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A QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ON

THE IMPACT OF USING REUSABLE


STRAWS TO THE ENVIRONMENT
OF THE INDIVIDUALS OF COLEGIO
DE STA. ROSA-MAKATI
PRESENTED BY:
Nicole Adri, Kyla Salvanera, Carla Ocampo
11 - STEM
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

þ  In relation to our strand,


STEM
þ  The sudden prevalence
why of the use of reusable
straws
choose þ  Curiosity on the
this effectiveness of
reusable straws
topic? þ  In order to find more
information about said
straws and impart it to
the public
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

the PROBLEM
Single-use plastics such as straws are only used for a very
short period of time before its disposal; however, the
product itself last for centuries as plastics do not
decompose within a human lifetime (Provencher, 2018).

The Philippines is one of the countries that contribute a


great deal of plastics to the environment.
(Jambeck, 2015; Lebreton, 2017)
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

the “SOLUTION”
Reusable Straws
In order to counteract or reduce the negative impacts of
single-use plastics, reusable straws were created with the
aim to lessen the waste and influence others to take care of
the environment.
(Provencher, 2018; Soluna Collective, n.d.)
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

the “SOLUTION”
Reusable Straws
However, 300 million tons of plastics are made each year
and these straws only make up a small percentage of it.
(Chung, 2018)
O B J E C T I V E S :

þ  to identify the different effects of using


reusable straws and plastic straws to the
environment
þ  to find the reason/s why prefer to use
reusable straws as alternative for plastic
straws
þ  to find out why plastic is harmful to the
environment while also recognizing the
importance of reusable straws
r q # 1

Why do some individuals of


Colegio de Sta. Rosa Makati
use reusable straws?
r q # 2

What are the factors that


influence the Roseñas to use
or not use reusable straws?
r q # 3
Do the Roseñas agree that
shifting to reusable straws
would make a difference to
their environment?
scope and
DELIMITATION:

þ  Participants:
Individuals from the Roseñan community
coming who-
•  are from the Junior High School
Students to the staff of Colegio de
Sta. Rosa – Makati
•  are users of reusable straws
•  are users of plastic straws
scope and
DELIMITATION:

þ  Environment:
Limited to the school campus and its
surroundings (Power Plant Mall, Palm
Village, K-Mart, etc.)
þ  Straws:
There are numerous kinds of reusable
straws, therefore the researchers will only
focus on metal and bamboo straws.
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE study:

þ  Directed towards:
•  finding out the effectivity of reusable
straws as alternative to plastic straws
•  the students and teachers in Colegio
de Sta. Rosa – Makati
•  different companies that
manufacture straws
•  future researchers and the academe
review of
Related Literature
A. PLASTIC AS A POLLUTANT

Plastics
þ  durable, inexpensive
material that has become
useful for humans due to its
accessibility and versatility
for manufacturing products
(Barlaz et al, 2009)
A. PLASTIC AS A POLLUTANT

Plastics
þ  have become a major
threat to the degradation
of the environment
(“Environment: Status and Strategies”, 2001).
(“Environment:
Status and Human Health
Strategies”,
2001)

Air, Land, and Depletion of


Water pollution natural resources

HOW DOES IT
AFFECT OUR
ENVIRONMENT?

Environmental Harmful impacts


Degradation on Wildlife and Agriculture
B. STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

þ  Proneness of the Philippines to


natural disasters
þ  Climate change
þ  decline of natural resources and
biodiversity
þ  increase of waste
þ  risk factor of pollution to human
health

(“Environment: Status and Strategies”, 2001; Ocampo, n.d.; “Air Pollution: A public health
concern”, 2017; Environment and Economic Center for Studies, Inc, 2002; World Health
Organization, 2017; Tejada, 2018; Environmental Scientists for Social Change, n.d)
B. STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

The environment in the country is being


aggravated by different man-made factors:
population growth, deforestation, soil erosion,
pollution, and mismanagement and abuse of
coastal resources (Ocampo, n.d.).

The different components of the


environment have their own roles in
maintaining the functioning of a society,
thus should be taken care of.
C. PRESENCE OF PLASTIC DEBRIS

1930s &
1940s
2005 2010 2025

The domination 10% of solid waste in 99.5 million metric 250 million metric
of plastics in 61 countries are tons of plastic waste would be produced
the consumer made up of plastic was generated
workplace

The estimated mass of mismanaged


plastic debris stated that by the year
2025 2025, 250 million metric tons would be
produced if no alternative processes or
mitigation strategies are imposed.
(Jambeck et al., 2015)
D. DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF PLASTIC DEBRIS

why is plastic so harmful?


þ  difficult to eliminate because of the
chemical bonds present in their
composition (Sigler, 2014).
þ  lightweight, durable, and can therefore
travel long distances and reach shorelines
or oceans

why does plastic continue to


accumulate?
þ  Due to improper disposal of waste or
shipping spills.
D. DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF PLASTIC DEBRIS

what harm does it bring?

þ  MICROPLASTICS
•  contains dangerous toxins
•  compromises the safety of
food ingestion of marina and
terrestrial wildlife and humans
•  may lead to endangerment of
species

(Abreo, 2018; Barlaz et al, 2009;


Shillinger et al, 2002)
E. MANAGING PLASTIC

proposed solutions:

þ  Tracking of garbage þ  Recycling

(Greengard, 2010; The Ocean


Clean-up, 2014 )
F. PLASTIC STRAWS

Plastic Straws
þ  a common component of litter and is
usually consumed by people in different
establishments. (Lombardo, 2018)
F. PLASTIC STRAWS

þ  The use of straws


becomes a habit because
straws are available
everywhere (King, n.d).

WHAT SHOULD WE DO
WITH IT?
Bans, fees or taxes are the most effective at
reducing straw consumption

“Straw only upon request” implementation

Rethink the whole plastic industry

(Opsomer, n.d.; Wagner, 2018,)


G. CONCERNS ABOUT REUSABLE STRAWS

Reusable Straws
þ  straws usually made with metal,
bamboo, or paper that can be reused
multiple times and helps reduce the
amount of single-use plastic straws.
(Soluna Collective, n.d.)
G. CONCERNS ABOUT REUSABLE STRAWS

þ  The act of reusing does not fully guarantee to be


advantageous to the environment (Cooper &
Gutowski, 2015).
þ  There is an imbalance between the growing use of
environmentally friendly products in the
marketplace and the limited research attention
focused on this category of product alternatives
(Taghian & D’Souza, 2005).
þ  Treatment of ecological products as an
importance or inconvenience (Amyx, 1994; Roberts
& Bacon, 1997; Meneses and Palacio, 2006).
H. MARKETING STRATEGIES

Green Marketing
þ  involves the marketing of environment-friendly
and safe products (American Marketing
Association, n.d.).

Green Consumers
þ  consumers who buy eco-friendly products not
because it is becoming fashionable, but because
they care about environmental issues.
H. MARKETING STRATEGIES

Green Products
þ  Products that incorporate the
strategies in recycling or with recycled
content, reduced packaging, or using
less toxic materials to reduce the
impact on the natural environment
(Elkington, 1999)
H. MARKETING STRATEGIES

HOW IS THE PUBLIC


affected?
þ Ellicits positive attitudes
such as
•  satisfaction
•  paying extra for the
good cause

(Morel & Kwayke, 2012)


I.  FACTORS THAT AFFECT
THE MINDS OF CONSUMERS

þ Social media
•  Can be a means of promoting reusable straws
and influencing the people to use these types of
straws.
•  serves as a tool that enables businesses and
customers to collaborate on the internet (Fūller,
et al., 2009)
•  enable to users to share information (Chen, et
al., 2011).
•  may interact with consumers to influence their
products (Lu, et al., 2010; Gefen, 2002).
S Y N T H E S I S :

Despite the harmful effects it may bring,


plastic and plastic straws provide positive
as well as negative impacts to the
environment. To address the environmental
issues of waste in the Philippines, plastics
must be converted into a more reusable
form – reusable straws.
S Y N T H E S I S :

Despite the harmful effects it may bring,


plastic and plastic straws provide positive
as well as negative impacts to the
environment. To address the environmental
issues of waste in the Philippines, plastics
must be converted into a more reusable
form – reusable straws.
research
Methodology
research methodology:

þ  Qualitative approach
þ  Research design: Phenomenology
þ  Participants
•  The respondents who were interviewed
studies and works at Colegio de Sta.
Rosa – Makati with ages ranged from
13 to 28 years old.
þ  Instruments
•  Interview Questionnare
•  Consent Letter
research methodology:

þ  Data gathering

Identification Identification of Formulation of


of participants research instrument interview questionnare

Creation of Approval of Interview


consent letter Consent letter proper
research methodology:

þ Data analysis
•  Content analysis
•  Transcription of
interview recordings
•  Coding of qualitative
data
•  Comparative analysis
research methodology:

þ  Data analysis

REASONS FOR THE USAGE OF


REUSABLE STRAWS
1 PSYCHOLOGICAL nakakatamad (laziness)

2 PHYSICAL given straws, no money

environment, environmentally-
3 ENVIRONMENT MEANS
friendly, environment-friendly,
nature

4 PLASTIC REDUCTION plastic, consumption



Table 1. Open coding

research methodology:

þ  Data analysis

MEANS OF INFORMATION ABOUT


REUSABLE STRAWS

5 OUTSIDE marketing strategies, starbucks,


social media, infographs

6 INSIDE friends, family, cousin, classmates,


choir mate


Table 1. Open coding

research methodology:

þ  Data analysis

KINDS OF INFORMATION ABOUT


REUSABLE STRAWS
7 PRACTICAL reusable, by washing, helpful in
community, reuse

8 EXAMPLE metal straws, bamboo straws

replace plastics, plastic straw,


9 ECO-FRIENDLY
consumption, environment


Table 1. Open coding

research methodology:

þ  Data analysis

CONSTITUENTS THAT INFLUENCE THE


USAGE OR NON-USAGE OF REUSABLE
STRAWS
packaging, multiple times, free,
10 MATERIAL
money

environment, metal straw,


11 ENVIRONS
sustainable products, helps, plastic

packaging, multiple times, free,


10 MATERIAL
money


Table 1. Open coding

research methodology:

þ  Data analysis

THE EFFECTIVITY OF REUSABLE


STRAWS TO THE ENVIRONMENT
12 POPULACE mindful consumption, all, people

13 NON-PLASTIC plastic, harms, natutunaw (melts)

consumption, paper, straw usage,


14 RESOURCES materials, natural resources,
reusable


Table 1. Open coding

results &
Discussions
R E S U L T S
Question 1:
Do you use reusable straws? Why or why not?

Participant Interview answers Assigned Code

“…So I don't use reusable straws kasi I don't know,


nakakatamad bumili. But I tried it once, I
1 borrowed from my sister and nag-iba lasa niya 1 PSYCHOLOGICAL
so I don't think so.”
 
“I have not used reusable straws because the
2 straws that were given to us were mostly plastic.”
2 PHYSICAL

“Uh yes, I do use reusable straws…because it's


3 3 ENVIRONMENT MEANS
gonna be environmentally friendly..”

“Yes, I use reusable straws because they save the


3 ENVIRONMENT MEANS
4 environment and they reduce the usage of
plastic straws which are not reusable.”

“Yes, I use reusable straws and this is because I


5 want to reduce the amount of plastic that I use 4 PLASTIC REDUCTION
everyday.”

Table 2: Reasons for the usage of reusable straws


R E S U L T S
Question 1:
Do you use reusable straws? Why or why not?

Participant Interview answers Assigned Code

“Yes po gumagamit po kasi ako ng reusable 3 ENVIRONMENT MEANS


6 straws kasi alam ko po yung mga plastic straws
nagdudulot siya ng bad effect sa nature.”
“I use reusable straw to lessen the consumption 4 PLASTIC REDUCTION
7 of plastic straws.”

“No, because I don’t have extra money to buy 2 PHYSICAL


8 metal straws or reusable straws.”

“Yes I do. Because I heard that it saves the 3 ENVIRONMENT MEANS


9 environment… No seriously though, yeah, I do,
kasi um, ayun nga, it saves the environment…”

“I use reusable straws to save the environment 3 ENVIRONMENT MEANS


din, kasi, sa bahay namin..di kami tinuruan
10 gumamit ng like plastic bags or like plastic
straws. Parang tinuruan kaming magtipid ng
mga resources…”

Table 2: Reasons for the usage of reusable straws


D I S C U S S I O N

q u e s t i o n # 1
Do you use reusable straws? Why or why
not?

•  5 out of 10 participants stated that the reason


for the usage of reusable straws is directed to
the betterment of the environment.

•  On the other hand, 2 out of 10 participants


stated that the most common reason for not
using reusable straws was due to the physical
aspects or external factors surrounding them.
R E S U L T S
Question 2:
How have you heard about reusable straws?

Participant Interview answers Assigned code

“Through different marketing strategies such as


1 5 OUTSIDE
advertisements pati word of mouth na rin.”

“I have heard about reusable straws like metal


2 5 OUTSIDE
straws from Starbucks.”

3 “From friends. Who uses them.” 6 INSIDE

“I've heard about it from friends and some


4 family members because they also use reusable 6 INSIDE
straws.”

“Um, I've heard about reusable straws through


5 5 OUTSIDE
social media and also through some infographs.”

Table 3.1. Means of information about reusable straws


R E S U L T S
Question 2:
How have you heard about reusable straws?

Participant Interview answers Assigned code

“Uh…actually sa mga kaibigan ko lang po, so


6 6 INSIDE
like, pasa-pasahan.”

“I first heard about it from a choir mate who’s an


7 6 INSIDE
advocate of sustainable products.”

8 “Social media.” 5 OUTSIDE

“Like who endorsed it to me? […] Okay, funny


story, kasi my cousin, she was buging me- she was
9 selling it actually, she was bugging me to buy 6 INSIDE
one. Yeah, it was my cousin, and then eventually
my friends also started using it, and yeah.”

10 “Sa mga classmates ko.” 6 INSIDE

Table 3.1. Means of information about reusable straws


D I S C U S S I O N

Q u e s t i o n # 2
How have you heard about
reusable straws?

•  40% of the participants learned about


reusable straws from social media and
the like, while 60% of them learned
about the product from their family or
friends.
R E S U L T S
Question 2:
What information do you know about [reusable straws]?

Participant Interview answers Assigned code

1 “I don’t know much about this product except na 7 PRACTICAL


literal reusable straw siya. I see diff reusable
straws rin like metal, glass and bamboo straws.”
2 “It can be reused by washing it but-“ 7 PRACTICAL

3 “Uh as far as I know there are straws that are 8 EXAMPLE


made out from metal and from bamboos.”

4 “… since they are washable or reusable, they can 9 ECO-FRIENDLY


replace plastic straws which cannot be reused.
And since plastic does not decompose and it
takes millions of years before it becomes good.
Composes. I found out that using reusable straws
can reduce our plastic waste.”
5 “… one infograph I remember until now is that 9 ECO-FRIENDLY
one metal straw is equal to I think 500 something
plastic straws..”

Table 3.2. Kinds of information about reusable straws


R E S U L T S
Question 2:
What information do you know about [reusable straws]?

Participant Interview answers Assigned code

“Uh, alam ko po if gumamit tayo ng reusable


6 7 PRACTICAL
straws, makakatulong tayo sa community. “

“So it’s basically lessening the consumption of


7 9 ECO-FRIENDLY
the things that might contribute to trash.”

“Um, Pwede siyang ireuse sa…(laughs) iba’t-


8 7 PRACTICAL
ibang stuff.”

“…I actually made a report about it. Ako kasi,


9 my side on this is 50/50. ‘Cause I know for a fact 9 ECO-FRIENDLY
that it helps the environment…”

10 “Mmm, narinig ko yung mga metal straws. “ 8 EXAMPLE

Table 3.2. Kinds of information about reusable straws


D I S C U S S I O N

q u e s t i o n # 2
What information do you know about
[reusable straws]?

•  20% only knew about the examples or


types of reusable straws such as metal
or bamboo.

•  40% of the participants also highlighted


the information about the eco-friendly
quality of the product.
R E S U L T S
Question 2:
Did this information influence you to use the product?
Why or why not?

Participant Interview answers Assigned code

“Nope I don’t think that reusable straws do their


job rin. ‘Di naman rin consistent yung mga tao sa
1 10 MATERIAL
paggamit nun so ang nonsense lang and plastic
naman rin packaging ng reusable straws.”
“Uh reusable straws like metal straws aren’t
2 10 MATERIAL
really free so I don’t think that I might use it.”
“Uh yes. Uh because I mean it’s not like one time
use lang. You get to use it multiple times but you
3 10 MATERIAL
just have to wash it lang. And I think it’s really uh
environmentally friendly pa.”
“Yes this information influenced me a lot
because I realized that even in a little way I can
help save the environment and yeah and
4 11 ENVIRONS
hopefully the more people use reusable straws,
the more we can collectively save the
environment. Dab.”

Table 4. Constituents that influence the usage or non-


usage of reusable straws
R E S U L T S
Question 2:
Did this information influence you to use the product?
Why or why not?

Participant Interview answers Assigned code

“…one metal straw is equal to I think 500


5 something plastic straws so that influenced me 11 ENVIRONS
to um get a reusable straw of my own.”
“Yes po” (pertaining to being influenced by
6 11 ENVIRONS
friends or advertisements)
“And yes, it influenced me, not just me but the
whole choir, because we felt the need to be
mindful about her advocacy. So it started na,
nag-aasaran, na “Uy magagalit si Loreen, kapag
ganyan,” and “Uy hindi sustainable yan,” so it
started like that but it’s nice because after a
7 while, people started to bring their own bottles 11 ENVIRONS
during rehearsals, their own baunan, and on’t
own cups, so…yeah, it might have started na
parang loko-lokohan lang siya, pero, like for me,
right now, I have my own cup all the time, and I
have my own straw wherever I go, so it’s actually
really nice.

Table 4. Constituents that influence the usage or non-usage of reusable straws


R E S U L T S
Question 2:
Did this information influence you to use the product?
Why or why not?

Participant Interview answers Assigned code

“No, ay actually yes, pero since wala


8 10 MATERIAL
akong money, di ko siya mabili.”
“I know for a fact that it helps the
9 11 ENVIRONS
environment … yeah I still use it…”
“Yes, because it made me realize na ang
paggamit ng plastic straws or yung mga
10 11 ENVIRONS
di reusable, di siya nakakasave sa
environment.”

Table 4. Constituents that influence the usage or non-usage of reusable straws


D I S C U S S I O N

q u e s t i o n # 2
Did this information influence you to use the
product? Why or why not?
•  40% of the participants stated that the price, the
presence of plastic packaging, or the quality of the
product to have the characteristic of multiple-time
usage, led them to the non-usage or usage of the
product.

•  On the other hand, the environs code specified that


60% from the participants said that the effect of
the product to the environment attributed to the
usage or non-usage of reusable straws.
R E S U L T S
Question 3:
Do you think using reusable straws really contribute to saving the
environment or improving the state of environment?

Participant Interview answers Assigned Code

“Although the marketing strategies that are


being shown are appealing and informative
naman, ‘di lang talaga effective for me ata? I
1 just don’t see the point nang paggamit ng metal 12 POPULACE
straws if di naman kasi siya iniimplement sa
lahat. People still give out straws naman kahit
may reusable straws so nonsense lang rin.”
“Reusable straws can save the environment as
2 13 NON-PLASTIC
plastic straws harms our environment.”
“… a lot. Since uh paper straws are commonly
used now, uh once we use reusable straws, the
3 14 RESOURCES
consumption of paper will be lessened ‘cause of
it.”

Table 5. The effectivity of reusable straws to the environment


R E S U L T S
Question 3:
Do you think using reusable straws really contribute to saving the
environment or improving the state of environment?

Participant Interview answers Assigned Code

“I think at the moment the impact isn’t that big


yet. But if more and more people start to
replace plastic straws with reusable straws, then
the impact will be more evident.”

follow- up question: Do you think in the long run


this would be beneficial?
4 12 POPULACE
“Yeah um yeah if more and more of our
population decides to switch to reusable straws
because eventually if we if the world manages to
eliminate plastic straws for good then it will
definitely have a big impact in our
environment.”

Table 5. The effectivity of reusable straws to the environment


R E S U L T S
Question 3:
Do you think using reusable straws really contribute to saving the
environment or improving the state of environment?

Participant Interview answers Assigned Code

“Yes, I think using reusable straws contribute to


saving the environment. Um, because the trend
itself encourages a lot of people to reduce the
5 use of straws and um to be aware of the effects 14 NON-PLASTIC
of using plastic straws. So I think by influencing
others, we can raise the awareness about the
issue of plastic polluting our oceans.”

“Yes. Kasi, ano, yung mga plastic straws na, like,


6 natutunaw siya ng matagal, kaya mas mabuti if 13 NON-PLASTIC
gumamit tayo ng reusable straws, para…goods.”

Table 5. The effectivity of reusable straws to the environment


R E S U L T S
Question 3:
Do you think using reusable straws really contribute to saving the
environment or improving the state of environment?

Participant Interview answers Assigned Code

“I think it’s not just about using reusable straw,


but it’s…um…it’s being mindful of your
consumption of things that can be sustainabale
sana, yung mga bagay na pwedeng gawan ng
7 paraan para maging sustainable. Lessening the 12 POPULACE
consumption of plastics, lessening the
consumption of papers, and for me, it’s
basically, finding a way of living that’s more
sustainable.”

“Yes. Kasi kapag metal straws, mas makakatipid


ka sa mga materials na gagamitin. And kahit
8 naman gamitin mo yung paper straws, parang 14 RESOURCES
same lang siya sa plastic straw pero mas madali
lang siya ma….destroy.”

Table 5. The effectivity of reusable straws to the environment


R E S U L T S
Question 3:
Do you think using reusable straws really contribute to saving the
environment or improving the state of environment?

Participant Interview answers Assigned Code

“Yun nga, all in all, to summarize, yes, for now.


Pero, in the long run, I don’t think na it should be
9 used, yun nga in the long run, kasi the effect of 14 RESOURCES
it is matatarget yung ibang mga natural
resources natin.”

“Yes, why? Because it ano, di siya nakakawi- na


parang sa dahil plastic straws, di siya like
10 tinatapon agad, parang tinatapon lagi siya 14 NON-PLASTIC
after ginagamit, so pag metal straws parang,
stable pa rin sya kahit ginagamit”

Table 5. The effectivity of reusable straws to the environment


D I S C U S S I O N

q u e s t i o n # 3
Do you think using reusable straws really
contribute to saving the environment or
improving the state of environment?
•  30% of the participants attributed its effectivity to
the resources being affected by the consumption of
reusable straws
•  30% stated that reusable straws would come in
effect if these were directed more on the activity of
the populace
•  40% of the participants stated that the use of
reusable straws is effective due to it being
composed of a non-plastic material
summary,
CONLUSION, &
recommendation
summary:

þ  Plastics are one of the most common factor


that contributes to the degradation of the
environment.

þ  Humans have discovered an alternative for


plastic straws: reusable straws, which aim to
lessen the waste and make an impact to the
people to take care of the environment
(Soluna Collective, n.d).
summary:

þ  The majority of the participants use reusable


straws because of:
•  improving the state of the environment

þ  On the other hand, minority of the


participants does not use reusable straws
because of:
•  Physical factors
•  “inconvenience”
summary:

þ  Six out of 10 participants heard about


plastic straws from family and friends and
the remaining heard about it from social
media.

þ  Four out of 10 participants gained


information about reusable straws from
social media and outside factors.
conclusion:

þ  Roseñas opt to use reusable straws due to the


desire to help attain sustainability for the
environment, while those who do not opt to
use straws chose to not to due to scarcity in
monetary funds or because plastic straws are
more accessible.
conclusion:

þ  There are numerous factors that encourage


Roseñas to use or not use reusable straws,
namely, through word-of-mouth from
friends or relatives, or through informative
posts in social media marketing the product.
conclusion:

þ  Majority of the Roseñas agree that shifting


to reusable straws will help push towards
the betterment of the state of the Earth’s
environment, however some are still
skeptical.
limitations:

þ  Challenges in the formulation of research


questions and interview questions
þ  Short amount of time
þ  Small amount of participants
þ  Lack of enough studies to support the
thesis
recommendations:

þ  For the community:


•  Contribution of the populace for the
effectivity of the product
•  Non-use of reusable straws

þ  For future researchers:


•  Have a bigger sample
•  Development of better questions
•  Utilization of other fields of data
Thank you!
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https://www.senate.gov.ph/publications/
(2017, September 25). Retrieved from https://ptvnews.ph/air-pollution-public-health-
concerb-philippines/
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