other were close to permissible limits. According to groundwater of the surrounding of the drain. Trend
NEQS standards the permissible value of EC is 4000 shows that the values of chloride varies between 282-
µs/m. For irrigation water the value of EC should not 602 for groundwater samples and 930-1136 for
more than 1500 µs/m according to food and wastewater samples. The maximum values of
agriculture organization (FAO). chloride in groundwater as well as in wastewater
showed in down-stream samples. The results show
that at up-stream the level of chloride is low but with
the contribution of industrial effluents at down-
stream its

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TABLE 3 RESULTS OF PHYSIC-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF WASTEWATER AT U/S AND D/S OF STUDY AREA

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level increased significantly. guidelines should need to be developed for safer

Only four samples were below permissible limits, all disposal/reuse of wastewater.
other exceeded the permissible limits for chloride i.e. National wastewater monitoring program should be
1000 mg/L (NEQS, 2005). Large concentration of initiated with the help of WASA to make the water
chloride increases water corrosiveness and gives salty useable for agriculture.
taste in combination with sodium (USEPA 2001). Mass awareness through media campaign and
curriculum should be made to convey message to
Chloride government.
The drains should be lined to avoid groundwater
2000 contamination through seepage and pumping of
0 groundwater near drains for drinking purpose must be
avoided
Detailed investigation regarding groundwater
Chloride (W.W) contamination is required in order to further investigate
in contaminant transport behavior in soil and to accurate
Chloride (G.W) determine the area of influence of seepage of
Chloride (Permisible) contaminants from the drains.

Fig. 5. Chloride level against Wastewater and Groundwater Samples

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[7] Nasir A, Muhammad SN, Imran S, Shafiq A, Iqra A.

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