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    Petroleum Formation

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    Zarar Saleem

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Petroleum Formation

    Uploaded by

    Zarar Saleem
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    petroleum formation

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    Petroleum Formation

    Uploaded by

    Zarar Saleem

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    Chapter 6

    Formation of Petroleum in Relation to Geological


    Processes. Timing of Oil and Gas Generation

    6.1 General Scheme of Petroleum Formation


    The history of petroleum formation is summarized as a function of increasing
    burial of the source rock in Figure II.6.1, which represents the abundance and
    composition of the hydrocarbons generated, and in Figure II.6.2, which shows the
    correlative evolution of kerogens. The depth scale represented in Figure II.6.1 is
    based on examples of Mesozoic and Paleozoic source rocks. It is only approximate
    and may vary according to the nature of the original organic matter, its burial

    ' n-Alkanes ! ICycioalkanes llAromatics CnH2n-12!


    ? ? ?

    CiJ
    - Hydrocarbons generated-..
    Q> o ~~~~------------
    c: .' Biochemical CH 4
    '"GI ::::
    .;;;
    o
    ......
    c: ~ 15 25 35 2 4 6 13 20 30 33
    GI
    .:

    bJ~
    Geochemical fossils '"
    c-
    '"
    E ~
    -
    CI E .&:
    u
    '"'"c:
    15 25 35 o 2 4 6 13 20 3033

    [JO
    E
    '"c: ::.:: 2
    '"
    .;;; ~
    -
    ........
    GI .&:
    c: Q..
    II> 0
    o'"
    ...
    u r---a;
    25 35 0 2 4 6 13 20 3033
    c: 3 Ring number Goal om number
    -0
    Q>",

    ~'"
    ~

    =
    !! >-0
    -'"
    II> Cell
    '"c:
    4
    ::E ~

    Fig. II.6.1. General scheme of hydrocarbon formation as a function of burial of the source
    rock. The evolution of the hydrocarbon composition is shown in insets for three structural
    types. Depths are only indicative and correspond to an average on Mesozoic and Paleozoic
    source rocks. Actual depths vary according to the particular geological conditions: type of
    kerogen, burial history, geothermal gradient. (Modified after Tissot et a\., 1974). This
    figure can be compared with other diagrams proposed by Sokolov (in: Kartsev et a\., 1971)
    and Hedberg (1974)

    B. P. Tissot et al., Petroleum Formation and Occurrence


    © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1978
    186 Formation of Petroleum in Relation to Geological Processes
    ~ 200 ~-----------------.
    :r Fig. II .6.2. General scheme of
    u kerogen evolution pr ented
    E on van Krevelen' diagram.
    2
    <I
    The ucce ive evolution
    stage are indicated and the
    principal products generated
    during th at time. (Modified
    after Tissot, 1973)

    100

    050 Principal producls of kerogen


    evolution

    ~ C02,H20
    o 010 020 030 c::J Oil
    _ Gos
    - - -- - - - - - - - - -- . AlomlC OIC

    history and the geothermal gradient. Based on the fundamental knowledge


    presented in the previous chapters, the general scheme of oil and gas formation
    may be summarized as follows.

    6.1.1 Diagenesis

    a) Young Sediments

    At shallow depth, small amounts of hydrocarbons are present. They are inherited
    from living organisms, directly of with minor changes during the early diagenesis
    of the young sediment. They have characteristic structures resulting from their
    biogenic origin, and may be considered as geochemical fossils. At this stage, the
    composition of the kerogen is controlled mainly by the initial input of organic
    matter and by the nature and extent of microbial activity in the upper sedimentary
    layers of sediment.
    The only new hydrocarbon generated at that stage is methane. In special cases,
    microbial activity may result in abundant methane generation (marsh gas).

    b) Immature Stage

    During an appreciable time and depth span, little transformation occurs, as both
    hydrocarbons and kerogen are metastable under near-surface conditions and

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