Bio 150-Experiment 1

Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 8

FAKULTI SAINS GUNAAN

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA


CAWANGAN PAHANG KAMPUS JENGKA

BIO150 – METABOLISM & CELL DIVISION


SCIENTIFIC LAB REPORT

NAME: STUDENT ID:


NOOR AZYANA NADHIRAH BINTI MAT NOOR 2022661428
NUR SARA SOFEA BINTI MUSTAFFA 2022896072
NUR SYAZA IZZATI BINTI MAT DAUD 2022866042
NUR AINA MAISARAH BINTI JAMALUDIN

GROUP : AS1202G

EXPERIMENT TITLE : ENZYME-THE FASTEST ENZYME:CATALASE

LECTURER : DR. NUR ATHIRAH BINTI ABDULLAH

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 3/4/2023

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Declaration of Academic Honesty

Academic honesty or academic integrity is a very important virtue that all students should
uphold at all times.

I declare that the lab report submitted is not plagiarised and is entirely my own work, and
that no part of it has been copied from any work produced by other person(s)/ source(s) or
provided by any other student(s).

I understand that issuing a false declaration can result in severe penalties and I am willing to
be penalized if any form of copying found valid.
Introduction

Enzyme are proteins who act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions. It
facilitate the biological reaction without being change. The molecules upon which enzymes
may act are called substrates and the enzyme converts the substrates into different
molecules known as products. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in biochemical
reactions. Enzymes are important to speed up many reactions. Without enzymes, the
reaction can still occur but at slower rate to support life. It does this by lowering the activation
energy of reaction.

Activation energy is the energy input required by the reaction to begin. Chemical reaction
is a process of forming and breaking of chemical bonds,leading the changes of starting
materials to the new products. Chemical reactions need an initial input of energy for bonds in
the substrate can break or form. With the presence of an enzyme, the reaction runs in the
same direction as it would without the enzyme, just more quickly.

Catalase is a key enzyme which use hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic
substance inside the cells which reacts with other molecules and disturbs cell action. This
enzyme is responsible for neutralization through decomposition of hydrogen peroxide,
thereby maintaining an optimum level of the molecule in the cell.

The problem statements are temperature, total surface and types of samples may have
affected the enzyme and show the different reaction in every samples.

There are three hypothesis for this experiment. First, if the temperature is higher ,then the
catalase activity lesser. Second, if the surface area is larger, then the catalase activity is
higher. Third, animal cells have more catalase than plant cells.
Problem statement
1. How temperature can influence rate of reaction?
2. How enzyme concentration can influence rate of reaction?
3. How the types of samples can influences rate of reaction?

Hypothesis
1. If temperature increase, the rate of reaction increase, it goes above the optimum
level it will denature, the rate of reaction will decreased.
2. If the enzyme concentration is high, the rate of reaction will be higher.
3. The liver has more catalase compared to potato. So, the rate of reaction of the liver
will be higher.

Objective
1. Identify the factors influence the reactions of catalase enzyme.
2. Analyse the reactions of catalase on different samples.

Apparatus and Materials

Hydrogen peroxide
3 pieces of 1 cm cube of raw liver
2 pieces of 1 cm cube of raw kidney
2 pieces of 1 cm cube of raw potato
7 test tubes
Test tube holder
Dropper
250 ml graduated cylinder
Bunsen burner
Wire gauze and tripod stand
250 ml beaker
Scalpel
Mortar and pestle
Assorted rubber stoppers
Forceps
Spatula
Splinter
Method
1. 2cm hydrogen peroxide solutions poured into a clean cube tube. 1 cm liver cube was
cut and dropped into a hydrogen peroxide test cube. We observe carefully and
record what happened. The pressured oxygen tested by using a splint.
2. A piece of liver the same size as before has been taken and place it in a mortar. The
ground liver has been ground and transferred to a test cube containing the fresh
hydrogen peroxide. The activity of the ground of liver should be noted compares with
the activity observed for the whole piece of liver.
3. Another of piece of liver has been taken and put in a beaker of boiling water for three
minutes. Then, the piece of liver has dropped into fresh hydrogen peroxide and find
out the enzyme is still capable of breaking down the hydrogen peroxide.
4. The experiment using other samples has been carried out: potato to find out if they
contain the catalase enzyme.
Result
*Please include each member individual data sheet as printed from the lab manual
Discussion
In this experiment, there are three factors that influence the rate of reaction. For the
first one is temperature. As with pH, reactions also have an optimum temperature where the
enzyme functions most effectively. It will still function at higher and lower temperatures, but
the rate will be less. For many biological reactions, the optimum temperature is at
physiological conditions which is around 37℃ which is normal body temperature. Many
enzymes lose function at lower and higher temperatures. At higher temperatures, an
enzyme's shape deteriorates. Only when the temperature comes back to normal does the
enzyme regain its shape and normal activity unless the temperature was so high that it
caused irreversible damage. (Allison Soult, 2021).
The 3-D structures of proteins are sensitive to their environment. As a consequence,
each enzyme works better under some conditions than others, because these optimal
conditions favor the most active shape for the enzyme. Temperature and pH are
environmental factors important in the activity of an enzyme. Up to a point, the rate of an
enzymatic reaction increases with increasing temperature, partly because substrates collide
with active sites more frequently when the molecules move rapidly. Above that temperature,
however, the speed of the enzymatic reaction drops sharply. The thermal agitation of the
enzyme molecule disrupts the hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and other weak interactions that
stabilize the active shape of the enzyme, and the protein molecule eventually denatures.
Each enzyme has an optimal temperature at which its reaction rate is greatest.Without
denaturing the enzyme, this temperature allows the greatest number of molecular collisions
and the fastest conversion of the reactants to product molecules. (Campbell, page 155)
The second factors is enzyme concentration. The transient bonds between enzymes
and their substrates catalyze the reactions by decreasing the activation energy and
stabilizing the transition state. Given the exceeding amount of substrates and the necessary
cofactors, enzymatic reactions possessing higher enzyme concentrations will reach
equilibrium before those with the same enzyme but at lower concentrations. Simply put,
higher enzyme concentration indicates that more enzyme molecules are available to process
the substrate. The high levels of enzyme-substrate complex result in a higher initial catalytic
rate, which gives the reaction a headstart in the shift toward reactant-product equilibrium.
(Allison Soult, 2021).
The concentration of the enzyme is important in chemical reaction as it is needed to
react with the substrate. Often a small amount of enzyme can consume a large amount of
substrate. However, with the increase of enzyme concentration, the effectiveness of the
active sites also increases, so these active sites will convert the substrate molecules into
products. This basically means that if the concentration of the enzyme is to be increased,
there needs to be an excess of substrate, in other words, which means that the reaction
must be independent of the concentration of the substrate. (San Diego Convention
Center,2023).
The last factor is the types of examples which is the liver have more catalase
compared to potato.So the rate of reaction of the liver will be higher than potato.

References (APA style)

Campbell, N.A., & J.B. Reece. 2008. Biology, 8th ed. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, San
Fransisco
B. K. Vainshtein, W. R.-A. (1981, October 1). Three-dimensional Structure of The Enzyme
Catalase. Retrieved from nature.com: https://www.nature.com/articles/293411a0

Gabi Nindl, N. R. (2004). Effect of hydrogen peroxide on proliferation, apoptosis and


interleukin-2 production of Jurkat T cells. Retrieved from PubMed.gov:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15133946/

Key, J. A. (n.d.). Factors that Affect the Rate of Reactions. Retrieved from opentextbc.ca:
https://opentextbc.ca/introductorychemistry/chapter/factorsthat-affect-the-rate-of-reactions-2/

Anonymous. (n.d.). Chemical Reactions. Retrieved from Khanacademy.org:


https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/chemistry--of-life/chemical bonds-and-
reactions/a/chemical-reactions-article
Appendices

*Please include all individual datasheets from previous lab*

You might also like