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    Water and Wastewater Treatment (CEGE0022) : Sand Filtration - Part 2

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    This document provides an overview of sand filtration and backwashing processes. It discusses key learning outcomes related to understanding backwashing, fluidized beds, and calculating fluidization velocity and head loss in an expanded filter bed. Equations and videos are presented to explain concepts such as how backwashing fluidizes the sand bed, calculates minimum fluidization velocity, and determines expanded bed depth and head loss. Design considerations and an example calculation are also provided.

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    Water and Wastewater Treatment (CEGE0022) : Sand Filtration - Part 2

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    abdul5721
    55 views14 pages
    This document provides an overview of sand filtration and backwashing processes. It discusses key learning outcomes related to understanding backwashing, fluidized beds, and calculating fluidization velocity and head loss in an expanded filter bed. Equations and videos are presented to explain concepts such as how backwashing fluidizes the sand bed, calculates minimum fluidization velocity, and determines expanded bed depth and head loss. Design considerations and an example calculation are also provided.

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    This document provides an overview of sand filtration and backwashing processes. It discusses key learning outcomes related to understanding backwashing, fluidized beds, and calculating fluidization velocity and head loss in an expanded filter bed. Equations and videos are presented to explain concepts such as how backwashing fluidizes the sand bed, calculates minimum fluidization velocity, and determines expanded bed depth and head loss. Design considerations and an example calculation are also provided.

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    55 views14 pages

    Water and Wastewater Treatment (CEGE0022) : Sand Filtration - Part 2

    Uploaded by

    abdul5721
    This document provides an overview of sand filtration and backwashing processes. It discusses key learning outcomes related to understanding backwashing, fluidized beds, and calculating fluidization velocity and head loss in an expanded filter bed. Equations and videos are presented to explain concepts such as how backwashing fluidizes the sand bed, calculates minimum fluidization velocity, and determines expanded bed depth and head loss. Design considerations and an example calculation are also provided.

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    DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL, ENVIRONMENTAL and GEOMATIC ENGINEERING

    WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT


    (CEGE0022)

    SAND FILTRATION – Part 2

    DR LUIZA C. CAMPOS
    Learning Outcomes

    •to understand the backwashing process


    • to be able to identify a fluidised bed
    • to be able to calculate the fluidisation velocity
    • to be able to calculate head loss in an expanded filter bed

    Watch these videos:

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SdN3g85zfzM

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31ZUXx6NXDA
    2
    Backwashing

    Rapid gravity, granular media filters need regular


    backwashing to remove clogging deposits and maintain
    efficient operation.

    Backwashing of a gravity filter involves upward flow to


    dislodge the deposits that have accumulated during
    filtration and flush them away.

    3
    Filter backwashing

    (1) Start with air


    (2) Air + water

    (3) Air + water (4) Wash water flow time 10 min

    Watch this video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whwEBxqa3yU


    Backwashing

    Backwashing fluidises the bed Area,a

    Fluidised bed:
    solid particles/grains suspended by
    fluidising medium, e.g. gas or liquid
    when grains in equilibrium
    sand
    upward force = downward force

    5
    Backwashing

    Downward force = weight of grains in water

    FD  ALe 1   e  s   g (7)

    A : X-sectional area
    Le : Expanded depth of bed
    e : porosity of expanded bed
    s : density of grains

    Upward force = pressure difference * area


    Fup= ρgheA (8)

    where he is the head loss


    6
    Backwashing
    Equating the downward (Eq. 7) and upward (Eq. 8) forces gives

     Le 1   e  s   g
    A
     ghe (9)

    A
    Rearranging gives an expression for the head loss gradient in a fluidised bed

    1  e s    he (10) (Fair and Hatch, 1933)


     Le

    7
    The head loss (hydraulic gradient) can also be given by the
    Kozeny-Carman equation as
    he u  1   e 2 36
    5 (11)
    Le g   e 3 ds 2

    where ds is grain diameter, m is dynamic viscosity of water.


    Equating Eq (10) and (11) gives
    1  e  s   
    5
    u  1   e 2 36 (12)
     g  e3 ds2

    which can be rearranged to give an expression for the


    minimum fluidisation velocity, umf.
    g s    e3ds2 (13)
    umf 
    180  1  e  8
    Expanded Depth of Bed
    x
    u 
    Porosity of expanded bed can be related to settling velocity vt
     e    (14)
     vt 
    Where x is an experimental value equal to 0.22

    The volume of the sand in an unexpanded bed will equal the volume of sand in
    an expanded bed

    AL0 (1 - ε ) = A Le ( 1 - εe ) (15)

    L1  0 
    L e  L0
    1  0 
    (16)
    Le 
    0.22
    (17)

    1  e  u
    1   
     vt 
    Need to calculate terminal settling velocity
    9
    Design Considerations

    • Aim for expanded bed porosity of 0.6 to 0.7 (initial porosity


    usually 0.4 for sand)
    • Expanded depth 1.2 to 1.55 times original depth
    • Ensure no loss of media

    Minimum fluidisation velocity


    • Calculate fluidisation velocity for each fraction
    • Take maximum value
    Bed Expansion
    • Calculate expanded bed length for each fraction
    • Add up values
    10
    Exercise – bed expansion and fluidisation velocity
    Data:
    0 0.4
    L 0.67 m
     0.85
    K 5
    ds 0.0004 m
     0.00102 Nms-2
    vt 0.39 ms-1
     998.2 kgm-3
    s 2650 kgm-3
    g 9.81ms-2
    e 0.65

    Calculate the minimum fluidisation velocity and using Fair-Hatch equation


    calculate the expanded depth of bed ?

    g s    e3ds2 umf = 0.011 ms-1


    umf 
    180  1  e  = 39.6 mh-1

    ௢ ଴
    ௘ Le=1.14m
    ௘ 11
    Head loss in expanded bed
    Consider the simplest case of a single media filter.
    Equation 10 gives us the head loss gradient in the fluidised bed as
    1   e  s     h e (10)
     Le
    If we want to know the backwash head loss, we need to eliminate Le
    and e from the equation, as they are not known and not easily
    measured.

    We know that in the fluidised bed the total volume of solids is unchanged

    L e  L0
    1  0 
    1  e  (16)

    So we can substitute Le in Equation 10 using Equation 16 and we get

    ௦
    ௘ ଴ (18)
    12
    For a typical filter sand we know that the voidage, 0 = 0.4 and the
    density, s=2650 kg/m3 , so we can put these values into the
    equation 18
     = 1000 kgm-3

    0.6 x1650 xL
    h
    1000
     h  Lo

    where the head loss is measured in m of water and the bed depth
    is also in m.

    Note: this is a very useful thing to remember for sand filters. But,
    please remember it only applies to sand, as the figures we plugged
    into the equation were for sand only
    13
    Acknowledgement

    Part of these lectures was taken from the lectures of Dr R.


    Mackie (University of Dundee) and Professor Caroline
    Fitzpatrick (UCL).

    References
    Qasim et al. 2000 Water works engineering – planning, design & operation.

    Casey, T.J. 1997 Unit treatment processes in water and wastewater engineering

    14

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