ARYA GURUKUL

BIOLOGY
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TO CONDUCT SURVEY OF PESTICIDES AND

CONSTRUCT TABLE TO RECORD NAME OF
COMMERCIAL BRAND, TARGET ORGANISM, ACTIVE
CHEMICAL INGREDIENTS AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS .

NAME: SHWETA DAS

GRADE: XII
ROLL.NO. – 20
YEAR: 2019-20
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to my teacher Neeta Singh as well as our
principal ma’am Mrs. Radhamani Iyer who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this wonderful project
on the topic pesticides, which also helped me in
doing a lot of Research and I came to know about
so many new things I am really thankful to them.

Secondly I would also like to thank my parents and

friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this
project within the limited time frame.
 INDEX

SR.NO TOPIC PG.NO

1 Introduction

2 Aim

3 Theory

4 Procedure

5 Observation

6 Conclusion

7 Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

Pesticides are the substances that are meant to

control pests including weeds. The term pesticides
include all of the following: herbicides,
insecticides, (which may include insect growth
regulators, termiticides, etc), nematicides,
molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide,
bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent,
antimicrobial and fungicide. The most common of
these are herbicides which account for
approximately 80% of all pesticides use. Most
pesticides are intended to serve as plant protein
products, which in general, protect plant from
weeds, fungi, or insect.
In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological
agent such as virus, bacterium or fungus, that
deters, incapacitates, kills or otherwise
discourages pests. Target pests can include
insects, plant pathogens, weeds, molluscs, birds,
mammals, fish, nematodes and microbes that
destroy property, cause nuisance or spread
disease or are disease vectors.
 AIM
To conduct survey of pesticides at your local
nursery garden supplies shop or super market.
construct a table to record:
a) The names of commercial brands of
pesticides.
b) The target organisms.
c) The active chemical ingredients.
d) Information given about safety
precautions.
 THEORY
Pesticides are the substances that are meant to
control pests including weeds. The term pesticides
include all of the following: herbicides,
insecticides, (which may include insect growth
regulators, termiticides, etc), nematicides,
molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide,
bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent,
antimicrobial and fungicide. The most common of
these are herbicides which account for
approximately 80% of all pesticides use. Most
pesticides are intended to serve as plant protein
products, which in general, protect plant from
weeds, fungi, or insect.
In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological
agent such as virus, bacterium or fungus, that
deters, incapacitates, kills or otherwise
discourages pests. Target pests can include
insects, plant pathogens, weeds, molluscs, birds,
mammals, fish, nematodes and microbes that
destroy property, cause nuisance or spread
disease or are disease vectors.
Pesticides are used to control organisms that are
considered to be harmful. For example, they are
used to kill mosquitoes that can transmit
potentially deadly diseases like West Nile
virus, yellow fever, and malaria. They can also
kill bees, wasps or ants that can cause allergic
reactions. Insecticides can protect animals from
illnesses that can be caused by parasites such
as fleas. Pesticides can prevent sickness in
humans that could be caused by mouldy food or
diseased produce. Herbicides can be used to clear
roadside weeds, trees, and brush. They can also
kill invasive weeds that may cause environmental
damage. Herbicides are commonly applied in
ponds and lakes to control algae and plants such as
water grasses that can interfere with activities
like swimming and fishing and cause the water to
look or smell unpleasant. Uncontrolled pests such
as termites and mould can damage structures
such as houses. Pesticides are used in grocery
stores and food storage facilities to
manage rodents and insects that infest food such
as grain. Each use of a pesticide carries some
associated risk. Proper pesticide use decreases
these associated risks to a level deemed
acceptable by pesticide regulatory agencies such
as the United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) and the Pest Management Regulatory
Agency (PMRA) of Canada.
DDT, sprayed on the walls of houses, is an
organochlorine that has been used to
fight malaria since the 1950s. Recent policy
statements by the World Health Organization have
given stronger support to this approach. However,
DDT and other organochlorine pesticides have
been banned in most countries worldwide because
of their persistence in the environment and human
toxicity. DDT use is not always effective,
as resistance to DDT was identified in Africa as
early as 1955, and by 1972 nineteen species of
mosquito worldwide were resistant to DDT.
In 2006 and 2007, the world used
approximately 2.4 mega tonnes (5.3×109 lb) of
pesticides, with herbicides constituting the biggest
part of the world pesticide use at 40%, followed by
insecticides (17%) and fungicides (10%). In 2006
and 2007 the U.S. used approximately 0.5 mega
tonnes (1.1×109 lb) of pesticides, accounting for
22% of the world total, including 857 million
pounds (389 kt) of conventional pesticides, which
are used in the agricultural sector (80% of
conventional pesticide use) as well as the
industrial, commercial, governmental and home &
garden sectors. The state of California alone used
117 million pounds. Pesticides are also found in
majority of U.S. households with 88 million out of
the 121.1 million households indicating that they use
some form of pesticide in 2012. As of 2007, there
were more than 1,055 active ingredients
registered as pesticides, which yield over 20,000
pesticide products that are marketed in the United
States.
The US used some 1 kg (2.2 pounds)
per hectare of arable land compared with: 4.7 kg in
China, 1.3 kg in the UK, 0.1 kg in Cameroon, 5.9 kg in
Japan and 2.5 kg in Italy. Insecticide use in the US
has declined by more than half since 1980
(.6%/yr), mostly due to the near phase-out
of organophosphates. In corn fields, the decline
was even steeper, due to the switchover
to transgenic Bt corn.
For the global market of crop protection products,
market analysts forecast revenues of over 52
billion US$ in 2019.
BENEFITS

Pesticides can save farmers' money by preventing

crop losses to insects and other pests; in the U.S.,
farmers get an estimated fourfold return on
money they spend on pesticides. One study found
that not using pesticides reduced crop yields by
about 10% Another study, conducted in 1999,
found that a ban on pesticides in the United States
may result in a rise of food prices, loss of jobs,
and an increase in world hunger.
There are two levels of benefits for pesticide use,
primary and secondary. Primary benefits are
direct gains from the use of pesticides and
secondary benefits are effects that are more long-
term.
PRIMARY BENEFITS

Controlling pest and plant disease vectors

 Improved crop yields
 Improved crop/livestock quality
 Invasive species controlled
Controlling human/livestock disease vectors and
nuisance organisms
 Human lives saved and disease reduced.
Diseases controlled include malaria, with
millions of lives having been saved or enhanced
with the use of DDT alone.
 Animal lives saved and disease reduced
Controlling organisms that harm other human
activities and structures
 Drivers view unobstructed
 Tree/brush/leaf hazards prevented
 Wooden structures protected
MONETARY

In one study, it was estimated that for every dollar

($1) that is spent on pesticides for crops can yield
up to four dollars ($4) in crops saved. This means
based that, on the amount of money spent per year
on pesticides, $10 billion, there is an additional
$40 billion savings in crop that would be lost due
to damage by insects and weeds. In general,
farmers benefit from having an increase in crop
yield and from being able to grow a variety of
crops throughout the year. Consumers of
agricultural products also benefit from being able
to afford the vast quantities of produce available
year-round.
 Type of pesticide Target pest group

Algicides or algaecides Algae

Avicides Birds

Bactericides Bacteria

Fungicides Fungi and oomycetes

Herbicides Plant

Insecticides Insects

Miticides or acaricides Mites

Molluscicides Snails

Nematicides Nematodes

Rodenticides Rodents

Slimicides Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, and Slime moulds

Virucides Viruses
 Control algae in lakes, canals,
Algicides swimming pools, water tanks, and
other sites

Kill or repel organisms that attach to

Antifouling agents underwater surfaces, such as boat
bottoms

Kill microorganisms (such as bacteria and

Antimicrobials
viruses)

Attract pests (for example, to lure an

insect or rodent to a trap). (However,
Attractants
food is not considered a pesticide when
used as an attractant.)

Biopesticides are certain types of

pesticides derived from such natural
Biopesticides
materials as animals, plants, bacteria,
and certain minerals

Biocides Kill microorganisms

Disinfectants and Kill or inactivate disease-producing

sanitizers microorganisms on inanimate objects

Fungicides Kill fungi (including blights, mildews,

 moulds, and rusts)

Produce gas or vapour intended to

Fumigants
destroy pests in buildings or soil

Kill weeds and other plants that grow

Herbicides
where they are not wanted

Insecticides Kill insects and other arthropods

Miticides Kill mites that feed on plants and animals

Microorganisms that kill, inhibit, or out

Microbial pesticides compete pests, including insects or other
microorganisms

Molluscicides Kill snails and slugs

Kill nematodes (microscopic, worm-like

Nematicides
organisms that feed on plant roots)

Ovicides Kill eggs of insects and mites

Biochemical’s used to disrupt the mating

Pheromones
behaviour of insects
 Repel pests, including insects (such as
Repellents
mosquitoes) and birds

Rodenticides Control mice and other rodents

Kill slime-producing microorganisms

Slimicides such as algae, bacteria, fungi, and slime
moulds
 PROCEDURE

1. Go at your local nursery, garden supplies shop

or super market and conduct survey of
pesticides.

2. Record the name of commercial brands of

pesticides, the target organisms, the active
chemical ingredients and information about
safety precautions
EVIDENCE
 OBSERVATIONS
BRAND ACTIVE TARGET HEALTH, CHEMICAL
SR. NAME INGREDIEN PEST ENVIRONMENT CLASS
NO T EFFECT

INGESTION
1 INSECT, TOXICITY,
ASTRO PERMETHRIN TICKS REPRODUCTIVE SYNTHETIC
EFFECT, IMMUNO PYRETHROIDS
SUPRESSION,
TOXIC TO
POLLINATORS

BALAN TEAM EXTREMELY TOXIC

2 BENEFIN CRABGRASS TO FISH AND HERBICIDE/
AQUATIC PRE-EMERGENT
ORGANISMS

BAYER GROUNDWATER
3 ADVANCED IMIDICLOPRID GRUBS COMTAMINATION, NEO-NICITINOIDS
GRUB DEADLY TO
CONTROL POLLINATORS

CHOLINESTERASE
BAYER GRUB INHIBTOR - FEVER,
KILLER PLUS HEADACHES, SLOW
4 DYLOX GRUBS HEARTBEAT, DEATH ORGANOPHOSPHATES
5
BONIDE
LIQUID COPPER FUNGAL FOLIAGE DAMAGE FUNGICIDE
COPPER DISEASE
FUNGICIDE
6
TICKS, POLLINATOR
CEDAR OIL CEDAR OIL MOSQUITOS TOXICITY, HORTICULTURAL
BENEFICIAL INSECT OILS
TOXCITY
7
CONSERVE SPINOSAD LAWN AND POLLINATOR
SC, CAPTAIN LANDSCAPE TOXICITY, BACTERIAL
JACK'S DEAD INSECTS, BENEFICIAL INSECT INSECTICIDE
BUG MITES TOXCITY
8
DACONI CHLOROTHALI FUNGAL PROBABLE HUMAN
NYL DISEASE CARCINOGEN, FUNGICIDE
KIDNEY TOXCICITY
9 DIMENSION DITHIOPYR CRABGRASS EXTREMELY TOXIC HERBICIDE
TO FISH AND /PRE EMERGENT
AQUATIC
ORGANISMS
10
ECOSMART BACILLUS TREE AND
GARDENSAFE, THURINGENSIS SHRUB BENEFICIAL INSECT BACTERIAL
BONIDE (BT INSECTS TOXCITY INSECTICIDE
THURICIDE
11
ESSENTIAL LAWN AND POLLINATOR
ESSENTRIA OILS LANDSCAPE TOXICITY, ESSENTIAL OIL
(WINTERGREEN INSECTS, BENEFICIAL INSECT INSECTICIDES
, ROSEMARY) MITES TOXCITY

12 GREYHOUD ABAMECTIN ANTS, TREE POLLINATOR BACTERIAL

 PESTS TOXICITY INSECTICIDE
13
INSECTS, CHOLINESTERASE
MALATHION MALATHION SCALE, TREE INHIBTOR - FEVER, ORGANOPHOSPHATES
PESTS HEADACHES, SLOW
HEARTBEAT, DEATH

14 MANCOZEB MANCOZEB FUNGAL PROBABLE HUMAN FUNGICIDE

DISEASE CARCINOGEN

GROUNDWATER
15 METALAXYL METALAXYL PYTHIUM CONTAMINATION, FUNGICIDE
TOXIC TO AQUATIC
ORGANISMS
16
MILKY SPORE MILKY SPORE BEETLE UNKNOWN GRUBICIDE
POWDER POWDER GRUBS
17 I
MPEDE, NSECTICIDAL AWN AND POLLINATOR HORTICULTURAL
SAFER SOAP SOAP LANDSCAPE TOXICITY, SOAPS
INSECTS, BENEFICIAL INSECT
MITES TOXCITY

18
CHINCH- CHOLINESTERASE
ORTHENE ACEPHATE BUGS, SOD INHIBTOR - FEVER, ORGANOPHOSPHATES
WEBWORM, HEADACHES, SLOW
MITES AND HEARTBEAT, DEATH
SCALE

19
PRE-M PENDIMETHALI CRABGRASS EXTREMELY TOXIC HERBICIDE/PRE
N TO FISH AND EMERGENT
AQUATIC
ORGANISMS
20 PROPICANAZ ROPICANAZOLE FUNGAL POSSIBLE HUMAN FUNGICIDE
OLE DISEASE CARCINOGEN

21 PURESPRAY, HORTICULTUR TREE AND POLLINATOR HORTICULTURAL OILS

OMNI OIL AL OIL SHRUB TOXICITY,
INSECTS, BENEFICIAL INSECT
MITES TOXCITY

22 ROUNDUP, GLYPHOSATE WEEDS, ROBABLE HUMAN

RODEO VINES, CARCINOGEN, HERBICIDE
WOODY ERECTILE
PLANTA DYSFUNCTION

INGESTION
SCOTTS ANTS, OTHER TOXICITY,
23 LAWNPRO BIFENTHRIN INSECTS REPRODUCTIVE SYNTHETIC
STEP 3 EFFECTS, IMMUNO PYRETHROIDS
SUPPRESSION,
TOXIC TO
POLLINATORS

TREE AND
24 SEVIN CARBARY GARDEN HOLINESTERASE
INSECTS, INHIBTOR - FEVER, CARBAMATES
CHINCH BUG, HEADACHES, SLOW
SOD HEARTBEAT, DEATH
WEBWORM

ENDOCRINE
SPEEDZONE , MCPP BROADLEAF (HORMONAL)
25 TRIMEC (MECOPROP) WEEDS DISRUPTION, HERBICIDE
NEUROMUSCULAR
EFFECTS
(PARKINSON'S)
 ENDOCRINE
26 SPEEDZONE , DICAMBA BROADLEAF (HORMONAL)
TRIMEC WEEDS DISRUPTION, HERBICIDE
NEUROMUSCULAR
EFFECTS
(PARKINSON'S)

EXTREMELY TOXIC
27 TREFLAN TRIFLURAN CRABGRASS TO FISH AND HERBICIDE/PRE
AQUATIC EMERGENT
ORGANISMS

WEED-B- BORADLEAF SEVERE EYE

28 GONE , 2, 4D WEEDS IRRITATION, PHENOXY HERBICIDE
SPEEDZONE , CANINE LYMPHOMA
TRIMEC
 CONCLUSION
Some evidence shows that alternatives to pesticides
can be equally effective as the use of chemicals. For
example, Sweden has halved its use of pesticides with
hardly any reduction in crops. In Indonesia, farmers
have reduced pesticide use on rice fields by 65% and
experienced a 15% crop increase. A study
of Maize fields in northern Florida found that the
application of composted yard waste with high carbon
to nitrogen ratio to agricultural fields was highly
effective at reducing the population of plant-
parasitic nematodes and increasing crop yield, with
yield increases ranging from 10% to 212%; the
observed effects were long-term, often not appearing
until the third season of the study.
However, pesticide resistance is increasing. In the
1940s, U.S. farmers lost only 7% of their crops to
pests. Since the 1980s, loss has increased to 13%,
even though more pesticides are being used. Between
500 and 1,000 insect and weed species have developed
pesticide resistance since 1945.
Alternatives to pesticides are available and include
methods of cultivation, use of biological pest
controls (such as pheromones and microbial
pesticides), genetic engineering, and methods of
interfering with insect breeding. Application of
composted yard waste has also been used as a way of
controlling pests. These methods are becoming
increasingly popular and often are safer than
traditional chemical pesticides. In addition, EPA is
registering reduced-risk conventional pesticides in
increasing numbers.
Cultivation practices include polyculture (growing
multiple types of plants), crop rotation, planting crops
in areas where the pests that damage them do not live,
timing planting according to when pests will be least
problematic, and use of trap crops that attract pests
away from the real crop. Trap crops have successfully
controlled pests in some commercial agricultural
systems while reducing pesticide usage; however, in
many other systems, trap crops can fail to reduce
pest densities at a commercial scale, even when the
trap crop works in controlled experiments. In the U.S.,
farmers have had success controlling insects by
spraying with hot water at a cost that is about the
same as pesticide spraying.
Release of other organisms that fight the pest is
another example of an alternative to pesticide use.
These organisms can include
natural predators or parasites of the pests. Biological
pesticides based on entomopathogenic
fungi, bacteria and viruses cause disease in the pest
species can also be used.
Interfering with insects' reproduction can be
accomplished by sterilizing males of the target species
and releasing them, so that they mate with females but
do not produce offspring. This technique was first used
on the screwworm fly in 1958 and has since been used
with the med fly, the tsetse fly, and the gypsy
moth. However, this can be a costly, time consuming
approach that only works on some types of insects.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 https://perfectearthproject.org/system/resourc
es/W1siZiIsIjIwMTUvMTIvMTcvNDYydnF1cXJweV9jaG
VtY2hhcnQzLnBkZiJdXQ/chemchart3.pdf?sha=dbb
9da3d9822ff3c
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesticide