THE BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO

GERMAN
EVERYDAY VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR TO HELP YOU
SURVIVE IN GERMAN (AND THEN SOME!)
TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1
Pronunciation

CHAPTER 2
Greetings

CHAPTER 3
Noun Gender

CHAPTER 4
Capitalization

CHAPTER 5
Conjugating Verbs

CHAPTER 6
Case

CHAPTER 7
Numbers

CHAPTER 8
Asking Questions

CHAPTER 9
Negation
 CHAPTER ONE

PRONUNCIATION
 PRONUNCIATION
The German alphabet is quite similar to the English alphabet, with a few
notable additions, known as the Umlauts: ä, ö, and ü. Umlaut literally
means ‘altered sound’—you can hear and practice these altered sounds
in this handy pronunciation video.

German has another letter that does not appear in its alphabet: ß (the
Eszett, or scharfes S, as it is also known).

Unfortunately, the misconception exists that the letter ß is

interchangeable with a double-s. It is true that you can spell a word with a
double-s instead of an ß whenever and wherever it is suitable, such as in a
crossword puzzle or when you do not have an ß-key on your keyboard.
Nevertheless, you should avoid overusing it because there is a clear rule
when a word has to be spelled with an ß and when with a double-s.

The letter ß has a particular function in the German language. Firstly, it

represents a sharp s-sound – just like a double-s. And secondly, it
indicates that we have to utter a long vowel before the ß, whereas we
utter a short vowel before a double-s. Thus, the spelling of a word can
affect both the pronunciation and even the meaning of a word.

We’ve put together this helpful pronunciation video to help you

understand the different uses of the Eszett and the double s.
 PRONUNCIATION
While the rest of the German alphabet will look familiar to you, you’ll want to
pay close attention to the pronunciation rules.

When it comes to consonants, beware that:

• When b, d, or g is at the end of the syllable it changes to p, t, or k
respectively.
Examples:
b to p: abheben is pronounced as apheben
d to t: sind is pronounced as sint
g to k: tag is pronounced as tak
• When an h follows a vowel it’s silent. You can see this in words like gehen
and sehen.
• German v is pronounced like an English f : der Vater is pronounced as der
Fater
• German w is pronounced like an English v : das Wunder is pronounced as
das Vunder
• German z is pronounced like a ts : die Zeit is pronounced as die Tsite

You may also come across some unfamiliar consonant clusters in German:
• ck is pronounced as k : the ck in der Schock is pronounced as the k in dark
• ch is pronounced as the ch in the word loch, as in the loch ness monster:
mich
• pf is pronounced with both consonants : das Pferd
• ph is pronounced as f : das Alphabet is pronounced as das Alfabet
• qu is pronounced as kv : die Qual is pronounced as die Kval
• sch is pronounced as sh : die Schule is pronounced as die Shule
• sp is pronounced as shp: sprechen is pronounced as shprechen
• st is pronounced as sht: der Stephanstag is pronounced as der
Shtephanstag
• th is pronounced as an English t : das Theater is pronounced as das Teater
 CHAPTER TWO

GREETINGS
 GREETINGS
FORMAL GREETINGS
German English
Guten Tag. Hello/Good day.
Ich heiße … My name is …
Wie heißen Sie? What is your name?
Danke, sehr gut. Thank you, very well.
Danke, nicht schlecht. Thank you, not bad.
Danke, es geht so. Thank you, so so.
Mir geht’s gut. I’m fine.

INFORMAL GREETINGS

German English
Hallo! Hi!
Ich heiße … My name is …
Wie heißt du? What is your name?
Wie geht’s? How’s it going?
Wie geht’s dir? How is it going with you?
Was machst du so? What are you up to?
Ganz gut. Very good.
Ich kann nicht klagen. I can’t complain.

Americans often ask “How are you?” as an extension of a greeting. But

when you ask a German “Wie geht es Ihnen?” (formal) or “Wie geht es
dir?” (informal) they may take that question literally and tell you the story
of their life. Fortunately, many Germans will now respond with a simple
“Mir geht’s gut”.
 CHAPTER THREE

NOUN GENDER
 NOUN GENDER
In German, all nouns have a particular grammatical gender. They can either be
masculine (männlich), feminine (weiblich), or neuter (sächlich). The gender of
a noun is indicated by its preceding article: “der“ (for masculine nouns), “die”
(for feminine nouns), and “das” (for neuter nouns). Note that it is the word
itself that has a gender, not necessarily the meaning of the word. For example,
“der Rock” (skirt) is masculine, even though you might think of a “skirt” as
something feminine.

Getting the gender correct matters in German, as some words exist in many
genders. For example, the German word “der See” (masculine) means “the
lake” but “die See” (feminine) means “the sea”.

Unfortunately noun gender is something you just have to memorize, but we’ll
provide some guidelines that will make it easier.

Nouns that are usually masculine:

• days of the week, months, and seasons
• points of the compass (der Norden – north, der Süden – south, der Westen
– west, der Osten – east)
• precipitation (der Regen – rain, der Schnee – snow, der Nebel – fog/mist)
• names of cars (der Mercedes, der BMW, der VW) and trains (der ICE)
• words ending in –ismus (der Journalismus – journalism, der Kapitalismus –
capitalism)
• words ending in –ner (der Rentner – pensioner; der Schaffner – conductor)
 NOUN GENDER
Nouns which are usually feminine:
• nouns that are ending in
• -heit (die Schönheit – the beauty)
• -keit (die Tätigkeit – the activity)
• -tät (die Universität – university)
• -ung (die Überraschung – surprise)
• -schaft (die Freundschaft – friendship)
• -ie (Industrie – industry; Komödie – comedy)
• -ik (die Musik – music, die Panik – panic)
• nouns of aircraft (die Boeing 747), ships (die Titanic), motorbikes (die
Harley Davidson)
• nouns ending in cardinal numbers (die Eins – one, die Zwei – two, etc.)

Nouns which are usually neuter:

• nouns ending in –chen (das Mädchen – girl) and –lein (das Fräulein =
unmarried woman)
• infinitives used as nouns (gerunds): das Essen – the eating/food; das
Schreiben – writing)
• names of hotels, cafés and theaters
• names of colors which are used as nouns: das Blau, Das Rot, das Grün
 CHAPTER FOUR

CAPITALIZATION
 CAPITALIZATION
One aspect of German that bewilders many learners is the importance of
capitalization. In German, capitalization isn’t just for the beginning of a
sentence or a proper noun—it actually makes a big difference throughout a
sentence! Take the following pairs, for example:

Die Spinnen.
Die spinnen.
The spiders.
They’re nuts.

Der gefangene Floh.

Der Gefangene floh.
The captured flea.
The prisoner escaped.

Er hat in Berlin liebe Genossen.

Er hat in Berlin Liebe genossen.
He has nice comrades in Berlin.
He enjoyed love in Berlin.

As you may have noticed, all nouns are capitalized in German, even when
they appear in the middle of a sentence. While this may seem strange, it is
actually quite helpful for learners in the long run. Using capitals, you can
quickly identify nouns and then use the corresponding article (der, die, das,
ein, eine—more on these later!) to determine the noun’s case (another tricky
German concept that we’ll cover in the next chapter.)
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONJUGATING
VERBS
 CONJUGATION
First, let’s review the personal pronouns (nominative):

Singular Plural
I ich we wir
you du you ihr
him/her/it er/sie/es them sie
you (formal) Sie

Conjugating verbs in German involves removing the verb ending (to create a
verb stem) and adding the appropriate ending to the stem. Below are the
present-tense endings for regular verbs (known as weak verbs).

Singular Plural
ich -e wir -en
du -st ihr -t
er/sie/es -t sie/Sie -en

Example: singen (to see)  Drop the “en” to form the stem “sing”.
ich singe (I sing)
du singst (you sing) – singular “you”
er/sie/es singt (he/she/it sings)
wir singen (we sing)
ihr singt (you sing) – plural “you”
sie singen (they sing)
Sie singen (you sing) – formal “you”
 CONJUGATION
It’s important to memorize the conjugations, as they apply to the majority of
German verbs. Of course, there are exceptions, which you’ll also need to
memorize:

• For verbs whose stem ends in d, t, m, or n, the du form ends with “est”
and the er/sie/es form ends in “et”. This is practical for pronunciation.
Example: warten (to wait)
ich warte
du wartest
er/sie/es wartet
wir warten
ihr wartet
sie warten
Sie warten

• For verbs whose stem ends in s, ss, ß, or z, the du form ends with “t”.
Example: sitzen (to sit)
ich sitze
du sitzt
er/sie/es sitzt
wir sitzen
ihr sitzt
sie sitzen
Sie sitzen
 CONJUGATION
Review the example sentences below to see conjugation in action:

• Ich höre dir zu. – I’m listening to you.

• Wir hören Radio.—We listen/are listening to the radio.

• Gibst du mir bitte das Salz? – Could you pass me the salt, please?
• Martin und Robert geben Unterricht in Deutsch.—Martin and Robert give
lessons in German.

• Wir sagen niemals nie.—We never say never.

• Annika sagt, sie hat den Klempner heute Morgen angerufen.—Annika says
that she called the plumber this morning.

• Woher kommen Sie?—Where do you come from? (formal)

• Woher kommst du?—Where do you come from? (informal)
• Ich komme aus Deutschland.—I come from Germany.*

*Keep in mind that most countries, towns, and cities are neuter in
German. Therefore, they take the article das. But all countries,
towns, and cities which take das are never used with the articles.
That is, you do not say “Ich komme aus dem Deutschland” but simply
“Ich komme aus Deutschland.”

An article is only used when a country, town, or city is either feminine or

masculine in the nominative case. For example, “die USA” (feminine)
would thus be “Ich komme aus den USA.“
 IRREGULAR VERBS
Remember how we mentioned “weak” verbs? German also has “strong”
verbs, which are conjugated irregularly. Unfortunately these verbs do not
follow the pattern laid out in the previous chapter, so you’ll have to memorize
their conjugations.

Below is a sample of strong verbs that have irregular conjugations in the

present tense.
sein (to be) essen (to eat) sehen ( (to see)
ich bin ich esse ich sehe
du bist du isst du siehst
er/sie/es ist er/sie/es isst er/sie/es sieht
wir sind wir essen wir sehen
ihr seid ihr esst ihr seht
sie sind sie essen sie sehen
Sie sind Sie essen Sie sehen

haben (to have) geben (to give) sprechen (to speak)

ich habe ich gebe ich spreche
du hast du gibst du sprichst
er/sie/es hat er/sie/es gibt er/sie/es spricht
wir haben wir geben wir sprechen
ihr habt ihr gebt ihr sprecht
sie haben sie geben sie sprechen
Sie haben Sie geben Sie sprechen

wissen (to know) fahren (to drive) lesen (to read)

ich weiß ich fahre ich lese
du weißt du fährst du liest
er/sie/es weiß er/sie/es fährt er/sie/es liest
wir wissen wir fahren wir lesen
ihr wisst ihr fahrt ihr lest
sie wissen sie fahren sie lesen
Sie wissen Sie fahren Sie lesen
 IRREGULAR VERBS
Of course there are other irregular verbs in the present tense, including those
in the list below. A good German dictionary or verb conjugation tool will help
you memorize all of the irregular conjugations.

Empfehlen (to suggest) Laufen (to run)

Fallen (to fall) Nehmen (to take)
Geschehen (to happen) Schlagen (to hit)
Halten (to stop/hold) Stoßen (to push)
Helfen (to help) Tragen (to carry)
Laden (to load) Treffen (to meet)
Lassen (to leave/let) Vergessen (to forget)
CHAPTER SIX

CASE
 CASE
This chapter is going to be a doozey, but stick with us. In German, each noun,
pronoun, and article has four cases. These cases indicate the word’s role in the
sentence: subject, possessive, indirect object, or direct object. The words’
spelling and pronunciation will change to reflect the case.

Nominative Case
The nominative case is used to mark the subject of a sentence. It is also
known as “der Werfall”, or “the who case”.

Genitive Case
The genitive case is used to mark possession. It plays the same role as the
English apostrophe-s or “of”.

Dative Case
The dative case is used to mark an indirect object. An indirect object is the
recipient of the direct object (such as the word “her” in the sentence “Give
her a cookie.”)

Accusative Case
The accusative case is used to mark a direct object, such as the word “cookie”
in the example above.

Nominative = DOER indicates who or what carries out the action

Genitive =POSSESSION indicates that something belongs to the
doer, instrument, or target of an action
Dative =INSTRUMENT indicates with what the action is carried out
Accusative =TARGET indicates who or what receives the action
 CASE
DEFINITE ARTICLES
Singular Plural
masculine feminine neuter
Nominative der die das die
Genitive des der des der
Dative dem der dem den
Accusative den die das die

Example:
Die Frau schreibt den Brief mit dem Stift des Chefs.
The woman is writing the letter with the pen of the boss.

Let’s break that down:

- The woman is the subject of the sentence, thus we will use the
nominative article “die” as Frau is a feminine noun.
- The letter is the direct object, or the object receiving the action
(which in this case is “writing”) so we use the accusative article
“den”, as Brief is a masculine noun.
- The pen is the indirect object, or the object with which the action
is carried out, so we use the dative article “dem”, as Stift is
neuter.
- The pen belongs to the boss, so we use the genitive article “des”,
as “Chefs” is masculine.
 CASE
INDEFINITE ARTICLES
Singular
masculine feminine neuter
Nominative ein eine ein
Genitive eines einer eines
Dative einem einer einem
Accusative einen eine ein

Example: Here is the example sentence from the ‘definite articles’

section used with the indefinite article, instead:

Eine Frau schreibt einen Brief mit einem Stift eines Chefs
A woman writes a letter with a pen belonging to a boss

Let’s break that down:

- A woman is the subject of the sentence, thus we will use the
nominative article “eine” as Frau is a feminine noun.
- A letter is the direct object, or the object receiving the action
(which in this case is “writing”) so we use the accusative article
“einen”, as Brief is a masculine noun.
- A pen is the indirect object, or the object with which the action
is carried out, so we use the dative article “einem”, as Stift is
neuter.
- The pen belongs to a boss, so we use the genitive article
“eines”, as “Chefs” is masculine.
 CASE
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Singular Plural
me you him/her/it we/us you them you
(formal)
Nominative ich du er/sie/es wir ihr sie Sie
Genitive* meiner deiner seiner/ihre unser euer ihrer Ihrer
r/seiner
Dative mir dir ihm/ihr/ih uns euch ihnen Ihnen
m
Accusative mich dich ihn/sie/es uns euch sie Sie

*The genitive is rarely used as a personal pronoun anymore. It is more

common to use the dative, so don’t worry too much about it at this stage!

Wir gehen heute ins Kino. (We are going to the cinema today.)
Er ist total verliebt. (He is completely in love.)

Ich bin deiner Meinung. (I have the same opinion as you.)

Ich erinnere mich seiner. (I remember him.)

Ein Fluch liegt auf mir. (A curse rests on me.)

Eine Last liegt auf ihr . (A burden rests on her.)

Sie nimmt Rücksicht auf dich. (She is considerate of you.)

Wir trinken auf ihn. (A toast to him.)
CHAPTER SEVEN

NUMBERS
CARDINAL NUMBERS
0 null
1 eins
2 zwei
3 drei
4 vier
5 fünf
6 sechs
7 sieben
8 acht
9 neun
10 zehn
11 elf
12 zwölf
13 dreizehn
14 vierzehn
15 fünfzehn
16 sechzehn
17 siebzehn
18 achtzehn
19 neunzehn
20 zwanzig

Hear the pronunciation for numbers 1-20 here.

CARDINAL NUMBERS
21 einundzwanzig 41 einundvierzig
22 zweiundzwanzig 42 zweiundvierzig
23 dreiundzwanzig 43 dreiundvierzig
24 vierundzwanzig 44 vierundvierzig
25 fünfundzwanzig 45 fünfundvierzig
26 sechsundzwanzig 46 sechsundvierzig
27 siebenundzwanzig 47 siebenundvierzig
28 achtundzwanzig 48 achtundvierzig
29 neunundzwanzig 49 neunundvierzig
30 dreiβig 50 fünfzig
31 einunddreiβig 51 einundfünfzig
32 zweiundreißig 52 zweiundfünfzig
33 dreiunddreißig 53 dreiundfünfzig
34 vierunddreißig 54 vierundfünfzig
35 fünfunddreißig 55 fünfundfünfzig
36 sechsunddreißig 56 sechsundfünfzig
37 siebenunddreißig 57 siebenundfünfzig
38 achtunddreißig 58 achtundfünfzig
39 neununddreißig 59 neunundfünfzig
40 vierzig 60 sechzig
CARDINAL NUMBERS
61 einundsechzig 81 einundachtzig
62 zweiundsechzig 82 zweiundachtzig
63 dreiundsechzig 83 dreiundachtzig
64 vierundsechzig 84 vierundachtzig
65 fünfundsechzig 85 fünfundachtzig
66 sechsundsechzig 86 sechsundachtzig
67 siebenundsechzig 87 siebenundachtzig
68 achtundsechzig 88 achtundachtzig
69 neunundsechzig 89 neunundachtzig
70 siebzig 90 neunzig
71 einundsiebzig 91 einundneunzig
72 zweiundsiebzig 92 zweiundneunzig
73 dreiundsiebzig 93 dreiundneunzig
74 vierundsiebzig 94 vierundneunzig
75 fünfundsiebzig 95 fünfundneunzig
76 sechsundsiebzig 96 sechsundneunzig
77 siebenundsiebzig 97 siebenundneunzig
78 achtundsiebzig 98 achtundneunzig
79 neunundsiebzig 99 neunundneunzig
80 achtzig 100 (ein)hundert
 ORDINAL NUMBERS
As you will see, in German, ordinal numbers are abbreviated with a dot
after the number, whereas English uses the auxiliaries Xst, Xnd, Xrd, and Xth.

1. erstens 1st first

2. zweitens 2nd second
3. drittens 3rd third
4. viertens 4th fourth
5. fünftens 5th fifth
6. sechstens 6th sixth
7. siebtens / siebentens 7th seventh
8. achtens 8th eighth
9. neuntens 9th ninth
10. zehntens 10th tenth
11. elftens 11th eleventh
12. zwölftens 12th twelfth
13. dreizehntens 13th thirteenth
14. vierzehntens 14th fourteenth
15. fünfzehntens 15th fifteenth
16. sechzehntens 16th sixteenth
17. siebzehntens 17th seventeenth
18. achtzehntens 18th eighteenth
19. neunzehntens 19th nineteenth
20. zwanzigstens 20th twentieth
 CHAPTER EIGHT

ASKING QUESTIONS
 QUESTIONS
There are a few different ways to ask questions in German. The easiest way to
ask a question is simply to change your intonation. Just like in English, you can
simply indicate that you are asking a question by raising your voice slightly at
the end of a sentence (statement), instead of lowering it.

Du denkst an die Reise. – You are thinking about the trip.

Du denkst an die Reise? – Are you thinking about the trip?

If you’re worried your intonation will be off, you can also add “nicht wahr”
which serves the same function as “don’t you?” or “right?” in English.

Du denkst an die Reise, nicht wahr? – You are thinking about the trip,
aren’t you?
Du willst schlafen, nicht wahr? – You want to sleep, don’t you?

A third and easy way to form questions on German is inversion. All you have to
do is to reverse the word order of the subject noun/pronoun and the
conjugated form of the verb.

Sie spricht Deutsch. – She speaks German.

Spricht sie Deutsch? – Does she speak German?

Du gehst nach Hause. – You are going home.

Gehst du nach Hause? – Are you going home?
 QUESTIONS
Of course, you might have a question that requires more than a yes or no
answer. For those, it’s important to learn the question words.

Question Words
wer who
was what
wie how
wann when
warum why
wieviel how much
wie viele how many
mit wem with who
woher where (from)
wohin where (to)

You can also create question words with “wo-” in order to ask for objects.
You simply add the prefix wo- to a preposition, e.g. wo+für = wofür (for
what) or wo+mit = womit (with what). Alternatively, you can ask “für was”
instead of “wofür” and “mit was” instead of “womit”.

Example:
Wofür lernst du? / Für was lernst du? (For what are you studying?)
Womit bereitest du dich auf den Test vor? / Mit was bereitest du dich
auf den Test vor? (With what are you preparing yourself for the test?)
 ANSWERS
What good is knowing how to ask a question if you don’t know how to answer
one?

Positive Responses:
Das wäre… gut/toll – That would be … (good/great)
Gerne – Gladly
Natürlich – Of course
Natürlich mache ich das – Of course I’ll do that
Natürlich gehe ich – Of course I’ll go
Auf jeden Fall – Definitely
Ich freue mich (schon) – I’m looking forward to it (already)
Das klingt gut – That sounds good
Das wird sicher Spaß machen – I’m sure that’ll be fun

Negative Responses:
Es tut mir Leid, aber… – I’m sorry, but…
Danke, aber… – Thanks, but…
Ich kann nicht – I can‘t
Ich habe keine Zeit – I don’t have time
Das geht (momentan) nicht – It’s not possible (at the moment)
Vielleicht nächstes Mal – Maybe next time

Maybe Responses:
Ich weiß noch nicht – I don’t know yet
Ich überlege es – I’ll think about it
Ich muss zuerst darüber nachdenken – I need to think about it first
Ich muss zuerst checken– I need to check first
Ich sag es dir morgen/später/am Dienstag/nächste Woche – I’ll tell you
tomorrow/later/on Tuesday/next week
Hoffentlich – Hopefully
 CHAPTER NINE

NEGATION
 NEGATION
Nouns without a definite article are negated by the use of kein. When
someone is asking you in German for a particular noun, for example, when
you are asked if you have or posses something, e.g.time, a brother, a pen, etc.,
you have to use a declined form of the word kein in order to negate your
statement.

Please note, that you can only negate you statement with kein when the noun
you are talking about is either used without articles or with indefinite articles.

In the singular kein is declined like the indefinite articles.

In the plural kein is declined like the definite articles.

Singular Plural
masculine feminine neuter
Nominative ein eine ein die
kein keine kein keine
Genitive eines einer eines der
keines keiner keines keiner
Dative einem einer einem den
keinem keiner keinem keinen
Accusative einen eine ein die
keinen keine kein keine

Example: (with no article)

Sie isst Äpfel. – She eats apples.
Sie isst keine Äpfel. – She doesn’t eat apples. (She eats no apples.)

Example: (with indefinite article)

Sie isst einen Apfel. – She is eating an apple.
Sie isst keinen Apfel. – She isn’t eating an apple. (She is eating no apple.)
 NEGATION
In other situations, you’ll want to use the word nicht (not), though it’s not
always clear where in the sentence nicht should fall.

Here are a few rules for using the word nicht:

Nicht usually precedes an adverb or adjective or falls behind a conjugated verb

(which is opposite to what you’re used to in English.)
Example:
Ich trinke nicht meine Limonade. (I'm not drinking my lemonade.)

Nicht also likes to creep to the end of a sentence sometimes, particularly in

declarative sentences and yes/no questions.
Example:
Irgendetwas stimmt nicht. (Something is not right.)
Das interessiert mich nicht. (That does not interest me.)

Notice how ‘nicht’ is added to these simple sentences to say you don’t
like/want something:

Das freut mich. (That makes me happy.)

Das freut mich nicht. (That does not make me happy.)

Ich will es. (I want it.)

Ich will es nicht. (I do not want it.)
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