Ac Physics

1
GAURAV VISHORIYA’S NOTES

Vidyamandir Classes AC Circuits
AC Circuits
ALTERNATING CURRENT Section - 1
Most of the electric power generated and used in the world in the form of a.c. i.e.,
alternation current. The magnitude of alternating current changes continuously with time
and its direction is reversed periodically. It is represented by
I0 sin
I= t or I = I0 cos
ω ωt Here, I value of is maximum instantaneous value value of
a.c. of It current is also i.e., called magnitude amplitude of of current a.c., ω at is any
called instant angular of time freqneucy t and I0 of is the a.c.
peak
2
Tπ
Also, ω = = 2
π v where, T is the time period or period of a.c. It is equal to the time
taken by the a.c. to go through one complete cycle of variation.
The term used for a.c. holds equally for alternation voltage which may be represented
by
V0 sin
V= ω t o
r V =
V0 cos
ω t
I = I sin( tω + φ ) V = V sin( tω + φ )
In general, 0 0 Self Study Course for IITJEE with
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Vidyamandir AC Circuits

Classes Average and RMS Value of Alternating Current :
Average Current (Mean Current)
As we know an alternating current is given by
i = i0 sin
( ωt + φ) . . . .(i) The mean or average value of ac over any time t is given by
∫i dt i avg
t
= 0
t∫
dt 0Using equation (i)

=
iavg
2
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i 0
1
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ω φ+
sin ( t ) 0
t ∫ dt0
In one complete cycle average current
0
=
iavg – i T
(
⌈ │ │ ⌊ cos
ω ω t
+ φ
) T i
⌉ │ │ ⌋ 0= – T
0 cos ( T ) cos
⌈ │ │ ⌊ ω + φ -
ω
φ
⌉ │ │ ⌋
i
=- T
cos 2
0 ⌈ │ │ ⌊ ( π + ω
cos
φ ) -
φ
⌉ │ │ ⌋ = 0 2π) Since long time ac is also. positive Hence during the dc the
(As ωT =
instrument first half cycle will indicate and negative zero deflection during the when
other connected half cycle to so a iavg branch
will carrying be zero for ac current. So it is
defined for either positive half cycle or negative half cycle. Now to find mean value of
current i = i0 sin
ωt for positive half cycle. i.e. from t = 0 to t =
T/2
T
∫
2
i 0
=
t i avg 0 T20 0 0 i . i ∫
sin ω
dt
= ≈
2 π 0 637
. . . .(5)

2v ≈ 0.637 v . . . .(6)
Similarly vavg = 0 π 0
R.M.S. Value of Alternating Current The notation rms refers to root mean square,
which is given by square root of mean of square current.
i
i.e., irms =

avg
2
T∫i 2
dt
=
i2 avg
0T
∫ dt

=
0Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Section 9 3
T 0 2 2 0

i 2 0 2T T
∫
[1 - cos2( ω
t +φ
)]dt 0
=
1 T i sin ( ω
t +φ )dt =
∫
i 20 T │ ⌊ t - sin2(
2T ⌈ 2ω ω t +φ ) ⌉ │ ⌋ 0
=
i 2 0 2T ⌈ │ ⌊ T - sin(4
π+ 2 2 φ ) - sin2 φ ⌉ │ ⌋
ω
= i 2 0 2
i
=
irms
0 ≈ 0.707 i . . . .(7)
2 0
V ≈ 0.707 v . . . .(8)

= 02
Similarly the rms voltage is given by Vrms 0
The significance of rms current and rms voltage may be shown by considering a
resistance R carrying a current i = i0 sin
(ωt + φ) The voltage across the resistor will be

Ri =
V= (i0 R
) sin (ωt + φ) The thermal energy developed in the resistor during the time
t to t + dt is
i R sin2
02
i2 R dt = (ωt + φ) dt The thermal energy developed in one time period is
T U =
∫ i 2
Rdt =
R
T ∫
i sin ( ω t +φ )dt
02 2 00= RT
⌈ │ │ ⌊ T1 T ∫ 0
i 2 RT . . . .(9)
rms
i 0 2 sin 2 ( ω t +φ )dt ⌉ │ │ ⌋ =
GAURAV VISHORIYA
Classes It means the root mean square value of ac is that value of steady current,
which would generate the same amount of heat in a given resistance in a given time.
So in ac circuits, current and ac v oltage are measured in terms of their rms values. Like
when we say that the house hold supply is 220V ac it means the rms value is 220V and
311V.
peak value is 220 2 =
Illustration - 1
If the voltage (in volts) in an ac circuit is represented by the equation, V =
220 2 sin (314
t– φ), (where t is in seconds). Calculate (a) peak and rms value of the voltage (b)
frequency of ac. SOLUTION :
(a) For ac v oltage,
φ) The peak value
V0 sin (ωt –
V=
V0 =
220 2 = 311V,
The rms value of voltage
V 0
=
Vrms 2; Vrms =
220 V
(b) As ω = 2πf, 2πf = 314
314
i.e., f = 2
= 50 Hz
π×
Illustration - 2

The electric current in a circuit is given by i = i0 ( t/T) for some time. Calculate the rms
current for the period t = 0 to t = T for i 0 = 20 3 A. SOLUTION :
The mean square current is
Thus, the rms current is ( i 2 )

avg
i
= T 1 T 0 i 0 2 ( t / T ) 2 dt = i 0 2 T 3 i rms
= vg 2 . = 0 3 = 20 A
i a
∫
RC Circuit
When an AC voltage V(t) is applied across an RC circuit, the current I (t) is also an
alternating current.
Im cos ω t then VR = Im R cos ω t
Let I =
V C
= C 1 ∫ I dt = ⎛ │ ⎝ ω
V C = C q t ⎞ │ ⎠ I m
1 C sin ω T
0∫
0 2 1 ω
t 2 dt = i 3
I m cos t
C ω π 2 = ⎛ │ ⎝ - ⎞ │ ⎠
⌈ │ ⌊ Cω1
= X called reactance of capacitor ⌉ │ ⌋
C
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GAURAV VISHORIYA
Total voltage across combination
V= V + V (Instantaneous)
R C
I R t
= m cos ω + ω
1 C
I t
⎞ │ ⎠
m cos 2 ⎛ │ ⎝ ω - π
⇒ V ( t ) = R 2
I m
+ ω 2 1 C 2
t - θ ) where
cos( ω
θ =

1 1 V 2
tan - ω R V I = V I = R
i s called impedance ⇒ Z =
C The ratio I = Z
+
ω 2 C 2
Voltage across RC combination lags behind current by the phase angle
θ tan 1 1 ω
rms
RC m
rms
1m
= - Note : All values drawn in the phasor diagram are rms v

alues.
rms m
rms m V V I =
V I =
Z . ⌈ │ │ │ │ ⌊ V
Irms rms

m2
= = I m 2 ⌉ │ │ │ │ ⌋
(c) V
(a) Voltage across R i s in phase with I. (b) Voltage across C l ags behind I by π 2
across RC combination lags behind I by tan -
1 1 2
1 T ∫ 0 T f () t dt RL
ω RC  In general, rms value of a periodic function f () t =
Circuit
LI cos ⎛ t
cos ωt ; VR = Im
I ( t) = Im R t V
cos ω L = ) I m sin ω
=- ( ω L
L dI dt ω m
t =
│⎝ω
π ⎞
+ 2 │⎠V ( t) = VR(t) + VL (t) [ ω L =
X L called
reactance of inductor]
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GAURAV VISHORIYA
t = V R
Vidyamandir AC CircuitsClasses V () () t + V L () t (Instantaneous)
I m R
cos t LI cos ⎛ t π ⎞
= ω + ω m + 2 │⎠
│⎝ω
V ( t ) = R
I m + ω 2 L 2 cos ( ω
2 t +

L
θ ) θ = tan - 1 ω RL V y tan - 1 ω R
oltage across RL c ombination leads I b Impedance Z
m
= V I m = V I rms

rms
2 2 2
= R + ω L Phasor Diagram
, VL, V a
(Using rms values of VR nd I) (a) VR across
R i s in phase with I. (b) VL across L
L
y tan - 1 ω R LCR Circuit
leads I by π / 2 (c) V across RL combination leads I b
I (t) = Im
cos
ω t V =
VR +
VC + VL

Im R
cos t I m
= ω + 1
ω
C
cos t L cos
Im t
2 ⎞ │ ⎠ + ω
⎛ │ ⎝ ω - π ⎛ │ ⎝ ω + π ⎞ │ ⎠
2
(a) ω L >

1
ω C V ( t ) = I m
R 2 + ⎛ │ - ω
⎝ ω L
t + θ
1 C ⎞ │ ⎠ 2 cos ( ω ) ;
1 1 θ = tan - ⎛ │ │ │ ⎝ ω - ω C
L R ⎞ │ │ │ ⎠
⇒ V leads I by θ.
GAURAV VISHORIYA
(b) ω L <

1
ω C V ( t ) = I m R 2 + ⎛ │ ⎝ ω1 L ⎞ │ ⎠ cos
C - ω t - θ
( ω ) ;
1 1 θ = tan -
⎛ │ │ │ ⎝ ω C
R
-ω L ⎞ │ │ │ ⎠
V l ags behind I b y θ.
(c) ω L =
1
ω C V( t) = Im R cos ω t V and I are in same phase.
R 2 + ⎛ │ ⎝ ω
Z= - ω
L

1 C ⎞ │ ⎠ or

Z= L ⎞ │
R 2 + ⎛ │ ⎝ ω1 C - ω ⎠ 2 Z R
=
Average Power across R

P = V t I t dt =

av 1 T ∫ 0 T () () T 1 ∫
0 T
I Rcos ω t dt

m2 2 I r ms 2 R Average
P a v = I m 2 T R = Power across L
P =
av ∫
T1
V t I t dt
0 T () () 2
= I m
∫ 0 T ω L cos ⎛ │ ⎝ ω L + π 2 ⎞ │ ⎠ cos ω = 0 acros L. During one half cycle, L

Pav
t ⇒
stores energy and during next half cycle it supplies this energy back to the circuit.
P = V t I t dt
Average Power across C av 1 T ∫ 0 T () () = I m2
2 ∫
ω
0 T 1
cos ⎛ │ ⎝ ω t - π ⎞ │ ⎠ cos ω
2 t = 0 C lso stores and gives back this energy alternately
a
during each half cycle.
GAURAV VISHORIYA
Classes In general, average power in a circuit Pav = Vrms Irms cos θ I f Vrms
is the total
supply voltage and θ i s the phase difference between current and voltage. (cos θ i s also
known as power factor).
1
Resonance in LCR circuit When ω L = ω C and Z = R, it is called resonant
condition.
Resonance frequency :
ω = 1 v =
0 LC ⇒ 0
1
2 π LC V 0°
oltage supplied across combination is in same phase with current ⇒ θ =

and cos θ 1 i.e. power factor is unity. (a) Resonance occurs when
=
1
ω= V at resonance.
XL – XC = 0 or LC ( b) Current reaches a maximum value of R
(c) Power dissipated is maximum and is
V rms

Vrms R 2(current and power are maximum because Z i s minimum). I r ms =
± Z , P
=
V rms
Z 2 R (d) Current is in phase with voltage (θ = 0).
Parallel AC Circuits
RC Circuit
Using phasor diagram
I 2 = I C 2 + I R
2 (rms values)
⇒ ⎛ │ ⎝ V
rms Z ⎞ │ ⎠ 2
= ⎛ │ ⎝ rms 2 ⎛ rms2 C
V R ⎞ │ ⎠ +│ ⎝ V
X
⎞ │ ⎠
= R 1 2 + X 1
⇒ Z 1 c 2
1 c ⎛ │ ⎝ X ω
=
c ⎞ │ ⎠
GAURAV VISHORIYA

Let V =
V
Vm sin tω z msin( ω t +θ ) tan θ =
I = I I R c =
V V / / x
c R
= R X c
= R ω c tan - 1 R ω c C
⇒ θ = y θ
urrent through source leads v b
L – R Circuit Using phasor diagram
I 2 = I c 2 + I R
2 (rms values)
rms ⇒
rms 2 ⎛ │ ⎝ ⎛ 2 rms
2 L V
Z ⎞ │ ⎠ = │ ⎝ V
X ⎞ │ ⎠
+ ⎛ │ ⎝ V

⇒ = +
R ⎞ │ ⎠ 1 z R 1
2 x 1L 2
L ) Let V =
( x L ω=
V θ = =
Vm sin tω z msin( ω t - θ ) tan
I = L X R L
IIR
=
ωR
θ
=
L⇒
1 R
tan - ω L C
urrent thorugh source lags voltage by ,θ
⇒ X >
LCR Circuit : (A) I C > I L (rms) L
X I 2 =
I 2+ I - I 2 ( rms values)
C R ( C L )
⎛ │ ⎝ V
rms Z ⎞ │ ⎠ 2
= ⎛ │ ⎝ V
rms 2 ⎛ rms rms
R C ⎞ │ ⎠ + │ ⎝ V
X - V

X
L
2 ⎞ │ ⎠
Z R
⇒ 1 = 1 2
X X
+ ⎛ │ ⎝ 1 C - 1
L 2 ⎞ │ ⎠
GAURAV VISHORIYA

Classes Let V =
I = V Z
V 0 sin tω t +
0 sin( ω θ ) tan
= I C I
-R

1 I L =
X θ
C
- X 1
L 1 R

⇒ X > X I 2 = I 2+ I
Current though source leads voltage by .θ (B) I C > I L (rms)
L C R ( L

- I
C )2 (rms value)⇒ ⎛ │ ⎝ r ms 2 rms 2 ⎛ rms rms 2 L C V Z ⎞ │ ⎠ = ⎛ │ ⎝ V
R ⎞ │ ⎠ + │ ⎝ V
X -
VX
⎞ │ ⎠
Z R
⇒ 1 = 1 2
X
+ ⎛ │ ⎝ 1 L 2
X
- 1
C ⎞ │ ⎠
Let V = I = V Z 0 sin( ω
V 0sin tω t - θ ) tan
= - 1
-1
1
Current through source lags voltage by .θ
(C)
θ
I L I
R
X
IC L R
X
C
XX⇒ = I I = (rms) VV =
CL R rms rms ZR
GAURAV VISHORIYA
R L
⇒ Z =
et V =
I = V Z
V 0 sin tω t , θ
0 sin ω 0 Current
= though source and voltage are in same phase.
Illustration - 3
For the circuit shown in figure. Current in inductance is 0.8 A while in capacitance is 0
.6
A. The current drawn from the source is x × 10–1. Find the value of x ?
SOLUTION :
In this capacitance ac circuit ε in parallel, = εcurrent 0 sin
ωt is applied across an
inductance and in inductance will lag the applied voltage while across the capacitor will

I = IL –
lead both by π 2 IC (rms)
=
= 0.8 – 0.6 = 0 . 2 10 2 ⇒ 2 Self
x = Study Course
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GAURAV VISHORIYA
SOLUTION :
X = 1 = 1 ≈ Ω
(a) C ω C 2 π
vC 10
R 2 + X C 2 = 12.2 Ω
Z=
(b) peak value of current
Im m =
= V Z 12.2
16.4 A rms value of current

=
200 V Ω
I r ms =
V rms Z or 2 (c)
I m phase angle
tan
θ= - 1 ω
RC 1 = tan
- 1 10 7 ≈ 55 °
(V lags or I b ads by 55°)
Example - 2
Find the rms and instantaneous current and voltage across R and L.
SOLUTION :
Z= R 2 + ω 2 L 2 where inductive XL reactance.

= 100π × 20 × 10–3 = 6.28 Ω is the
Z= 9 2 + 6.28 2 10.97 Ω
200/
V r ms Z
(a) I r ms =
= 10.97
2
= 12.89 A 12
Subjective Solved Examples Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support
Classes SUBJECTIVE SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example - 1
In the given circuit, calculate ( a) capacitive reactance and impedance ( b) maximum and
rms current ( c) phase angle and voltages R across and C.
( rms) =
VR Irms R 11.6 × 7 = 81.2 V
=

1
rms = I rms
( ) V C Cω =
11.6 × 10 = 11.6 × 10 =
200
116 V T otal rms 2
m 2 141.5
V =
V = V (It Note can that be :
=
= V2 + V2 ).
seen that V2rsm Rrms Crms
V m
I ( t ) = Z sin (2 π v t +
θ ) I(t) = 16.4 sin ( 3.14 t +
11 π
36 )
GAURAV VISHORIYA
SOLUTION :
(a) 2 2 ( ) L C Z R X X =
+-
= 8Ω
XL = ωL
2 2 3 +-=Ω
(8 4) 5 Z =
XXR - - -

1 4 CX wC = = Ω 1 1 53 L C R θ
cos tan Z = = ≈ ° As XL >
XC , V leads or I lays
by 53°
θ θ = - = °
( ) sin(2 )( 53 ) m I t I vt π
mV

sin(314 )( 53 ) t Z θ θ = - = °
-=°
84.6sin(314 )( 53 ) t θ θ =
Example - 3
Find : (a) Instantaneous current I( t) (b) rms values of I and V across elements (c) power
factor (d) power input (e) resonant frequency ( f) impedance, current and power at
resonance conditions.
Given that XC =
4Ω, XL = 8Ω.
1
(b) 40 2m rms I A = ≈
160 rms I
V( rms) = Irms R = 120 V ( ) ω
rms C V V C = V( rms) = Irms ωL = 320 V
=
+
VVV+
Check that 2 2 2 ( ) ( ) rms R rms L rmsC
Vrms (c) Power factor = cos θ
= 200 V = = cos 53° ≈ 0.6
(d) Power input = power dissipation
R)
= Vrms I rms
cos
= 200 × 40 × 0.6 = 4800 W (or I2rms
θ
Subjective Solved Examples Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support 13
200 10.97 I p eak =
I m m Z
V =
( rms) = Irms R
(b) VR = =
12.89 × 9 = 116 V ( c) VL ( rms) = Irms ωL 12.89 × 6.28 = 80.94 V =
18.23 A (or I m =
V = 200 = V
I rms 2) ( total ) tan - 1 ω RL
2 141.4 θ = = tan - 1 6.28 9
≈ 35 °
V = V 2 + L 2
(check that rms 2 R rms
)
L r ms
V l eads or I lags by 55°. ⇒ I( t) = Im sin ( 100πt –

35°)
= 18.23 sin ( 100πt –
35°)
GAURAV VISHORIYA
SOLUTION :
As this circuit is a series LCR circuit, current will be maximum at resonance,

ω=
i.e,
1 =
LC 1 ( 4 . 9 × 10 - 3 )( 10 - 6 )
=
107 5
rad/s
with I = =
V R ( 32
10 +
68 )
= 10 1 A So
the impedance,
Z R
P= ω
⌈ │ │ ⌊ 1 2+⎛ │ ⎝ C
1
2 ) 2 7 10
⎞ │ ⎠ 2 ⌉ │ │ ⌋ 1 2 ( 3
⌈ ⌉
10 6 2
52 1 │ │ ⌊ + ⎛ │ ⎝ × - ⎞ │ ⎠ │ │ ⌋
=
1
Classes (e) 0 V = 2 π LC ≈ 35.4 H z ( f) Z0 =
R = 3Ω at resonance 2003
Power = Vrms Irms

cos
= Vrms Irms
θ

Example - 4
= 200 ×
200 3 =
40000 3 W
A box P and a coil Q are connected in series with an A C source. The emf of the source is
in series with a resistance of 3
10 V. Box P contains a capacitance of 1μF 2Ω. Coil Q
has a self-inductance 4.9 mH and a resistance of 6 8Ω in series. The frequency is
adjusted so that the maximum current flows in P and Q. Find the impedance of P and Q
at this frequency. Also find the voltage across P and Q respec- tively. I rms = V rms Z =
V
rms R = A at resonance
5924 = = 77 Ω
⌈
=
and Z Q │⌊R 2 2+ ( Lω
)
⌉ ⌈ ⌉
2 │⌋1 2 = ( ) │ │ │ ⌊ 68 2 + ⎛ │
│ ⎝ 4 . 9 × 10 - 3 × 10
7 5 ⎞ │ │ ⎠ 2 │ │ │ ⌋ 1 2 =
9524 = 97 6. Ω
V = IZ = 1 ×
and hence, P P 10 ( 77 ) = 7 . 7 N V = IZ = 1 ×
and Q Q 10 ( 97 . 6 ) = 9 .
V
76 14
GAURAV VISHORIYA
Example - 5
A current of 4A flows in a coil when connected to a 1 2 V DC source. If the same coil is
connected to a 1 2 V, 50 rad/s AC source a current of 2
.4 A flows in the circuit.
Determine the inductance of the coil. Also find the power developed in the circuit if a
2500 μF capacitor is connected in series with the coil. SOLUTION :
In case of a coil as Z = R 2 + ω 2 L 2 i.e., 2 2 2
Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Subjective Solved Examples 15
V Z =
But I =
V R +
X ω L = 50
L as X L = ω L, L =
4
= 0 . 08 Ω
Now when the capacitor is connected to the above circuit in series, So when DC is

applied
I =
12
As
VR 6 i.e.,
R = nd when AC is applied,
3Ωa
4=
12
I = V Z i.e.,
24
X = =
5 C Cω 1 50 × 2500 1 × 10 - = 10 125 3 = 8 Ω

Z = R 2 +
X -
So, ( L
X
C )2 = 3 2 + ( 4 - 8 )2 = 5 Ω
I ⎞ │ ⎠ = ⎛ │ ⎝ .
Z = ⎛ │ ⎝ V
⎞ │ ⎠
12
= Ω and
hence, I = V Z =
5
2 2 2 R 2 + X 2)
Z=
A or R + X L = 5 (As
= 2 . 4 L
So, X L2 = 5 2 - R 2 = 5 2 - 3 2 =
2
=
4 So, P av.

V rms I rms cos
φ ( I r ms Z
) I r ms R
Z
i.e., XL = 4Ω
2
= × × ×⎛ │ ⎝ ⎞ │ ⎠ i.e.,
P av. =
I rms R = ( 2 . 4 ) 2 × 3 = 17 . 28 W Example - 6
For a resistance R and capacitance C in series, the impedance is twice that of a parallel
combination of the same elements. What is the frequency of applied emf ? SOLUTION :
As shown in figure, in case of series combination,
Z R X R
1 s = 2 + C 2 = ⌈ │ │ ⌊ 2 1 2 2 +⎛
Cω │ ⎝ ⎞ │ ⎠ ⌉ │ │ ⌋ In case of parallel
combination,
i.e.,
Z ⌈ XR
1 1 P = │ │ ⌊ 1 2
+│ ⎛ │ ⎝ 1

⌉
C ⎞ │ │ ⎠ 2 │ │ ⌋
2
GAURAV VISHORIYA
AC Circuits
Vidyamandir Classes i.e., Z
P=

R
ω
1+
2 R
2C ω
2
2222
For ZS =
2ZP
ω 2 2 ⇒
1 = 4 . 1
RCC+
+
ω
222
Z S 2 =

ω=
4Z 2 ⇒
P
1f 1
= 100 rad / s . Considering the
RC = 2 π RC I n the given circuit, AC source has ω
inductor and capacitor to be ideal, find : (a) The current through the circuit, I (b) The
00Ω resistor (c) The voltage across 5Ω resistor
voltage across 1
NOW ATTEMPT OBJECTIVE WORKSHEET TO COMPLETE THIS EBOOK
R
RC
Example - 7
SOLUTION : (C)
1 2 1
2I
V
= =
0.2 2 ( ω
I lags behind V by 45° as ω L = R ω L = R
L )+ R 2 2 leads I 2 by 45 °+ 45 ° = 90 °
2 So I 1
I
V
= =
0.1 2 ⎛ │ ⎝ cω


1⎞ │ ⎠
R ⇒ I = I 1 2 + I 2 2 = (0.1 2) 2 +
I Lead V b
y 45° as 1
(0.2 2) 2 = 0.1 10 = 0.316 P.D. across R 1 =
100 × 0.1 2 = 10 2 V 1
=
cω
.D. across R 2 =
RP 50 × 0.2 2 = 10 2 V 16
2 2 22
GAURAV VISHORIYA
THINGS TO REMEMBER
ost of the electric power generated and used in the world is in the form of a.c. i.e.,
1. M
alternating current. The magnitude of alternating current changes continuously with time
and its direction is reversed periodically. It is represented byI = or I = I 0 cos
I 0sin tω
tω
In general,
φ ) V =
I = I sin( tω + V sin( tω + φ )
0 0 2. Average Current (Mean Current)
As we know an alternating current is given by
i = i sin( tω + φ ) ...(i)
0
The mean or average value of ac over any time t i s given by
∫
t i dt i avg =
0t
= 0 ∫
i dt 0 3.
R.M.S. Value of Alternating Current
T
i
2
dt
i
2 avg
= 0Tdt 0Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Things to Remember 17
∫
∫rms 0 2 i = i 4. RC Circuit

=
VR
I m R os tω
c
GAURAV VISHORIYA
V
Classes C = ω
1 C
I t
⎞ │ ⎠
m cos 2 ⎛ │ ⎝ ω - π
⇒ V ( t ) =
I m R
2
+ ω 2 1 C 2
t - θ ) Z =
cos( ω V I m
m = V I rms
rms
= R 2
+
ω 2 1 C 2
θ =
tan - 1 ω RC 1 5 RL Circuit

V LI ⎛ π ⎞
VR = I m R L=
os tω
c ω m c + 2 │ ⎠
os │ ⎝ ω
V ( t ) = R
I m + ω 2 L 2 cos( ω
2 t +

θ ) θ = tan - 1 ω RLZ
= V I m m =
V I rms
rms
= R 2 + ω 2 L 2 6. LCR Circuit

>
(a) ω L
1
ω C V ( t ) = I m R + ⎛ │
2 - ω
⎝ ω L
t +
1 C ⎞ │ ⎠ 2 cos( ω θ 1
);
1
θ = tan

-

L - R
⎛ │ │ │ ⎝ ω

ωC
⎞ │ │ │ ⎠
⇒
.
V leads I byθ
Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support Things to Remember 18
GAURAV VISHORIYA
<
(b) ω L
1
ω C V ( t ) = I m R + ⎛ │
2 ⎝ ω1 C - ω ⎞ │ ⎠
L
2 cos( t - θ
ω 1
);
1
θ = tan

-
⎛ │ │ │ ⎝ ω CR
-ω
L ⎞ │ │ │ ⎠
V l ags behind I b y .θ
(c) ω L =
1
ω C V ( t ) = I m R
c V and I are in same phase.
os tω
L - ω
R 2 + ⎛ │ ⎝ ω
Z=
1 C ⎞ │ ⎠ or

Z= R 2 + ⎛ │ ⎝ ω1 L ⎞ │
C - ω ⎠ 2 ⇒
Z = R 7. Average Power across R
I
P a v = 2m 2 R =
I rms 2 R verage Power across L
A
= 0 Average Power across C
P av
= 0 8. Resonance in LCR Circuit
P av
1
= ω L and
When ω L Z = R, it is called resonance condition. Resonance Frequency :

ω = 1 ⇒ v =
0 LC 0
1
2 π
LC
Things to Remember Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online Support 19
GAURAV VISHORIYA
Classes (a) Resonance occurs when
1
ω= V at resonance.
X L - X C = 0 or LC ( b) Current reaches a maximum value of R
(c) Power dissipated is maximum and is

Vrms R 2(current and power are maximum because Z is minimum).
V r ms V
I rms = ± Z rms 22 R
Z , P = (d) Current is in phase with voltage ( θ = 0). 9.
Parallel AC Circuits RC CircuitI 2 = 2 +

I C I R 2 (rms values)
V m = +
I = z sin( ω t +
θ ) Z 1 R 1
2
X 1c 2
V
θ = tan - 1 R ω c 10. L-R CircuitI 2 =
I c 2 +
I R 2 (rms
z msin(
values) I = ω t - θ ) θ =
= +
tan - 1 ω RL Z 1 R 1 2
X 1L 2
GAURAV VISHORIYA
11. LCR Circuit
> I L (rms)
(A) I C
I = V Z t + θ ) 1
0 sin( ω tan θ
= I C I
-R

I L =
X C - X 1

L 1 R

Z R
1 = 1 2
X
+ ⎛ │ ⎝ 1 C 2
X
- 1
L ⎞ │ ⎠
> I L (rms)
(B) I C
t - θ ) 1
0 sin( ω
I = V Z I L I
tan θ =
-R

=
IC
X L - X 1

C1 R

2
Z R
2 1 = 1

X X
+ ⎛ │ ⎝ 1 L - 1
C ⎞ │ ⎠
= I L (rms)
(C) I C
t , θ
0 sin ω
I = V Z = 0 Z
=R
GAURAV
VISHORIYA
Vidyamandir Classes
My Chapter
Notes

Self Study Course for IITJEE with Online
Support

GAURAV
VISHORIYA

Illustration - 1
Vidyamandir Classes

Support
GAURAV
VISHORIYA
Vidyamandir Classes

Support
GAURAV
VISHORIYA
Vidyamandir Classes

Support

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1

GAURAV VISHORIYA’S NOTES

Vidyamandir ​AC Circuits

dt ​0​Using equation ​(i)

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V​ ≈ 0.707 ​v​ . . . .(8)

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Thus, the rms current is ​ ( ​i 2​ )​

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= -​ ​Note ​: ​All values drawn in the phasor diagram are ​rms v

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Average Power across ​R

∫ ​0 ​T ​ω ​L cos ⎛​ ​│ ⎝ ​ω L​ +​ π​ ​2 ⎞ ​│ ⎠ ​cos ω ​ ​= 0 acros ​L​. During one half cycle, ​L

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​ ​16.4 ​A ​rms ​value of current

Z=​ ​R ​2 ​+ ​ω 2​ ​L 2​ ​where inductive ​XL​ ​reactance.

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V l​ eads or ​I ​lags by 55°. ⇒ ​I(​ ​t​) = ​I​m ​sin (​ 100​πt​ –

Power = ​V​rms ​Irms

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tan -​ 1 ​ω ​RC ​1 ​5 RL Circuit

= ​R 2​ ​+ ​ω ​2 ​L 2​ ​6. LCR Circuit

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Parallel AC Circuits ​RC Circuit​I ​2 = ​ 2​ +

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You might also like

Vidyamandir AC Circuits

dt 0Using equation (i)

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V ≈ 0.707 v . . . .(8)

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Thus, the rms current is ( i 2 )

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= - Note : All values drawn in the phasor diagram are rms v

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Average Power across R

∫ 0 T ω L cos ⎛ │ ⎝ ω L + π 2 ⎞ │ ⎠ cos ω = 0 acros L. During one half cycle, L

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16.4 A rms value of current

Z= R 2 + ω 2 L 2 where inductive XL reactance.

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V l eads or I lags by 55°. ⇒ I( t) = Im sin ( 100πt –

Power = Vrms Irms

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tan - 1 ω RC 1 5 RL Circuit

= R 2 + ω 2 L 2 6. LCR Circuit

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Parallel AC Circuits RC CircuitI 2 = 2 +

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