BIOLOGY

Tissues
Levels of Organisation

•A cell is the basic s1ruc1ural and functional unit of a li ving organism. Example· Nerve cell

·A tissue 1s a group of cens having a common origin, s,mlar s1ructure and fune1ion and held
together by a cerrentmg substance Example: Connective tissue

=
•Different lypes of tissues working 1oge1her and contnbut.ng to specific funaions inside the
body co nst11ute an organ. Example Stomach

• D1fferent organs coordinate :o perform a specific life process and form an organ sys1em
Example Digestive system

·Various organ systems working simutaneously together constrtu1e an organtsm.

Exam pre· Plan1s
Ort..,lam

Differences between Plant and Animal Tissues

PLANT TISSUES ANIMAL TISSUES
1 Dead supportive 1issues are more 1. Lrvlng supportrve tissues are more
abundant as compared to living abundant as compared to dead
tissues. tissues.
... 2 Require less maintenance energy
o,fferentiahon of merlstematic and
_,... 2. Require more maintenance energy.
3. Nodifferentiation of merlstematlcand
permanent tissues. permanent tissues.
4. Organisa tion is relat ively complex.
"" Organisation as simple
5. Tissue organisa1ion is meant for 5. Tissue organisation 1s meant for high
stationary habrt of plants mobility of animals.
 BIOLOGY TISSUES

Permanent Tissues
• Permanent tissues are formed by the division of the meristemat,c tissue cells which have iost their
ability to mult1p1y.

Types of Permanent Tissues

Protective Tissue
• It 1s found on the surface o' the roots, stems and leaves.
• It consists o' cells wrth thick walls
• It provides protection against mechanical inJury or invasion by parasitic fungi

Types of Protective Tissues

Type Characteristics location Function
Epidermis Ce Is are elongated and Present in the outermost Protects the plant from
flattened with no interceDular layer of leaves. flowers, desiccation and
spaces between them. stem and roots. infecuon
Cork Ce Is are rectangular wrth It is the outermost ayer Prevents desiccation.
vacuolated protoplasts formed after the epidermis infection and mechanical
undergoes certain changes. tnJury
========'

Supporting Tissue
• It provides support to the plant.

Types of Supporting Tissues

Type Characteristics location Function
Parenchyma Consists of relallvely non- Mainly present n the soft Provides temporary
specialised arge, thin-wal ed pans of the p ant and outer supporit and maintains
living cells cornea region of roo,s and the shape of the plant
stems body
Collenchyma Ce Is are Irving and eJOngated located in non-woody Provides mechanical
wth cell walls rregu arty p ants, leaf sta ks and supporit and elastic ty to
thickened at the comers below the epidermis of the young dicotyledonous
stems and veins of leaves plants
SCJerenchyma Consists of elongated, narrow located in the stems Provides strength and
and fbre-1 ke eel s around the vascular bundle, toughness to p ant parts
Cells are dead, pointed at veins of leaves and hard
both ends and thickened covering of seeds and nuts
 BIOLOGY TISSUES
Conducting Tissue (Vascular Tissue)
• It is present in stems, roots and leaves.
• It provides a passage for water and d issolved materials to move up and down in the plant body.

I. Types of Conducting Tissues

Type Characteristics Location IFunction
Xylem Complex permanem tissue Present m the stem, roots Provides upward
with thtek-walled cells: most of and leaves movement of water and

.I the cells are dead

Components of Xylem
dissolved materials

Tracheids Made of elongated cells with - Provide a network of

�

I
flat and tapering ends hollow and connected
cells for the transpon o!
water
I Xylem vessels Tubular structures which - Allow free flow of water
consist of dead cells and minerals 'rom the
roots to the leaves
Xylem Consists of living parenchyma - Stores food in the plant
parenchyma
r Xylem fibres
�eDs associated with xylem
Separated by thin cross walls - --
body
Mainly support the plam
Types of Conducting Tissues
Type Characteristics Location IFunction
I Phloem Complex permanem tissue Lies jus, beneath the bark Provides a passage for
of the tree the downward movement
I
"
Components of Phloem
of food

I Sieve tubes Tubular cells with perforated - Translocauon of organic

walls and arranged end to end substances
Companion Cells are living and keep their - Help to control the
cells nuclei and other organelles aclJVity of sieve tube
throughout their li'e elements
Phloem fibres Elongated, tapering and dead Found particularly in the Provide mechanical
ceOs with thickened cell walls stem strength to plants
I Phloem
parenchyma
Cells are ahve and filled with - Transports food from the
leaves to the other non-
cytoplasm
. green pans of the plants
-
BIOLOGY TISSUES

Differences between Meristematic and Permanent Tissues

MERISTEMATIC TISSUE PERMANENT TISSUE

1. Simple tissue 1. Simple, complex or specralised tissue
2. Component cells are small, 2. Component cells are large,
spherical or polygonal and differentiated with different shapes
undifferentiated
3. lntercellular spaces are absent 3. lntercellular spaces are present
4. Cells grow and divide regularly 4. Cells do not divide
5. Metabolically active 5. Metabolic rate is slow
6. Provides growth to the plant 6. Provides protection. suppon.
conduction, photosynthesis, storage

Classification of Animal Tissues

+ + + +
•
1
Epitt,cli:sl T,ss.uc Muscul:u Tissue-

t
Conn&etive Ti&&ue NMVOUS I Neural Tir,su

St.:ii,Jl!ll N�o�.r .Jlt:J C;:,•o.JiJL

tss..J& "SSJ& tissue

+ +
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Cc11ni:.-..INe ,i:.�ut; &Jp11ort:,t1 cot11��·,t1 FlulO C�(Ul&�li,•e
p-uµt1r ''»,18 11S�U9

+
Areoler
4
Adoo;e
I
+
Fltrour.
+
Cartilage
I
l
8:ine 81000
I
+
L•1mp�
,.�,n 1is�1.g IJ�!<.ur

S1rr,;,le S1rah�eo Co.imne{ C 19'1Gd CY001�1 Glilr>d� ar

�arrot.� S(jU3MOfJi eP4tlEIII.MI cciUl'llnsr 9l)lth&tll'I' ei;.t,erum
:! �11�11.n, _e ,;t,cl IM r.nrll-.,_h.11"1

Epithelial Tissue

Location
•Flat, cuboidal or •Covers lhe whole body •Protection, absorption,
columnar cells surface secretion, sensory
perception
 BIOLOGY TISSUES
Types of Epithelial Tissues

Type Characteristics Location Function

Simple Cells are large, Lining of blood vessels, lung Transport o' substances
squamous extremely thin and flat alveoli, oesophagus, the lining of lhrough a sete.ctively
epithelium the mouth and cheek permeable membrane
Straufied Cells are arranged in Outer protective covering all over Provides protection to
squamous a pattern o' layers the body surface under1ying tissues
epithelium
Columnar Cells are tall and Inner lining of the Absorption o' nutrients from
epithelium cylindrical-like pillars stomach and intestines the digested food
Ciliated Cells possess fine Inner lining of the trachea, lungs, In the respiratory tract, the
columnar hair-like cilia respiratory system and buccal movement of cilia pushes the
epithelium chambers mucus forward to clear it

useful material from urine

Cuboidal Cells are cube-shaped Lining of the kidney tubules as wen Helps in the absorption of
epithelium and are placed on a as in 1he ducts of the salivary

Epfthelial tissue which

basement membrane glands before it is passed out

epithelium 1 folds inwards to form

Glandular Present in the stomach, intestine Synthesis and secretion of
and pancreas substances at the epithelial
a multicellular gland surface

Connective Tissue

Location

•Consists of a matrix and •Found in the deeper parts •Connec1s vanous organs
the cells are embedded in it of the body, between the and keeps them in place
skin and muscles

Types of Connective Tissues

Connective Tissue Proper/Loose Connective Tissue
• It 1s composed of irregular cells scattered and embedded in a soft matrix and encompasses all internal
organs and body cavities.
• It acts as a binding and supporting structure within the body.
 BIOLOGY TISSUES

Types of Connective Tissues Proper

Type Characteristics Location Function
Areolar Made of gelatinous matrix Found between the skin and Suppons and strengthens the
tissue containing cells and muscles, around the blood 1mernal organs
irregularly arranged fibres vessels, nerves and in the bone
marrow
Adipose Cells are filled with fat Found beneath me slon, around Insulates lhe body and
tissue globules the kidneys and other internal prevents the loss of heat
organs such as intestines
Fibrous Mainly formed of fibre- Found m the spaces between the Tendons help to attach
tissue formmg cells, which form bones and muscles muscles to the bones.
the tendons and Ligaments serve to hold the
ligaments structures together and keep
them strong and stable
_,

Supportive Connective Tlssue/Dense· Connective Tissue

• It is composed of fibres as its main matrix elemem and is found in bones and cartilages.
• It connects difrerent tissues.

Types of Supportive Connective Tissues

Type C haracterlstlc s Location Function
Cartilage Non-porous, semi- Present in the nose, external ear, Smoothens the bone surface
transpar,em and elastic trachea, larynx, ends of the long at joims, allowing smooth
tissue bones and between the vertebrae movement of these joints
Bone Hard. strong and non- Forms a rigid part of the skele1al ' Forms the supporung
flexible porous tissue system framework of the body
which consists of living Gives shape and rigidity to
I cells
I the body

Fluid Connective Tissue

• It consists o' liquid as the ground substance and is present throughout the body.
• It provides nutrition, helps in transport of nutrients and gets rid of waste matter.

Types of Fluld Connective Tissues

Type Characteristics Location Function
Blood I Red-coloured fluid matrix which I
Present throughout lhe Connects different parts of
consists of plasma and cells such body the body and establishes
as RBCs, WBCs and platelets continuity within the body
Lymph Fluid surrounding the body cells Present throughout the Transports nutrients and
wtuch contams WBCs body provides protect10n against
� diseases
 BIOLOGY TISSUES

Muscle Tissue

Location

•Consists of elongated. •Mostly artached to the •Helps n contraction and

narrow, muscle cells bones relaxation of the body
ca led muscle fibres

Types of Muscle Tjssues

Type Character istics Location Function

StriatedfskeletaL' Muscle fibres are long, Found attached to the Help in voluntary muscle
striped/voluntary cy1indncal, unbranched bones movement and locomotion
muscles and multinucleete
Non-striatedf Muscie fibres are Found in the uterus, Carry out movements
smooth/non-striped/ smooth and without digestive tract, urinary which cannot be carried
involumary muscles striations bladder, iris of the eye, out by our conscious will
bronchi of the lungs and
other internal organs
Cerdiac/hean Muscle cells ere short, Found only in the walls of Rhythmic contraction and
muscles cylindncal and have a the heart relaxation of cardiac
single, centrally placed muscles help to pump and
nucleus distribute the blood to
vanous parts of the body

Differences between Smooth, Skeletal and Cardiac Muscles

- --
SMOOTH MUSCLE
,.
SKELETAL MUSCLE
,.
CARDIAC MUSCLE -
- 1. Not striated
2. S_pmdle-shaped
3. Not branched
Striated
2. C_ylindncal
3. Not branched
Striated
2. Qylindncal
3. Branched

-
....

I-
4. Nucleus - central
5. No discs
6. lnvolunta.!X.
4. Nuclei - peripheral
5. No discs
6. Voluntary
4. Nuclei - central
5. Intercalated discs
6. lnvolunta_!Y
7. Slow 7. Fast 7. Fas,
-- 8. Contraction not inherent 8. Contraction not inherem -.... 8. Contraction inherent
BIOLOGY TISSUES
Nervous{Neural Tissue

Location
-
•Made up of elongated ·Component of the ·Nerve eel s med1a,e the
cells called neurons nervous system and transmission of messages
• Each neuron consists of encompasses lhe brain, from the bra n to different
spinal cord and nerves parts of lhe body and vice

.
three pans-cell body,
axon and dendriies versa