Tools for Advanced Math on the TI-89

Featuring

Vector Calculus, Linear Algebra, and Differential Geometry

(This is my robot. It has nothing to do with this program, but I like it.)

Eric Beltt
belt0033@tc.umn.edu
http://home.earthlink.net/~ebeltt/
October 26, 2002

Eric Alan Beltt Page 1 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu
 Table of Contents
Table of Contents .............................................................................................................. 2
Introduction....................................................................................................................... 4
Disclaimer ................................................................................................................... 4
Message from the Author............................................................................................ 4
Basics .......................................................................................................................... 5
Installation............................................................................................................... 5
Running the Program .............................................................................................. 5
Entering Parameters ................................................................................................ 5
Results..................................................................................................................... 5
Notes ....................................................................................................................... 5
Graphical User Interface.................................................................................................. 6
Tools ........................................................................................................................... 6
Clean Up ................................................................................................................. 6
Save Result.............................................................................................................. 7
About....................................................................................................................... 7
Evaluate....................................................................................................................... 8
Mode ........................................................................................................................... 8
Vector Calculus ................................................................................................................. 9
Derivatives .................................................................................................................. 9
Gradient................................................................................................................... 9
Directional Derivative............................................................................................. 9
Divergence .............................................................................................................. 9
Curl ....................................................................................................................... 10
Jacobian Matrix..................................................................................................... 10
Hessian Matrix ...................................................................................................... 10
Laplacian............................................................................................................... 10
Taylor’s Theorem (First Order) ............................................................................ 10
Unit Normal .......................................................................................................... 11
Integrals..................................................................................................................... 12
Line Integral.......................................................................................................... 12
Arc Length ............................................................................................................ 12
Surface Integral..................................................................................................... 12
Surface Area.......................................................................................................... 12
Gauss’s Theorem .................................................................................................. 12
Green’s Theorem .................................................................................................. 13
Stokes’ Theorem ................................................................................................... 13
Nth Integral ........................................................................................................... 13
Linear Algebra ................................................................................................................ 14
Matrix........................................................................................................................ 14
Reduced Echelon Form......................................................................................... 14
Determinant........................................................................................................... 14
Trace ..................................................................................................................... 14

Eric Alan Beltt Page 2 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu
 Inverse................................................................................................................... 14
Eigenvalues ........................................................................................................... 15
Vector........................................................................................................................ 15
Dot Product ........................................................................................................... 15
Cross Product ........................................................................................................ 15
Magnitude ............................................................................................................. 15
Unit Vector............................................................................................................ 15
Differential Geometry..................................................................................................... 16
Curve......................................................................................................................... 16
Frenet Frame ......................................................................................................... 16
Curvature............................................................................................................... 16
Torsion .................................................................................................................. 17
Involute ................................................................................................................. 17
Plane Evolute ........................................................................................................ 17
Arclength Function ............................................................................................... 17
Surface ...................................................................................................................... 17
Unit Normal .......................................................................................................... 18
Shape Operator...................................................................................................... 18
Gaussian Curvature............................................................................................... 18
Mean Curvature .................................................................................................... 18
First Fundamental Form........................................................................................ 18
Second Fundamental Form ................................................................................... 19
Christoffel Symbols .............................................................................................. 19
References........................................................................................................................ 20
Vector Calculus......................................................................................................... 20
Linear Algebra .......................................................................................................... 20
Differential Geometry............................................................................................... 20

Eric Alan Beltt Page 3 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu
Introduction

Disclaimer

The topics addressed by this program are relatively complicated. The functions
simply perform a set of operations on the input parameters, so the answer is only as good
as the input. As such, you should take this program for what it is. I designed it as a set of
tools to check my answers on homework and exams. It won’t do the problems for you,
and it won’t replace the good old-fashioned hard work required to succeed in whatever
application you are using the program for.
I spent a good deal of time checking the functions to make sure I could get the
correct answer on sample problems. This doesn’t mean that the program is bug free.
Since it is written in basic, it’s very unlikely that it will damage your calculator, but it
may not produce the correct answer under certain circumstances. If you are going to
blame me for incorrect answers, please don’t use this program. If you believe you found
a mistake, please email me so I can fix it immediately. Check to make sure I haven’t
already fixed it in a new version as well. The same goes for this document.
Lastly, I would like to point out that this document isn’t a math textbook. If you
don’t know what the functions are for, you probably won’t learn by reading through this.
The notation I used might also be different than what you are used to. If you would like
to know more about a formula that I used, you can consult the specific textbook where I
found it. Each of them is listed at the end of this document.

Message from the Author

My motivation for designing the set of functions that this program is based on was
rather selfish. I just wanted to make it a little easier to get through multivariable calculus.
I decided to release the set of functions, hoping it would do the same for some other
people. Since then, I have had several people email me asking for a better explanation of
how the functions work, and I suspect that a lot more people just gave up without asking
for help. That’s why I decided to write this program. My hope was that by making the
functions easier to use, they would be more useful to people. I sincerely hope that I have
accomplished that.
If you get a lot of use out of this program, I would love to hear from you. As I
say in the “About” section of the program, questions, comments and requests are
welcome and appreciated. If you find a bug or if there is something you would like me
to add to the next release, please let me know. I hope this document answers all of your
questions, but feel free to email me if you still have some.

Eric Alan Beltt Page 4 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu
Basics

Installation
You need to install the program and all of the functions into a folder called mv.
Beyond that, there is nothing special you need to do.

Running the Program

The main program is called tool( ). Just enter this in the calculator and press
enter. You will have to wait about 30 seconds the first time you run it, but it should start
up quickly when you run it in the future. If you are not in the mv folder when you start
the program, you will need to type mv\tool( ) to start the program. The program runs
from that folder, but will return to your current folder when you exit. If the program
doesn’t stop normally, you will need to change the folder back manually.

Entering Parameters
Almost every parameter you will enter while using this program needs to be in the
form of a vector. Even if there is only one element, you still need to put brackets [ ]
around it. You can determine the proper form from the input example in the dialog box.
If there are brackets, you need to use them. If there are none, you shouldn’t use them. I
would have made it simpler, but the nature of advanced math requires the use of vectors.

Results
Each time a computation is performed, the result is temporarily stored to a
variable called mv_ans. If you want to save the result permanently, use the “Save
Result” feature under the “Tools” menu. Remember that your saved variable will be in
the mv folder unless you specify the folder you want in the variable name (ex: main\var).

Notes
You may notice that there is an annoying “feature” built into the TI-89. Every
time a dialog box appears, Alpha-Lock is turned on. If you want to disable this, there is
at least one program out there to do it. The one I found is called autoaoff. I haven’t tried
it and I am not associated with it, nor do I take any responsibility for what it does to your
calculator. If you really find auto Alpha-Lock annoying though, this is the way to disable
it.

Eric Alan Beltt Page 5 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu
 Graphical User Interface

Tools

Clean Up

This feature deletes all of the unnecessary variables that are generated while using
the program. The program saves the information you enter into a dialog box as various
strings to save you from unnecessary repetition. If you want the dialog boxes for a
function to start empty, just use Clean Up before hand. This does not delete saved
variables. Clean Up also clears the screen.

Eric Alan Beltt Page 6 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu
Save Result

This feature allows you to save the previous result to a permanent variable. If you
want the result saved to a folder other than mv, you need to specify that in the variable
name. For example, main\temp would save the contents of mv_ans to a variable in the
main folder called temp.

About

About displays what is shown in the picture above. Notice that the program’s
version number is listed in the title of the dialog box.

Eric Alan Beltt Page 7 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu
Evaluate

Evaluate takes the previous result and evaluates it at the given point. It uses the
function fofg to accomplish this. The result is stored in a variable called mv_eval.
Notice that title of the previous computation is displayed in the dialog box. You will
need to know the appropriate number of coordinates for the point.

Mode

Mode is where you choose what set of functions will be displayed in the toolbar.
The default is Vector Calculus. If you want to change the default mode, you will need to
edit the program. There is a variable responsible for the default mode is called
mv_mode, and it is located near the top of the code.

Eric Alan Beltt Page 8 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu
 Vector Calculus

Derivatives

Gradient
r r  ∂f r ∂f r ∂f r 
∇f ( x ) =  ( x ), ( x ),..., ( x ) 
∂
 1x ∂x 2 ∂x n 
r
grad ( f , x )

Directional Derivative
r r r r
D f ( x ) = ∇f ( x ) ⋅ u
r
u

r r
dirder ( f , x , u )

Divergence
r r ∂F ∂F ∂F
div( F ( x )) = 1 + 2 + 3
∂x1 ∂x 2 ∂x3
r r
div ( F , x )

Eric Alan Beltt Page 9 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu
Curl
r r  ∂F ∂F ∂F ∂F ∂F ∂F 
curl ( F ( x )) =  3 − 2 , 1 − 3 , 2 − 1 
 ∂x 2 ∂x3 ∂x3 ∂x1 ∂x1 ∂x 2 
r r
curl ( F , x )

Jacobian Matrix
r  ∂f r 
Jf =  i (x ) 
 ∂x j 
r r
jacobian ( F , x )

Hessian Matrix
v  ∂2 f r 
Hf ( x ) =  ( x )
∂
 j i
x ∂x 
r
hessian ( f , x )

Laplacian
r2 r ∂2 f r ∂2 f r ∂2 f r
∇ f (x) = 2 (x) + 2 (x) + 2 (x)
∂x ∂y ∂z
r
laplace ( f , x )

Taylor’s Theorem (First Order)

r r r r r r 1 r r r r r
f ( x ) = f ( a ) + ∇f ( a ) ⋅ ( x − a ) + ( x − a ) T Hf ( x 0 )( x − a )
2
r r
vtaylor ( f , x , a )

Eric Alan Beltt Page 10 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu
Unit Normal
r r r r
gu × gv r ∂g r ∂g
U xr = r r : gu = , gv =
gu × gv ∂x1 ∂x 2
r
unit _ n( g , x )

Eric Alan Beltt Page 11 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu
Integrals

Line Integral
r r r r r
∫ F ⋅ dx = ∫ F ( f (t )) ⋅ f ′(t )dt
C L

r r r
vline ( F , x , f , t , L)

Arc Length
r
L(C ) = ∫ f ′(t ) dt
C

r
arclngth ( f , t , C )

Surface Integral
r r
r ∂f ∂f
∫∫M gdσ = ∫∫R g ( f ( s, t )) ∂s × ∂t dsdt
r r
vsurface( g , σ , f , [ s t ], Rs , Rt )

Surface Area
r r
∂f ∂f
σ ( M ) = ∫∫ × dsdt
R
∂s ∂t
r
surfarea( f , [ s t ], Rs , Rt )

Gauss’s Theorem
r r r
∫∫
∂S
F ⋅ n = ∫∫∫ div
S
( F )dV

Eric Alan Beltt Page 12 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu
 r r
gauss( F , x , S1 , S 2 , S 3 )

Green’s Theorem
 ∂F2 ∂F1 
∫∂R F1 dx + F 2 dy = ∫∫R  ∂x − ∂y dA
r r
green ( F , x , R1 , R2 )

Stokes’ Theorem
r r
r r r r r r  ∂f ∂f 
∫∂MF ⋅ dx = ∫∫M curl ( F ) ⋅ ndσ = ∫∫R curl ( F ( f ( s, t )) ⋅  ∂s × ∂t dsdt
r r r
stokes ( F , x , f , [s t ]R1 , R2 )

Nth Integral

∫ FdL,∫∫ FdA, ∫∫∫ FdV ,...

r
nth ( F , x )
Note: There isn’t actually an “nth” function. The code is included in the main program.
The number of integrations and their order are determined by the vector x. Bounds are
gathered through successive dialog boxes.

Eric Alan Beltt Page 13 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu
 Linear Algebra

Matrix

Reduced Echelon Form

a1 0 0 x1 
0 a2 0 x 2 

 0 0 an x n 

rref ( A) (TI-89)

Determinant
det([A]) = ∏ λi

det ( A) (TI-89)

Trace
tr ([ A]) = ∑ λi

trc ( A)

Inverse
[A] ⋅ [A]−1 = 1
Eric Alan Beltt Page 14 October 26, 2002
belt0033@tc.umn.edu
A −1 (TI-89)

Eigenvalues
[A]vr = λvr
eigenval ( A)

Vector

r
x : ℜn → ℜm

Dot Product
r r
dotP ( x, y ) = x ⋅ y
r r
dotP ( x , y ) (TI-89)

Cross Product
r r
crossP ( x, y ) = x × y
r r
crossP ( x , y ) (TI-89)

Magnitude
r r r
x = x⋅x
r
mag (x )

Unit Vector
r
x
u xr = r
x
r
unitV (x )

Eric Alan Beltt Page 15 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu
 Differential Geometry

Curve

α (t ) : I → ℜ 3

Frenet Frame
 α′ 
 
T   α′ 
 N  =  α ′ × α ′′ × α ′ 
   α ′ × α ′′ α ′ 
 B   
 α ′ × α ′′ 
 α ′ × α ′′ 
 

frenet (α , t )

Curvature
α ′ × α ′′
κ=
α′
3

frenet _ k (α , t )

Eric Alan Beltt Page 16 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu
Torsion

τ=
(α ′ × α ′′) ⋅ α ′′′
α ′ × α ′′
2

frenet _ t (α , t )

Involute
α ′(t ) t α ′(t )
Ι(t ) = α (t ) − s(t ) = α (t ) − ∫ α ′(u ) du
α ′(t ) 0 α ′(t )

involute (α , t )

Plane Evolute
1
ε (t ) = α (t ) + N (t )
κ (t )

evolute (α , t )
Note: This function is only valid for plane curves.

Arclength Function

t
s(t ) = ∫ α ′(u ) du
0

arcl ngth (α , u , t )
Note: This function doesn’t exist as it is shown above. The third parameter of the
arclngth function is actually the integration bounds. The main program uses the arclngth
function and, in the place of t above, supplies the bounds [0,t].

Surface

r r r r r
r 3 r ∂x r ∂x r ∂2x r ∂2x r ∂2x
x (u , v) : D → ℜ , xu = , xv = , xuu = 2 , xuv = , xvv = 2
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂u∂v ∂v

Eric Alan Beltt Page 17 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu
Unit Normal
r r
xu × x v
U xr = r r = (u1 , u 2 , u 3 )
xu × x v
r
unit _ N ( x , [u v])

Shape Operator
r d d d 
S p (v ) = −∇ vrU = − (u1 (α (t )), (u 2 (α (t )), (u 3 (α (t ))  t =0
 dt dt dt 
r
shape( x, [u v])

Gaussian Curvature
ln − m2
K ( p ) = det( S p ) =
EG − F 2
r
gauss _ k ( x , [u v])

Mean Curvature
1 Gl + En − 2 Fm
H ( p) = trace ( S p ) =
2 (
2 EG − F 2 )
r
mean _ h( x , [u v])

First Fundamental Form

r r
 E   xu ⋅ xu 
 F  =  xr ⋅ xr 
   ru r v 
G   xv ⋅ xv 
r
diff _ efg ( x , [u v])

Eric Alan Beltt Page 18 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu
Second Fundamental Form
r r r
 l   S ( xu ) ⋅ xu  U ⋅ xuu 
m =  S ( xr ) ⋅ xr  = U ⋅ xr 
   ru r v   ruv 
 n   S ( xv ) ⋅ xv  U ⋅ xvv 
r
diff _ lmn( x , [u v])

Christoffel Symbols
 Eu Ev 
 −
Γuuu Γuuv   2 E 2G 
 u  E Gu 
Γuv Γuvv  =  v 
 Γvvu  2E 2G 
 Γvvv   Gu Gv 
− 2 E 2G 

r
christof ( x , [u v])

Eric Alan Beltt Page 19 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu
 References

Vector Calculus

Barr, Thomas H. Vector Calculus. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997

Linear Algebra

Golubitsky, Martin, and Michael Dellnitz. Linear Algebra and Differential Equations
using Matlab. New York: Brooks/Cole, 1999

Differential Geometry

Opera, John. Differential Geometry and its Applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall, 1997

Eric Alan Beltt Page 20 October 26, 2002

belt0033@tc.umn.edu