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    Chapter 1.2 - Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

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    hudarusli
    The document introduces basic concepts in thermodynamics including temperature, pressure, systems and properties. It discusses converting between temperature scales, defining specific volume and pressure, and measuring pressure using devices like manometers. A 5-step problem solving technique is also outlined to guide calculations: stating known values, the goal, drawing a diagram, assumptions, and analysis using equations.

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    Chapter 1.2 - Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

    Uploaded by

    hudarusli
    21 views21 pages
    The document introduces basic concepts in thermodynamics including temperature, pressure, systems and properties. It discusses converting between temperature scales, defining specific volume and pressure, and measuring pressure using devices like manometers. A 5-step problem solving technique is also outlined to guide calculations: stating known values, the goal, drawing a diagram, assumptions, and analysis using equations.

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    CHAPTER 1.2 - BASIC CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS

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    The document introduces basic concepts in thermodynamics including temperature, pressure, systems and properties. It discusses converting between temperature scales, defining specific volume and pressure, and measuring pressure using devices like manometers. A 5-step problem solving technique is also outlined to guide calculations: stating known values, the goal, drawing a diagram, assumptions, and analysis using equations.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    21 views21 pages

    Chapter 1.2 - Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

    Uploaded by

    hudarusli
    The document introduces basic concepts in thermodynamics including temperature, pressure, systems and properties. It discusses converting between temperature scales, defining specific volume and pressure, and measuring pressure using devices like manometers. A 5-step problem solving technique is also outlined to guide calculations: stating known values, the goal, drawing a diagram, assumptions, and analysis using equations.

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    CHAPTER 1b:

    BASIC CONCEPTS OF
    THERMODYNAMICS

    1
    CONTENTS
     Thermodynamics and Energy
     Dimensions and Units
     Systems and Properties
     State, Processes and Cycles
     Temperature
     Pressure and Measuring Devices
     Problem Solving Technique
    2
    LESSON OBJECTIVES

    At the end of the lesson, you should be


    able to:-
     Convert kPa / MPa to bar and vice versa
     Find absolute pressure for a given system
     Convert temperature from deg C to Kelvin
     Apply the 5-steps problem solving technique

    3
    TEMPERATURE
     Measure of hotness and coldness
     Transfer of heat from higher to lower temp. until both bodies attain
    the same temp. At that point, heat transfer stops and the two bodies
    have reached thermal equilibrium

    Zeroth Law of If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a


    Thermodynamics third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium
    with each other.

    A (30oC) C (30oC) It is not necessary to bring those 2 bodies into contact,


    we only need to see whether they are individually in
    C (30oC) B (30oC) thermal equilibrium with a third body. Usually the third
    body is a thermometer.

    Adiabatic Process, Isothermal Process 4


    TEMPERATURE (CONT’D)

    T(K) = T(C) + 273.15 Rounded off to 273

    T(R) = T(F) + 459.67 T(R) = 1.8T(K)

    T(F ) = 1.8T(C) + 32 T(R) = T(F) = 1.8T(K)

    T(K) = (T2C +273.15) - (T1C + 273.15)


    = T2C - T1C
    = TC

    T
    5
    SPECIFIC VOLUME

    It is defined as :
    1 V Unit: m3/kg
    v 
     m

    Or for a unit mole basis

    V V .M Unit: m3/kmol
    v   v.M
    n m

    Where M is the molecular weight in kg/kmol

    6
    PRESSURE

     Defined as the normal force exerted by a


    fluid per unit area:
    Force F Unit: N/m2 or Pa
    P 
    Area A

    7
    PRESSURE (CONT’D)
     Pressure discussed above is called absolute pressure. In thermo, absolute
    pressure is always used unless otherwise stated.

     Pressure measuring device often indicate the difference between absolute


    pressure in a system and that of the atmosphere.

     The magnitude of the difference is called:


     Gauge Pressure , when Pabs> Patm

    Pgage  Pabs  Patm

     Vacuum Pressure, when Pabs< Patm

    Pvac  Patm  Pabs

    8
    EXAMPLES

    1. A vacuum gage connected to a chamber reads 5.8 psi at a location


    where the atmospheric pressure is 14.5 psi. Determine the absolute
    pressure in the chamber.

    Given that: Pvac  5.8 psi


    Patm  14.5 psi
    Therefore: Pabs  Patm  Pvac  14.5  5.8  8.7 psi

    2. The absolute pressure inside a tank is 0.2 bar, and the surrounding
    atmospheric pressure is 101 kPa. What reading would a pressure
    gauge mounted in the tank wall give, in kPa? Is this a gauge of vacuum
    reading?
    Ans: 81 kPa (yes) 9
    EXERCISES
    1. A vacuum gage connected to a tank reads 30 kPa at a
    location where the atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa. What
    is the absolute pressure in the tank?
    Ans: 68 kPa

    2. A pressure gage connected to a valve stern of a truck


    tire reads 240 kPa at a location where the atmospheric
    pressure is 100 kPa. What is the absolute pressure in
    the tire, in kPa?
    Ans: 340 kPa

    10
    PRESSURE MEASURING
    DEVICES

    11
    PRESSURE MEASURING
    DEVICES

    12
    PRESSURE MEASURING
    DEVICES

    13
    PRESSURE MEASURING
    DEVICES
     Pressure measuring devices includes manometer and bourdon tube.

     Manometer • Measures small to moderate pressure difference


    • Differential fluid column of height L corresponds to a pressure
    difference between the system and the surrounding of the
    manometer

    P  Pabs  Patm   .g .h

    14
    PRESSURE MEASURING
     Pressure - Pascal Law

    P  Pabs  Patm   .g .h
    APPLICATION

    Pascal’s law: The pressure applied


    to a confined fluid increases the
    pressure throughout by the same
    amount.

    16
    EXAMPLE & EXERCISE
    1. Determine the gauge pressure, in kPa, equivalent to a
    manometer reading of 1 cm of water (density 1000 kg/m3).

    Given that: h  0 .01 m ,   1000 kg / m 3

    Therefore:  P   . g .h  (1000 ).( 9 .8).( 0 .01)  98 Pa

    2. Determine the gauge pressure, in kPa, equivalent to a


    manometer reading of 1 cm of mercury (density 13.59
    times that of water).
    Ans: 1333.18 N/m2

    17
    PROBLEM-SOLVING
    TECHNIQUE
    • A five-step problem solution format
    • To guide our thinking

    KNOWN State what is known

    FIND State what is to determined

    Sketch, label with given data, identify closed


    SCHEMATIC syst or CV

    List simplifying assumptions and idealization


    ASSUMPTIONS

    ANALYSIS Use equations/relations to give results, check


    units 18
    EXAMPLE

    A manometer is attached to a tank of gas in which the pressure is


    greater than that of the surroundings. The manometer liquid is
    mercury, with a density of 13.59 g/cm3. The difference in mercury
    levels in the manometer is 2 cm. Atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa.
    Calculate (in kPa), the gauge and absolute pressure of the gas.

    Step 1: Known
    h  2 cm  0.02m
    Patm  98kPa
    6
    3  13 . 59   10  3 3
     Hg  13 . 59 g / cm   kg   3
      (13 . 59 ). 10
     kg / m
     1000  m 

    Step 2: Find
    Pg , Pabs

    19
    EXAMPLE (CONT’D)
    Step 3: Sketch the system Step 4: State assumptions
    Gas density is lower than density of
    mercury

    Step 5: Use equations

    P  Pabs  Patm   .g .h

    20
    Summary of Chapter 1

     Thermodynamics and energy  Processes and cycles


     Application areas of
    thermodynamics  Temperature and the zeroth law
    of thermodynamics
     Importance of dimensions and
    units  Pressure
     Some SI and English units,
     The manometer and the
     Systems and control volumes atmospheric pressure
     Properties of a system
     Density and specific gravity
     Problem solving technique
     State and equilibrium
     The state postulate

    21

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