CBMT2103 Intro To Multimedia Tech Caug14 (RS) (M)

Faculty of Science and Technology
CBMT2103
Introduction to
Multimedia Technology
Copyright © Open University Malaysia (OUM)

CBMT2103
INTRODUCTION TO
MULTIMEDIA
TECHNOLOGY
Majumin Hanum Abdul Samad

Project Directors: Prof Dato’ Dr Mansor Fadzil
Assoc Prof Dr Norlia T. Goolamally
Open University Malaysia
Module Writer: Majumin Hanum Abdul Samad

Moderators: Dr Rahmita Wirza

Universiti Putra Malaysia
Yuzery Yusoff
Developed by: Centre for Instructional Design and Technology

First Edition, August 2014 (rs)

Copyright © Open University Malaysia (OUM), August 2014, CBMT2103
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means
without the written permission of the President, Open University Malaysia (OUM).

Table of Contents
Course Guide xiii-xvii
Topic 1 Introduction to Multimedia Technology 1

1.1 Definition of Multimedia 2
1.2 History and Concepts of Multimedia 4
1.3 Features of Multimedia 5
1.3.1 Interactivity 6
1.3.2 Navigation 7
1.3.3 Hyperlink 8
1.3.4 Easy to Use, Easy to Understand 9
1.4 Types of Media 10
1.4.1 Text 11
1.4.2 Graphics 13
1.4.3 Animation 15
1.4.4 Audio 16
1.4.5 Video 17
Summary 19
Key Terms 19
Topic 2 Multimedia Technology Applications 20

2.1 Multimedia Technology Applications 20
2.1.1 Video Teleconferencing 21
2.1.2 Multimedia via E-mail 23
2.1.3 Reference Source 24
2.1.4 Edutainment and Infotainment 24
2.1.5 Advertising and Purchasing 26
2.1.6 Digital Library 28
2.1.7 Education and Health Applications 30
2.1.8 Other Applications 31
2.2 Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) 32
2.3 Application for MSC Status 33
2.4 MSC Flagship Applications 33
2.4.1 Electronic Government 34
2.4.2 Multipurpose Cards 35
2.4.3 Smart Schools 36

iv  TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.4.4 Telemedicine 36
2.4.5 Research and Development Clusters 37
2.4.6 Worldwide Manufacturing Webs 38
2.4.7 Borderless Marketing Centres 38
Summary 40
Key Terms 40
Topic 3 Multimedia Hardware 41

3.1 Multimedia Computer System Standards 41
3.2 Basic Hardware of a Multimedia Computer System 43
3.2.1 Microprocessor 44
3.2.2 Main Memory 45
3.2.3 Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM) 45
3.2.4 Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) 47
3.2.5 Video Capture Card 47
3.2.6 Sound Card and Speakers 48
3.2.7 Communication Device: Modem 50
3.3 Input and Output Devices 51
3.3.1 Input Devices 51
3.3.2 Output Devices 55
3.4 Storage 58
3.5 Guidelines for Choosing a Multimedia Computer 59
3.5.1 Price 61
3.5.2 SystemÊs Performance 61
3.5.3 Needs 62
Summary 63
Key Terms 63
Topic 4 Development and Future of Multimedia Technology 64

4.1 Development of Multimedia Technology 64
4.1.1 Price 65
4.1.2 Development of DVD Technology 65
4.1.3 Software Development 66
4.1.4 Internet 66
4.1.5 Increased Usage of Computers 67
4.1.6 Mobile Multimedia Computing 67
4.1.7 Wearable Computing 67

TABLE OF CONTENTS  v
4.2 The Challenges and the Future of Multimedia Technology 68

4.2.1 Computer Equipment 68
4.2.2 Operating Systems 69
4.2.3 Storage 69
4.2.4 Virtual Environment 70
Summary 72
Key Terms 72
Topic 5 Text 73
5.1 Definition and the Importance of Text 74
5.2 Text in Multimedia Presentations 75
5.3 Typeface and Font 80
5.4 Text Size and Typeface Categories 81
5.4.1 Serif 82
5.4.2 Sans Serif 83
5.4.3 Decorative 84
5.5 Guidelines on the Use of Text in Multimedia Presentations 84
5.5.1 Minimal Use of Text 85
5.5.2 Suitability of Typefaces and Fonts 86
5.5.3 Choice of Text 87
5.5.4 Styles and Colour of Text 88
5.5.5 Consistency 88
5.6 Text Intensive Multimedia Applications 90
5.6.1 Hypertext 90
5.6.2 Other Methods 91
5.7 Text Authoring Softwares 91
Summary 92
Key Terms 92
Topic 6 Graphics 93
6.1 Definition and the Importance of Graphics 93
6.2 History of Graphics 95
6.3 Computer Graphics Applications 96
6.4 Uses of Graphics in Multimedia 99
6.5 Categories of Graphics 100
6.5.1 Vector Graphics 100
6.5.2 Bitmap Graphics 101
6.5.3 Vector Graphics versus Bitmap Graphics 102
6.6 Graphics Card 103
6.7 Graphics File Format 106

vi  TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.8 Sources of Graphics 107

6.8.1 Scanner 108
6.8.2 Digital Camera 108
6.8.3 Clip Art and Stock Photography 108
6.8.4 Self-produced Images 109
6.9 Graphics Softwares 110
Summary 112
Key Terms 113
Topic 7 Introduction to Animation 114

7.1 Definition 115
7.2 Principles of Animation 115
7.3 The Importance of Animation in Multimedia 117
7.4 Computer Animation Applications 119
7.4.1 Education 120
7.4.2 Medicine 121
7.4.3 Advertising 121
7.4.4 Chemistry 121
7.4.5 Architecture 122
7.4.6 Films, Entertainment and Games 122
7.5 Animation Techniques 124
7.6 Traditional Animation 124
7.6.1 Keyframes 125
7.6.2 Tweening 125
7.6.3 Onion Skinning 126
7.6.4 Cell Animation 126
Summary 129
Key Terms 129
Topic 8 Computer Animation 130

8.1 Computer Animation 130
8.2 Keyframes and Tweening 131
8.3 Category of Computer Animation 132
8.4 Two-Dimensional Animation (2D) 133
8.4.1 Path Animation 133
8.4.2 Cell Animation 134
8.4.3 Screen or Object Transition 135
8.4.4 Font and Icon Animation 136
8.5 Three-Dimensional Animation (3D) 137

TABLE OF CONTENTS  vii
8.6 3D Animation Production Process 137

8.6.1 Storyboard 138
8.6.2 Modelling 139
8.6.3 Lighting 140
8.6.4 Mapping 143
8.6.5 Rendering and Animation 144
8.7 Special Effects of Animation 145
8.7.1 Morphing 145
8.7.2 Warping 147
8.8 Animation File Formats 148
8.9 Animation Hardwares 148
8.10 Animation Softwares 149
8.10.1 2D Animation Softwares 149
8.10.2 3D Animation Softwares 150
Summary 153
Key Terms 154
Topic 9 Audio in Multimedia 155

9.1 Audio 155
9.2 Sound Card 156
9.3 Sound Format 157
9.3.1 Analogue Sound 158
9.3.2 Digital Sound 159
9.3.3 Audio Conversion 160
9.3.4 Sampling 161
9.4 The Roles of Audio in Multimedia 162
9.4.1 Warnings and Reminders 163
9.4.2 Background Music 163
9.4.3 Sound Effects 164
9.4.4 Narration 164
9.4.5 Data Related to Sound 164
9.5 Factors that Need to be Considered When Using Audio 165
9.5.1 Compatibility 166
9.5.2 Users 166
9.5.3 Playback System 166
9.5.4 UsersÊ Control 166
9.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Audio in Multimedia 167
9.6.1 Advantages of Audio 168
9.6.2 Disadvantages of Audio 168
Summary 169
Key Terms 170

viii  TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topic 10 Audio Formats and Software 171

10.1 Audio File Formats 171
10.1.1 AIFF 172
10.1.2 MP3 173
10.1.3 AU 173
10.1.4 MIDI 173
10.1.5 WAV 174
10.2 Source of Audio Files 176
10.2.1 Pre-package 176
10.2.2 Buying and Borrowing 177
10.2.3 Own Invention 177
10.3 Audio Software 178
10.3.1 Sound Forge 179
10.3.2 SoundEdit 16 179
Summary 180
Key Terms 180
Topic 11 Video in Multimedia 181

11.1 Video 181
11.2 Analogue Video 182
11.3 Digital Video 183
11.4 Video Production Process 184
11.4.1 Personal Computer System 184
11.4.2 Video Source 184
11.4.3 Large Storage 185
11.4.4 Video Capture Card 185
11.5 Capturing Video 186
11.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Video 188
11.7 Digital Video File Size 189
11.7.1 Screen Size 189
11.7.2 Frame Rates 190
11.7.3 Colours 190
11.7.4 Duration 190
11.8 Video Compression 192
11.8.1 Lossless and Lossy Compressions 193
11.8.2 Hardware Support 194
11.9 The Roles of Video in Multimedia 195
11.9.1 Attracting Attention 196
11.9.2 Display of Physical Procedure 196
11.9.3 Scenario Presentation 196
11.9.4 Movement Analysis 196

TABLE OF CONTENTS  ix
11.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Video in Multimedia 197

11.10.1 Advantages of Video 198
11.10.2 Disadvantages of Video 198
Summary 201
Key Terms 201
Topic 12 Video Formats and Software 202

12.1 Video Formats and Standards 202
12.2 Codec Formats 204
12.2.1 CinePak 204
12.2.2 Indeo/DVI 205
12.2.3 JPEG 205
12.3 Video File Formats 207
12.3.1 QuickTime 207
12.3.2 MicrosoftÊs Video for Windows 207
12.3.3 MPEG 208
12.4 Video Software 210
12.5 Adobe Premiere 211
Summary 212
Key Terms 213
References 214

x  TABLE OF CONTENTS

COURSE GUIDE

COURSE GUIDE DESCRIPTION
You must read this Course Guide carefully from the beginning to the end. It tells
you briefly what the course is about and how you can work your way through
the course material. It also suggests the amount of time you are likely to spend in
order to complete the course successfully. Please keep on referring to the Course
Guide as you go through the course material as it will help you to clarify
important study components or points that you might miss or overlook.
INTRODUCTION
CBMT2103 Introduction to Multimedia Technology is one of the courses offered
by Faculty of Information Technology and Multimedia Communication at Open
University Malaysia (OUM). This course is worth three credit hours and should
be covered over 15 weeks.
COURSE AUDIENCE
This course is offered to all learners taking the Bachelor in Information
Technology programme. This module aims to impart the fundamentals of
multimedia technology.
As an open and distance learner, you should be acquainted with learning

independently and being able to optimise the learning modes and environment
available to you. Before you begin this course, please ensure that you have the
right course material, and understand the course requirements as well as how the
course is conducted.
STUDY SCHEDULE
It is a standard OUM practice that learners accumulate 40 study hours for every
credit hour. As such, for a three-credit hour course, you are expected to spend
120 study hours. Table 1 gives an estimation of how the 120 study hours could be
accumulated.

xiv  COURSE GUIDE
Table 1: Estimation of Time Accumulation of Study Hours
Study
Study Activities
Hours
Briefly go through the course content and participate in initial discussion 3
Study the module 60
Attend 3 to 5 tutorial sessions 10
Online participation 12
Revision 15
Assignment(s), Test(s) and Examination(s) 20
TOTAL STUDY HOURS ACCUMULATED 120
COURSE OUTCOMES
By the end of this course, you should be able to:
1. Describe the concept of multimedia, its use and importance in society;
2. Identify the main hardware of a multimedia computer system and how

these features are used; and
3. Discuss the main multimedia interactive components, which are text,

graphics, animation, audio and video.
COURSE SYNOPSIS
This course is divided into 10 topics. The synopsis for each topic is presented as
follows:
Topic 1 is an introduction to the concept of multimedia, which briefly discusses

the basic knowledge of multimedia, its purpose and functions, and the types of
media.
Topic 2 explains multimedia applications including the Multimedia Super

Corridor (MSC). The MSC status confers certain benefits and incentives to
multimedia and IT companies, provided they meet certain criteria. There are
seven MSC flagship applications.

COURSE GUIDE  xv
Topic 3 explains the importance of computer hardware including input and

output devices, and storage that is required for multimedia development.
Although there are many kinds of computer hardware in the market, you as the
multimedia developer should choose the hardware that corresponds with the
concept and scope of the multimedia project that you are developing.
Topic 4 gives us insights into several current developments in multimedia

technology, its challenges and forecasts.
Topic 5 explains the guidelines on the use of text in multimedia applications. It

also discusses the appropriate use of multimedia elements that may enhance the
aesthetic presentation of text.
Topic 6 discusses the graphics component in multimedia. There are two basic
categories of graphics – vector graphics and bitmap graphics. Understanding the
differences between the two will help you in your work.
Topic 7 introduces animation and identifies some of the principles and basic
techniques of animation. The integration of animation into multimedia programs
or software will increase the visual impact of the product because of its dynamic
visual qualities.
Topic 8 discusses computer animation. It also gives us insights into two

categories of computer animation, which are two-dimensional (2D) animation
and three-dimensional (3D) animation.
Topic 9 explains the basic concepts of analogue and digital sounds and the
various uses of audio in multimedia. It also discusses how sound cards can
improve the sound quality played on computer.
Topic 10 looks into audio files and the formats which are common in multimedia
technology.
Topic 11 focuses on another component of multimedia, which is video. It touches

on the differences between analogue video and digital video and the basic
components in the production of video. You will also learn about the methods
and techniques of video compression in multimedia.
Topic 12 focuses on several types of video formats and standards that are
regularly used.

xvi  COURSE GUIDE
TEXT ARRANGEMENT GUIDE

Before you go through this module, it is important that you note the text
arrangement. Understanding the text arrangement will help you to organise your
study of this course in a more objective and effective way. Generally, the text
arrangement for each topic is as follows:
Learning Outcomes: This section refers to what you should achieve after you
have completely covered a topic. As you go through each topic, you should
frequently refer to these learning outcomes. By doing this, you can continuously
gauge your understanding of the topic.
Self-Check: This component of the module is inserted at strategic locations

throughout the module. It may be inserted after one sub-section or a few sub-
sections. It usually comes in the form of a question. When you come across this
component, try to reflect on what you have already learnt thus far. By attempting
to answer the question, you should be able to gauge how well you have
understood the sub-section(s). Most of the time, the answers to the questions can
be found directly from the module itself.
Activity: Like Self-Check, the Activity component is also placed at various

locations or junctures throughout the module. This component may require you to
solve questions, explore short case studies, or conduct an observation or research.
It may even require you to evaluate a given scenario. When you come across an
Activity, you should try to reflect on what you have gathered from the module and
apply it to real situations. You should, at the same time, engage yourself in higher
order thinking where you might be required to analyse, synthesise and evaluate
instead of only having to recall and define.
Summary: You will find this component at the end of each topic. This component
helps you to recap the whole topic. By going through the summary, you should
be able to gauge your knowledge retention level. Should you find points in the
summary that you do not fully understand, it would be a good idea for you to
revisit the details in the module.
Key Terms: This component can be found at the end of each topic. You should go
through this component to remind yourself of important terms or jargon used
throughout the module. Should you find terms here that you are not able to
explain, you should look for the terms in the module.

COURSE GUIDE  xvii
References: The References section is where a list of relevant and useful

textbooks, journals, articles, electronic contents or sources can be found. The list
can appear in a few locations such as in the Course Guide (at the References
section), at the end of every topic or at the back of the module. You are
encouraged to read or refer to the suggested sources to obtain the additional
information needed and to enhance your overall understanding of the course.
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
There are no specific prerequisites for this course. However, a basic knowledge
on Information Technology is an added advantage.
ASSESSMENT METHOD
Please refer to myINSPIRE.
TAN SRI DR ABDULLAH SANUSI (TSDAS) DIGITAL

LIBRARY
The TSDAS Digital Library has a wide range of print and online resources for the
use of its learners. This comprehensive digital library, which is accessible
through the OUM portal, provides access to more than 30 online databases
comprising e-journals, e-theses, e-books and more. Examples of databases
available are EBSCOhost, ProQuest, SpringerLink, Books24x7, InfoSci Books,
Emerald Management Plus and Ebrary Electronic Books. As an OUM learner,
you are encouraged to make full use of the resources available through this
library.

xvi  COURSE GUIDE
ii

Topic  Introduction
1 to Multimedia
Technology
LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Define multimedia;
2. List the four features or functions of multimedia that have made it
very popular; and
3. Describe the five main components of multimedia and their
functions.
 INTRODUCTION
Multimedia is a dynamic and interesting field to study. The rapid development
of multimedia technology has played an important role in the fields of education,
film, advertising, fashion and many others. In this topic, you will be introduced
briefly to the history and concepts of multimedia technology. You will also learn
about the various features and functions of multimedia that have caused it to
gain popularity. At the end of this topic, we will discuss the main components
and types of multimedia. Happy learning!

2  TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY
1.1 DEFINITION OF MULTIMEDIA
Figure 1.1: Multimedia components
When you look at Figure 1.1, what do you see? Can you tell the meaning of
multimedia by looking at the figure? Generally, multimedia refers to the use of
various types of media to create a presentation or an application which can be
used for the purposes of broadcasting, entertainment, education and many
others.
By using these various types of media, the presentation of information will be

livelier, more dynamic and able to attract the attention of many users.
Multimedia is also said to be a positive and effective medium of communication
because text, audio, video and animation of various colours and patterns can be
displayed simultaneously on the screen.
The word „multimedia‰ can be split into „multi‰ and „media‰. „Multi‰ means
many, whereas „media‰ means the tools used as the medium of communication,
such as newspapers, radio and television. In brief, multimedia can be defined as
many media. In other words, multimedia is the simultaneous use of data from
multiple sources of elements of media.

TOPIC 1 INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY  3
As multimedia began to gain popularity, many parties came forward with their
own definitions of multimedia, according to their respective interests, expertise,
research and viewpoints. The following are a few definitions of multimedia:
Table 1.1: Definitions of Multimedia
„Multimedia is any combination of text, graphics, sound, animation and video delivered
to you by computer or other electronic or digitally manipulated means.‰
(Vaughn, 2001)
„Multimedia is the use of computers to present and integrate text, audio and video with
hyperlinks and devices which enable the users to navigate, interact, create and
communicate.‰
(Hofstetter, 2001)
„Multimedia refers to a computer based interactive communication process that

incorporates text, graphics, audio, video, and animation.‰
(Shuman, 1998)
These different definitions of multimedia could confuse you, but the most
important thing that you need to remember is that a good definition of
multimedia should contain the following:
(a) Multimedia is any combination of text, graphics, animation, audio and

video which is a result of computer-based technology or other electronic
media; and
(b) Multimedia becomes interactive when the end-user is able to control the
elements of media that are required, and subsequently obtains the required
information in a non-linear way.
ACTIVITY 1.1
You have studied the various definitions of multimedia. How do you

define multimedia? Choose one of the definitions and state the reason for
your choice. Discuss your answer in class.

1.2 HISTORY AND CONCEPTS OF

MULTIMEDIA
Before we proceed further with our discussion on multimedia, let us briefly take
a look at the interesting history of multimedia. Do you know why computers
become obsolete so quickly? It is because a year in the life of a human can be seen
as at least seven years in the life cycle of a computer and often more. Computers
simply grow older sooner.
In the context of „computer age‰, the history of multimedia dates back to 1972,
when the first video game, ATARI, was launched. The response it received was
beyond the expectations of its users.
Computers with multimedia features were introduced in the 1990s. Before that,
there was no technology capable of providing informative multimedia at an
affordable cost. In its early days, multimedia technology was not very well
received by the masses, especially among sceptical members of the academia.
Multimedia technology was considered to be an invention gimmick of the

computer industry. Nowadays, the view on the importance of multimedia is very
different. For the past few decades, this technology has been studied and
explored and multimedia is now one of the main components of convergent
technology. Table 1.2 shows the development stages of computer technology:
Table 1.2: The Development Stages of Computer Technology
Year Development
1975 The first personal computer was marketed. It had a low processing power
and was used mainly for accounting and inventory.
1980 The storage capacity of the hard disk was increased. Computers could
display simple graphics and were used for statistics and forecasting.
1987 Computers were capable of displaying colours, more sophisticated

graphics, animation and sound. They were used in word processing and
desktop publishing.
1995 ă the Computers at this stage are capable of integrating digital video, audio,
present animation and text in a digital environment. As a result, it increases the
emphasis on communication and sharing of information through
networks such as the Internet.
Now let us look at this extract.

The Concept
More than half a century ago, Vannevar Bush, Director of the Office of
Scientific Research and Development and an advisor to US President Franklin
D. Roosevelt, described a hypothetical machine that would allow users to
browse through a media-rich environment making associative links between
various types of information. He envisaged a device called „memex‰ in which
an „individual stores his books, records and communications and which is
mechanised so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It
is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory.‰
This simple yet interesting and innovative proposition forms the fundamental
theoretical background upon which present-day interactive multimedia
systems are based. The question that immediately comes to mind is why has it
taken more than half a century for BushÊs idea to be realised? In order to find a
satisfactory answer to our question, the reader must note that fifty years ago,
the computer technology was in its infancy. Therefore, it follows that the
history of the development of Interactive Multimedia Systems is directly and
closely linked to the history of the development of the personal computers.
(Mohammad Dastbaz, 2002)
1.3 FEATURES OF MULTIMEDIA

Multimedia technology is vastly used in many fields, especially in the designing
and development of websites. Many websites today are equipped with elements
of animation, graphics, sound effects, special video effects and interesting
music. Figure 1.2 depicts the various features or functions of multimedia that
have made it popular:
Figure 1.2: Features of multimedia

1.3.1 Interactivity
Each multimedia application involves interactivity with end-users. Interactivity
can be simple, such as a student choosing a right or wrong answer in a computer-
based test; or complex, like a user flying a jet fighter in a simulated computer
warfare. In fact, when you visit a website and press a button or an icon on it, you
have done a brief interactivity. In Figure 1.3, you will find some samples of
interactivity.

Figure 1.3: Samples of interactivity
This feature has made multimedia more popular than other components of
media such as television. Users can take part actively in the multimedia
applications and not passively as in the conventional components of media. This
is because the users have total control over the applications.
For example, a foreign student who is learning Bahasa Malaysia can determine
the phase that he wishes to review, and he can revise it as many times as he
wishes. Besides that, the student can also choose the types of instructions such as
listening to intonations of words, reading words displayed on screen, watching
an animation and doing exercises on oral skills.
1.3.2 Navigation
Navigation is one of the important features in the development of multimedia
applications. Navigation is closely linked to interactivity. With navigation, a user
is able to use the interactive multimedia applications more effectively. If you
have heard someone say, „This interface is excellent!‰, it probably means that the
application is easy to navigate.
This easy-to-use navigation feature of an interface not only makes it easy to

navigate but also provides guidance to the users about the situation or position
of their web pages more effectively. The correct use of the navigation tools will
enable the users to control the sequence of concepts that they wish to present.
The uses of navigation tools such as hyperlinks, buttons (please refer to Figure
1.4), icons and pull-down menus enable the user to explore and navigate from
one web page to another.

Figure 1.4: Example of the use of buttons as navigation tools
1.3.3 Hyperlink
Films and books are linear forms of multimedia applications. It has a beginning
stage, an intermediate stage and an ending. For example, as you go through this
module starting from Topic 1 as shown in Figure 1.5, you are reading the module
in a linear way.
Figure 1.5: Linear reading
Even though the linear method is normally used, it is not necessarily the best
way of learning. When we process information, our brains usually „jump‰ from
one idea to another. This is because we need to store information in the context
that we are able to understand. We can also „jump‰ to another topic if we
already have prior knowledge about the information contained in that topic, as
illustrated by Figure 1.6. Thus, it is totally reasonable that computer applications
allow users to „jump‰ from one section to another. For example, after you have
read the introductory topic in this module, you can „jump‰ to the topic on audio
by clicking on its word with the hyperlink feature.

Figure 1.6: Non-linear reading
1.3.4 Easy to Use, Easy to Understand

The main objective of most multimedia applications is to achieve an ease of
understanding and ease of use. For example, you may not comprehend certain
instructions if you only refer to the given text, but when the instructions are
aided with pictures, animation or video clips, they are more easily understood.
Features of multimedia explained earlier such as interactivity, navigation and

hyperlink contribute towards making multimedia applications easy to use and
easy to understand. In fact, one of the main reasons why multimedia applications
are favoured by many is its ease of use (please refer to Figure 1.7). For example,
you only need to click on the „play‰ button to play a song or video, or „drag and
drop‰ interesting video chapters to view them. You can do all these even if you
do not have any knowledge of computer programming. In addition, users who
do not know how to use multimedia applications can always refer to the „Help‰
section which contains information on its usage.

Figure 1.7: An example of a multimedia presentation
ACTIVITY 1.2
What is „hypertext‰? Why is it used in the interactive multimedia

presentation? Discuss.
1.4 TYPES OF MEDIA

Based on the definitions of multimedia provided earlier in this topic, it was
found that apart from an interactive communication process, there are five
elements or main media in a complete multimedia system. Can you still
remember the five elements? They are text, graphics, animation, audio and
video. Each medium has its own role in the formation of an attractive and
effective information presentation. These media also interact among each other in
a digital environment.

You need to have a better understanding of these media if you wish to develop a
multimedia system or a multimedia presentation. The following are brief
explanations regarding the five main media in multimedia (please refer to Figure
1.8).
Figure 1.8: Types of media
1.4.1 Text
Text is an important medium in multimedia. It directly informs the user about
the information that it wishes to convey. It cannot be neglected no matter how
advanced multimedia technology is. When you surf any website on the Internet,
you will notice that almost all of them contain text media.
Text plays an important role in the communication of multimedia applications.

The uses of text in multimedia applications tend to differ depending on its fields
and objectives such as for education, entertainment or commerce. For example:
(a) Standalone DVD of Encyclopaedia Britannica, which is aimed at providing

knowledge to the masses, is made up of interfaces that are text intensive;
and
(b) Web-based or online Encyclopaedia Britannica with electronic commercial

advertisements on the Internet favour graphics when compared to the use
of text, which is fairly minimal.
You can compare the contents of text in the both through Figure 1.9(a) and Figure
1.9(b).

Figure 1.9(a): Encyclopaedia Britannica DVD

Source: images.macworld.com
Figure 1.9(b): Web-based or online Encyclopaedia Britannica

Source: www.britannica.com
Text is widely used in the world of mass communication specifically as a

medium for the print media such as newspapers, magazines, books, journals and
advertisements. Text is also the basic element for all multimedia applications.
Without text, information that needs to be conveyed may be lost when you
interpret other media elements such as graphics, sound and video. In view of the
fact that there are various cultural norms that are followed, text is the safest way
to convey messages.
Currently, there are many software applications in the market for writing and
editing text such as Microsoft Word, LibreOffice, Google Docs and
others. Besides that, we can also create text using special effects such as Shadow
or Emboss using Adobe Freehand, Adobe Fireworks and Cascading Style Sheet.
ACTIVITY 1.3
Text can be used for conveying information but it also has some
limitations. In your opinion, what are the limitations of using text in
websites?
1.4.2 Graphics
Pictures as visuals are more effective compared to the sole use of text. Graphics
play an important role in multimedia presentations and are one of the popular
elements used in the development of a multimedia application.
In actual fact, we are used to being exposed to images and graphics through
television programmes, websites, newspapers and also advertising billboards
located alongside roads. In other words, we use images and graphics to obtain
information, explanations and entertainment.
In general, graphics can be categorised into two main groups, namely, bitmap
and vector. It is important for you to understand both types of graphics because
it influences the quality, the size of the file and the time needed to display the
graphics on the computer screen.
(a) Bitmap Graphics

Graphics or bitmap images are also known as image raster. Bitmap images
are produced by dots arranged in specific ways in matrix form. These dots
are known as pixels. These pixel images are known as bitmap
images. Figure 1.10 shows an example of a bitmap graphic.

Figure 1.10: Enlarged bitmap graphic
(b) Vector Graphics

Vector graphics refer to any images produced by the use of specific
software and computer technology. Vector graphics are made up of lines
that follow the mathematical equations called vector. Figure 1.11 shows an
example of a vector graphic.
Figure 1.11: Enlarged vector graphic
Lots of graphic software are available in the market. Among the most popular
and most widely used are Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, Corel Photoshop
Pro, Paint.NET, GIMP and Inkscape. Each graphic software has its own function
and use.
You can surf any websites on the Internet and are bound to come across various
types of graphics and images in the websites. Take note of the Open University
Malaysia (OUM) website (http://www.oum.edu.my) such as the one shown in
Figure 1.12. Reflect on how the graphic elements are used in this web page.

Figure 1.12: OUM website

Source: www.oum.edu.my
Adobe Systems Inc is one of the leaders in the development of powerful graphic
programs. To learn more, visit its website at http://www.adobe.com.
1.4.3 Animation
Animation plays an important role in various fields such as films, advertisements,
commerce, medicine and education. A presentation will be livelier with the
presence of animation. Besides that, a complex concept can be presented more
briefly and easily.
From a multimedia aspect, animation is one of the elements that increase the
attraction of a multimedia software or program. In fact, animation in multimedia
began to receive more widespread attention from the masses especially after
animated movies like Mulan and Small Soldiers.
In brief, animation refers to the process of adding movements to static

images through various methods. Animated movements can be measured in
frame per second (fps). The higher the fps, the smoother the transition
between frames.

Currently, the development of computer animation is becoming more

rapid. With cheaper computers and software, and more powerful computer
systems, animation technology is becoming more sophisticated. Various methods
are used to produce computer animation, from the very simple animation to
amazingly complex two- and three-dimensional animations.
There are many animation software in the market that one can choose from to
produce various types of animation, be it two- or three-dimensional, or even to
produce animation with special effects. Among them are Lightwave, Adobe
Flash, Blender, Pencil and Toon Boom Studio.
SELF-CHECK 1.1
Name three types of graphic software and three types of 3D animation

software that are available in the market.
1.4.4 Audio
Audio or sound is one of the most effective ways of attracting the attention of
users. Audio plays an important role in the development of multimedia which
has been quite static all these while. The entry of audio into multimedia is one of
the most important features that have escalated the use of multimedia to
maximum level.
When you want to include audio or sound in a multimedia system, there are
some important areas that require attention. Among them include sound
production, storage, sound manipulation and display or presentation of
sound. All these aspects require careful handling in order to ensure that the
quality of audio in the multimedia system is of a high level.
Do you know that sound used in multimedia is in digital form? Digital sound
may be recorded directly or may be pre-recorded in an analogue form and then
converted to digital form.
Sound used in multimedia applications must be in digital form.

If there are specific software for text, graphics and animation, then there are also
a variety of software available in the market for audio recording or audio
production such as the Audacity, Ardour and Adobe Audition software.
SELF-CHECK 1.2
State two uses of audio in multimedia.
1.4.5 Video
We often come across certain applications or multimedia programs that include
video elements in its development. Video is an essential element because it can
carry meaning or information which needs to be conveyed within a short period.
Video has been in existence for more than 50 years. During its initial stage of use,
it was only played on projectors in cinemas or televisions. Today, this scenario
has changed. Digital video can be viewed and displayed through the use of
multimedia computers.
Digital video became popular after multimedia technology was introduced and
developed. The element of video in multimedia has brought about tremendous
change in the method of information dissemination. Most videos are able to
present real-life situations and capable of attracting the attention and appealing
to the emotions of users.
Video that is displayed through computers must be in digital form. A video

capture card is an additional card which is required for the production of digital
video. This card is usually required to be purchased separately and is not
available in your computer. Video capture card changes analogue video into
digital video and acts as an interface between the video source and the computer.
Currently, Indeo Video and Cinepak are among the most popular brands of
video capture cards.
Adobe Premiere, Final Cut Pro, Pinnacle Studio and Sony Vegas Pro are among
the most sophisticated and highest quality video software that are available in
the market. These software are rather costly and require a long period to be
mastered fully. However, what is certain is that these software are capable of
producing high quality digital videos. Figure 1.13 shows an example of a video
streaming from YouTube.

Figure 1.13: A video streaming from YouTube

Source: www.youtube.com
ACTIVITY 1.4
1. Visit the website www.youtube.com and play one of the videos. Is it

different from what you see on television? State the differences.
2. Explain briefly the differences between multimedia, hypermedia

and hypertext.
SELF-CHECK 1.3
List five media components that are important in multimedia and their
functions.

 Generally, multimedia means the use of various types of media to create a

presentation or an application which can be used for the purposes of
broadcasting, entertainment, education and many others.
 Developments in the computer industry favour the trend towards more

multimedia functions and features in the computer which have since
revolutionised information and communications technology.
 Features or functions of multimedia that have made it popular are

interactivity, navigation, hyperlink and that it is easy to use and understand
by the end-user.
 The five main media in multimedia are text, graphics, animation, audio and
video.
Animation Internet
Audio Multimedia
Computer age Navigation
Graphics Non-linear reading
Hyperlink Text
Interactivity Video

Topic  Multimedia
2 Technology
Applications
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. State the ways multimedia technology applies in our daily lives; and
2. Name each element and application in the Multimedia Super Corridor
(MSC).
 INTRODUCTION
In this topic, you will be introduced to the various types of multimedia
technology applications. As mentioned in Topic 1, multimedia has long been in
existence in our daily lives. Whether you realise it or not, multimedia has
influenced various aspects of our daily lives. Multimedia technology has many
applications in various fields such as education, medicine, industries and
society. Let us now look at several important multimedia applications which
have become a part of our daily lives.
2.1 MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY

APPLICATIONS
A few years ago, multimedia technology was considered a new technology and
most of its applications were used in education to assist in the teaching process.
Currently, this scenario has changed. Technology has grown rapidly and its uses
are increasingly widespread. Multimedia is capable of shaping how a person
thinks, works, learns, socialises and others. The following are discussions on
several major multimedia applications in our daily lives.

TOPIC 2 MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS  21
2.1.1 Video Teleconferencing

Video teleconferencing involves the transmission of video and audio in real time
through computer networks and this transmission can include two or more
multipoints. Examples of video teleconferencing are shown in Figure 2.1:
Figure 2.1: Video teleconferencing

Source: 9to5google.files.wordpress.com
Video teleconferencing is tele-consulting that broadcasts video pictures of

participants who are separated by locations. Each participant is usually located in
a special room that is equipped with a table, microphone, camera, television and
a television screen. Each participant then sits at a round table so that it can easily
be recorded by a television camera. Participants from other locations will also be
in specially equipped rooms. During the teleconferencing, other visuals like
graphics and charts can be displayed as required. All the participants involved
will be able to view the interviews or communication that takes place among
themselves.

22  TOPIC 2 MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS
Some of the advantages of video teleconferencing are illustrated in Figure 2.2:
Figure 2.2: Advantages of video teleconferencing
Apart from the advantages stated above, video teleconferencing technology has
also successfully found solutions for tackling several of its disadvantages such as
those listed in Table 2.1:
Table 2.1: Disadvantages of Video Teleconferencing and Their Solutions
Disadvantage Solution
Video requires more bandwidth than audio. With the use of compression and
Therefore, video teleconferencing costs more than decompression, videos are more
normal telephone charges. sophisticated.
Video teleconferencing requires a network to By using optimum multimedia

support the constant delay because audio and network.
video are asynchronous, and both of these media
need to be synchronised with one another.
Video teleconferencing requires a network for the By using fibre optic networks or
preparation of the short delay because it is a real- the Integrated Services Digital
time application. If there is a long delay, the Network (ISDN).
quality of video teleconferencing will decrease.

SELF-CHECK 2.1
Discuss the disadvantages of video teleconferencing compared to face-

to-face communication.
2.1.2 Multimedia via E-mail

Nowadays, people are able to write electronic mails that not only contain text but
also images, audio, video and hypermedia links.
Currently, there are many free electronic mail service providers on the Internet
such as Gmail, Yahoo Mail and Outlook.com. All these service providers enable
the sending of multimedia mail containing pictures, songs and animation.
However, most of these service providers have specific conditions. For example,
Gmail has determined that the size of mail to be sent through it must not be more
than 25MB. This is to prevent network congestion and to reduce delay.
Figure 2.3 depicts an example of a Gmail which is commonly used. Look at the
various file types which can be utilised for email communication.
Figure 2.3: Gmail interface

Source: http://mail.google.com

2.1.3 Reference Source

Has it ever crossed your mind that multimedia can be used as a reference source
for obtaining the latest information? In actual fact, we can use multimedia to
obtain information that we require. Among them are encyclopaedias, directories,
electronic books and dictionaries.
In 1990, two of the first multimedia encyclopaedias emerged, namely, Compton's

Interactive Encyclopedia and its competitor, Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia.
Other early popular encyclopaedia titles were the Canadian Encyclopedia,
Guinness Book of Records, CollierÊs Encyclopedia and The Hutchinson
Encyclopedia (McGloughlin, 2001).
In the early years, encyclopaedias were merely text elements. Gradually, other
important elements such as animation, audio and video were integrated. Thus, a
method of disseminating information based on the hypermedia concept was
born. An example of this is Microsoft Encarta. Microsoft Encarta from Microsoft
Corporation was first marketed in 1993 and was an interactive encyclopaedia
which could be played on Windows-based computers. However, the production
of these references has been replaced with online references such as Wikipedia
and Encyclopaedia Britannica.
The Electronic Yellow Pages, which is directory-based, and PC Magazine are

examples of multimedia-rich reference sources which are currently available on
the Internet.
ACTIVITY 2.1
What do you understand by Electronic Yellow Pages? Try browsing

websites on the Internet to obtain additional information about Electronic
Yellow Pages. Compare the information you have obtained with that of
your friendsÊ.
2.1.4 Edutainment and Infotainment

You are definitely familiar with the word „entertainment‰ but „edutainment‰
and „infotainment‰ are most probably words that are foreign to some students.
Before the development of multimedia, we had never heard of these words but
nowadays these words are common.

(a) Edutainment
The inclusion of multimedia in the field of education gave birth to
edutainment. It is a new learning approach which combines education and
entertainment. Hence, it has led to the emergence of many multimedia
applications based on edutainment such as Math Blaster and Math is Fun.
These multimedia applications teach children mathematics using fun
elements. They are now more accessible on web pages to deliver the
educational content effectively.
(b) Infotainment
Infotainment, on the other hand, is a combination of information and
entertainment. Currently, there are many service providers under this
category such as America Online (AOL), MicrosoftÊs MSN and Cable News
Network (CNN).
Figure 2.4(a) and Figure 2.4(b) show edutainment and infotainment applications
that use multimedia technology:
Figure 2.4(a): Edutainment application ă Math Blaster

Source: www.mathblaster.com

Figure 2.4(b): Infotainment website ă AOL

Source: www.aol.com
2.1.5 Advertising and Purchasing

Advertising on the Internet is not a new phenomenon. Most websites have many
advertisements with multimedia features with the objective of marketing
merchandise or offering services online. Normally, users can use this application
at home or at kiosk centres.
These two categories of advertising and purchasing involve two-way interaction.

This application benefits both parties. For example:
(a) Users will use this application to obtain information about products or
services that they are interested in. They can also ask for public opinion
through online forums while the advertisers can use this application to
inform users about the products and services being offered; and
(b) Users have the opportunity to ask the advertisers questions while the
advertisers also have the opportunity to answer the questions more
specifically and clearly. Both parties can use the application for transactions
involving ordering and payment. An example of this application is shown
in Figure 2.5.

Figure 2.5: Advertising and purchasing

Source: www.sony.com.my
The following passage provides a brief explanation of the development of

interactive multimedia systems.
News Delivery, Broadcasting and Advertising
Broadcasting and advertising has been one of the main beneficiaries of

interactive multimedia systems. As early as 1992, Liebman recognised that
there was increasing demand for broadcasting and advertising agencies to
move towards the use of interactive multimedia. Intelligent electronic
catalogues, disk-based advertising, desktop presentation systems and the
multimedia advertising approach are among the areas that have benefited
from the emergence of multimedia.
The launch of interactive TV and the ever-increasing capability of the World

Wide Web (including web TV and webcasting) to present media-rich
information have added new interesting dimensions to traditional approaches.
Even traditional means of delivering news like newspapers have undergone
major changes trying to embrace the new technology.

Browsing through the web, one could find thousands of newspapers in tens of
different languages bringing up-to-date news to millions of web surfers. The
interactive nature of the web also allows for news providers to enrich their
traditional mainly text-based content by adding live reports and video clips, as
well as offering their customers sophisticated search facilities and „push‰
technology to send users specific news on demand.
Even traditional news broadcasting corporations like the BBC and CNN are
allocating enormous budgets in developing web-based news delivery and
Internet channel that offers 24-hours-a-day, seven-days-a-week news to users
when and where they require it.
2.1.6 Digital Library

Do you know that nowadays you no longer need to go to the library to borrow
books? This is due to the existence of a digital library on the Internet.
With the existence of the digital or virtual library, students no longer need to go
to libraries but can search and obtain information that they require through the
Internet. Computers can access distant libraries for the contents of their
services and other available resources. Information services are available to users
from various libraries all around the world.
According to a Health Ministry Bulletin of April 2001, in Malaysia, Universiti

Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) has set up a UKM Hospital Library, which is the
first digital and most sophisticated medical library in this region. This library
offers electronic materials encompassing books, journals and theses. Researchers
can borrow, return and book items completely online. This library is a „one-stop
search‰ which allows users to search for books and journals electronically and it
is supported by a client/server web-based and multimedia-based integrated
system.
Presently, there are more than 10,000 libraries reachable through the Internet. For
example:
(a) National libraries that are available worldwide such as the Library of
Congress of the United States of America, the National Library of Canada
and the National Library of Australia; and

(b) The Library of Britain, which is popularly known as the British Library, is
one of the oldest and most famous libraries in the world. This library can be
reached at http://www.bl.uk.
There are some features which allow users easy access to the digital library.
Among them are:
(a) National and international telephone networks with speed and bandwidth
which can transfer big and complex text files and graphic digital images;
(b) Protocol and standards which facilitate ease of connection among

computers and from one database to another; and
(c) Automated digital instruments such as scanners and fax machines which
can transfer data and information in real time.
Figure 2.6 shows the digital library which is available on the OUM website.
Figure 2.6: OUM Digital Library

Source: library.oum.edu.my
Browse through the OUM website at the address stated above. Try to get
information on books that you are interested in. List the information that you
have successfully obtained.

2.1.7 Education and Health Applications

Development in multimedia technology has brought about tremendous changes
in the fields of education and health. Multimedia computers are used as support
tools in education and health. Figure 2.7 shows the flow of multimedia
application in the field of education and health.
Figure 2.7: Multimedia application flow in the fields of education and health
In this modern world, traditional education such as classroom lectures might not
be able to fulfil the current needs of students and not to mention its expensive
cost. Distance learning or online learning is becoming more popular due to its
flexibility and ease of operation. Although most online education today only uses
text media, it may change to complete multimedia in the near future. Therefore,
the quality of learning can be enhanced with learning materials equipped with
media such as text, video, audio and animation.
In reality, schoolteachers in Malaysia have begun to use interactive multimedia

in teaching. Many multimedia development companies are also utilising these
opportunities by developing their multimedia training products. They are also
persuading parents to purchase multimedia computers for their children. In
other words, multimedia training has become the most successful commercial
multimedia application.
Healthcare is gaining more attention throughout the world including Malaysia.

Multimedia application is important in healthcare because information shown
using various media such as pictures, video and audio will definitely make it
more meaningful. Realising its importance, the Malaysian government has
introduced telemedicine as one of the main applications of Multimedia Super
Corridor (MSC). Its objective is to enable the public to receive online information
and advice pertaining to healthcare.

Multimedia technology has been successfully used in the healthcare industry in

the United States such as in radiology, pathology, cardiology, patient records
information services from medical libraries and education of hospital staff.
To improve your knowledge of multimedia technological application in various

fields, you may refer to Fred T. HofstetterÊs book entitled Multimedia Literacy.
SELF-CHECK 2.2
1. State two advantages of digital library.
2. Describe two uses of multimedia technology in the healthcare

industry.
2.1.8 Other Applications

Apart from the applications already mentioned above, there are many other
multimedia applications which have become a part of our daily lives. Can you
think of such applications? Among them are video-on-demand (VOD), kiosks,
hybrid applications and applications for recreation, communication, commerce
and training.
Figure 2.8 shows an example of the VOD application offered by Astro:
Figure 2.8: Video-on-demand (VOD) application

Source: www.astro.com.my
You can browse through the website to view the video-on-demand (VOD)
application. What information did you get?

2.2 MULTIMEDIA SUPER CORRIDOR (MSC)

The Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) project was announced by Tun Dr
Mahathir Mohamad during the official opening of the Multimedia Asia
Conference and Exhibition on 1 August 1996. The announcement shows that
Malaysia, at that point of time, was heading towards the multimedia world and,
currently, we are already in this sophisticated era of information.
The Multimedia Super Corridor is a 15km-wide-by-50km-long corridor. It starts

from the Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC) in the north to the Kuala Lumpur
International Airport (KLIA) in the south. The two new cities that are covered in
the MSC plan are Cyberjaya and Putrajaya.
If you are interested to know more about the location of the MSC, you may
browse through the Multimedia Super Corridor website at www.msc.com.my
Putrajaya is the head office of the Malaysian government and is known as the
Intelligent City. This Intelligent City is equipped with all the
sophisticated technological facilities. The government strives to modernise
the countryÊs administration in order to achieve the status of an electronic
government.
Cyberjaya is the investment site and creative centre for some of the giant
companies which are directly involved in innovative multimedia and have
successfully formed their own creative centres. Therefore, these companies use
sophisticated multimedia technology to produce and supply their products and
services to the world market. On top of that, Cyberjaya is also the site for
universities, intelligent homes and smart schools.
The Multimedia Development Corporation (MDC) was formed to manage and

market the Multimedia Super Corridor. Its main mission is to create the best
environment in the world for private companies to lead and develop the use
of multimedia. MDC also acts as a one-stop centre to fulfil the 10 Bills of
Guarantee, which is specifically aimed at speeding up the processing of visas,
licences and permits.
If you are curious to learn more about MDC, you may browse through the
Multimedia Development Corporation website at www.mdc.com.my.

2.3 APPLICATION FOR MSC STATUS

The MSC status will be accorded to product development or multimedia service
and information technology companies. A company needs to fulfil certain criteria
in order to be eligible for the MSC status which then will be allowed to receive
the MSC incentives. The required criteria are:
(a) Be a provider or heavy user of multimedia products and services;

(b) Employs a large number of knowledge workers; and
(c) States how it is going to transfer its technology and expertise to Malaysia
and subsequently contributes to the development and economy of
Malaysia.
ACTIVITY 2.2
Name three overseas MSC companies that have a subsidiary or a research

centre in Cyberjaya. What are the services or research conducted by these
companies?
2.4 MSC FLAGSHIP APPLICATIONS

When the multimedia super corridor was launched, seven major applications
were identified (please refer to Figure 2.9):
Figure 2.9: MSC flagship applications

2.4.1 Electronic Government

The Malaysian government introduced the electronic government in its effort to
be more efficient and to provide faster services to its people. For example, the
public can renew driving licences or pay their bills without having to leave their
homes or by just going to the nearest kiosk.
The electronic government was introduced to fulfil the following objectives:
(a) To offer efficient and high quality online services and administration to the
public;
(b) To increase the involvement of the public in governmental issues;
(c) To strengthen the protection and security of data; and
(d) To improve the internal processes of the government so that quality of

service can be improved, cost reduced and productivity increased.
You can visit websites such as www.sabah.gov.my, www.johordt.gov.my and

www.jpa.gov.my to view examples of an electronic government. List the types of
electronic government services provided.
An example of an electronic government is shown in Figure 2.10 where the

public can deal with the government through this site:
Figure 2.10: Example of an electronic government in Malaysia

Source: www.malaysia.gov.my

2.4.2 Multipurpose Cards

This electronic card can store a lot of information and is used specifically for
transactions or for information retrieval. This multipurpose card acts as an
identity card, driving licence, health card, electronic cash card and ATM card for
any Malaysian citizen who owns it.
Figure 2.11 shows an example of MyKad as a multipurpose card. It helps the

public, especially when dealing with government agencies and private
companies. This card also contains sophisticated safety features to curb fraud.
Figure 2.11: MyKad for Malaysians

Source: swordie.swordbomber.com

2.4.3 Smart Schools

Smart schools are schools equipped with computers and multimedia equipment
for new approaches to learning. Currently, these smart schools use the new
school curriculum for Bahasa Melayu, English, Mathematics and Science.
The objectives of smart schools are to improve the quality of education, training,
the organisation of schools and students' presentations. It is also aimed at
accelerating the development of critical thinking, learning and creativity.
The list of benchmarked smart schools can be found at MSCÊs website as shown
in Figure 2.12:
Figure 2.12: List of benchmarked smart schools

Source: www.msc.com.my
2.4.4 Telemedicine
The use of technology and multimedia equipment on a broader aspect is a new
approach in healthcare. The public can enjoy more healthcare services through
the use of this telemedicine system. The public or patients can access the
healthcare system directly or via teleconsulting with medical doctors at
community centres or at home.

The objectives of telemedicine are to:
(a) Provide medical services for the benefit of the rural population;
(b) Reduce delivery time;
(c) Save costs; and
(d) Be the regional centre for the development of telemedicine.
During the 7th Malaysian Plan, telemedicine was implemented in 42 health

centres and 42 teleconsulting centres which are mostly located in rural areas.
Figure 2.13 shows an example of a telemedicine application:
Figure 2.13: An example of a telemedicine application

Source: www.knowledgeanywhere.com
2.4.5 Research and Development Clusters

The main objective of the government is to set up the best research and
multimedia development centre in the world. Therefore, universities, colleges,
private companies and research institutes are encouraged to work together to
develop multimedia technology. A special grant has been prepared and would
be granted to eligible institutes and companies. For example, computer engineers
from Malaysia can collaborate with renowned scientists to create IT applications
and technology to benefit the citizens of the world.

In general, the research and development cluster (R&D cluster) is aimed at

encouraging the transfer of multimedia technology to Malaysia, motivating the
beginning of local sophisticated technology and increasing local development
and research activities so that more local products and services that are more
competitive can be developed.
2.4.6 Worldwide Manufacturing Webs

All companies and organisations are invited to design and generate new
products and multimedia services. Worldwide manufacturing webs refers to a
group of manufacturing industries where these companies can receive and
exchange their technological expertise in the fields of engineering, delivery,
marketing, research and design.
Any international company can work together with local companies to undertake
research and invent competitive multimedia products to be marketed to the
world. In a nutshell, the objective of this network is to focus on research and
development, product design, engineering support, distribution logistics and
control centre manufacturing.
2.4.7 Borderless Marketing Centres

Companies that are located within the Multimedia Super Corridor are able to
supply high quality products at a reasonably low cost so that these products can
compete in the global market. Such products can be marketed through electronic-
commerce, telemarketing and digital broadcasting.
A company that uses IT and multimedia application would be able to

communicate and interact with its customers globally without being restricted by
geographical factors and time. Moreover, the company can also obtain more
business opportunities by just sending out product information and conducting
its marketing electronically.
With this main flagship application, Malaysians from all walks of life would be
able to benefit greatly, be they students, teachers, community leaders,
businessmen or politicians. They would find that multimedia technology and
equipment very useful in their daily lives.

The objectives can be summarised as follows (Figure 2.14):
Figure 2.14: Objectives of the Multimedia Super Corridor
ACTIVITY 2.3
1. Kiosk is one of the multimedia technology applications that are

frequently found. Give a brief explanation about kiosk.
2. Let us say that you are planning to go for a vacation but do not
know of any travel agency in Malaysia. You can find it on the
Internet. List three travel agencies in Malaysia that have advertised
on the Internet.
3. State the 10 Bills of Guarantee that were prepared by the

government to attract companies to operate in the MSC.
SELF-CHECK 2.3
State three main objectives of the electronic government.

 Multimedia technology applications have a direct and influential effect on

our lives, determining the way we live, play and work. New concepts like
edutainment and infotainment are examples of this new way of doing
things.
 The Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) is a 15km-wide-by-50km-long

corridor which symbolises MalaysiaÊs growing participation in the
multimedia world and the Information Age.
 The MSC status confers benefits and incentives to multimedia and IT

companies, provided they meet certain criteria.
 There are seven MSC flagship applications.
Advertising and purchasing Multimedia technology applications

Borderless marketing centres Multipurpose card
Digital library Reference source
Education and health applications Research and development cluster
Edutainment and infotainment Smart schools
Electronic government Telemedicine
Information age Video teleconferencing
Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Worldwide manufacturing webs

Topic  Multimedia
3 Hardware
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. State the importance of standardisation in the development of
multimedia presentations;
2. Name the basic hardware including the input and output devices and
the existing storage media in a multimedia personal computer; and
3. Discuss the specifications of a multimedia computer that you wish to
buy based on price, system performance and needs.
 INTRODUCTION
Do you know why it is important for us to know the hardware required for a
multimedia computer system? This is because without the hardware, we will not
be able to enjoy interesting videos, animated graphics, texts or colourful pictures,
etc. Besides that, knowledge about computer hardware is essential to enable us to
work more confidently with multimedia elements. Therefore, this topic will
explain the basic hardware including input, output and storage devices required
by a multimedia computer.
3.1 MULTIMEDIA COMPUTER SYSTEM

STANDARDS
Standardisation is vital in a computer system. Perhaps you may be wondering
why it is necessary. Let us imagine that you are a multimedia software developer
and you are faced with the problem of how to determine the specifications of
a program that is being developed for the current market. If there is

42  TOPIC 3 MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE
standardisation for the multimedia computer system, then for sure your task will
be much easier to be accomplished.
To solve the above problem, in 1991, the Multimedia Marketing Council

announced a standard of uniformity or guidelines for a personal computer
system. This standard was known as the Multimedia Personal Computer (MPC)
specifications and targeted at personal computers operating on the Windows
operating system. It was later known as Level l Specification. Personal computer
hardware manufacturers who fulfilled the required specifications prescribed by
MPC were allowed to use the MPC logo.
In 1993, MPC Level 2 was introduced and, two years later, in 1995, MPC Level 3
was announced. These MPC standards emphasised on speed and the system's
capacity, quality of the colour and resolution of the monitor, the speed of the CD-
ROM and also the audio and video cards used.
The standard specifications became the main reference to avoid confusion

among manufacturers of hardware and software, and also consumers. Table 3.1
depicts a few minimum specification differences at each level:
Table 3.1: Minimum Specifications of MPC Level 1, 2 and 3
Component MPC Level 1 MPC Level 2 MPC Level 3

Processor 386SX 16MHz 486SX 25 MHz Pentium 75 MHz
Main memory 2MB 4MB ă 8MB 8MB ă 16MB
Hard disk 30MB 160MB 540MB
Hard disk driver 150 Kbps rate of 300 Kbps rate of 600 Kbps rate of
data transfer data transfer data transfer
Audio 8 bit digital audio 640  480 pixel 16 bit quality CD
Video display 640  480 pixel 640  480 pixel 640  480 pixel
6 colours 65,536 colours 16 million colours
Today, all new computers are MPC compliant.
ACTIVITY 3.1
In your opinion, why is uniformity or standardisation required in a

personal computer system?

TOPIC 3 MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE  43
3.2 BASIC HARDWARE OF A MULTIMEDIA

COMPUTER SYSTEM
During the 1980s, computers comprised of a few basic components or hardware,
which were the central processing unit (CPU), input devices such as the
keyboard and mouse, and output devices such as the monitor and printer. Since
multimedia technology was introduced, computer hardware that display
multimedia characteristics have increased. Among the hardware that emerged
after the introduction of multimedia technology were the compact disk read-only
memory (CD-ROM), sound card, speakers and video card (please refer to Figure
3.1).
Figure 3.1: Multimedia computer
The rapid development of multimedia technology has pushed multimedia

hardware to be faster and more sophisticated. For example, in the past, we only
needed 4MB of RAM (Random Access Memory) for a multimedia system but
now we need at least 64MB for a multimedia computer system. It is the same
with other multimedia equipment. Just imagine if you were to use a Level 1
multimedia computer for a multimedia display such as watching MPEG (Motion
Picture Experts Group) films, this system will definitely not work.
The following contain brief discussions on several basic hardware that is

required in a multimedia computer system (please refer to Figure 3.2). Further
information about these hardware is available in the Basic Concepts of
Information Technology module, Open University Malaysia.

Figure 3.2: Basic hardware of a multimedia computer system
3.2.1 Microprocessor
The microprocessor is the most important hardware in a multimedia computer
system. It is the „heart‰ of a multimedia computer. Without it, all data processing
cannot be done and there would not be an output display. As you know, the
current file size of a multimedia computer can be very large, to the extent of
reaching hundreds of megabytes. This situation requires a fast and effective
processor for multimedia data so that users do not have to wait long for the
output display.
The need for a high capacity processor is more apparent nowadays as most
multimedia software today are more orientated towards graphics and videos that
require a powerful high speed processor. The increasingly powerful
microprocessor will enable you to view video displays, listen to MP3 songs and
play three-dimensional video games on the computer. Figure 3.3 shows the Intel
and AMD microprocessors.

Figure 3.3: Intel chip and AMD chip

Source: www.productwiki.com; cdn4.wccftech.com
Intel is the main manufacturer of microprocessors. To learn about this company,

visit its website at www.intel.com.
3.2.2 Main Memory

The size of the main memory is one of the significant factors that determine the
potential of a computer. The higher the size of the main memory, the higher the
capacity of the computer. The size of the main memory also affects the speed of
the system and the capacity of the computer system to operate more than one
task simultaneously.
The main memory is usually measured in megabyte (MB). Multimedia

applications require a high main memory. Therefore, 16MB of main memory is
considered the minimum level, while 32MB, 64MB, 128MB and 256MB RAM are
encouraged. Modern memory modules can be purchased in 256MB, 512MB, 1GB,
2GB, 4GB and 8GB sizes.
3.2.3 Compact Disk Read-Only Memory (CD-ROM)

CD-ROM (Compact Disk Read-Only Memory) is the basic hardware of a
multimedia computer system. Compact disk technology has successfully
increased the capacity of the computer for storing and retrieving data. Not too
long ago, floppy disk was the main medium for the distribution of media
software; now, this has been replaced by the CD-ROM.
CD-ROMÊs main advantage, besides its speed, is its ability to store more data.
Usually a CD-ROM can store 650 megabytes of data on its single side. This makes
it the main choice for software developing companies because of its ability to
transfer a big amount of video, audio, graphics and animation data into their
software. For example, the majority of multimedia files such as animation, audio
and video exceed 3MB and, thus, the 1.44MB floppy disk is not capable of storing
such data.
Figure 3.4: ASUS CD-ROM

Source: upload.wikimedia.org
The CD-ROM drive is also measured in terms of speed. The rotational speed is
important to determine the speed of the data being transferred from the disk to
the computer system.
The speed of the CD-ROM drive is measured in „X‰ unit. An „X‰ (1X) means the
speed of data transfer is 150KB per second, which is the basic speed of a
CD-ROM drive. CD-ROM drives with this basic speed were also known as Single
Speed. The subsequent technology was known as Double Speed. CD-ROM drives
at this stage were able to transfer data at 300KB per second, which was twice the
speed of the basic CD-ROM drive. Today, the latest CD-ROM drive is 56X and it
is able to transfer data at 8.4MB per second. This is one of the main reasons why
the installation of programs, especially multimedia software, can be done quickly
today.
Figure 3.5: Calculations of CD-ROM speed
Now, let us look an extract explaining about CD technology.

CD TECHNOLOGY
CD technology has advanced beyond read-only and now there are CD read,
write and re-write devices. There are different CD standards available which
relate to the type of data that can be recorded on the CD. These are: Red Book
used for audio CDs as well as data CDs; Orange Book format, which is a
format for recordable CDs; and White Book, a format for video CDs. CD
devices are often referred to as either single or multi session. A session on a
CD includes a lead-in area, a program area (data or audio tracks) and a lead-
out area. Therefore, a multi-session disk is one, which has multiple sessions on
one disk. Each session has its own lead-in, content and lead-out area, and is
linked with other sessions.
3.2.4 Digital Versatile Disk (DVD)

The Digital Versatile Disk or DVD is relatively new and its format is still
evolving. In the beginning, it was known as Digital Video Disk. However, since
its technology was not only focused on video but was more versatile and capable
of storing data in various forms, it was later known as Digital Versatile Disk.
DVD drive was introduced in 1996 and started to become popular at the end of
1997. DVD technology was said to be the successor of the CD-ROM technology.
A DVD drive can store 4.7 gigabyte of data on a single surface of a DVD disk,
which is seven times the capacity of a CD. Moreover, many DVD drives can store
data on both sides of a DVD disk which doubles its storage capacity. In addition,
the transfer speed of a DVD drive is much faster than a CD-ROM drive.
3.2.5 Video Capture Card

If your computer does not have a video capture card, you will not be able to
watch videos on your computer. This is because the video data stored in a drive
cannot be converted to video signals which are sent through the cable to the
monitor.
Video capture card is the hardware used to support multimedia applications,

especially video and graphic displays.

There are two important issues which you need to consider pertaining to video
capture card, which are resolution or colour, and memory. Today, most video
capture cards can display 800  600 pixels of resolution. There are also video
capture card that can display 1,024  768 pixel and 1,152  1,024 pixels of
resolution.
The colour display of a video capture card is influenced by bits. The higher the
bit, the more colour can be displayed. For example, a 24-bit video capture card
can display 16.7 million types of colour whereas an 8-bit video capture card can
display 256 types of colour only.
The memory in the video capture card is used to keep video data which has been
processed by the microprocessor. It aims to ensure the smooth display of the
video or graphics on the screen. After the video data has been processed by the
microprocessor, the data would be sent via the bus before reaching the video
capture card. Here, the data will be converted into video signals and is kept in
the memory before it is displayed on the monitor screen. The larger the memory
of the video capture card, the better the quality of the video or graphics
displayed.
Technology is progressing rapidly. Now, there is a video capture card known as

the Accelerated Graphic Port (AGP) that can display videos or graphics more
effectively and at a very high speed. The memory of this card is currently 128MB.
This AGP card is suitable for three-dimensional video games. However, since
2004, AGP has been progressively phased out in favour of PCI Express (PCIe). By
mid-2008, PCIe cards dominated the market and only a few AGP models were
available. By 2010, few new motherboards had AGP slots. No new motherboard
chipsets were equipped with AGP support, but motherboards continued to be
produced with older chipsets with support for AGP.
3.2.6 Sound Card and Speakers

If you wish to listen to music or songs on a multimedia computer, your computer
must have a sound card and speakers.
High quality sound cards enable your computer to produce various interesting
sounds for your computer games software. One of the most important aspects of
a sound card is the bit rate. In the market currently, there are 8-bit, 16-bit and
24-bit sound cards. A 24-bit sound card can produce higher quality sound
compared to an 8-bit sound card because more audio information can be sent
through it.

There are many different types of sound cards with different

specifications currently available in the market. Among the companies that are
well known for quality sound cards are SoundBlaster, Audigy and Creative.
Figure 3.6 shows an example of a PCI sound card:
Figure 3.6: Sound card

Source: s192804805.onlinehome.us
Speakers used in a multimedia computer are more or less the same as other
speakers. Figure 3.7 shows an example of speakers normally found in the
market. Companies producing well-known speakers are Klipsch and Altec-
Lansing.
Figure 3.7: Speakers

Source: srigangothrivideo.com
The main function of speakers is to produce sounds such as music and voice.

Users will normally choose speakers based on their individual needs and
preferences. If you only wish to listen to sound effects or music, then normal
speakers are sufficient. However, to enjoy better quality sound, speakers that are
equipped with two front and two back satellite speakers and a subwoofer are
required.
3.2.7 Communication Device: Modem

The word „modem‰ is an abbreviation for modulation-demodulation.
Modulation is the process of converting digital signals to analogue. On the other
hand, demodulation is the process of converting analogue signals to
digital. Modems allow microcomputers (digital) to communicate with each other
via telephone lines. Both voice and data communication can be conveyed
through the same telephone line.
Modem is a hardware you need to have in order to access the Internet. Without
this hardware, multimedia technology would not have been able to progress so
rapidly. This is because the information or multimedia data available on the
Internet would not be able to be shared or referred to like today.
Modems can be divided into three categories, which are internal modem (Figure
3.8a), external modem (Figure 3.8b) and wireless.
Figure 3.8: (a) Internal modem; (b) External modem

Source: az413224.vo.msecnd.net; kr.web.id
Apart from modem, Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), Digital

Subscribers Line (DSL), cable modem, satellite connections, high-speed
broadband and fibre optics are other technologies that can be used for connection
to the Internet.

ACTIVITY 3.1
In your opinion, what is a modem? How does it work?
SELF-CHECK 3.1
1. Name five basic hardware that are required in a multimedia

computer and state one function for each hardware.
2. Name two main brands of sound cards that are available in the
market currently.
3. Apart from modem, name two latest connection technologies and

give a brief explanation about them.
3.3 INPUT AND OUTPUT DEVICES

The role of the input and output devices is very important when you develop a
multimedia presentation. Both devices are needed when you want to interact
with a computer. You require input devices such as keyboard, digital camera
and scanner to enter the multimedia elements such as sound, text, graphic
designs and video into the multimedia computer. This multimedia information
can then be displayed anytime using the output devices such as printer, monitor
and speakers.
3.3.1 Input Devices

Input devices collect data and programs that are readable or understandable by
us and convert them into forms that can be processed by computers. There are
many types of input devices such as keyboard, mouse, touch screen and voice
input devices that can be used to develop and distribute a multimedia project.
If you are developing a kiosk system, you are encouraged to use touch screen
(please refer to Figure 3.9) and keyboard as the input devices so that users can
interact with the system. On the other hand, if you are into computer graphics,
then you can use a digitising tablet as the input device. A digitising tablet allows
you to draw on the tablet using a special pen and the drawings will be displayed
immediately on the computer screen.

Figure 3.9: Examples of input devices

Source: www.ictlounge.com
Input devices that will be discussed in the subsequent sections are digitising
tablet, digital camera, digital video camera and voice input devices.
For more information on other input devices, you are advised to refer to the Basic
Concepts of Information Technology Module, Open University Malaysia.
(a) Digitising Tablet

This input device is frequently used in the field of computer graphics. A
digitising tablet is a device that can be used to trace or copy a picture or a
painting. The material that you wish to copy is positioned on top of
the tablet of the digitiser. Then, a special stylus pen that is attached to the
computer is used to trace the material. While the stylus moves from one
position to another, the computer records its position through the digitising
tablet. After the material has been traced, its image will then be displayed
on screen, printed on paper or kept in the computer system for future
use. A digitising tablet also provides good control during graphics editing
because the elements require precision. This feature is immensely useful to
graphic and interface designers.

(b) Digital Camera

Multimedia technology progresses into a new era when the digital camera
was introduced. This technology enables images or graphics to be
transferred directly from the digital camera to a computer with just a cable
extension.
It is far simpler than the conventional method whereby you have to capture
the picture or image on the camera first. The film then needs to be
processed to obtain the pictures before it can be scanned by a scanner.
A few years ago, storing digital pictures in a digital camera was a

problem. At that time, the storage capacity was only a few megabytes and
it was only capable of storing a few digital images. Now, with the advent
of new technology such as the secure digital card with its capacity of up to
128MB, this problem is solved. As a result, digital cameras are now widely
used. Many camera phones and most stand-alone digital cameras use
removable flash memory card to store image data. The majority of cards for
separate cameras are in SD format; some are in CompactFlash in addition
to other types. In January 2012, a faster XQD card format was announced.
Figure 3.10 shows an example of a digital camera which is available in the
market:
Figure 3.10: Digital camera

Source: www.jessops.com
When choosing a digital camera, make sure you get a digital camera that is
capable of producing clear quality displays and with a high
resolution. However, such high resolution digital cameras are far more
expensive than low resolution digital cameras.

ACTIVITY 3.2
In your opinion, is a digital camera better than a scanner in importing

graphics or images? Why? Discuss.
(c) Digital Video Camera

Digital video cameras record movements digitally onto a disk or in the
cameraÊs memory. Its image quality is far better but it is rather expensive
compared to a traditional camera. A digital video camera can also be
used as a digital camera to take still pictures. With the reduction in cost, the
digital video camera has become more popular for multimedia
presentations.
Digital cameras can also store data on digital video tapes which can then be
directly read by the computer system with the help of the digital video
drive. This tape is frequently known as Digital Video (DV).
(d) Voice Input Devices

The voice input device converts human speeches to digital code. The most
widely used voice input device is the microphone. The microphone is the
hardware needed to record sound or voice in a multimedia computer. It is
usually used for online conversations or tele-consultations. Figure
3.11 shows two examples of ordinary microphones used by computer
users.
Figure 3.11: Microphone

Source: ecx.images-amazon.com; www.logitech.com

When the microphone is combined with the sound card and suitable software, a
system of voice recognition is formed. This system enables users to operate the
microcomputer and construct document through instructions that are voice
activated.
SELF-CHECK 3.2
1. What does a voice input device do?
2. Briefly state the differences between the digital camera and the
conventional camera.
3.3.2 Output Devices

Output device converts information that can be read by machines to a form that
can be read by humans. The data entered and subsequently processed by the
computer would remain in machine readable form until the output device
converts it to a form that is readable by humans. Similarly, like input devices,
output devices also play an important role in the development of multimedia
presentations.
Output devices that are frequently used with your multimedia computers are the
monitor, printer, plotter, projector and voice output device. However, only two
output devices ă the monitor and the projector ă will be discussed here. To know
more about other output devices, please refer to the Basic Concepts of
Information Technology Module, Open University Malaysia.
(a) Monitor
The monitor is used for display. It is one of the most important hardware in
a multimedia computer system. Imagine that you had successfully
completed your final animation project and were looking forward to
showing the results of your work to your friends. Unfortunately,
your monitor broke down. Without the monitor, you would not be able to
present the result of your work to your friends.
The monitor that is required to develop a multimedia project depends on

the nature of the multimedia application that you are developing and the
type of computer that you are using. Do you know that there are various
kinds of monitors available in the market for both the PC and the
Macintosh? Among them are the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitor and the
portable monitor commonly known as the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

monitor. You may find better display technology such as the organic light-
emitting diode (OLED) monitors which provides higher contrast and better
viewing angles than LCDs. Figure 3.12 shows the three types of monitors:
Figure 3.12: Three types of monitors
The two important features of a monitor are its size and clarity. Monitor
size is determined by the diagonal length of the display area. Usually,
monitors come in many sizes such as 14, 15, 17 and 21 inches. The bigger
the size of the monitor, the more expensive it is. However, a larger size is
capable of displaying more information at any one time.
The clarity of the monitor is determined by its resolution which is

measured in pixels. Pixel is the dot or picture element that forms the image
on a monitor. The resolution also indicates the density of the pixel on the
monitor screen. Generally speaking, the higher the density of the pixels or

the more number of pixels, the better the quality and clarity of the image
displayed.
Dot pitch is the empty space or the distance between each pixel. The
smaller the value of the dot pitch, the sharper or clearer the quality of the
picture. Meanwhile, refresh rate represents the speed of the monitor to
display back or to refresh the image being displayed. The higher the value
of the refresh rate of the monitor, the lower the disruption of the display on
the screen.
NEC Technologies is the leading manufacturer of liquid crystal display

monitors or flat screen monitors. To know more about this company, visit
its website at www.nec.com.
(b) Projector
The projector is a tool that enables a multimedia presentation to be
displayed to a large group of audience. Among the projectors available in
the market are the Liquid Crystal Display Panel and the Three-Gun Video
Projector.
(i) The Liquid Crystal Display Panel projector has many interesting
features such as an LCD panel, light source, computer and video
input, and internal speakers that can operate computer signals and
videos. This type of portable projector is suitable for use because it is
cheap and has high quality.
(ii) The Three-Gun Video Projector is capable of displaying high-quality

images and is usually used in large halls. However, such projectors
are very expensive.
Hewlett Packard is the leading manufacturer of printers and multi-functional

devices that combine the printer, scanner and fax machine into a single
product. To know more about this company, visit its website at www.hp.com
ACTIVITY 3.3
1. What is the special type of printer used for drawings and designs?
2. When do you need a plotter compared to a printer?

3.4 STORAGE
An important feature of every computer is its ability to store information.
Computers can store information permanently even after the electrical supply is
stopped. Therefore, your work can be saved to be used later, to share information
with others or to modify existing information.
Each data or instruction that you want the computer to perform would be kept
temporarily in the computer's main memory, which is known as the primary
storage. However, it is not permanent and will disappear when the computer is
switched off. Therefore, a secondary storage or second storage medium is
required. Secondary storage enables data, instructions or computer programs to
be kept permanently.
To estimate the memory required for a multimedia project, meaning the storage
space that is required for the hard disk, floppy disk or CD-ROM, and not the
random access memory (RAM), you would require prior knowledge of the content
and scope of the project that you are going to develop. Integration of coloured
images, text, sound elements, graphics, animation, video clips and programming
codes would require storage space. The more the integration of multimedia
elements, the more storage space is required. Therefore, efficient multimedia
developers need to know the different kinds of secondary storage media that are
available. They need to know the limits, the capacity and the use of each secondary
storage medium.
Before the existence of multimedia technology, the majority of information files

comprised only of text and tables. Therefore, large storage media were not
required. However, after the introduction of multimedia technology, the demand
for large storage media increased. This was caused by file sizes that contained
multimedia information such as graphics, audio and video that could reach
hundreds of megabytes. Hence, they could not be stored in floppy disks even if
they were compressed (.zip). Thus, hard disks (Figure 3.13) play an important
role in the storage of multimedia data.

Figure 3.13: Hard disk

Source: www.harddriverecovery.org
The two common forms of modern Hard Disk Drives (HDDs) are 3.5-inch in
desktop computers and 2.5-inch in laptops. HDDs are connected to systems by
standard interface cables such as SATA (Serial ATA), USB or SAS (Serial attached
SCSI) cables.
As of 2012, the competition for secondary storage is flash memory in the form of
solid-state drives (SSDs). HDDs are expected to remain the dominant medium
for secondary storage due to predicted continuing advantages in recording
capacity and price per unit of storage, but SSDs are replacing HDDs where
speed, power consumption and durability are more important considerations
than price and capacity.
SELF-CHECK 3.3
1. What is the difference between the internal hard disk and the
portable hard disk? State the advantages and disadvantages.
2. List the three types of interface connections for HDDs.
3.5 GUIDELINES FOR CHOOSING A

MULTIMEDIA COMPUTER
Have you ever faced problems when planning to purchase a multimedia
personal computer? Do you know the multimedia specifications that are
compatible and suitable for your needs?

A normal situation that occurs is when you go to a computer store and the
salesperson proposes that you buy the most sophisticated and expensive
computer available. The important issue here is, do you need to own such
a sophisticated and expensive multimedia computer as proposed by the
salesperson?
ACTIVITY 3.4
Processor: 4th Gen Intel® Core™i7-4770 processor (8M Cache, up

to 3.9 GHz)
Monitor: Dell S2440L 24" Full HD Monitor with LED, 24 VIS,

Wide-viewing, DCR 8M, VGA, HDMI
Memory: 16GB Dual Channel DDR3 1,600MHz - 4 DIMMs
Hard Drive: 2TB 7,200 RPM SATA Hard Drive 6.0 Gb/s + 32GB SSD
Video Card: AMD Radeon™ HD R9 270 2GB GDDR5
Optical Drive: 16X CD/DVD burner (DVD+/-RW), write to CD/DVD
Discuss these specifications on the online forum. Get detailed descriptions

for each of the above specifications.
Apart from the computer's specifications as stated above, what are the other
criteria which need to be considered when you want to purchase a multimedia
computer? When you have decided to purchase a multimedia computer for your
daily use, you need not follow the latest trend but, on the other hand, you
should consider the following criteria:
(a) Price;
(b) SystemÊs performance; and
(c) Needs.

3.5.1 Price
Price is the foremost criteria when choosing a multimedia computer. If you want
to buy a computer, you must decide on the estimated amount of money to be
used in the first place. If you require a sophisticated and modern computer with
the above specifications (stated in Activity 3.4) which belong to DellÊs XPS 8700,
then you should set aside more money because these products are really
expensive.
The price of computer hardware will decline when more sophisticated and faster
hardware are marketed. The most obvious example is the Pentium Core i3
microprocessor. When this chip was marketed, its price exceeded three thousand
ringgit; currently, you can purchase it for approximately less than two thousand
inggit only. Therefore, if you are planning to purchase a multimedia computer,
you can get one at a reasonable price. You need not waste money unnecessarily
by purchasing a sophisticated multimedia computer.
3.5.2 System’s Performance

You might feel cheated if the multimedia computer that you purchased did not
perform according to your satisfaction, such as producing a low-quality video
display.
A computerÊs system performance can be influenced by the hardware or

software but the core factor in determining its performance is the computer
hardware.
The systemÊs performance is very important for a multimedia computer,

especially if you always use it to display video or online games. Therefore, you
should consider these criteria when you want to purchase a multimedia
computer. The computer hardware that you select must be suitable with the
system performance you require. For example, you can choose the following
specifications for ideal multimedia playback and multitasking:
(a) Processor: 4th Generation Intel® Core™ i3-4130 Processor (3M Cache, 3.4
GHz);
(b) Memory: 24GB Single Channel DDR3 1,600MHz - 1 DIMM; and
(c) Hard Drive: 500GB 7,200 rpm SATA 6Gb/s Hard Drive.

3.5.3 Needs
Most consumers do not consider their actual needs when buying a multimedia
computer. They always choose the most sophisticated and expensive computers.
For example, there are consumers who buy sophisticated multimedia computers
just to type word documents, and there are also consumers who buy multimedia
computers that are equipped with the fastest modem even though he or she has
no intention of browsing the Internet.
Remember! You should know your real needs when planning to purchase a
multimedia computer so that you can get a computer that not only meets your
requirements and preference, but also one with a reasonable price.
ACTIVITY 3.5
List the computerÊs specifications that you require based on your

affordability and need of usage.
SELF-CHECK 3.4
1. Name the three hardware that you think can influence a systemÊs
performance.
2. Name the two types of microprocessors that are available in the

market and their two distinguishing features.
3. List some examples where voice outputs are available.
4. State the importance of the internal communication modem in

multimedia.

 This topic explains the importance of computer hardware including input

and output devices, and storage that is required for multimedia
development.
 Although there are many kinds of computer hardware in the market, you as
the multimedia developer should choose the hardware that corresponds
with the concept and scope of the multimedia project that you are
developing.
 Choosing the right input and output devices, and storage which meet the
requirement of your project will help to contribute towards the success of
your multimedia project.
 Finally, several guidelines are given at the end to help you choose the most
suitable multimedia computer. Do not forget to use these guidelines when
purchasing a multimedia computer.
CD-ROM drive Microprocessor

Communication device Monitor
Computer system Multimedia computer
Digital camera Output devices
Digital compact disc drive Projector
Digital video camera Sound card and speakers
Digitising tablet Standard specifications
Input devices Video capture card
Internal hard disk Voice input devices
Main memory

Topic  Development
4 and Future of
Multimedia
Technology
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Explain the factors that contribute towards the technological
development of multimedia; and
2. Identify several areas of research and development and challenges of
multimedia at present and in the future.
 INTRODUCTION
In the previous topics we learnt about the various multimedia applications that
are available in our daily lives. In this topic, we will discuss current multimedia
technological developments. Besides that, we will look into the challenges faced
by multimedia technology today.
4.1 DEVELOPMENT OF MULTIMEDIA

TECHNOLOGY
One of the signs indicating the rapid development of multimedia technology
today can be seen from the number of current household occupants who own
multimedia computers that are equipped with CD-ROM or DVD drives, sound
cards, speakers and video capture cards. The number of household occupants

TOPIC 4 DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE OF MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY  65
who own multimedia computers has increased tremendously compared to a

decade ago.
Other than that, the increase in the number of multimedia products and
applications reflect the fact that multimedia technology is not only experiencing a
very rapid growth but has become a very important part of our everyday lives. In
fact, many local companies have developed and distributed multimedia software
that is suitable for local consumers especially in the fields of education and
training.
The following sections will briefly discuss some of the factors that contribute
towards the current development of multimedia technology.
4.1.1 Price
Economists have stated that if the price of a product drops, then demand for the
product will increase. This statement is astoundingly accurate; as the price of
multimedia computers drop, more Malaysians can afford to own one.
If five years ago you need to fork out RM5,000 to own a multimedia computer
complete with compact-disk players and sophisticated audio and video, now you
only need to pay about RM2,000 or cheaper to own a similar set.
Do you know that in 1992, a courseware was sold at RM250? Today, software
prices have dropped tremendously to the extent that one can purchase a software
for only RM15 to RM20. The drop in the prices of multimedia components
assures us that multimedia technological development will be more rapid in the
future.
4.1.2 Development of DVD Technology

The Digital Versatile Disk, which is more commonly known as the DVD, was
introduced in 1996 and considered an important progress in the technology of
compact disk. There are many DVD drives that can store data on both sides of
the diskÊs surfaces and this undoubtedly doubles the storage capacity of the disk.
The DVD disk drive can store 4.7 gigabytes of data on a single side of the disk,
which is seven times the capacity of a CD. In fact, there are DVDs that can store
up to 17 gigabytes. This enables full-length movies with varying audio tracks (to
provide multilingual capabilities) and also different versions of the same movies
(PG, PG-13 and R) to be loaded onto the same disk.

66  TOPIC 4 DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE OF MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY
Now, DVD technology has replaced VHS technology and laser disk in the
production of digital videos or films because DVD pictures are clearer, faster and
of a higher quality. The lower the price of the DVD, the higher the number of
household occupants that can afford to own one. The film industry and
multimedia games developers who require large disk capacity also benefit from
the price drop.
4.1.3 Software Development

Most software benefited from the multimedia technology enables the computer
systems to interact fully with the audio, video elements and compact-disk drive
more effectively. This new technology enables these elements to be absorbed as
an additional object for use in multimedia applications such as words-processing
and spreadsheets.
Software applications for education, games and entertainment became easier to

use with these various additional elements. Authoring and programming
language software technology based on a visual approach was also introduced.
With this technology, multimedia software development became easier, faster
and increased rapidly.
4.1.4 Internet
With the availability of Internet technology, multimedia software such as Adobe
Director, Adobe Authorware and Adobe Flash are capable of producing
sophisticated and interesting Internet-based multimedia software or applications.
Websites have also experienced positive changes. In the early stages, websites
only displayed information in text forms. Now, through Internet technology and
sophisticated software, websites have changed and have full dynamic and
multimedia features and are also able to display graphics, audio, video,
animation and others.
Internet has brought dramatic changes in the distribution of multimedia

materials. In fact there are some parties who say that the Internet may cause the
extinction of the DVD. It has limited storage capacity whereas the Internet is able
to provide unlimited virtual information which can be easily kept up to date.
However, the main disadvantage of the Internet is the availability of
infrastructures and slow speed connection especially in the distribution of large
files such as animation, audio and video. Therefore, the DVD shall remain the
main source of distribution of multimedia files for the next few years.

4.1.5 Increased Usage of Computers

If you remember, sometime ago, computers were used as just a word processing
tool, thus, an extension of the typewriter. Time has changed and in line with the
development of multimedia technology, the role of the computer has diversified
and it now acts as the source for education, publication, entertainment, games
and many others.
The development of multimedia technology has added to the speciality of

computers where text is not the only main medium used to disseminate
information but also graphics, audio, video, animation and interactivity. This
increases the use and capacity of the computer system to its maximum level. The
computer is no longer regarded as a luxury item; instead, it has become an
important aspect of our daily lives.
4.1.6 Mobile Multimedia Computing

Mobile devices are becoming the most frequently used item in our daily lives
because we will be able to access information through the Internet and social
networks. Multimedia content becomes an important development nowadays to
be disseminated over the network of mobile devices. This area is concerned with
intelligent multimedia techniques to facilitate effortless multimedia experiences
on mobile devices, including media acquisition, editing, sharing, browsing,
management, search, advertising, cloud computing and related user interface
(Mann, 1996).
4.1.7 Wearable Computing

Environmental technology in the form of ubiquitous computing, ubiquitous
surveillance and smart spaces has attempted to bring multimedia computing
seamlessly into our daily lives, promising a future world with cameras and
microphones everywhere, connected to invisible computing, always attentive to
our every movement or conversation (Mann, 1996).
In response to these problems, a personal, wearable, multimedia computer, with

head-mounted camera or display, sensors, and many more is proposed for use in
day-to-day living within the surrounding social fabric of the individual.
Examples of practical uses include face identification (memory aid for names),
way-finding via sequences of freeze-frames, shared visual memory or
environment maps, and other personal note-taking together with visual images.

What do you know about Google Glass? How about smart watches like Pebble
Smartwatch, Sony Smartwatches 2, QualcommÊs Toq Smartwatch, or even smart
wristband in many forms such as for life-monitoring, cardiac-monitoring,
emotion-monitoring, audio-recording purpose or for athletic purposes? These are
examples of wearable computing that will be another trend in the future
especially in exploiting multimedia technology.
ACTIVITY 4.1
Apart from the factors given, state two other factors that have helped in
the development of multimedia technology.
4.2 THE CHALLENGES AND THE FUTURE OF

MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY
Multimedia technology has undergone rapid growth and is now at a very
encouraging stage. Nevertheless, there are still some important areas that need
further development. In the following sections, we will discuss some of the
challenges faced by multimedia technology.
4.2.1 Computer Equipment

If the multimedia system or multimedia software can be developed successfully,
but if there is no equivalent equipment to support it, then these efforts are all in
vain. Moreover, the mobility of multimedia applications is restricted by the
display, the computer architecture, networks and others. Therefore, it is hoped
that there would be better development in terms of equipment. The equipment
issues that are the focus for research and development are the computerÊs
performance, mobility and speed.
Do you still remember the type of coloured monitor that was first used? That was
the Visibility Graphic Analysis (VGA) monitor. This display device underwent a
very rapid evolution. Today, several standards have been developed to
determine the capacity of a computerÊs resolution. There are lots of standards
commonly used at this moment from SVGA, XGA, SXGA and UXGA to Full HD
and 4K technology. Research and development is still carried out in order to
produce monitors with high resolution, durable and economical in terms
electrical consumption.

Besides the monitor, the computerÊs microprocessor also requires further

research and development. For example, a high-powered processor is required to
deal with real-time video streaming. It is hoped that future development of
microprocessors will be able to produce microprocessors that are faster and
cheaper, able to withstand heat and are smaller in size.
Where networks are concerned, its future development challenge is to produce

high-speed and high-capacity networks that can support multimedia
networking, which is currently receiving a lot of attention. If several of these
technologies can be developed successfully, this multimedia equipment could
then be used as mobile end points.
ACTIVITY 4.2
Discuss the latest trends in computer display standards such as Full HD

and 4K technology.
4.2.2 Operating Systems

Lately, development of operating systems has progressed rapidly and the most
popular operating systems are the Windows Operating System, MacOS and
Linux. The Windows 8 operating system is an example of a system that can
support multimedia applications. However, the development of operating
systems still requires further research and progress. Efforts are being undertaken
by several developers of operating systems so that consumers can receive
satisfactory service at reasonable prices.
4.2.3 Storage
Currently, the main focus of computer developers is to obtain a faster way of
processing and a high-capacity but smaller sized storage medium. Besides all the
storage media already discussed in the previous topics, other storage media such
as the electronic molecule and the hologram might be able to replace the floppy
disk, the compact disks or other forms of storage media of the future. Holograms
and molecular magnets are two forms of storage media which may be researched
and developed in the next few years.

(a) Hologram
When we mention holograms, most people would think of holograms as
the three-dimensional pictures created by laser rays. Sometimes, it is also
used as logos on credit cards. Holograms can also store a large batch of
data. In the near future, holograms would not only take over the place of a
hard drive but may even replace memory chips. However, the use of
holograms as a storage medium still requires extensive and detailed
technological research.
(b) Molecular Magnet

Recently, researchers successfully created a microscopic magnet. It is a
molecule derived from the combination of substances such as manganese,
oxygen, carbon and hydrogen. A system of data storage from this
molecular magnet is expected to have a very high density and is capable of
storing millions of data compared to the system that exists today. In the
near future, one may be able to use the molecule magnet, in the size of a
pinhead to store hundreds of gigabytes of data.
You may find interesting information from an article entitled The Future of
Storage that can be retrieved from the following website:
http://gizmodo.com/5497512/the-future-of-storage.
4.2.4 Virtual Environment

Virtual environment is a new challenge in the multimedia system. If this virtual
technology can be developed rapidly, you would no longer be required to fork
out thousands of ringgit for overseas tours. You only have to sit at home and
visit the country that you like through virtual technology! Virtual environment is
mostly used in flight training or in the military as shown in Figure 4.1.
Figure 4.1: Virtual environment for military and flight training

Source: www.d-a-s.com/VICE

Now, the Web3D Consortium is working hard to bring virtual environment

technology to the Web. This consortium is heading the VRML (Virtual Reality
Modelling Language) language development program which is an object
based language that enables you to create a 3D navigational space on the Web.
Among the main requirements of virtual environment technology, apart from

navigation, are the interaction and visual communication domains. Besides that,
modelling such as geometric, physical or behavioural should also be
considered. These requirements provide the challenges for multimedia interfaces,
hypermedia document and other related fields.
To get some ideas on the future of virtual reality and multimedia computing,
please read the article at this website:
http://www.engadget.com/2014/01/18/valve-vr-steam-dev-days/
ACTIVITY 4.3
1. „Wireless communication is one of the fields which can assist in the

development of multimedia in the future.‰ Give your opinion.
2. „Multimedia equipment can be used as mobile end points.‰ What

do you understand by this statement? Give a brief explanation.
SELF-CHECK 4.1
1. Name two world famous developers of operating systems.
2. Give the three current uses of the virtual environment.

 The factors that contribute towards the current development of multimedia

technology are price, development of DVD technology, software
development, Internet, increased usage of computers, mobile multimedia
computing and wearable computing.
 Multimedia technology has undergone rapid growth and is now at a very

encouraging stage. Some of the challenges faced by multimedia technology
are computer equipment, operating systems, storage and virtual
environment.
 What is certain is that technological development will continue with the

advent of new ideas which will push multimedia to a new height.
Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) Operating system

Hologram Technologies
MMX (Multimedia Extensions) Virtual environment
Molecular magnet

Topic  Text
5
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Explain the importance of using text in a multimedia application;
2. List the categories of text by giving suitable examples; and
3. State the guidelines for using text in a multimedia application.
 INTRODUCTION
Multimedia would not be complete without text. This is because text is one of
the most important elements not only in multimedia development but also in
other fields. The combination of animation, audio, video and graphics can be
used to develop multimedia. However, consumers' knowledge will be greatly
enhanced when text is combined with other elements. Text is still needed
to provide information and explanation for images, graphics and animation.
Text is used extensively in the world of mass communication specifically as

an intermediary for the print media such as the press, magazines, books, journals
and advertisements. Therefore, text or hypertext is considered the main element
in multimedia development. Text plays the role of a fundamental communication
medium for effective information dissemination.

74  TOPIC 5 TEXT
5.1 DEFINITION AND THE IMPORTANCE OF

TEXT
Text and symbols have been used since 6,000 years ago in the Mediterranean
Fertile Crescent in Mesopotamia, Egypt, Sumeria and Babylon where the
first meaningful marks were scraped onto mud tablets and basked under the sun
to dry. During this period, only rulers and priests were allowed to read and write
the pictographic symbols and cuneiforms.
Today, text and the ability to read is the gateway to knowledge and
success. Reading and writing are expected and become the necessary skills
within most modern cultures.
Text can be defined as a combination of letters that form sentences or words

to explain or discuss a topic which is known as text information.
In information technology, text is a sequence of readable alphabets and

constructed words that can be encoded into a computer readable format such as
the ASCII format.
Text is the basic element for all multimedia applications. Without text,
information that you wish to convey might be lost during your interpretation
of other media elements such as graphics, sound and video. Considering that
there are various cultural norms to adhere to, text is considered the best and
safest form of communication medium to deliver messages effectively so that
misunderstanding will not arise.
When creating an application or a multimedia presentation, text is usually typed

using the texts tools found in authoring packages and presentations used.
However, in packages such as Adobe Director and Authorware, text documents
can be imported directly and edited into the final application.
There are many formats for text and it depends on the word processing
document used. For example, when one uses the Word program in Microsoft
Windows, it will produce the file format -*.doc, whereas, the WordPerfect
program will produce the file format -*.wpd.
These file formats are not readable by many authoring packages and
presentations. Table 5.1 shows the file formats that can be imported into popular
authoring packages such as Adobe Authorware and Director.

TOPIC 5 TEXT  75
Table 5.1: Text Files that can be Imported
File Type Explanation Extension
Rich Text  This is available as a „Save As‰ function in most .rtf

popular word processing documents. It is a
character formatting file that facilitates file sharing
between applications and via the Internet.
 With RTF files, all formatting done with text style

(bold, italics, and underline), justification (left, right
centre and full) and typeface (typeface ă size and
type) are retained. In other words, when imported
into different applications, RTF files will appear
exactly like when they were first produced in word
processing documents.
ASCII  This type of text is developed as the standard text .txt

(American on all computers. With this type of text file,
Standard whatever format used will be lost when you „Save‰.
Code for
Information  Text files are normally saved as unformatted text
Interchange) and may be accessed through the „Save As‰ option
Text Format that is available in all word processing
documents. It is also a native file format in
the Windows Notepad program.
5.2 TEXT IN MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATIONS

Text is an important element in multimedia presentations because it provides a
lot of information. However, text should not be used exclusively, without the
combination of other multimedia elements. It has to be combined with
other multimedia elements in order to produce high quality presentations.
To improve your knowledge pertaining to text in multimedia, refer to Chapter 2 :

Text in VaughanÊs Multimedia: Making it work.
Text can be used as a visual image to enhance the aesthetics of a multimedia

presentation. Factors or ways that can make text visually attractive are:
(a) Use of suitable type and size of fonts; and

(b) How text is displayed on the screen.

76  TOPIC 5 TEXT
Figure 5.1 depicts the many ways text is used in multimedia applications.
Figure 5.1: Text usage
Now, let us look at the usage of text:
(a) Plain Text

There are many examples of text usage that is any form plain text alphabet.
Text files are developed using word processing that later can be imported
into multimedia authoring programs. If an application requires a long text
document, then the document can be imported in the form of Rich
Text Format or ASCII text format and inserted into the presentation.
Nowadays, most popular authoring packages such as Macromedia Director
has its own text tools for editing and typing text.
(b) Paragraph Text

A paragraph is a text block usually containing more than one sentence. It is
used in multimedia applications that require in-depth explanations. Many
methods can be used to format paragraph text. You can choose any one of
the methods described in the following.
(i) Left-justify
Text is aligned evenly on the left margin, as follows:
Welcome to the Introduction course in Multimedia Technology, one

of the courses offered by Faculty of Information Technology and
Multimedia Communication, Open University Malaysia.

TOPIC 5 TEXT  77
(ii) Right-justify
Text is aligned evenly on the right margin, as follows:

(iii) Centre
Text that is centred on a specified line length, as follows:

(iv) Full-justify
Both margins on the left and on the right are the same, as follows:

From the four styles above, the left-justified and the full-justified styles are
easier to read and recommended for use. The centred style is suitable for
headings and quotations; right-justified with uneven left margins can be
used to create special effects. You can also use this style for text placed next
to a picture.
(c) Bullet Text

In multimedia presentations, the text presented should not be too long. You
could choose important points in your topic and present them as bullet
points (please refer to Figure 5.2). Bullet text is a sentence that
explains concepts or as help signs and usually use the „bullet‰ symbol. The
bullet symbols comprise graphics, symbols, numbers or letters that
combine, move or explain the text.

78  TOPIC 5 TEXT
Figure 5.2: Bullet text format

Source: www.indezine.com
(d) Scrolling Text

Scrolling text is a feature provided by some authoring tools to facilitate
reading and control of large text blocks in multimedia applications (please
refer to Figure 5.3). For example, you can use the Adobe Director software
to develop scrolling text.
Figure 5.3: Scrolling texts for long documents
(e) Navigational Text

Multimedia applications currently combine interactive elements into
presentations so that users have some control over the navigational parts.
We can see that buttons and graphics contribute a large part of the
navigational control, but do you know that users can also use text to
navigate multimedia contents? Hypertext is a popular method for this
purpose (please refer to Figure 5.4). Sentences or phrases in a paragraph
can be made interactive. By clicking on these words users can „jump‰ from
one location to another, within or outside the application. Hypertext can

TOPIC 5 TEXT  79
also trigger sound effects and animation. The Internet is an example of text
used as interactive navigational control.
Figure 5.4: An example of hypertext

Source: literacybeat.files.wordpress.com
(f) Animation and Special Effects

You can make text more dramatic, interesting and funny when you use
graphics and text manipulation software such as FontLab Studio and
Fontographer (please refer to Figure 5.5). Software packages such as
Director can make text turn, rotate and zoom with relative ease. If you are
assigned by your company to design a logo with text only, you can make
the logo interesting by using 2D and 3D animation to create dynamic
movements.
Figure 5.5: An example of text with special effects

80  TOPIC 5 TEXT
SELF-CHECK 5.1
Give two methods of how text is used in multimedia applications.
5.3 TYPEFACE AND FONT

A typeface is a family of graphic characters that usually include many types of
sizes and styles. A font is a collection of characters of a single size and style
belonging to a particular typeface family (please refer to Figure 5.6). Typical font
styles are bold-face and italic. Other attributes such as underlining and outlining
may be added by your computer software.
Typefaces refer to the types of writing whereas font refers to the style
of writing.
Figure 5.6: Types of fonts
Times New Roman, Courier and Arial are among the common typefaces used.
Times New Roman 12 point italic is an example of a font. Figure 5.7 shows the
three main types of typefaces:
Figure 5.7: Typefaces
You may be confused with the meaning of fonts and typefaces given above. This
is because in everyday use, we often use the word „font‰ when we are actually
referring to the typeface, which should be the correct word to use.

TOPIC 5 TEXT  81
Figure 5.8: Different typefaces and fonts produce different moods in multimedia
ACTIVITY 5.1
What is your favourite typeface and font when producing a

document? Why?
There are many websites where you can download fonts whether as freeware or
shareware. Among them are: http://www.fontfoundry.com, http://www.
myfonts.com and https://www.google.com/fonts.
5.4 TEXT SIZE AND TYPEFACE CATEGORIES

It is important to select the correct typeface and font. Although text is the
simplest multimedia element, it is often misused. The use of size, font, typeface
and style must be consistent with the design of multimedia project you are
developing. Choose the typeface that can be found on most platforms. This is
because the choice of suitable typeface in terms of its size and form will have
different impacts on the approach, design and meaning of the
multimedia presentation display.
The text size does not reflect the actual height or width of a character. This is
because the height of the lowercase letter "k" of two different typefaces may vary
while the height of the capital letter "K" of those typefaces may be the
same. However, word processing software will make the modification
automatically to overcome this spacing problem.
Text size is usually measured in point form (please refer to Figure 5.9). A point
is 0.0138 inches or 1/72 inches. In other words, there are 72 points in an inch. Size
10 to size 12 typefaces is often used to display the table of contents on the screen.
Nevertheless, the selection of size is also closely linked to the target group

82  TOPIC 5 TEXT
that will be using the multimedia application. For example, multimedia

presentations for old folks will require bigger text size.
Figure 5.9: An example of point size
In terms of categories, typefaces may be divided into three common categories as

shown in Figure 5.10:
Figure 5.10: Typeface categories
There are also other categories such as Blackletter, Ornamental, Script, Slab Serif
and Transitional.
5.4.1 Serif
Serif refers to the line or curve (tail) that exists at the end of a character. Examples
of serif are Times New Roman, New century, Schoolbook and Palatino. For
example:

TOPIC 5 TEXT  83
5.4.2 Sans Serif

„Sans‰ in French means „without". Therefore, sans serif means a typeface
without serif. Examples include Arial, Helvetica and Optimum. For example:
Figure 5.11 clearly shows the difference between serif and sans serif typefaces:
Figure 5.11: The difference between serif and sans serif

Source: www.digitalmediacomputing.org.uk

84  TOPIC 5 TEXT
5.4.3 Decorative
Decorative refers to typefaces with old literature and flowery elements and look
like ancient writings. For example:
SELF-CHECK 5.2
1. Give three common categories of typefaces with examples.
2. State the differences between typeface and font.
5.5 GUIDELINES ON THE USE OF TEXT IN

MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATIONS
As stated earlier, text is one of the most important elements in multimedia
presentations. But sometimes, text fails to convey information quickly. For
example, if you are given only three seconds to attract the attention of an
audience in a multimedia presentation, it is somewhat difficult for text to deal

TOPIC 5 TEXT  85
with this effectively. Nevertheless, the importance of text and its content
accuracy cannot be denied.
The following are several guidelines on the use of text that you can follow during
the development of your multimedia presentations.
5.5.1 Minimal Use of Text

Reading a lot of text on a computer screen is tiring. If possible, minimise the use
of text unless it is a multimedia application such as reference titles that
requires maximum use of text like encyclopaedias.
From a design standpoint, text should fill less than half the screen. Therefore, a
combination of other elements is needed to reduce the dependency of
multimedia applications on text (please refer to Figure 5.12).
Figure 5.12: Uses of text on book cover

Source: designobserver.com

86  TOPIC 5 TEXT
5.5.2 Suitability of Typefaces and Fonts

Do you know that choosing the typeface and font for a multimedia application is
not an easy task? This is because the selection of typeface and font must depend
on the objective, content, concept and the intended audience of the multimedia
application being developed. Imagine if you were to choose huge, gray blocks of
text for your application. For sure it will be boring.
Therefore, typefaces and fonts are often used to draw attention to the
information that is conveyed on the screen, increase readability, brighten the
mood and should be in line with the concept of the application being developed.
Ensure that the chosen typeface can be used in all platforms.
Figure 5.13 shows several fonts suitable for children:
Figure 5.13: Suitable fonts for children

Source: www.elementsvillage.com

TOPIC 5 TEXT  87
Figure 5.14 shows examples of suitable fonts for a formal approach:
Figure 5.14: Cargo and Bandstand fonts

Source: sugarandspace.com
5.5.3 Choice of Text

When you are developing a multimedia application, make sure that the typeface
chosen is clear and readable. For example, decorative typefaces are pretty and
attractive but they are difficult to read. Table 5.2 shows the comparison between
the Sans Serif and Serif typefaces:
Table 5.2: Comparison between San Serif and Serif Typefaces
Font Type Display Style Comprehension Study

Sans Serif  Clean, brief, objectivity, modern  20% ă 30% level of
understanding
 Quite difficult for fast reading
 Suitable for headings
Serif  Old-fashioned, friendly  75% ă 80% level of

understanding
 Easy to read
 Suitable for content text

88  TOPIC 5 TEXT
5.5.4 Styles and Colour of Text

Style and text colour should be considered when developing a multimedia
application (please refer to Figure 5.15). Among the common styles or writing
styles are bold, italic and underline. These styles are regularly used to emphasise
or to distinguish the contents from another section of the print media. Other than
that, writing styles also function as hypertext in a multimedia application.
Text colour and background colour also play an important role to determine
whether the words are clear and readable. If possible, avoid using text and
background that have similar colours.
Figure 5.15: Example of a poster with suitable style and colours

Source: theinspirationroom.com
5.5.5 Consistency
Consistency or uniformity of textual use is important when developing a
multimedia application. The use of size, font, typeface and style must be
consistent with the design and concept of the project. For example, if the
application being developed has several screens that require the use of headings

TOPIC 5 TEXT  89
and sub-headings, the use of typeface, font, style and colour should then be
consistent with each heading and sub-heading.
Another significant factor that needs to be emphasised in the selection of

typeface is whether the chosen typeface is in the computer system for the
purposes of playback. For example, if you use the AvantGarde typeface as the
main typeface to display the contents of an application, you must ensure that
other computer systems will also have this typeface. Otherwise, your display will
be disastrous and will not be like the original. The computer system will change
the typeface to the type that is available in its system. This will change the
position and size of each character. Table 5.3 shows the typefaces normally found
on Windows and Macintosh platforms:
Table 5.3: Typefaces Normally Found on Windows and Macintosh Platforms
WINDOWS MACINTOSH
Arial Charcoal
Book Antiqua Chicago
Bookman Old Style Courier
Bookshelf Symbol Geneva
Century Gothic Helvetica
Comic Sans MS Monaco
Courier New New York
Garamond Palatino
Haettenschweiler Symbol
Impact Lucida Console Times
Marlett
Monotype Corsiva
Monotype Sorts
MS Outlook
MS Sans Serif
MS Serif
Small Fonts
Symbol
Tahoma
Times New Roman
Trebuchet
Verdana
Webdings
WingDings

90  TOPIC 5 TEXT
5.6 TEXT INTENSIVE MULTIMEDIA

APPLICATIONS
In certain circumstances, the multimedia application being developed requires a
lot of text such as encyclopaedias or databases applications.
There are two methods that can be used to make a large amount of text less
overwhelming or minimal:
(a) Hypertext; and

(b) Other methods.
5.6.1 Hypertext
This method only provides text as a path for users to obtain more related
information. Users would be supplied with minimum text or content and
additional information will only be displayed when you click or activate the
word of your choice. This technique is widely used in Web pages.
Hypertext represents the access to information through text as an exploration

path. Hypertext also represents a form of writing style that is non-sequential or
linear. It is more a collection of text segments and not phrases that are continuous
to each other. These text segments are connected by an access path which is also
known as a link.
A user will be able to read the text that has been prepared and the same text can
take users to other related pages that contain related information. Here, the
users determine the direction of reading or information acquisition and not the
writer. This hypertext concept is mostly found in Web pages. It is often
represented by text in blue and is underlined like this: Multimedia.
ACTIVITY 5.2
Give an example of a website that uses hypertext as a hyperlink to acquire

additional information.

TOPIC 5 TEXT  91
5.6.2 Other Methods

Besides hypertext, you can use related graphics, audio, video or animation to
replace a few paragraphs of text with the same information.
5.7 TEXT AUTHORING SOFTWARES

Currently, there are many text authoring softwares in the market that enable you
to build attractive typefaces and fonts. Table 5.4 introduces several text authoring
softwares and the usage of these softwares.
Table 5.4: Text Authoring Softwares
Text Writing Software Use
 Microsoft Word  A popular word processing software to develop an

application that requires a lot of text.
 Word Perfect
 Adobe Authorware  Used for an application that does not require a lot
of text.
 Toolbook
 Can be used directly to type the required text.
 Adobe Photoshop  Can be used to form text in the form of

attractive graphics.
 Adobe Illustrator
 Normally used to create text with various special
 Adobe FreeHand
effects such as shadows, bright text and three-
 Fontgrapher dimension (3D) text.
SELF-CHECK 5.3
1. Give two multimedia applications that require a large amount of

text.
2. Why is the text element important in multimedia development?
3. State five guidelines for the use of text in multimedia applications.

92  TOPIC 5 TEXT
 Text has been around since ancient times. The ability to read and write text
means success for the modern man.
 The appropriate use of multimedia elements may enhance the aesthetic

presentation of text.
 It is important to distinguish between typeface and font, as these two terms

are often confused with each other in everyday use.
 Other elements to consider when manipulating text include text size and
typeface categories.
 In order to successfully use text in multimedia presentations, please bear in

mind the following guidelines:
ă Minimal use of text;
ă Suitability of typefaces and fonts;
ă Choice of text;
ă Styles and colour of text; and
ă Consistency.
Animation and special effects Plain text

Bullet text Sans serif
Centre Scrolling text
Decorative Serif
Font Text
Hypertext Text authoring software
Left/right/full justify Text size
Navigational text Typeface
Paragraph text Typeface categories

Topic  Graphics
6
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Describe the importance of graphics in multimedia applications;
2. Discuss the two categories of computer graphics; and
3. Point out a few graphic file formats and sources of graphics.
 INTRODUCTION
In multimedia applications, the text element alone is not enough to convey the
intended meaning. Visual images provide a higher impact compared to text.
Graphics play an important role in multimedia presentations and are one of the
most popular elements used in the development of multimedia applications.
As the Chinese proverb says, „a picture paints a thousand words‰; thus, a visual
graphical display is capable of presenting information more attractively and
effectively. Graphics also accelerate the presentation of information and provide
clearer, accurate and consistent information as compared to information that
consists of only text.
6.1 DEFINITION AND THE IMPORTANCE OF

GRAPHICS
According to the Dewan Bahasa and Pustaka dictionary, graphics means
something to do with paintings or carvings. From these definitions, we can
conclude that the use of graphics in multimedia programs is not just about
beautiful paintings, but also as a source of presenting highly effective
information.

94  TOPIC 6 GRAPHICS
Graphics also refer to the use of visuals to explain concepts that cannot or are
difficult to be described with the use of text.
Attractive graphics are one of the main attractions of multimedia; in fact,

multimedia developers are aware that the success of a multimedia application
depends on the visual impact that is successfully developed. Visualisation is an
important process in the communication of information. This is because we are
more inclined to study, understand and remember something that is seen as
compared to something that is read or heard.
Computer graphics can be divided into two categories, which are vector graphics
and bitmap graphics. When developing graphics for multimedia applications,
you will use either one or both types of graphics. Before we study computer
graphics in greater detail, let us look at the early history of graphics first.
The following extract relates the true experience of a famous multimedia

specialist, and how he realised the importance of graphics and visuals in
multimedia presentations.
„A few years ago, a large corporation asked us and one other multimedia
developer to bid on a long-term contract for computer-based training. Though
busy with other active projects, we didnÊt want this possibly lucrative
opportunity to slip by, so we spent a few days hastily putting together a
demonstration of our technical skills for building nifty databases, designing
tricky telecommunications systems, and integrating live video from videodisc
into the computer. We even „wire-framed‰ a bit of a working multimedia
database with the real data we got from the corporation.
We showed our demo to about a dozen management and training executives,

in a fancy boardroom that had a built-in projector and sound system with
mixers and light dimmers ă a place where we could knock the socks off
anybody. But within 30 seconds, the disaster bells started tinkling: most of our
presentation was going way over their heads. Afterward, there were one or
two vague questions and some thank youÊs.

TOPIC 6 GRAPHICS  95
Our competitorÊs presentation, on the other hand, provided a slick series of

finely rendered bitmapped screen images and elegant visuals. It was heavy on
pretty menu screens and very light on how-it-is-done technology. We later
learned that one of their graphic artists had worked for two solid weeks on the
colour bitmaps for that demo. In the follow-up phone call, we were told by
our potential clients that the competitionÊs „incredible artwork‰ had won out
over „excellent technology demonstration‰.
To cover our disappointment, we mumbled something to ourselves about not

wanting to work with computer illiterates, anyway ă people who could be
taken to the cleaners by fresh paint. But we knew weÊd missed a hefty piece of
contract work because we hadnÊt invested serious graphic art talent in our
demonstration. We decided thatÊs why the real peas in the can are never the
same bright green as the ones on the label. So we learned a marketing lesson.‰
Vaughn (2001)
6.2 HISTORY OF GRAPHICS

The early history of graphics is frequently associated with the development of
the printing industry. When humans got to know about writing and print,
human communication no longer focused purely on verbal statements. The use
of printing machines became more widespread during the industrial revolution.
At that time, graphic works and prints were made separately. For example,
arrangement of letters, production of papers, printings and bindings were of
different skills.
In 1880, the first press, New York Daily Graphic, used new graphic technology
elements such as photography. In the same year, graphic designers produced
illustrated posters by using full colours. The posters were displayed in several
areas and towns in the United States and around Europe.
From 1890 until 1930, the Avant Garde group introduced the term „Art Nouveu‰.
This group pioneered the art of free style lettering which was not confined to the
old method. One of the prominent graphic designers from this group was
Toulouse-Lautrec. Then, other graphic designers emerged, such as Charles
Rennie Mackintosh, Peter Benrens and Frank Lloyd Wright with their own
individual graphic creations.

The emergence of ideologies in the field of art brought a lot of changes in the
creation of graphic designs. For example, a magazine's layout was no longer
confined to the traditional way that emphasised symmetry. The new layout put
more emphasis on free style motivational designs.
During the 1920s, the development of graphic designs progressed more rapidly
with the emergence of the group called „de still group‰. This period was parallel
to the Russian Revolutionary period. Graphic designs became freer and
communications with the customers were considered important. Then, a group
called „Bauhaus‰ introduced language art through fundamental designs. This
group introduced formal graphics education such as lines, forms and alphabets
in graphic designs.
Technological development improved the quality and ways of graphic designs.

To date, graphic designs are not only presented through printing materials but in
fact are more widespread in the technology of televisions, films and computers.
Nowadays, computers have taken over as the medium to generate two-
dimensional and three-dimensional graphic designs.
If you are interested to know more about graphic designs, please refer to the
book, Multimedia: The complete guide, produced by Dorling Kindersley
Limited, London, in 1996. You will learn the techniques used by graphic
designers to produce images on computer screens and many others.
6.3 COMPUTER GRAPHICS APPLICATIONS

Manual graphics, using hands and tools such as pencils, pens, colours and
airbrushes, have been in existence for a long time, but the field of computer
graphics is still relatively new. Computer graphics is an aspect of computer
science and its use is widespread in the areas of engineering, heavy industries,
animation and films. The study of computer graphics not only focuses on
drawings and animation but also on mathematics (calculus, algebra and
geometry), programming (C language or C++), computer algorithm and data
structure. Besides that, in order to generate attractive computer graphics, a high
degree of imagination is also required.
Computer graphics can visualise or depict a personÊs imagination on a computer

screen. It aids in the manufacturing of goods or materials such as cars, buildings,
humans' artificial limbs, computer games and simulations. Computer graphics
can also provide a real picture of a house before it is built. In fact, it can design
the interior of a house to see what furniture would be suitable to use. Thus, the
time and cost in choosing furniture or renovation is reduced.

In the world of science, computer graphics can create a world which is invisible
to the naked eye or beyond reachable. For example, NASA (National Aeronautics
and Space Administration) has created the topography of Planet Mars, from the
data sent by the Telescope Hubble. From the available data, scientists are able to
see the molecular structure on the computer screen.
In the industrial world, computer graphics can help in the design of vehicles such
as cars, vans, aeroplanes, motorcycles, marine vessels and lorries. Before
production, the vehicles' level of safety, aerodynamic percentages, the suitable
colours and the subsequent finished designs can be viewed via computer (please
refer to Figure 6.1).
Figure 6.1: Computer graphics for vehicle designs

Source: johndayautomotivelectronics.com
In the medical field, computer graphics can help in the design of imitation limbs
that are suitable for a particular individual. In the near future, virtual reality can
aid in long-distance operations. Virtual reality is also used in simulations such as
aircraft simulations used to train pilots. Besides that, virtual reality is also used
by the police force to train its members on how to face a tense situation such as in
a shooting scenario. Figure 6.2 shows us a computer graphic of a womanÊs head.

Figure 6.2: Computer graphics for medical field

Source: www.kitware.com
Computer graphics are also used in other fields such as in computer games,
films, advertising and education. Now, computer graphics are not only accepted
as an aspect of entertainment and knowledge, but it also gives a picture of the
technological advancement of a country. In the world of computers, computer
graphics is the most difficult field to explore because of the infinite imagination
of the artists. The computers used are highly powered and there is no limit to the
creativity of the computer graphics enthusiast. In Figure 6.3, you can see a
sample of computer graphic for stimulation.
Figure 6.3: Computer graphics for simulation

Source: https://lh5.ggpht.com

6.4 USES OF GRAPHICS IN MULTIMEDIA

In multimedia applications, the text element alone is not enough to convey the
intended meaning. Graphics are not only able to present meanings but situations,
feelings, intonations and sensory elements in much greater detail in any
situation. Graphics are used in multimedia applications in the following
circumstances:
(a) Complementary Element

Graphics are usually used as background and texture, whereby it acts as a
complement towards the intended meaning through its display.
(b) Main Focus

Logos, images, paintings, figures and photographs in an application play a
vital role in the delivery of the meaning or concept of the multimedia
application.
(c) Object
Clickable graphics are considered as objects that can be used to link to
other objects, pages, functions or any necessary task in a multimedia
application.
ACTIVITY 6.1
Besides the uses of graphics stated earlier, think of any other situation
where graphics are used in a multimedia application.
SELF-CHECK 6.1
1. Give two definitions of graphics according to Agnew and

Kellerman (1996).
2. Describe the contribution of graphics in the medical field.

6.5 CATEGORIES OF GRAPHICS

Graphics can be divided into two basic categories ă vector graphics and bitmap
graphics. Understanding the differences between the two types can help you
with your work. For example, some file formats can only accommodate bitmap
images, whereas some file formats can accommodate vector graphics.
6.5.1 Vector Graphics

Vector graphics are also known as object oriented graphics or structured
graphics. It refers to any image produced with the use of certain software and
computer technology. Vector graphics are formed from lines that follow the
mathematical equations called vector. For example, a bicycle tyre in a vector
graphic format is built from a mathematical definition ă where a circle with a
given radius, set in a specific location and filled with particular colours.
Although the bicycle tyre can shift its location, change its size or colour, the
quality of graphic remains the same.
Vector graphics do not depend on resolution. The size of the vector image can be
changed and it can also be printed on any printer no matter what is the
resolution, without the loss of quality. Vector graphics are most suitable for text
(especially small text) and thick graphics (bold) which, when altering its size, the
quality still remains the same such as logos.
Among the applications that provide the environment based on vector graphics
are Adobe lllustrator, CorelDRAW and Inkscape. Table 6.1 contrasts the
advantages and disadvantages of vector graphics:
Table 6.1: Advantages and Disadvantages of Vector Graphics
Advantages Disadvantages
 Requires only a small size data for  Not realistic because of the computer
image representation. technology.
 Quality of the Vector graphics remains  The more complex the image created
the same even though the size and the the bigger the file size and the slower
position change. the display.
 Requires only a small storage space.

6.5.2 Bitmap Graphics

Bitmap graphics is also known as raster image or bit map image. Bitmap images
are produced from dots arranged specifically in metric form. These dots are
known as pixels (Pixel = picture + element). This pixel image is known as bitmap
image.
Within the confines of metric, these pixels are arranged according to size, colour
and location. The image created on the computer screen is the combination of all
these pixels.
Each pixel or dot that forms the bitmap image consists of 3 colours: red, green
and blue or is more popularly known as RGB (Red, Green, Blue). Nevertheless,
these pixels may also consist of black and white (monochrome) or grey colour or
have 256 colours up to 16 million colours. The more colours that are used for an
image, the closer the resemblance of the image to the real image.
Bitmap images are usually not produced by computer. Instead, it is obtained

from an actual source and then translated into digital form by devices such as
image scanners, digital camera and others. The following are some of the ways
that might be used to produce a bitmap image:
(a) Producing the image from scratch by using computer drawing programs
such as the Paint Program;
(b) Capturing the image direct from the screen (screen capture) and then
pasting the image onto your computer drawing program or application;
and
(c) Taking the image of a photograph, drawing or television image by using a

scanner or a video capture card to digitise the image.
Among the applications that are used to edit or modify a bitmap image are
Adobe Photoshop, Corel Paint-Shop Pro and GIMP. The bitmap image produced
may be copied, modified, delivered via e-mail and used in various creative ways.
Table 6.2 contrasts the advantages and disadvantages of bitmap graphics:

Table 6.2: Advantages and Disadvantages of Bitmap Graphics
Advantages Disadvantages
 Produces real quality image.  Depends on resolution.
 Capable of storing a large amount of  Enlargement of image size will produce

information. a blurred image.
 Capable of being modified with a high

quality modifier.
6.5.3 Vector Graphics versus Bitmap Graphics

The choice of using either a bitmap image or a vector image is a creative decision.
It also depends on the application software used to develop the multimedia
project. An image that requires complex editing, precise and flexibility would be
better drawn using a vector based application. Vector graphics are regularly used
in technical areas such as CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design/Manufacture),
scientific modelling, architecture, arts design and others. On the other hand, for
an image that needs to look realistic, a bitmap application is encouraged. Bitmap
images include photographs, photorealistic images and background texture.
The appearance of both of these images also depends on the resolution display
and capability of your graphics tools and the monitor of your computer. Both
these images can be kept in various types of file formats and can be translated
from one application to another or from one platform to another. Autotracing is a
technique where a bitmap image is converted into a vector image. An example of
the software used for this process is Streamline from Adobe. Other than that, the
file image can also be compressed to save memory and disk space; in fact many
image formats use this compression method in their files such as GIF, JPEG and
PNG file format. Figure 6.4 shows the differences between vector and bitmap
images.

Figure 6.4: Differences between vector and bitmap images
6.6 GRAPHICS CARD

The monitor or the computer screen is like an electronic canvas for computers
where all multimedia images are displayed regardless whether it is a still image,
an animation or a video image that moves. Therefore, the computer monitor is the
most important component of the whole computer system. Through the monitor,
you can view the results of your creation or your graphicsÊ manipulation.
The monitor and the central processing unit are connected to each other through
a graphics card located in the motherboard. Do you know that the image
produced by graphics software is in digital format? But a computer monitor can
only display images in analogue format. Therefore, there is a need for a
conversion process and this is the job of the graphics card (please see Figure 6.5).
Figure 6.5: NVIDIA Quadro FX 4800 graphics card

Source: http://3dvision-blog.com

The function of a graphics card is to convert digital images to analogue form and
then display it on the monitor screen. The graphics card is also known as the
video controller/adapter card because it also plays a role in displaying video
graphics. Most importantly, regardless of what it is called, its function is still the
same: that is to display your image.
A graphics card is also responsible for:
(a) Your computerÊs resolution (please refer to Table 6.3); and

(b) The number of colours that your monitor can display and the depth of
colour.
Table 6.3: Types of Monitors and Resolutions
Resolutions (In Pixels) Type of Monitor

640  480 VGA (Video Graphics Adapter)
800  600 SVGA (Super VGA)
1280  720 HD 720
1920  1080 HD 1080
The graphics card on the computer determines how many colours are available
for display on a computer screen. The number of colours on the computer screen
is known as colour palette and it is determined by the depth of bits of your
graphics card. Each pixel is produced by a combination of the three primary
colours that is red, green and blue (RGB). The bit depth or colour depth refers to
the range of existing colours in a pixel or the number of different colours that
exists on an image.
Bit is an abbreviation for Binary digit (BInary digiT) and it comprises of 0 and 1.
If your pixel can only hold 1 bit of information, this means your monitor would
only be able to display 2 colours, black and white (monochrome). If each pixel
can hold two bits of information, each bit would have two colours and both the
bits will produce four colours (2ï2). A 4-bit display will gives you 16 colours
(2ï2ï2ï2) and an 8-bit display will give you 256 colours. The greater the number of
bits in a pixel, the more colours in the palette (please refer to Table 6.4).
Therefore, the displayed image will be more colourful and realistic.

Table 6.4: The Colours Available in Colour Palettes
Colour Depth/
Colour Available
Bit of a Graphic Card
48-bit 281.5 trillion colours
36-bit 68.71 billion colours
30-bit 1.073 billion colours
24-bit 16,777 216 colours (photo realistic)
16-bit 65,536 colours (excellent for colour images)
8-bit 256 colours (good enough for colour images)
14-bit 16 colours
2-bit 4 colours
1-bit 2 colour (black and white/combination of any two colours)
Figure 6.6: The colour palette of the GIMP software

Source: http://0.tqn.com/d/create/1/0/P/2/B/-/palletes.png
Figure 6.6 shows the colour palette for GIMP software that can be used to
manipulate the picture with realistic colours.

6.7 GRAPHICS FILE FORMAT

To produce graphics, you donÊt just require knowledge and expertise in this field
but you must also be capable of manipulating the graphics by using specific
equipment to add various effects. Different graphics software or packages will
produce different file types. Fortunately, most authoring software today is able to
import and export graphics files in various formats. This enables graphic
designers to try different file formats for the different needs of the applications.
Table 6.5 shows a few graphics file format available. Each file format contains its
own distinctive features, advantages and disadvantages.
Table 6.5: Graphics File Formats
File Formats Explanations

.bmp WindowÊs Bitmap; This BMP's file is a file format that is most efficiently
used in the Windows environment.
.gif Graphics Interchange Format (GIF); developed by CompuServe to be

used in computer networks. GIF is one of the most common graphics
format used for images on websites.
.jpg JPEGÊs image; named after the standard committee that developed it
which is the Joint PhotographicÊs Experts Group. It aimed to be a
graphics format that is not platform specific (Platform Independent).
This is the most popular graphics file format used on websites.
.pcd Photo CD; based on Photo CD technology from Kodak. Consists of five
types of sizes for each picture, from „wallet‰ to „poster‰ size.
.pict Standard format for an image in the Macintosh environment. It is used

for the development of cross-platform.
.png Portable Network Graphic format; is called ping .png is developed as a

patent and license-free format and is an alternative format to GIF.
.tiff Tagged Image File Format (TIFF); is developed by Aldus Corporation and
consists of many file versions. Usually used in desktop publishing
software packages and is a file format favoured by printing companies.
.eps Encapsulated PostScript; is a file format used in PhotoShop and can

contain both bitmap graphics and vector graphics. It is supported by
many graphics programs, illustrations and layout pages. It is also used
to transfer PostScript's language artworks between applications.

A good multimedia designer should familiarise him/herself to work with

various graphics file formats. For example, one can produce graphics using
Photoshop first, and then export the graphics in JPEG format to be combined into
a multimedia application.
The explanation about graphics file formats above may be limited. To know more
about this topic, refer to Chapter 3: Images in the book Multimedia: Making It
work by Tay Vaughn (2014).
To obtain more information about PNG, visit its website at:

http://libpng.org/pub/png.
SELF-CHECK 6.2
1. State the three main methods of creating bitmap images.
2. Explain the differences between GIF and JPEG graphics file

formats.
6.8 SOURCES OF GRAPHICS

Using digital image or graphics in a multimedia presentation is not an easy task.
You not only need to think about the kind of images (graphics and/or text) to be
used in the application, but also about the legal issues involved. For example,
intellectualsÊ property such as art works and customised image has copyright
issues that may limit the usage of the images. Therefore, proper planning is
required as to how to obtain graphics images for a multimedia presentation
without violating any laws.
The following are some of the sources to obtain the required images or graphics
for a multimedia application development (please refer to Figure 6.7).

Figure 6.7: Sources of graphics
6.8.1 Scanner
Scanning an image or photograph for use in a multimedia presentation is one
way of getting images for ready-made applications. A scanner is an equipment
that is able to change images, text, drawings and photographs from analogue to
digital forms. A good quality scans depend on the number of resolutions of the
scanner.
A scanner can digitise and convert graphics to bitmap images on the computer. It
can also convert text document to files that can be manipulated by the computer.
6.8.2 Digital Camera

A digital camera can produce a digital image quickly and easily. With a digital
camera, we do not need a scanner. The captured images are in digital form and
can be uploaded into a computer instantly. These images may be manipulated
and kept in a popular file format and can be imported into an authoring software
when needed.
Examples of available digital cameras in the market are Samsung Galaxy Camera
and Canon PowerShot.
6.8.3 Clip Art and Stock Photography

The easiest way to obtain an image is through the use of ClipArt, and stock
photography. These images can be obtained commercially and are usually
royalty free (see Figure 6.8).

Figure 6.8: OpenClipArt

Source: openclipart.org
Clip Art can be obtained from CD-ROMs and through online services. Clip Art
and useful graphics are bundled together with many graphics applications; in
fact many companies will send the collection once you register your purchased
product. The collection of Clip Art may contain a mixture of many images or a
series of graphics, photographs, sounds and videos related to a single theme or a
certain topic.
For example, OpenClipArt is a website that offers a collection of free, open

source graphics with creative common licence.
6.8.4 Self-produced Images

You can produce your own image or hire graphic designers to create the image
that you require. Graphic designers are trained to capture the images in your
mind to digital reality form. With the aid of sophisticated graphics software
available in the market, graphic designers can produce attractive images with
unlimited creativity.

6.9 GRAPHICS SOFTWARES

There are lots of graphics softwares in the market. Among the most popular and
regularly used are Adobe Photoshop, CorelDRAW, GIMP and Inkscape. Each of
these graphics software has its own distinctive features and functions as shown
in Table 6.6.
Table 6.6: Graphics Software
Software Use
Adobe Photoshop Complex graphics software and is used for editing and
manipulation of images.
Adobe Illustrator For drawing and creating simple geometric images.
GIMP It is free and an open source software which you can download
and use for free. Its functionalities are similar with Photoshop,
except for commercial palettes.
Inkscape This is also free and an open source software with similar
functionalities with Illustrator which is used to manipulate
vector graphics.
Paint.NET This software is a simplified version of Photoshop and is meant

for simple graphic editing
In fact, all the three categories of the graphics software are interdependent.
Software such as Adobe Photoshop (please refer to Figure 6.9) are included in
various categories.

Figure 6.9: The main interface of Photoshop
The following are some of the websites that you can visit to obtain free graphics
and photos:
(a) http://www.freegraphics.org;
(b) http://www.allfree-clipart.com;
(c) http://www.freefoto.com;
(d) http://www.freestockphotos.com; and
(e) http://www.goodwp.com.
ACTIVITY 6.2
Have you ever obtained or downloaded any image from a website? What
is your view on the use of such images?

SELF-CHECK 6.3
1. What is the use and function of the Adobe Photoshop software?
2. Give two sources of graphics that you know.
3. Why are graphic elements important in multimedia presentations?

Explain.
4. State the main functions of a graphics card.
 Graphics is one of the most important elements of multimedia presentations

because human beings are more likely to remember pictures than words.
 Graphics have been around since the introduction of the printing press. The
history of graphics predates computers. The advent of computers has
revolutionised and advanced the visual power of graphics.
 Computer graphics is used widely in many areas and has applications in

science, industry, advertising, education, home entertainment, and many
more.
 There are two basic categories of graphics ă vector graphics and bitmap
graphics. Understanding the differences between the two will help you in
your work.

Binary digit (bit) Graphics card

Bitmap graphics Graphics file format
ClipArt Graphics softwares
Colour depth Photoshop
Computer games Scanner
Digital camera Vector graphics
Graphics Virtual reality

Topic  Introduction
7 to Animation
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. State the importance of animation in a multimedia application;
2. Analyse the basic principles and techniques of animation; and
3. Discuss some of the main traditional animation techniques.
 INTRODUCTION
Multimedia technology has contributed a lot in our daily lives specifically in the
entertainment world. Current Hollywood movies, especially action films and
cartoons, use a lot of animation technology such as movies like Star Wars: Attack
of the Clones, Matrix, and Toy Story. Such films interest the audience. In
Malaysia, local animated cartoon film such as Geng: The Adventure Begins and
animated television series such as Upin & Ipin and BoBoiBoy have captivated the
hearts of the audience. Unlike normal films, almost or all of the characters and
scenes in these films are produced through drawings but appeared to be real.
This situation is called animation; where all static images either as drawings,
statues or inanimate objects can move, talk and act like live characters.
Animation provides the visual impact for your multimedia project. Most
multimedia applications, for any platforms like Macintosh, Linux and Windows,
provide the tools required for animation. But before that, we need to understand
the principles and techniques found in animation.

TOPIC 7 INTRODUCTION TO ANIMATION  115
7.1 DEFINITION
Animation originates from the Latin word which means „bring to life‰.
According to the Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka dictionary, animation is an act or
process of making something seem realistic or alive.
A more complete definition of animation can be interpreted from the definition

by Neo & Neo (1997) which is as follows:
„Animation is a technology that enables a still image to look as though it is

alive, able to move, act and talk. This is made possible by cinematography
graphics and plastic art techniques to create or to give the illusion of
movement and life to cartoons, handdrawing, statues and three dimensional
objects.‰
ACTIVITY 7.1
Have you ever watched an animated action film or cartoon? In your

opinion, how is animation created?
7.2 PRINCIPLES OF ANIMATION

Animation is made possible because of a biological phenomenon known as
„persistence of vision‰. An object seen by the human eye remains chemically
mapped on the eyeÊs retina for a brief time after viewing. Combined with the
human mindÊs need to conceptually complete a perceived action, this makes it
possible for a series of images that are changed very slightly and very rapidly,
one after the other, to seemingly blend together into a visual illusion of
movement.
The principle is explained more clearly through an illustration of circles as shown

in Figure 7.1. Take note of this diagram; at each stated circle, an arrow is drawn
at a different position and this position is changed towards the right-side at an
angle of 15 degrees.

116  TOPIC 7 INTRODUCTION TO ANIMATION
Figure 7.1: Picture of movement of an image
When the images are progressively and rapidly changed, the arrow is perceived
to be spinning.
Television video builds 30 entire frames or pictures every second; the speed with
which each frame is replaced by the next one makes the images appear to blend
smoothly into movement.
For computer animation to function well, it should be built by using 12 to 15

frames per second (12 ă 15 fps). Any amount of fps which is less than the stated
value will produce animation that is jerky and not smooth. This is because the
human eye is able to detect the changes from one frame to the next.
In conclusion, it can be said that animation is produced with the benefit of the
biological phenomenon known as „persistence of vision‰.
Figure 7.2: Stop motion photo „Humans in motion‰ by Edward MuyBridge

Source: www.myholler.com

Read the following passage regarding the device known as Zoetrope which is
produced based on the „persistence of vision‰ concept.
The Zoetrope
The zoetrope, or Wheel of Life, takes the

PhenakistiscopeÊs principle of using slits to view the
image and folds it into a rotating drum. Invented in 1834
by William George Horner, the image was drawn on a
removable strip of paper, so the animations were
changeable. The slits were equally spaced around the
drum, and the images were spaced along with them. The
viewer spun the drum and watched the animation
through the slits. This was perhaps the most popular and
longest lasting of all of these toys. Horner originally
named it the Daedalum, or Wheel of the Devil, but
changed it before marketing.
Source: http://minyos.its.rmit.edu.au/~rpyjp/a_notes/anim_history_02.html
SELF-CHECK 7.1
1. Give one definition of animation that you have learnt.
2. Explain what you understand by the concept „persistence of

vision‰.
7.3 THE IMPORTANCE OF ANIMATION IN

MULTIMEDIA
The need to integrate animation in the development of a multimedia programs or
software not only arises from the desire to increase the „oomph‰ in the
application, but also to provide a more dynamic visual to the audience. In
multimedia aspects, animation is one of the elements that are able to increase the
attractiveness of a multimedia program or software. However, the decision to
use animation is based on its aesthetic value and the growing importance of
animation.

There is a difference between the use of digital video clips and animation. Video
clips capture real live movement whereas animation is just a simulation of the
real world. Digital video files are larger than animation files. Therefore, digital
video clips are only used if it is proven to benefit the overall presentation.
Nowadays, computer animation is progressing rapidly. With the price of

computers and software getting lower and the capacity of computer systems
increasing, development of animation technology will definitely continue to
progress. Animation makes a person creative in the sense that the software is
user friendly and the hard disk storage can be increased to accommodate any
shortfalls. This makes the production of animation easier and it is only limited by
the creativity of an individual.
Figure 7.3: Characters of Upin & Ipin and BoBoiBoy

Source: http://sphotos-c.ak.fbcdn.net
In the West, computer animated technology became a huge success with the
production of animated films such as Who Framed Roger Rabbit, Antz, and Toy
Story. In Malaysia, computer animation technology received attention with the
emergence of the first computer animated cartoons such as, Usop Santorian and
Keluang Man, Anak-anak Sidek and Silat Lagenda. Although these local
animated cartoons have their weaknesses, these efforts have been relatively
successful in introducing new changes in the local film industry.
Beginning from 2007, Upin & Ipin, the first computer animated television series
was aired globally and received extremely positive feedback, not just from
Malaysian, but for several countries after that such as getting huge fans from
Indonesia. In 2011, another history in animation production in Malaysia when
the second computer animated television series, BoBoiBoy was aired globally
and getting popularity within a short time. Now, there are lots of developments
in computer animated series with the help of Malaysia Development Corporation
(MDeC) under their grants for creative industry.

7.4 COMPUTER ANIMATION APPLICATIONS

As we know, recently there are many uses for computer animation, more so in
the era of multimedia industry development. You may think that computer
animation only focuses on producing computer games, TV broadcasts or
materials with multimedia characteristics. This is not necessarily true because
computer animation comprises of not only entertainment but also practical
elements and education.
The areas that benefited from computer animation applications are advertising,
archaeology, architecture, arts, chemistry, education, engineering, film and video
production, flight simulation, forensics, medicine, space probe, military and
many others. Figure 7.4 shows the various fields of computer animation.
Figure 7.4: Computer animation applications

7.4.1 Education
Education and learning processes will be more effective and attractive if they are
implemented in informal and pleasant situations. With the increasing
development of multimedia, animation continues to contribute greatly to the
field of education. Coloured and dynamic animation features not only make the
educational content more lively and interesting, but it also stimulates and
interests the students.
Many courseware that are available in the market use animation, for example a
courseware built for the Smart School project. What interesting about this
courseware is the interactive feature that is relayed through multimedia.
Students who use this software donÊt use it passively but have active interactions
with the software. Figure 7.5 shows an example of mathematicsÊ software,
„Animated Math‰.
Figure 7.5: Example of a screen display of Animated MathsÊ software

Source: www.flixprod.com
Flix Productions is a company that specialises in children educational software.

Visit its website at: http://www.flixprod.com/index.html.

7.4.2 Medicine
Animation also plays an important role in the medical field, especially in
surgery. Sophisticated computer technology enabled every organ in the human
body to be modelled and animated. With the existence of such technology, the
percentage of successful operations will surely increase because surgeons are
able to learn and explore on model organs first before, they operate. This
increases the surgeonsÊ confidence levels and contributes to the success of
operations.
7.4.3 Advertising
Advertising especially electronic media advertising has benefited from computer
animation. The advertising field requires dynamic and attractive media such as
the animation available in the film industry. High quality animation features are
capable of obscuring the audienceÊs eyes to the extent that it is difficult to
differentiate between computer animation and real life. If you observe the
advertisements shown on television, you will find that more and more
commercials are using amazing animation techniques.
Without the use of animation, these cannot be advertised, because some

movements that need to be displayed cannot be produced. For example, an
aircraft that is in the heart of the city waiting to pick up a package, as in the
FedEx advertisement, is made possible through animation. So is the petroleum
advertisement that shows a car turning into a tiger.
7.4.4 Chemistry
Animation also contributes to the field of chemistry. This is because there are
many chemicals such as molecules and atoms that cannot be seen by the naked
eye, let alone be experimented or researched on.
Computer animation is used to help chemists with their experiments by building

realistic 3D models of molecules or atoms that can be viewed from various
angles. This definitely eases the difficult jobs that chemists have in real life.

7.4.5 Architecture
Computer animation technology helps architecture experts create animation
based on the concepts of internal exploration, where a person is able to
experience a real life situation while exploring and moving in a building (please
refer to Figure 7.6). With this, we can experience the actual situation of a building
before it is built.
This concept also enables an architect to detect any defect in the model or design
at the initial stage. This will surely save cost and energy.
Figure 7.6: Animation and architecture

Source: www.blueprinteffects.com
7.4.6 Films, Entertainment and Games

Animation is an alternative in the film industry. If in the beginning the film
industry benefited from performing arts by humans and live animals, the
animation has transformed the attention by including drawing or artwork to
deliver a story.
Nowadays, computer animation has become a norm and increasingly popular in

the area of entertainment. Do you know that Toy Story (1995) was the first
animated movie completely produced by computer (please refer to Figure 7.7)?
This movie was a joint production of Disney and Pixar. Other movies such as

Terminator, Matrix, Star Wars, Attack of the Clones, Stuart Little, Shrek and The
Lord of the Rings have brought computer animation and special effects to a new
level in the film industry.
Figure 7.7: Toy Story

Source: http://earnthis.net
Computer animation can fully contribute towards games, just like in the field of
education. The highly interactive features make the games software highly
entertaining. Players can respond actively during play. In addition, there are also
games that really challenge the players, not only in terms of physical activity but
also intellectually. Take a look at Figure 7.8 that shows one of the popular games
in the world of computer simulation called The Sims. This game teaches us to
build a simulation of our own world based on the intelligent rules, emotion and
many other rules and regulations.
Figure 7.8: One of the tasks in The Sims

Source: http://simcitizens.com

ACTIVITY 7.2
Think of four other fields that also benefited from computer animated
applications.
SELF-CHECK 7.2
What is the contribution of computer animation in the field of

medicine?
7.5 ANIMATION TECHNIQUES

There are many techniques or animation methods that you can learn. The basic
method is to create animation through the stop frame cinematography method.
However, to ease your understanding of animation techniques, we will divide it
into two categories:
(a) Traditional animation; and

(b) Computer animation.
Traditional animation will be explained later in this topic. It covers techniques

such as keyframes, cell animation and onion skinning. In the following topic, we
will discuss computerised animation. Isn't that interesting? Therefore, clear your
thoughts and it is hoped that you are ready to study the various interesting
animation techniques.
7.6 TRADITIONAL ANIMATION

Most of the techniques and methods of traditional animation were developed in
the 1930s at the Walt Disney studio (please refer to Figure 7.9). These techniques
were aimed at producing a more realistic and entertaining animation. In fact
these techniques can and should be applied in the production of 3D animation.
The following are some of the animation techniques used in the traditional
process of producing animation.

Figure 7.9: The mechanical techniques during the Disney era
7.6.1 Keyframes
Before the existence of animation technology, all traditional animation was done
by hand. To save time and reduce the workload of the artists, the task of
producing animation was distributed to more than one person. In order for this
process to function smoothly, keyframes were referred to.
Before an animation is implemented; a storyboard is produced first, to show

sequence of the animated story. When the storyboard is completed, the chief
graphics artist or animator will draw the main frames (usually the first frame and
last frame for an action). These main frames are known as keyframes. It will be
the key or the reference frame for all the other frames.
After the keyframes have been completely drawn, the other graphics artists will
take over the task of drawing the frames between the first frame and the last
frame. The process of drawing the frames that lie between the keyframes is also
known as tweening.
7.6.2 Tweening
Tweening is the process of producing an image or object in between the
keyframes so as to give the illusion of movement. The tweening process requires
prior counting of the actual number of frames that are required between the
keyframes and the future path to be taken for the sequence of actions. After that,
the sequence of actions will be drawn in pencil. If the end result is satisfactory
and acceptable, then it will be permanently drawn in ink.

7.6.3 Onion Skinning

Onion skinning is another animation technique that is used in traditional cell
animation. By drawing on transparent paper, the graphics artist can see the
rough outline or the cell outline and use it as his guide for drawing or producing
the next cell image.
7.6.4 Cell Animation

The cell animation technique (please refer to Figure 7.10), popularised by Walt
Disney, uses a series of drawings or pictures that overlap one frame with another
frame. Cell animation employs the three major techniques which are the
keyframes, tweening and onion skinning. For your information, films are
normally built using 24 frames per second (fps). Therefore, to produce one
minute of animation we will require 1440 different frames.
The term „cell‰ originates from clear celluloid sheets that are used to draw each
frame. Nowadays, it has been replaced with acetate or plastic. Cell animation
begins with the keyframes. For example, when a person walks across the screen,
he balances his body on one leg and then on the other leg. Thus, the picture of the
first keyframe will show him bending a little then straightening a little then
bending a little again and so on and so forth, continuously.
The sequence of producing the frames in between the keyframes is known as

tweening. Through this cell animation technique, each character or object that
requires having movement, will be drawn on transparent sheets. Pictures of the
background are drawn on opaque sheets.
For an animation to succeed, many characters or objects will be drawn on

overlapping transparent sheets that are placed on top of each other and in turn
placed on top of the opaque paper with the background drawing.

Figure 7.10: Traditional cell animation

This technique saves time and energy for the graphics artists because they do not
need to draw each character or object repeatedly. Instead, these artists only need
to draw certain parts of the characters that require movements. The first cartoon,
Steamboat Willie, was produced by Walt Disney using this method (please refer
to Figure 7.11).
Figure 7.11: Steamboat Willie


For additional information, kindly read the following passage:
Cell and Paper Animation Technique
By the mid-1910s animation production in the US was dominated by the

techniques of cell and paper.
Cell animation was more popularised in America than in Europe because of

assembly line Taylorism that had taken America by storm. Cell animation was
appropriate to the assembly line style of manufacturing because it took a
whole line of persons working on very specific and simple repetitive duties.
On the other hand, in Europe where the assembly line style of work was not
encouraged, clay animation and other forms of animation that required only a
few individuals working on the set at a time was more popularised. Because
the actual set could only afford a limited amount of individuals working at
one time together and no more this style and other alternative forms of
animation became more widely accepted.
Source: http://www.myholler.com/155online/lectures/history.pdf
SELF-CHECK 7.3
1. What is the most basic technique for creating animation?

2. Give two traditional animation techniques. Explain briefly.
3. State one usage of computer animation application in each of the
following fields:
Field Usage of Animation Technology Application

(i) Advertising
(ii) Education
(iii) Chemistry
(iv) Architecture

 Animation is a technology that enables a still image to look as though it is

alive, able to move, act and talk.
 A fundamental principle of animation is persistence of vision, which is a

biological phenomenon that simulates the visual illusion of movement.
 The integration of animation into multimedia programs or software will

increase the visual impact of the product because of its dynamic visual
qualities.
 Computer animation has applications in various fields including education,

medicine, advertising, chemistry, architecture, films, entertainment and
games.
 There are two basic categories of animation ă traditional animation and

computer animation.
Animation Persistence of vision

Cell animation Stop frame cinematography
Computer animation Traditional animation
Keyframes Tweening
Onion skinning

Topic  Computer
8 Animation
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Classify two categories of computer animation;
2. Identify the processes involved in the production of three-
dimensional animation; and
3. Discuss two special effects of animation.
 INTRODUCTION
In Topic 7, you were introduced to some of the traditional techniques of
animation. In this topic, we will discuss computer animation. Computer
animation refers to animation developed by using sophisticated electronic and
computer technology. It may be divided into two categories ă two-dimensional
animation (2D) and three-dimensional animation (3D). Later, we will learn about
the various methods used to develop both these categories. In addition, you will
be introduced to two interesting special effects of animation ă morphing and
warping.
8.1 COMPUTER ANIMATION

In general, computer animation programs are built using the same procedural
and logical concepts as cell animation (traditional), such as the use of layers,
keyframes and tweening. What distinguishes computerised animation from cell
animation is the method used. Cell animation uses drawings arranged in frames
ă starting from the keyframes until all the pictures are arranged completely. The
pictures on each frame are then recorded using a method called cinematography.
On the other hand, computerised animation uses computer to organise the
frames and records them in the computer memory.
TOPIC 8 COMPUTER ANIMATION  131
Before we discuss any further on the category of computer animation, let us

reflect on two of the techniques already studied in traditional animation which
are keyframe and tweening. We will briefly see how these techniques are applied
to the computerised animation environment.
8.2 KEYFRAMES AND TWEENING

The keyframe concept in computerised animation is almost the same as the
keyframe concept in traditional animation. In computerised animation, it is no
longer necessary to draw images by hand to generate the frame images between
the keyframes.
Instead, computers with selected animation software will automatically calculate

and insert or draw relevant images to be inserted in between the keyframes. The
more the number of keyframes identified the smoother the animation produced.
Figure 8.1: Keyframes for basic animation

Source: www.echoecho.com
The software screen in Figure 8.1 shows two frames that made up the keyframes
(frames no. 1 and 30) for a short animation. The area between both the arrows
shows the process of tweening that occurs between both the keyframes.
The tweening process as explained in the previous topic is one of the famous
animation techniques. Most of the software in the market has its own special
ways of doing the tweening process.
Tweening reduces the workload of the animators or graphics artists. They only
need to design the first and last cell of an animation, as shown in Figures 8.2 and
8.3, where only the first cell and the last cell are required to do an animation that
shows a bird flying. Then, the animation software will make the calculations to
determine what would happen between the first frame and the last frame.

132  TOPIC 8 COMPUTER ANIMATION
Figure 8.2: First cell

Figure 8.3: Last cell

SELF-CHECK 8.1
State the differences between the keyframe concepts of computer

animation and traditional animation.
8.3 CATEGORY OF COMPUTER ANIMATION

There are two categories of computer animation:
(a) Two-dimensional animation (2D); and

(b) Three-dimensional animation (3D).
Between these two categories, the two-dimensional animation (2D) is more

popular and covers a variety of motion. 2D animation includes object, screen
motion and animated cartoons. 2D animation is a flat animation. Meaning, the
motion produced or the object being animated uses only two dimensions of
space: the x-axis and the y-axis. Both these axes represent the height (y-axis) and
width (x-axis) of the object or motion.
Three-dimensional animation (3D) refers to the animation that contains three-

dimensional objects that are usually formed through modelling or mathematical
formulas. 3D animation uses three dimensions, the height, width and depth. The
z-axis represents the depth of the image involved. Three-dimensional objects
seem more animated and realistic and give the illusion as if it is a real world
dimensional object.
8.4 TWO-DIMENSIONAL ANIMATION (2D)

2D animation is an animation that is widely used to develop multimedia
applications. 2D animation is also known as linear animation. It refers to the
movement of objects easily across the screenÊs display. Figure 8.4 shows various
types of 2D animation.
Figure 8.4: Two-dimensional animation
8.4.1 Path Animation

Path animation can be applied to almost all types of objects, whether text,
graphics, video screens or character animation. Path animation only needs a
specific path that has been predetermined. The path may be a straight line or a
curve. This path is later connected to the object of choice. When the application is
run, the object will move along the path which had been predetermined earlier
(please refer to Figure 8.5).

Figure 8.5: Example of path animation
As stated in earlier paragraph, path animation can be applied to text objects.

Bullet is an example of a motion. When presenting a multimedia application, you
might want to click on the screen and a bullet will appear from the top of the
screen and will remain on the screen until another bullet emerges. Specific bullets
can also be animated to appear from the right hand corner of the screen. When
this application is run, all the bullets will appear along the path, producing
textual movement in the presentation. Depending on the creativity of the
individuals, these bullets can appear in a straight line or as one letter at a time.
Path animation is not confined to bullet and text only but also to photographs,
logos and character animation. Even though an animation may seem relatively
complex, actually it may be an easy animation that uses path animation. This is
because although path animation is easy to create, it gives the audience a
dynamic experience to the presentation.
8.4.2 Cell Animation

At one time, Walt Disney's cartoons such as Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck
were the most popular cartoon shows. If you loved cartoon stories during your
childhood, you will surely remember how these cartoons keep you transfixed to
the television sets with its interesting and fascinating actions. If you were
captivated and were wondering how characters such as Mickey Mouse, could
walk, talk and act like humans. The secret is cell animation.

Computer cell animation is a continuation to the traditional cell animation

technique. Usually, cell refers to the sub-object in the animation frame. For
example, the feet motion of someone who is running, the feet are considered as a
single cell. If the hands also move, then the hands are also considered as a cell.
Therefore, in one frame there may be many cells (please refer to Figure 8.6).
Figure 8.6: Example of cell animation

Source: www.umeshraut.com
Sub-objects or the image in a cell would be drawn repeatedly with each image
showing a specific minimal variation. These images are then organised according
to sequence to generate an illusion of rapid motion.
Cell animation can be drawn by hand, scanned into a computer or drawn by a

computer. Cells that are hand drawn can be scanned into graphics software
packages, coloured and exported as suitable file formats to be animated in an
animation software packages such as Adobe Director.
8.4.3 Screen or Object Transition

During a multimedia presentation, sometimes transitions on the screen or object
are required for the audience to rest their eyes or to inform the audience visually
that something is changing or going to happen on the presentation.

Transitions can be placed on the entire screen or to a particular object on the

screen. In fact, in many authoring and presentation software packages, screen
changes are provided in the form of slide transitions. Transitions are also used in
applications that have many kinds of screen interfaces and provide the visual
changes from one screen to another. For example, screen flying from one
direction or screen fades away before being replaced with a new presentation
screen. Transitions are included in almost all authoring and presentation
software packages such as Adobe Director and Authorware, and Microsoft
PowerPoint.
8.4.4 Font and Icon Animation

Font animation refers to animation on fonts or selected characters. This type of
animation also plays a role in producing lively and exciting multimedia
presentations. Font animation is done using programming language, authoring
language or any other authoring and multimedia presentation software.
In a multimedia presentation, text motion on the presentation screen can be

manipulated to attract the attention of the audience. For example, the speed of
the text motion to be presented on the screen can be predetermined or the text
can be created to suddenly appear from any angle of the screen.
The changes that happen on the icon are known as icon or „sprite‰ animation.
The function of icon animation is to attract attention by displaying icons that are
flickering, changing its colours, moving and many others. These icons can be
found in many multimedia presentation software, Internet, kiosk and others.
Toon Boom Technologies is a company that produces famous 2D animation

software. Visit its website at http://www.toonboom.com.
ACTIVITY 8.1
Have you ever pressed an icon, whether in a multimedia presentation or

on any website, and suddenly, the icon you are pressing transforms into
another icon? What crosses your mind at that point of time?

8.5 THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANIMATION (3D)

3D animation brings 2D animation a step forward by adding the depth factor to
the cell. Although 3D animation fills up more hard disk space compared to 2D
animation, nevertheless, the sophisticated 3D animation is able to produce a
more animated and amazing presentation.
If 2D animation uses only axis x and axis y, 3D animation adds another axis, that
is axis z to represent depth. Depth is what enables cells to seem more realistic. In
3D packages, three-dimensional objects are drawn within the 3D coordination
space.
2D images usually use bitmap images to create cells for animation; while 3D
graphics use vector graphics. In other words, three-dimensional objects are
usually formed by mathematical calculations. Thus, any changes or
modifications that happened to the form, size or colour of the object would result
in the recalculation of the overall mathematical equation.
3D animation has become the primary catalyst for the creation of various
multimedia software and films for the computer animation market. Multimedia
software that are games oriented like Final Fantasy and Doom and western films
like Stuart Little, Casper, Matrix and Toy Story uses 3D animated images to
deliver their messages and this provides new and enjoyable experiences to the
consumers and audience.
Click Grafix Sdn. Bhd. is a local company that provides various multimedia
products and services, animation and digital videos. Visit its website at
www.clickgrafix.com to get various interesting information and the latest on
digital animation.
8.6 3D ANIMATION PRODUCTION PROCESS

You must be wondering how three-dimensional multimedia software and
computer animated films are produced. In fact, production of 3D animation is
tougher and more complex compared to the production of 2D animation, and it
involves a few steps or main process.
However, there are many computer animation software such as 3D Studio Max,
Lightwave 3D and Autodesk Maya that can help you to create a complex
animation with relative ease. But the most important factor in computer
animation production besides sophisticated animation technology is your own
imagination and creativity!

In this topic, we will see a few steps or main process involved in producing 3D
animation. These steps are shown in Figure 8.7.
Figure 8.7: Main steps involved in producing 3D animation
The following are detailed explanations of each step in a 3D animation production.
8.6.1 Storyboard
The first step that should be done in 3D animation production is to prepare a
storyboard. Storyboard has an important function because it shows the sequence
of the animation story being created. It is a sketch that shows the story line and
the scenes that will be included in the film or multimedia presentation. Figure 8.8
shows an example of a cartoon storyboard.
Figure 8.8: Example of a cartoon storyboard

Source: www.cartoonbrew.com

Having a storyboard will provides us with guidelines and references regarding

the script or screens that must be produced during the animation development
process. Do you know that for an animated movie to succeed, it requires more
than 1,000 sketches of storyboards? For example, the animated movie, A BugÊs
Life required more than 4,000 sketches of storyboards, while the film Toy Story
used as many as 3,800 sketches of storyboards.
8.6.2 Modelling
3D modelling involves the physical formation of 3D objects which would be built
in three-dimensional spaces. Among the modelling often used are wireframe and
solid object modelling (please refer to Figures 8.9 and 8.10).
Figure 8.9: Wireframe Figure 8.10: Solid object modelling
It is easier to build a virtual model by using 3D animation software, like Maya

(please refer to Figure 8.11) and 3D Studio Max than to build models or objects in
real life. This is because most 3D software has screen work which is divided into
various points of views, such as top view, front and right. This would enable you
to view and analyse the models from a variety of angles.

Figure 8.11: Modelling using Autodesk Maya

Source: http://goo.gl/gGOmp1
Computer animated films such as Toy Story and A BugÊs Life used sophisticated
software which is specially designed by the Pixar animation studio to build
characters, sets and the filmsÊ props. Among the advantages of this software is
that, it produces movement and expressions on the faces of the characters
created.
8.6.3 Lighting
Lighting also plays a major role in the production of computer animation. It is
important in creating the real situation or mood of an object. In addition it also
helps by providing dimension to the objects involved. Among the main types of
lighting often used are points light, spotlight, directional light and ambient light
(please refer to Figures 8.12 to 8.15).

Figure 8.12: Point light Figure 8.13: Spotlight
Figure 8.14: Directional light Figure 8.15: Ambient light

Source: digital-lighting.150m.com
By using digital light, each display would be adjusted with the mood and the
surrounding situation of the image. The digital lighting can be done by 3D
modelling software itself or by using specific software for lighting such as
Lightscape (please refer to Figure 8.16).

Figure 8.16: Lighting by Lightscape software

Source: www.indii.org
The following extract explains the types of lighting sources:
(a) Ambient Light

Ambient light is light coming from all directions with equal intensity,
like being outdoors on an overcast day. All facets of all objects receive
equal illumination.
(b) Directional Light

Directional light is light coming from a single direction with a constant
intensity, like being outdoors on a sunny day. All rays are parallel, as if
the light is at an infinite distance, and light intensity does not diminish
with distance. Identical objects with identical orientations are identically
illuminated, regardless of their location.
(c) Positional Light

Positional light is light coming from a single location at a finite distance,
like being in a room lit by a light bulb. All rays emanate from the light
source, they are not parallel and light intensity diminishes with distance.
Identical objects with identical orientations are differently illuminated,
depending on their location with respect to the light source.
(d) Spotlight
A spotlight is a positional light source, which has a cone of effect, for
instance, a desk lamp or a torch.
Source: digital-lighting.150m.com
8.6.4 Mapping
Mapping is the process of adding texture, colour or action to the 3D surface
model and its environment.
Mapping is an important process to make sure that the model or image being
created will be more realistic and suitable with the animation concept developed.
Unrealistic selection of colour and texture for the model being built will spoilt the
whole animation project.
Several methods of mapping that are used regularly are texture mapping,
reflection mapping and environment mapping (please refer to Figures 8.17).
Figure 8.17: Mapping for realistic image

Source: www.kimsojin.com
To know the differences between texture and environment mapping and other
methods of mapping, download additional information from this website:
http://www.cs.cornell.edu/Courses/cs417/2003sp/Lectures/Lecture28/28text
ure.pdf.

8.6.5 Rendering and Animation

Rendering and the animation preparation process, is the final process that is
done to create a 3D animation. In this process, all the models with the selected
mapping and lighting, together with the imported environment, will be
combined together at the same time in one presentation screen to form the
animation as planned by the storyboard.
At the same time, the camera or the angle-of-view would be fixed to provide the
motion or animation required for each object involved. Figure 8.18 shows an
example of the rendering screen control.
Figure 8.18: Rendering screen control

Source: apps.exchange.autodesk.com
In the rendering process, the computer will do the mathematical calculations for
all the effects used, so that it can be applied to the objects concerned. Rendering
requires a lot of computer power; therefore, before you produce a 3D animation
project, you should ensure that the computer is capable of accommodating the
high demand required for the processing process.

The rendering process also requires a relatively long period of time, up to several
days at times, depending on the degree of difficulty of the animation being
created and the chosen quality level of the rendering. However, the result of the
animation created will be more realistic.
Get to know the most popular 3D animation productions from local developers
like LesÊ Copaque Production and Animonsta Studio, at their respective website
at http://www.lescopaque.com and http://www.animonsta.com.
SELF-CHECK 8.2
Give two types of lighting that you have learnt.
8.7 SPECIAL EFFECTS OF ANIMATION

Besides 2D and 3D animation, there are also several special effects of animation
that you should know, among them are morphing and warping.
8.7.1 Morphing
Morphing is a popular animation technique that is widely used. Morphing is the
process of transforming one image into another. The morphing application and
other modelling that offer this effect can transition not only between still images
but often moving images as well. The products that offer this feature are
FantaMorph, Morpheus Photo Morpher, and FaceMorpher.

Figure 8.19: Example of how the morphing effect is created

Source: www.fantamorph.com
Figure 8.19 shows that to create morphing you need to put the current image side
by side with the image that you desire. By using the tools provided by the
morphing software, you need to select the key points on the current image that
you want to morph out and these points will appear at the corresponding points
of the image that you want to morph into.
The selection of the key points is important for smooth transition between two
images. The more key points selected, the longer will be the rendering process.
But the resulting transition will be very smooth. This entire process may be saved
as a digital video format and incorporated into your multimedia presentation.
The effect of morphing is indeed enjoyable and easy to do. It is often used for the
purpose of advertising, education, medical, films, and others. Films that used the
effect of morphing are Terminator franchise, Species and The Lord of the Rings.

8.7.2 Warping
Warping is a special effect that is almost similar to morphing. Warping let you
manipulate the images according to your taste. For example, you can stretch the
facial features of a person so that a sour face becomes a smiling face. One of the
famous warping software is Kai Super Goo. Figure 8.20 shows an example of an
image after the warping process.
Figure 8.20: Example of an image after the warping process

Source: screenshots.en.sftcdn.net
Figure 8.21: Morph Age software screen for morphing and warping
Source: screenshots.en.sftcdn.net

Morph Age is an application for morphing/warping images and movies on Mac

OS X, such as faces, and save the result to a QuickTime movie (please refer to
Figure 8.21). Visit its website at http://www.creaceed.com/morphage.
SELF-CHECK 8.3
1. „Warping is a special effect that is almost similar to morphing.‰

Define this statement.
2. Give one type of warping software which is popular.
8.8 ANIMATION FILE FORMATS

There are many file formats that are specially designed to accommodate
animation and it can be exported among different applications and platforms by
using suitable translators. The popular animation file formats are Adobe Director
(.DIR), Adobe Flash (.FLA), and 3D Studio Max (.MAX).
File compression is an important part in the process of preparing an animation

file on the web. This is because file size is a critical factor when you download
animation to be played on websites. The movie Director file (.DIR) for example,
needs to be preprocessed and compressed into Shockwave animation file (.dcr)
before it can be used on the web. By using this method, the movie Director can be
compressed until 75% or more and subsequently change its file size from 100K to
25K. The result is really obvious; the download process is much faster and time
saving.
8.9 ANIMATION HARDWARES

Computer animation technology has evolved rapidly in the west, especially in
the United States. Therefore, it is a small wonder that most of the sophisticated
and suitable computer hardwares for complex animation were first made
popular there.
Among the computer hardwares frequently used in this industry are Silicon
Graphic which is based on UNIX, Macintosh (Mac) which is based on MacOS
and PC which is based on Windows.

To create a simple computer animation, you do not require a sophisticated

computer and high powered processing. Actually, computer animation can be
done by using any multimedia computer that is currently available in the market.
8.10 ANIMATION SOFTWARES

Even if you own the latest sophisticated and powerful computer, it will mean
nothing if it is not equipped with a suitable animation software.
It is not difficult for you to get an animation software to develop your animation
project. This is because there are hundreds of computer animation software
packages available in the market for you to choose from. Among the most
popular and frequently used softwares are 3D Studio Max, LightWave 3D,
Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Premiere, Strata Studio Pro and Alias Wavefront.
To obtain more information about the commercial animation software that is

available in the market, you may visit the website: http://3d-animation-
software-review.toptenreviews.com.
8.10.1 2D Animation Softwares

2D animation software is used to develop simple computer animation and it is
cheaper compared to 3D animation software. The popular 2D animation
softwares in the market are ToonBoom Studio, Stopmotion Studio and Pencil
(please refer to Figure 8.22). These softwares are not difficult to use and can do
both path animation and cell animation.

Figure 8.22: Pencil ă 2D animation software

Source: www.pencil-animation.org
8.10.2 3D Animation Softwares

3D animation software is used to develop 3D animation that is more difficult and
complex. We will divide 3D animation software into two categories based on free
or open source and commercial products.
At the beginning stage, you are encouraged to use free and open source
softwares such as Blender, Art of Illusion, Anim8or, and Google Sketchup. You
may find these useful 3D animation softwares from http://www.hongkiat.com/
blog/25-free-3d-modelling-applications-you-should-not-miss.
For advanced and commercial products, you can learn 3D Studio Max,
AutodeskÊs Maya (please refer to Figure 8.23), and NewTekÊs Lightwave 3D
(please refer to Figure 8.24). The software at this stage is capable of producing
complex and sophisticated animation and special effects that can be seen in
Hollywood blockbuster movies.

Figure 8.23: AutodeskÊs Maya ă 3D animation software

Source: cdn.studiodaily.com
Figure 8.24: NewTekÊs Lightwave 3D screenshot

Source: www.lightwave3d.com

To increase your knowledge regarding animation especially 3D animation, visit

the following web sites:
(a) http://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/maya;
(b) https://www.lightwave3d.com/learn;
(c) http://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/3ds-max; and
(d) http://www.blendernation.com/category/education/tutorials/.
SELF-CHECK 8.4
1. Why is storyboard important in the process of creating a 3D

animation?
2. Give three types of 3D animation softwares for the intermediate

stage and two types of popular 2D animation softwares.
3. What is the main factor that differentiates between 2D and 3D

animation?
 While traditional cell animation relies on cinematography to record the

pictures on each frame, computerised animation uses the computer to
organise the frame and records them in the computer memory.
 Unlike traditional keyframes, it is no longer necessary to draw images by

hand to generate the frame images between the keyframes. The computer
will do most of the work for you.
 There are two categories of computer animation:

– Two-dimensional (2D) animation; and
– Three-dimensional (3D) animation.

 Two-dimensional (2D) animation include the following animation

techniques:
– Path animation;
– Cell animation;
– Screen or object transition; and
– Font and icon animation.
 Three-dimensional (3D) animation brings two-dimensional (2D) animation a

step forward by adding the depth factor to the cell.
 The three-dimensional (3D) animation production process involves the

following steps:
– Storyboard;
– Modelling;
– Lighting;
– Mapping; and
– Rendering and animation.

Ambient light Morphing

Animation file formats Path animation
Animation hardware Positional light
Animation software (2D and 3D) Rendering and animation
Cell animation Screen or object transition
Computer animation Solid object modelling
Directional light Spotlight
Environment mapping Storyboard
File compression Texture mapping
Font and icon animation Three-dimensional (3D) animation
Keyframes Tweening
Lighting Two-dimensional (2D) animation
Mapping Warping
Modelling Wireframe

Topic  Audio in
9 Multimedia
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Describe the concept of analogue and digital sound;
2. Summarise several roles of audio in multimedia; and
3. Identify the factors that need to be considered when using audio.
 INTRODUCTION
This topic focuses on audio, its importance and role in multimedia technology.
The audio element is moulded into a multimedia presentation to present
information and to increase comprehension pertaining to the contents that you
want to present. Audio is also an element that is able to enhance pleasure,
increase interest and set the ambience of a multimedia presentation.
9.1 AUDIO
Audio or sound plays an important role in the development of multimedia. It has
enhanced the multimedia system that has remained static all this time. The entry
of audio into multimedia is an important feature whereby it has escalated the use
of multimedia to its maximum level.
According to Steinmetz and Nahrstedt (1995), audio (sound) is a physical

phenomenon generated by the vibrations of an object, for example, a guitar.
When the object vibrates, different pressure variations would exist in the
surrounding air. High and low pressures will develop within the environment
and the resulting movement is called a wave. When this wave is perceived by the
hearing sense, it will be heard as sound. The sound and audio technique
156  TOPIC 9 AUDIO IN MULTIMEDIA
processes the sound waves or acoustic signals. This wave has a particular pattern
called waveform that has repetitive movements.
If viewed in terms of multimedia, audio can be defined as any sound in digital

form such as voice, music and narration that may be heard. With the availability
of audio in multimedia, the effectiveness of a multimedia application will be
better. For example, if you wish to learn a foreign language by using application
software, it would be difficult if you could not hear the sound of the word that
you wish to learn.
Audio, when combined with other multimedia components, will create an

interesting environment, increase understanding and assist users to master an
application easily.
ACTIVITY 9.1
Have you ever played computer games such as car racing? How would
you feel if the game produced special sound effects such as during a
collision?
9.2 SOUND CARD

Just like video, sound is also required to be in digital form to enable it to be
played on a computer. Digital sound was first introduced to the consumer
market in CD format or disk drive in the early 1980s. At the same time, the
personal computer has already entered the market. The personal computer or PC
at that time was just a business equipment to do word processing and
spreadsheets. It could not produce sound. The only sound that could be heard
was generated by the computer and it was not of good quality.
Not long after, the computerÊs capacity improved and it was able to produce
sound with the help of a sound card. Sound cards, just like video capture cards,
can improve the sound quality played on a computer. One of the earliest sound
cards is the card from Creative Labs. Sound Blaster, the sound card from
Creative Labs, received a tremendous response in the personal computer
industry. The Sound Blaster became so popular that, the name „Sound Blaster‰
became synonymous with a sound card (please refer to Figure 9.1).

TOPIC 9 AUDIO IN MULTIMEDIA  157
Figure 9.1: Sound Blaster Recon3D PCIe sound card

Source: www.soundblaster.com
Sound cards have helped to boost the computer game industry. This is because,
with the availability of sound cards, computer games are enhanced and able to
produce interesting sound effects. Both the computer games and the sound cards
have become very popular and receive tremendous response.
Today, the sound card is an important element in a multimedia computer

system. Although the capacity of the sound card has increased compared to
when it was first emerged, its main purpose still remains the same, that is, to
change analogue sound into digital sound.
Creative Technology Ltd is a producer of entertainment products for personal

computers including Sound Blaster. Visit its website at http://www.creative.com.
9.3 SOUND FORMAT

The sounds that we hear every day is in the analogue form. It is a form of signal
that moves in a continuous wave. An example is music from the radio or tape
recorder. If this sound is recorded over a microphone, it is known as analogue
sound. This kind of sound or analogue signal cannot be transmitted through a
computer. It must be converted into digital form first. Before you learn about
digital sounds, you need to understand how this is different from analogue form.
Thus, in the following sections, you will be introduced to the concepts of
analogue and digital.

9.3.1 Analogue Sound

Before you learn about the use of sound or audio in multimedia presentations,
you need to understand the fundamentals of sound. Sound is produced by air
vibrations. It is in analogue form. It can be shown as a wave in a graph as shown
in Figure 9.2. The higher the amplitude of the sound, the louder the sound
produced. The graph below shows sounds that have the same amplitude. In fact,
in our daily life, the sounds produced have varying amplitudes according to the
loudness of the sound generated.
Figure 9.2: Sound waves
Two important features of sound waves are frequency and amplitude (refer to
Figure 9.3). Frequency refers to the number of cycles a sound wave creates in one
second. One cycle is measured based on the distance from one wave peak to
another. Frequency is usually measured in the unit, Hertz (Hz). Therefore, 1
Hertz (Hz) means 1 cycle per second, 1 Kilohertz (1 kHz) means a thousand
(1,000 Hz) cycles per second.

Figure 9.3: Features of analogue sound
Do you know that a healthy human ear can hear noise in the range of 20 Hz to 20
kHz? What is the meaning of amplitude? Amplitude is the volume or loudness of
the sound being produced. The louder the sound that is being produced, the
higher the amplitude. The unit that is used to measure the loudness or volume of
this sound is called decibel or dB. Both the frequency and amplitude form the
sound wave and affect the way people perceive and hear sounds.
9.3.2 Digital Sound

Computer recognises sounds in digital format. Usually the computer will process
data into electronic form and not from the physical movements in the air. All of
you know for sure that sounds used in multimedia applications are in the digital
form. This involves the process of converting from analogue to digital format
where it is captured by the sound card and stored within the audio file. To enable
it to be replayed, the audio stored in numeric combinations must be converted
again into analogue format.
Digital sound is made up of binary codes. Binary code is represented by 0 and 1.

Regardless of whether it is digital music, digital video or digital image, the
computer only recognises it as bits. What happens when the analogue wave
enters the computer? It will be digitised or in technical term, has been sampled.

9.3.3 Audio Conversion

To the computer, analogue sound is like a foreign language. Just like video, the
sound also needs to be converted into digital form. This is the use of the sound
card.
The process of transforming analogue sound into digital sound is performed by

the analogue converter (Analogue-to-Digital Converter-ADC) which has been
built-in inside the sound card. Analogue sound is captured by the sound card,
divided into many parts and translated into precise numerical combinations. This
combination is kept as data in the computer.
When the analogue sound has been converted into digital sound, only then can it
be modified or edited by a computer system. Figure 9.4 shows an ADC converter
converting analogue sound into digital sound when the sound is captured.
Figure 9.4: Converting analogue sound into digital sound
When the computer replays the digital sound, it needs to convert again the
numeric combination into analogue wave form. This process is performed by the
digital analogue converter (Digital-to-Analogue Converter-DAC) which is also
built-in inside the sound card. Figure 9.5 shows a DAC converter converting
digital sound into analogue sound when the sound is replayed on the computer.

Figure 9.5: Converting digital sound into analogue sound
9.3.4 Sampling
The process by which an analogue wave is captured by the sound card and then
converted into digital format is known as digital sampling. The sound wave is
divided into many sections or is sampled many times per second. When this
happens, the height of the wave will be recorded. As it is impossible to measure
the height of the analogue wave continuously or all the time, therefore, this
process only measures a limited number of samples. Thus, the term „sample‰
was born.
There are two factors that influence the quality of a digital sound recording ă the
sampling rate and sample size. Besides that, the channel selected also tends to
influence the quality and the file size of the audio being recorded. There are two
choices of recording which is Mono and Stereo.
Sample rate refers to how many times or the frequency a sample is taken for the
audio. The higher the sample rate, the more samples will be taken; and the better
the quality of the digital sound.
Just like frequency, sample rate is measured in Hertz unit (Hz). Sampling rates
that are often found are 11.025 kHz, 22.05 kHz and 44.1 kHz (please refer to Table
9.1).

Table 9.1: File Size for 10 Seconds of Digital Audio Recorded in Stereo Format
Sample Rate Sample Size (Bit) File Size

44.1 kHz 16 1.76MB
44.1 kHz 8 882KB
22.05 kHz 16 882KB
22.05 kHz 8 440KB
1 1.025 kHz 8 220KB
Sample size represents the total or the amount of information that can be stored
by the sample taken. Among the main sample sizes are 8 bits, 16 bits and 24 bits.
Audio recorded on a 24 bits sample size is of better quality compared to audio

recorded on a 16 bits sample size. This is because the higher the value of the
sample size, the more information or audio information that can be stored. This
will produce better quality audio. In short, the higher the value of the sample size
the better the quality of the audio.
SELF-CHECK 9.1
1. In your opinion, what is the disadvantage of using a high sample

size for audio recording?
2. Give three uses of the sound card.
9.4 THE ROLES OF AUDIO IN MULTIMEDIA

Imagine if a movie you are watching does not have any sound or the
advertisement that is being shown is not accompanied by music. You might feel
bored and unentertained. Therefore, sound or audio is very important in our
lives. It gives „life‰ to any multimedia application and plays an important role in
an effective presentation.
Audio can increase the effectiveness of other media and can attract usersÊ
awareness regarding vital information. However, audio is not suitable for
providing long information. It should not be used to repeat information that has
been conveyed effectively by other media. The following are several roles played
by audio in multimedia.

9.4.1 Warnings and Reminders

You are busy typing a document when you accidentally clicked on the close
button. A message box, such as the example in Figure 9.6, appears on your
screen.
Figure 9.6: Message box
If a single sharp sound or a sound which can attract your attention is

simultaneously heard when the message box appears, then you would pay more
attention to the message. This of course will increase the effectiveness of the
message being displayed. Therefore, we may say that audio is an effective tool
for attracting usersÊ attention and it is a good medium to remind users about
critical information.
Other uses of audio are as „warning and reminder‰ tools. For example, it serves
as a warning sound when something has already reached its limit, or as a panic
sound to signify dangerous levels in computer games.
9.4.2 Background Music

Music and sound effects are needed in multimedia. It causes multimedia
interaction to become more evident, and sometimes it is needed to deliver vital
information. Because the nature of audio is to attract attention, thus it is very
suitable for use in multimedia applications.
Music may be used for various purposes. It is used to generate an ambience or

„mood‰ for a presentation. For example, if you wish to attract the audienceÊs
attention, you can use fast rhythmic music as the music setting for your
presentation. On the other hand, if you wish to produce a calm and soothing
situation for your audience, then it is better if you use slow and melodious music
as your background music.

9.4.3 Sound Effects

Let us say that you want to present a multimedia project which has „Star Wars‰
features, but you forgot to include sound effects in the said project. This situation
is tantamount to watching a Formula One car race without sound and you will
definitely not be impressed with the presentation.
Therefore, sound is also used as „sound effects‰ in multimedia presentations. For

example, the „ping‰ or „ding‰ sound effects can be used to tell users that they
have done something wrong. This method of communication is much more
effective than text.
9.4.4 Narration
Another method of using sound is by adding narrations. Usually the narration
and background music will be used simultaneously where the music is used in
the background and at a particular time the narrator will provide the explanation
regarding the information that he wishes to convey.
The narration is usually in the form of a narratorÊs voice or speech. Narrations

can be used as a guide or in the form of instructions. The narratorÊs voice can
instruct the users to implement a task or to provide information to the users.
Narration is popularly used in Computer-based Training (CBT).
9.4.5 Data Related to Sound

In some applications, the audio element is needed to deliver information that
cannot be provided by another medium. An example is a match commentator of
a live football match. The commentator will present information such as the
names of the players, commentary of the match and an analysis of the match.
In multimedia, some of the applications that use data related to sounds are
medical training for medical students to distinguish the several types of
breathing and heart rhythms, or providing assistance to a mechanic to diagnose
an engineÊs problem, and teaching students to read music or to learn the history
of music. Figure 9.7 shows a website that uses sound to present information.

Figure 9.7: An example of a website that uses sound

Source: http://waterlife.nfb.ca/
SELF-CHECK 9.2
State two kinds of applications that require the use of audio.
9.5 FACTORS THAT NEED TO BE CONSIDERED

WHEN USING AUDIO
When you decide to include audio in a multimedia application, you should
consider some of the following factors or criteria:
(a) Compability;
(b) Users;
(c) Playback system; and
(d) UsersÊ control.
The following section further explains the four factors mentioned above.

9.5.1 Compatibility
The use of audio has indeed been proven in the sense that it increases the
effectiveness of most multimedia applications. In some applications, audio is
compulsory. For example, an education system that teaches foreign languages.
However, the compatibility of the usage is very important. Some system
developers use too much audio or include sound effects that are rather
whimsical. This situation not only will distract the usersÊ attention, but also cause
the users to feel angry and disorientated.
9.5.2 Users
When using audio you should also take into account your target audience. This is
one of the factors that should not be taken lightly. Audio has indeed been proven
to assist some people in understanding certain concepts easily, however, before
using audio, some prior research should be conducted regarding the usersÊ
response when using audio.
Audio can be used in the development of a system if the usersÊ response is

encouraging. For example, adults respond better than children when classical
music is used as background sound. On the other hand, children will give a more
favourable response when cartoon songs are used as background music.
9.5.3 Playback System

Playback system is one of the conditions that should be taken into account
during the use of audio. This is because not all computers in the market are able
to generate sound. Imagine if you wanted to present a multimedia project on a
computer that has no sound card, then all the sound effects which you have
included would be wasted because it could not be presented.
However, if the multimedia application is delivered via CD-ROM, then it is safe

for you to assume that if the computer has a CD-ROM driver, then it is also
equipped with a sound card and speakers.
9.5.4 Users’ Control

The use of sound in a multimedia application can be very useful but it can also
create problems especially if it cannot be controlled by the users. Try to imagine
the impact on the users if every time an application starts, it will be accompanied
by the same background music that lasts for a full minute. Usually the user will

feel bored and frustrated having to wait for the sound clip to end, particularly
when the sound has been heard many times before.
Control of sound or audio includes the usersÊ rights to start the audio, switch on
or off the audio, control the volume according to desire, or provide an alternative
such as using text display to replace sound. Figure 9.8 shows an icon normally
used to control the volume.
Figure 9.8: Icon to control the volume

Source: winsupersite.com
9.6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF

AUDIO IN MULTIMEDIA
The use of audio in multimedia has received much attention due to the fact that
integration of audio in multimedia is becoming easier to accomplish. The
presence of audio in multimedia can be beneficial if it is successful in presenting
what is desired by the users. Instead, it might also provide negative impact to the
multimedia system if it is not used accordingly. In brief, the use of audio in
multimedia has its own advantages and disadvantages.

9.6.1 Advantages of Audio

The main advantage of audio is that it ensures the delivery of vital information.
This is because sound can attract usersÊ awareness to the information being
conveyed. It also has the unique capacity to provide caution or reminder to the
users about some specific information particularly because hearing is easier than
reading. The other advantages of audio is that it increases the multimedia
attraction where music, narration or sound effects further enhance the
multimedia application that was previously quite static. Good visuals and
information would not be perfect if the music that accompanies does not match
what is being conveyed. Sound has made video or animation more real and
memorable.
9.6.2 Disadvantages of Audio

Although audio use has many advantages, it also has several obvious
disadvantages. One of the most obvious disadvantages is overuse. Although
alarm warning sounds, sound effects, and narration are suitable to attract usersÊ
attention, this effectiveness will disappear if audio is overused.
Other disadvantages of audio are, it requires special equipment to generate high

quality products. Although basic audio production is a simple task, to generate
high-quality audio, it requires a studio and expensive equipment. Therefore,
users must possess the right equipment to generate high quality sound.
SELF-CHECK 9.3
1. In your opinion, what are the advantages of digital sound

compared to analogue sound?
2. Give three brands of popular sound cards available in the market.
3. List four factors that must be taken into account when using audio
in multimedia applications.

 Audio (sound) is a physical phenomenon generated by the vibrations of an

object.
 Sound cards can improve the sound quality played on a computer. Sound
Blaster from Creative Labs was so phenomenally popular that the name
Sound Blaster became synonymous with the sound card.
 Using special converters (ADC dan DAC), you can convert audio files from
analogue to digital and vice versa.
 Audio performs many important functions in multimedia such as:

– Warnings and reminders;
– Background music;
– Sound effects;
– Narration; and
– Data related to sound.
 Several factors need to be considered when using audio in a multimedia

application:
ă Compatibility;
ă Users;
ă Playback system; and
ă UsersÊ control.
 Audio in multimedia is a double-edged knife. For example, when used

properly, it can augment visuals by supporting it with ambient music,
however, generating high quality audio involves the use of a studio and
expensive audio equipment.

Analogue sound Narration

Analogue -to-digital converter (ADC) Playback system
Audio Sampling
Audio conversion Sound Blaster
Background music Sound card
Compatibility Sound effects
Digital sound Sound format
Digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) Warnings and reminders

Topic  Audio
10 Formats and
Software
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Review a few main audio file formats used in multimedia; and
2. Distinguish a few audio software in the market.
 INTRODUCTION
In this topic, you will be introduced to some types of audio file formats normally
found in multimedia such as WAV, MP3, AIFF and MIDI, and their special
features. You will also identify the audio file sources and copyright issues.
10.1 AUDIO FILE FORMATS

With the emergence of digital audio, sound or music can be recorded in a variety
of formats; among them are the AIFF, AU, MIDI, MP3, SWF, OGG, FLAC and
WAV formats. Most of these audio file formats involve compressing the audio
files. Audio file compression is needed to save storage space. Audio that has been
compressed can be replayed with just a low percentage drop in its quality.
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM) is one of the main
methods of audio compression.
Now, the QuickTimeÊs movie (.mov) standard is often used to store audio files as
this type of file can be used in most computer platforms including PC computers
and Macintosh computers.

172  TOPIC 10 AUDIO FORMATS AND SOFTWARE
As for the use of audio on the Internet, Real Audio, Real Media and MP3 can be
used in view of the fact that, their file sizes are smaller compared to other audio
formats.
In the future, it is highly possible that more new audio formats will emerge,
where you will be able to listen to audio with not only small file sizes but are also
of high quality. The following are explanations of the common types of digital
audio formats (please see Figure 10.1).
Figure 10.1: Digital audio format
10.1.1 AIFF
The Audio Interchange File Format (AIFF) is one of the common formats used to
store and send sound samples. This format was first developed by Apple
computers and is the standard format for Macintosh computers. Now, it can also
be used by computers with Windows operating system.
The AIFF format is usually not able to do data compression; therefore, AIFF files
are usually bigger than other formats. Nevertheless, there is another format that
can support data compression and that is the AlF-compressed (AlFF-CorAIFC)
format.
The AIFF format is widely used in professional audio recording systems and
digital multimedia applications that use Macromedia Director and Adobe
Premiere softwares. Both softwares allow the importing and exporting of the
AIFF files. One thing that you need to know is that an AIFF audio file is of high
quality when it uses high resolution. However, this causes its file size to become
very big. For example, a 30 second long 16 bit stereo will have a file size as big as
5.4MB.

TOPIC 10 AUDIO FORMATS AND SOFTWARE  173
10.1.2 MP3
This audio format is extremely popular now and it is often used to record a large
number of songs and music onto compact discs. MP3 means MPEG audio layer
III and it was created by a German company, Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, in 1989.
One of the main reasons why MP3 is so popular and favoured by music lovers is
its extraordinary compression ratio of 10:1 for audio files such as WAV. The ratio
of 10:1 means that if the WAV file is converted to MP3 format, its new size is only
10% of the original WAV file size, but its audio quality remains the same. Besides
that, MP3 format also allows various sampling rates and bit rates, whereby it
gives users more authority to control the file size and quality.
For MP3, the ordinary sampling rate is 44.1 kHz and its bit rate is 128 kbps. It is
difficult to distinguish the MP3 music quality from the quality of the music that
has not undergone the compression process. You can play MP3 songs or music
by using a Winamp player which was created by Nullsoft. One of the main
advantages of MP3 is that it is capable of storing additional textual information
such as the subject, artistÊs name and comments. All of these can be shown on the
Winamp player.
10.1.3 AU
The AU audio format was specially created to be used on the Sun Microsystems
workstation. It is a 16 bit audio format that is compressed and used for
distribution via the Internet. The AU audio format is less popular compared to
the WAV format.
ACTIVITY 10.1
You can download a free Winamp player from the Internet. Use the
browser to obtain this software. List the address. What is your opinion
about this music player? Does it give you the effect as mentioned earlier?
10.1.4 MIDI
The Musical Instruments Digital Interface (MIDI) format was introduced in 1980
as an effective method of music representation that could be used in various
applications. In fact, MIDI is not an audio format. It is more of an interface to
produce audio. The audio produced would then be kept in MIDI format.

MIDI is a standard language used for communications between musical

instruments and computers. This means a musician can attach the electronic key,
guitar and other MIDI tools to an audio synthesiser connected to the personal
computer. Users can compose their own music which would then be converted
into digital sound. This means a composer can use the MIDI keyboard to record
notes and then can convert this information easily into the computer.
A sequence of MIDI that has been compressed makes it very useful for
applications where space is an issue. For example, songs for video games, music
for websites and background music are applications of good MIDI formats. MIDI
has many advantages compared to other digital audio. One of the advantages is
MIDI tracks require less bandwidth and processing power compared to MP3
files. For example, when you download an MP3 track using a modem, you may
be disappointed because you need half an hour just to download a single music
track.
On the other hand, if you download a MIDI file, you can obtain the file in less
than a minute even though you use a slow speed modem. MIDI sequence or
tracks are much smaller than any digital audio files. One MP3 track normally
uses only 1MB of disk space for a minute of music, but a MIDI track only
requires 40KB of disk space which is 95% smaller than a MP3 and its quality is
not compromised!
10.1.5 WAV
A WAV file is the main and popular audio format in the Microsoft Windows
operating system environment. It is unlike MPEG or compressed format. It store
samples without the need of pre-processing. The format of this file is similar to
the AIFF format.
A WAV files is usually huge. Its file size is dependent on the length of the audio
being recorded and the sampling rate used for recording. It is later replayed at a
compatible rate. You can record and replay a WAV file with the Sound Recorder
that is inbuilt in the Microsoft Windows environment.
The following passage explains the differences between MIDI files and digital
audio.

MIDI versus Digital Audio
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is a communications standard

developed in the early 1980s for electronic musical instruments and
computers. It allows music and sound synthesisers from different
manufacturers to communicate with each other by sending messages along
cables connected to the devices. MIDI provides a protocol for passing detailed
descriptions of a musical score, such as the notes, sequences of notes, and
what instrument will play these notes. But MIDI data is not digitised sound; it
is a shorthand representation of music stored in numeric form. Digital audio is
a recording, MIDI is a score ă the first depends on the capabilities of your
sound system, the other on the quality of your musical instruments and the
capabilities of your sound system.
A MIDI file is a list of time stamped commands that are recordings of musical
actions (the pressing down of a piano key or a sustain pedal, for example, or the
movement of a control wheel or slider) that, when sent to a MIDI playback
device, results in sound. A concise MIDI message can cause a complex sound or
sequence of sounds to play on an instrument or synthesiser; so MIDI files tend to
be significantly smaller (per second of sound delivered to the user) than
equivalent digitised waveform files.
In contrast to MIDI data, digital audio data is the actual representation of a

sound, stored in the form of thousands of individual numbers (called
samples). The digital data represents the instantaneous amplitude (or
loudness) of a sound at discrete slices of time. Because it is not device
dependent, digital audio sounds the same every time it is played. But that
consistency comes at a price; large data storage files. Digital sound is used for
music CDs.
MIDI data is to digital audio data what vector or drawn graphics are to
bitmapped graphics. That is, MIDI data is device dependent; digital data is
not. Just as the appearance of vector graphics differs depending on the printer
device or display screen, the sounds produced by MIDI music files depend on
the particular MIDI device used for playback. Similarly, a roll of perforated
player piano score played on a concert grand would sound different than if
played on a honky tonk piano. Digital data, on the other hand, produces
sounds that are more or less identical regardless of the playback system. The
MIDI standard is like PostScript, letting instruments communicate in a well
understood language.
Vaughn (2001)

SELF-CHECK 10.1
After reading the earlier excerpt, can you state two advantages and two
disadvantages of MIDI compared to digital audio?
Visit its website at http://www.musitek.com to see the scanner software that can
read notes or musical scores and convert them into MIDI files.
10.2 SOURCE OF AUDIO FILES

Almost all multimedia computers today are equipped with sound cards and
speakers; this indicates how important audio is as a media in our daily lives.
If you are observant, you will notice that when you open or close an application
on a Windows operating system, your action is accompanied with a sound. This
sound can be changed according to an individualÊs preference at any time.
Sounds such as this are stored in a file and its source can be obtained from pre-
packages, purchases or borrowings, and from your own invention.
10.2.1 Pre-package
Figure 10.2: Sound file
Some sound files can be obtained from the computerÊs operating system or from
programs that already exist in your computer. Figure 10.2 shows the sound file
that is in Microsoft Office. These sound files can produce special effects such as
the sound of doors opening; car braking and others.

10.2.2 Buying and Borrowing

Other than the pre-packages built into an operating system or application
software, sound files can also be bought from companies that specialise in
production of sound clips. In addition, the Internet is the right place to purchase
sound clips. Sometimes you can also get it free by downloading it from the
Internet.
These file resources can be very useful for background sounds, sound with
special effects and also for historical events, such as speeches or conversations of
the Prime Minister.
10.2.3 Own Invention

Sound file can also be produced through your own invention. Sound clips might
be created easily by using specific program together with a microphone. One of
the factors that must be considered when creating a sound file is the quality of
the sound to be generated. If you want to include sound into a PowerPoint
presentation, you can use a medium quality sound.
On the other hand, if you aim to produce a high quality commercial, you should
consider using a recording studio equipped with instruments such as DAT
(Digital Audio Tape) that can record digital sound. Additionally, sound files can
also be generated by using equipment such as an audio synthesiser connected to
the computer so that the sound can be recorded in MIDI (Musical Instrument
Digital Interface) format.
Before we proceed to the next topic, make sure that when obtaining these sources
of audio files, you did not infringe or violate the CopyrightÊs Act, which is a
critical issue concerning music. To be safe, always make sure that the music you
use is royalty free.
There are several new products such as ACID from Sonic Foundry that allows
users to produce sound which is not only professional, but also unique. Visit its
website at www.sonicfoundry.com.

ACTIVITY 10.2
As a multimedia developer, you should make sure that the work you
produce will not be copied by other people. The CopyrightÊs Act
(Amendment) 1997 was created to solve this problem. Give a brief
explanation about this Act.
10.3 AUDIO SOFTWARE

Just like video, attention should also be paid to audio in a multimedia system.
Audio management such as recording and editing is very important to generate
good multimedia products especially video clips where the audio is
synchronised with the video display.
Just like video, audio requires specific software for recording purposes or for the
audio production. The Microsoft Windows operating system provides audio
recording facility through its software called Sound Recorder (please refer to
Figure 10.3).
Figure 10.3: Sound recorder
For the purpose of producing better audio with attractive special effects,
sophisticated audio software are required such as Sound Forge and SoundEdit
16. The following are discussions on major audio software.

10.3.1 Sound Forge

Sound Forge is professional audio editing software for Windows. It includes an
audio processing set, equipment and special effects to manipulate audio. Sound
Forge is very useful as it works well with the WindowsÊ compatible sound cards
to create, edit and record audio files. This user-friendly interface software enables
the process of editing to be done quickly and easily.
Sound Forge has special features that make it so popular, as follows:
(a) Has internal support to record video and CD. It can store a lot of video and
audio file formats that include WAV, AVI and MP3;
(b) Has excellent editing features such as cut, mute, reverse, trim, normalise
and others;
(c) Has amazing effects. This includes 20 types of DirectX audio plug-ins that
can be used for microphone modelling. Other effects include chorus and
distortion;
(d) Supports many file formats such as WAV, RealAudio and MP3; and
(e) It is easy to use. It uses the drag and drop operation in a user-friendly
interface.
10.3.2 SoundEdit 16
This software has features that are almost similar to Sound Forge. It can do
editing for more than 10 audio formats. Besides that, it also has Mixer, CD Audio
Capture and others. However, it only operates under the MacOs (Macintosh)
operating system.
SoundEdit 16 has many advantages. Firstly, it can import and export AU file
formats from the Internet. SoundEdit 16 also supports compression such as
algorithm compression 4:1 for a 16-bit voice. Other than that, users can also
import CD tracks directly into SoundEdit 16; then, edit, process and give it the
desired effect.
With these features, audio recording and editing has become a process that can
be done by both the professionals and laymen.

 The common types of audio file formats include AIFF, MP3, AU, MIDI and
WAV.
 You can obtain audio files from the following sources ă pre-package, buying
and borrowing and own invention.
 Excellent audio sound can be produced using sophisticated audio software

such as Sound Forge and SoundEdit 16.
AIFF Mixing
AU MP3
Audio file format Sound Forge
Audio software SoundEdit 16
Compressing WAV
MIDI

Topic  Video in
11 Multimedia
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Differentiate between analogue and digital video;
2. Discuss the basic components of video production;
3. Apply the methods and techniques of video compression; and
4. List several roles of video in multimedia.
 INTRODUCTION
This topic describes the video component in multimedia. Due to the
shortcomings of analogue video, digital video technology emerged. Nowadays,
digital video is increasingly finding its place in the development of multimedia
software. Including video elements in a multimedia presentation is an effective
way to present information that cannot be delivered by any other media. Most
videos are capable of bringing elements that resemble actual situations, attracting
the usersÊ attention and emotions.
11.1 VIDEO
Video is one of the important elements in the development of multimedia
because it can convey meaning and information in a relatively short period of
time. Video has been in existence for more than 50 years, and it started with the
black and white television.

182  TOPIC 11 VIDEO IN MULTIMEDIA
According to Agnew and Kellerman (1997), video is a digital media that shows
the arrangement or sequence of static pictures that give an illusion as though we
are looking at moving pictures. This illusion depends on two physiological
phenomena called, „persistence of vision and flicker fusion.‰
Before multimedia was introduced, we often watched videos through video

tapes or television broadcasts. These videos were in analogue form and could not
be presented through the computer. After multimedia technology was
introduced, digital video was developed and became very popular. Generally,
there are two types of videos, which are analogue video and digital video.
11.2 ANALOGUE VIDEO

Analogue video consists of video or a sequence of images produced by
continuous analogue waves. Analogue waves change in a constant manner
(please refer to Figure 11.1). This means that there is no exact value at any point
of the analogue image. This makes it difficult to reproduce analogue images.
Figure 11.1: Example of an analogue wave
Movies played on VCR or laser disks are examples of analogue video. This is
because television is an analogue device and not a digital device. On the other
hand, videos played on computers are digital videos. If you wish to import an
analogue video into a computer, a video capture card is required. It is used to
sample the analogue video at regular intervals in order to produce a digital
video.

TOPIC 11 VIDEO IN MULTIMEDIA  183
Pictures in an analogue video can be enlarged or edited without jeopardising the

image quality. This is different from digital pictures which consist of pixels that
tend to lose its quality when enlarged.
We can find analog videos on television broadcasts. Where can we find digital
videos? In your opinion, between analogue video and digital video, which is
easier to handle? Why?
11.3 DIGITAL VIDEO

Digital video consists of images with discrete values (binary digit 0 and 1) (please
refer to Figure 11.2). Unlike analogue video which is continuous, every point on a
digital image has an accurate value. The digital image on a computer comprises
of individual dots known as pixels or pictorial elements. These collections of
pixels form the image which is seen on the computer screen.
Figure 11.2: Digital signals
Currently, digital video has become a hot issue in the computer industry and
receives tremendous response especially from computer games and multimedia
software and hardware developers. Digital videos are often found on websites
and are usually in the form of video clips. They are used on websites to present
new products, news, games and entertainment.
SELF-CHECK 11.1
Give TWO differences between analogue videos and digital videos.

11.4 VIDEO PRODUCTION PROCESS

Do you know that the video clips that are played on a computer are digital
videos? Since computer is a digital device, analogue videos need to be converted
into digital format to enable the computer to process it before it can be used in a
multimedia application.
The video production process requires several basic components that will be
discussed in the following sections. These components form part of the process of
converting analogue format to digital format (please refer to Figure 11.3).
Figure 11.3: Basic components for video production
11.4.1 Personal Computer System

A personal computer or desktop is needed to record or to produce a digital
video. Digital video production requires an efficient and powerful computer. The
minimum requirement for the personal computer system is a Pentium processor
with a large memory and storage. In fact, there is no limit for computer and
memory in video production. The faster the processor, more video frames can be
captured, and the better the quality of the digital video clip.
On the other hand, if a low quality computer is used; many frames will be
eliminated during the video production process. The resulting video produced
will be wobbly and not smooth. In addition, you are not encouraged to multi task
while the video is being recorded on the computer.
11.4.2 Video Source

You should ensure that your video's source is in good condition. There are
several video sources that you can choose from such as cassette recorders, Hi-Fi
videos, BetaCam, Camcorders and laser disc. These sources are in analogue
format. It is important to have a clear and clean analogue source. If the source is
noisy and is of low quality, there is a great possibility that the digital video

captured and displayed will be of a low quality or worse. If you have good and
clear video source, the chances of obtaining a high quality digital video are
better.
11.4.3 Large Storage

You also need a hard drive with a large storage space and faster speed because
video takes up a lot of memory space. If your hard disk is large, then it definitely
will be able to accommodate the digital video file. Multimedia computer systems
that are currently available in the market have storage space that is sufficient for
digital video production. However, if you are serious about video production,
you are encouraged to buy hard disks built for this purpose.
Besides a large storage space, the hard disk must also be fast. A fast hard disk is
capable of storing video sequence more effectively and reduces the loss of data
during the production process. Fast hard drive has an access time of eight
milliseconds. Access time refers to the amount of time taken by the computer to
search for data on the hard disk. In this case however, access time is the time
taken by the hard disk to search for an empty space to record the data. Therefore,
the lower the time, the faster the hard drive is.
11.4.4 Video Capture Card

A video capture card is an add-on card required for digital video production. A
video capture card is an interface between the video source and the computer.
The video capture card can be installed in an additional slot on your computer
system. Once the video capture card is installed in your computer, you can
connect the video source to the computer by using the RCA cable. There are
many types of video capture card that are available in the market. There are
video capture card that allow you to digitise both sound and video data together;
and there are others that do not, where you need to digitise the video and the
audio data separately.
All video capture cards include software to capture video sequence. This
software enables you to do your own configurations to the video screen, the
number of frames per second, the colour and the type of codec that you want to
use for video compression. Among the popular video capture cards are, Intel
Indeo, Radius Cinepak and Crucial Radeon 9800 Pro (please refer to Figure 11.4).
Video cards that do not digitise the audio video data would be supplied with
software that synchronises the audio video data automatically.

Figure 11.4: ATI Radeon HD Card

Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/
ATI_Radeon_HD_4770_Graphics_Card-oblique_view.jpg
The price of a video capture card varies depending on its quality. The higher the
digitised quality, the higher its price. Companies that produce video capture card
are Creative Labs, Avid Targa, Intel and ATI.
11.5 CAPTURING VIDEO

Once all the basic components are connected and the software installed, you
must choose your video sequence on the analogue source. Press the play button
and click record with the mouse (please see Figure 11.5). The computer will
instantly start recording and the video will stream from the source, it gets
digitised; meaning converted into a digital file by the video capture card, and
then compressed by the software that has been installed in the computer. Files
that have been compressed will then be in the hard-disk for future use or editing.
If you want to record sequence for editing purposes, digitise it first and edit later.
At the same time, the sound or audio from the video source will also be digitised
(please refer to Figure 11.6).

Figure 11.5: Process of digitising analogue video signals
Figure 11.6: Capturing and digitising video and sound
There are digitising software that allows you to view video sequence during the
digitising process. If you do not have such software, you can connect the
television to the video card to view the process that is going on.


DIGITAL VIDEO
The main advantage of digital video is its capability to edit and modify video
sequence. Besides that, digital video can be stored and copied just like other
computer files without compromising its quality. It can also be transferred
through computer networks such as the electronic mail system. Most video
software does not require special hardware for the purpose of playback.
Another advantage of digital video is that it provides random access or non-

linear editing facilities. It also allows instructions such as copy, cut and paste to
be implemented, and special effect elements to be inserted easily.
The main disadvantage of digital video is that it needs large storage equipment
to store the large video file. A one-second, high quality digital video with a full
screen size, may have a file size of more than 27MB before the compression
process.
Digital videos also experience the problem of piracy. It is very easy for digital
videos to be duplicated, and even the quality of the video copied is almost equal
to the original video quality. This causes the problem of widespread piracy.
Furthermore, digital videos require a reasonably high data-transfer rate. It also

requires a longer period of time for file compression and other processing tasks.
Table 11.1 lists the advantages and disadvantages of digital video.
Table11.1: Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Video
Advantages of Digital Video Disadvantages of Digital Video
 Easy to edit video sequence  Requires a storage device with large

capacity
 Easy to add special effects
 Copies can be pirated
 The quality of the copied file is the
same as the original file  Requires a powerful computer system
for capturing and playback
 Better audio and image quality
 Requires knowledge of digital
 Long lasting technology

11.7 DIGITAL VIDEO FILE SIZE

The quality of a digital video is frequently associated with its file size. The higher
the quality of the video, the bigger the file size required to store the video. Do
you know that a video file size is large because it contains both the audio and
video data? It occupies a large section of storage space in a multimedia
application. Therefore, it is important for you to know how to calculate video
files so you that you can estimate the amount of storage space required to store
your whole multimedia project. In fact, there are several factors that determine
the file size of a digital video (please refer to Figure 11.7).
Figure 11.7: Factors that determine the digital video file size
11.7.1 Screen Size

The screen size varies depending on the userÊs choice. Basically, the bigger the
screen size, the bigger the memory and the processing power required to play
back the digital video on the computer. This is because the bigger the screen, the
greater the amount of pixels on the screen. For example, for a screen size of
640  480, there are 640 pixels displayed horizontally and 480 pixels displayed
vertically. As such, the computerÊs processor needs to work hard to produce the
digital image to fill-up the screen.
If there is insufficient processing power or memory, then the image on the screen
will not be clear. In the end, the video will not be able to be viewed well.
Normally, digital video is suitably displayed at ôth the size of the screen, which is
320  240 pixels. The video size of 240  180 is also often used in multimedia
presentations.

11.7.2 Frame Rates

Videos usually hold about 30 frames per second while films usually contain 24
frames per second. Although videos or films are often played in the range of 24
fps to 30 fps, digital videos require a minimum rate of 15 fps only. If it is less than
that rate, the quality of the video will drop and the movement will be jerky.
The higher the frame rate of the digital video, the smoother the movement of the
video and the larger the file size or the storage required for the video.
11.7.3 Colours
Most video clips today are colour video clips. Colours make your video more
attractive and realistic. However, colours will increase the file size. In fact, digital
videos are built from several series of graphics or images arranged and played
quickly. Thus, the quality is also dependent on the quality or the total number of
colours used for every image.
The colours that you see on television comprises of three primary colours that
are, Red, Green and Blue (RGB). When these colours are used on the computer,
each colour will take-up space which is equivalent to 8 bits per pixel. Therefore,
in order to generate a realistic digital video, each pixel in the computer will
comprise of 24 bits of colour or colour depth. This is also known as true colour.
Black and white clips will take-up less storage space compared to a colour clip.
11.7.4 Duration
The duration of a digital video clip will add or reduce the file size. The longer the
duration, the bigger the file size.
ACTIVITY 11.1
If you want to digitise a video clip in the form of 24-bit colour and have
decided to use the following perimeters:
Size: 1/4 screen (320  240 pixels)
Colour
15 frames per second
Duration: 30 second
How much storage space is required?

Can you calculate the answer? If not, refer to the following steps to obtain the
answer.
Calculation steps:
Step 1: Screen size

320  240 pixels = 76,800 pixels
Step 2: Colour
76,800  3 bit (for RGB colours) = 230, 400 bits
Step 3: Frame Rate

230,400  15 = 3,456,000 bits
Step 4: Duration
3,456,000  30 seconds = 103,680,000 bits
Estimated total storage: 103 MB!
You will find that to play a coloured video clip for only 30 seconds, with a speed
of 15 frames per second on a 1/4 video screen display, you will need a storage
space of 103MB! You must remember that this number excludes the total amount
of sound data in the digital video clip. If quality CD sound is added for a 30
second duration, you will be forced to add 5.25MB to the size of the data file.
From the explanation above, it is clear that there should be a method to control
this large digital video size. This method is known as video compression and will
be discussed in the following topics.
SELF-CHECK 11.2
1. What is the relationship between frame rate and digital video?
2. Give TWO factors that determine the file size of a digital video.

11.8 VIDEO COMPRESSION

Just like graphics and audio, compression is very important to enable us to store
digital video data. Video requires compression because video files contain more
data than graphics and audio. Once the sequence of a video is digitised, the file
will be compressed by software which is known as codec. CODEC stands for
COmpression and DECompression. The purpose of codec is to compress the
digital video file to a smaller size and then store the file in the hard-drive or other
computer storage devices. Digital video compression is one of the methods used
to reduce the file size so that more video can be kept in the storage space. Luckily
there are currently many compression technologies for digital videos. Therefore,
you have many choices to choose from.
Generally, the method of compression is known as CODEC and it encompasses:
(a) The Process of Compression

Generally, compression occurs when a video film is stored or produced.
The compression process changes video sequence that has been digitised in
the form of pixel into mathematical equation.
(b) The Process of Decompression

Generally, decompression occurs when a video is played or broadcasted.
The process of decompression converts back the mathematical equation to
the original digital video. When you see a video clip being played on your
computer screen, you are actually viewing a video file that is
decompressed and not the compressed video file (please see Figures 11.8
and 11.9).

Figure 11.8: Compression
Figure 11.9: Decompression
11.8.1 Lossless and Lossy Compressions

There are two main methods of compression:
(a) Lossless Compression

Lossless compression means that files that have been compressed can be
decompressed exactly the same as the original file. This type of
compression maintains the original image during both the compression
process and decompression process. It is important especially if it involves

text images. Text need to appear in its original state before and after file
compression.
One of the techniques for text compression is to identify repeated words

and represent it in code form. For example, if the word university appears
a couple of times in a text, a code will be given to the word. This technique
saves storage space as compared to using the actual word. During the
decompression process, the code would be converted back to the word
university.
PKZIP is an example of compression software for compressing text or

files.EXE to smaller storage sizes. You can also find this type of „zipped"
files on the Internet. To decompress these files, you need to „unzip.‰ The
„unzip‰ process is done by software which is known as PKUNZIP.
(b) Lossy Compression

Lossy compression on the other hand, eliminates some of the data of the
image. Hence, this technique has a better compression ratio than lossless
compression. This method helps to reduce the digital video file size.
However, the bigger the compression ratio, the lower the decompression
quality of the resulting image. This type of compression is suitable for
video because the small decrease in quality is hardly noticeable for moving
images.
An example of lossy compression is JPEG or Joint Photographic Expert

Group, a compression technique that generates a ratio of 45:1. Usually,
JPEG's pictures can be obtained from the Internet and downloaded for
storage in the hard-drive.
There are two more techniques of video compression:
(i) Intraframe compression: occurs within its own frame.

(ii) Interframe compression: occurs between frames.
11.8.2 Hardware Support

When a video is produced, compressed and play-back, it goes through a
processing which involves a tremendous amount of information, and only high-
powered and fast computers would be able to display the high-quality video
with satisfactory frame rate and size.

Most codec processes only involve software and it is popular for videos with
small frame rates and size. However when you want to aim for a more
sophisticated level of technology, you should invest in codecs that are supported
by hardware (hardware assisted codec).
Hardware support usually comprises of a video board that you can plug in into
the computer. This board has a chip that processes the digital video file in codec
such as MPEG or JPEG. In future, video processing chips will become standard in
most computers.
SELF-CHECK 11.3
1. Codec can have symmetrical or asymmetrical features. It refers to

the balance between the compression speed and the decompression
speed. Briefly explain both these features of codec.
2. Give two examples of compression software that are currently

available in the market.
11.9 THE ROLES OF VIDEO IN MULTIMEDIA

The role or use of video in multimedia is very wide. It can increase the
effectiveness of multimedia presentations. A few years ago, it was seldom used
because it is large in size and difficult to incorporate into a multimedia
presentation. Now, with the emergence of compression processes and
sophisticated hardware, video is becoming increasingly popular especially on the
Internet.
It cannot be denied that video has given a visual touch to multimedia

applications. Video is the best media to show realistic and exact physical actions,
but it is also the most difficult media component compared to other media. The
following are several roles of video in multimedia.

11.9.1 Attracting Attention

Video is a media that attracts the usersÊ attention immediately because it
provides visual satisfaction with colourful displays and attractive videos.
Therefore, video is very useful for advertising products and services.
For example, while surfing web sites on the Internet, a window suddenly
appears with a brief video displaying a new-product of a company. Our attention
will immediately be redirected to this advertisement and generally this window
would have a „click here for further information‰ button to carry us to further
linkage of this advertisement.
11.9.2 Display of Physical Procedure

Have you ever experienced a situation where you were unable to understand a
procedure or direction by just referring to the text? Instead, when this procedure
is shown step by step through a video display, you are able to understand it
immediately. This shows that video is the media that deserve our attention in
multimedia especially when you want to show a sequence of complex actions
and needs accurate descriptions. Besides that, video can also be used to show
procedures or operation manuals that cannot be described by text or graphics
alone.
11.9.3 Scenario Presentation

Sound and movement has made video a good and effective tool to depict a real-
life situation or scenario in our daily lives. For example, it can be used to display
an „acting‰ of an emergency situation to train doctors and nurses to familiarise
themselves and act in a calm manner during a real emergency situation.
11.9.4 Movement Analysis

One of the special qualities of video, that is not available in other media, is its
ability to pause an action, show an action in slow motion and fast mode. This
quality makes video very useful for analysis. Figure 10.10 shows an example of
the movement analysis by video.

Figure 11.10: Movement analysis using video
Among the commonly found movement analysis is body movements analysis to

increase the performance of a sportsperson whereby his or her body movement
patterns can be seen in slow motion. For example, the movements of a swimmer
in a swimming pool can be analysed through this movement analysis.
In addition, video can also be used to make long-term weather analysis by

studying cloud movements in an area, and analysis of expected traffic-flow in
certain places.

VIDEO IN MULTIMEDIA
Video play an important role in multimedia applications. It can stimulate
emotions, convey messages, provide directions and shows specific techniques.
However, moderation of use is very vital, where you should know the
appropriate situation and time to utilise video. Other things that must be
remembered are, you must use high-quality videos supported by
microprocessors and storage. The following are some advantages and
disadvantages of video in multimedia.

11.10.1 Advantages of Video

Appropriate use of video will bring positive outcomes. There are several
advantages of using video in multimedia applications. They are:
(a) Video Can Captivate the Users

In this aspect, there is no other media that is comparable to video, because
video comprises of various combinations of colour, movements and
sounds. Thus, it is very useful for marketing materials and promoting
applications.
(b) Video Can Increase the Memory of Users

Research has shown that human beings can remember information better
and longer if they are able to see the materials compared to reading or
hearing them only. Video has the ability to improve usersÊ memory
compared to other media.
(c) Video Can Explain Physical Actions and Complex Relationships

Video can show realistic physical actions in a situation. The videoÊs ability
to show real-time movements enables users to have a clear picture
regarding a relationship or physical action compared to what is conveyed
through descriptions or illustrations.
(d) Video Can Combine with Other Media

Video can be merged with other media, especially with audio. Sounds, text,
graphics and movements, can all be combined together with video, for use
in a presentation. This is a core factor, as to why video is the most suitable
media, for delivering complex information.
11.10.2 Disadvantages of Video

Video have many advantages in multimedia applications, but it also has several
obvious disadvantages:
(a) Video Production Involves Higher Cost

Video production requires more time and resources compared to other
media. You may require a few weeks to plan and shoot a video. To produce
a short video clip, you may require the help of a trained technician.
Furthermore, many resources are required to edit videos and combine it
into a multimedia application.

(b) Video Requires a Large Memory and Storage Space

Video uses more system memory and storage space compared to other
media. For example, a one-minute video uses more storage space than
thousands of pages of text. Therefore, video is only suitable for use in
situations that absolutely requires its use, such as in advertisements and
demonstrations.
(c) Video Requires Special Equipment for Production and Presentation

Instruments such as cameras, lights and equipment for editing are required
to produce a video. Your investment in equipment for use in video
production is far greater compared to the equipment used by other media.
In addition, users must possess suitable hardware and software, in order to
watch a video, such as video cards and Quick Time or Media Player
software.
(d) Video is Not Able to Visually Explain Abstract Concepts or Static

Situations, Effectively
Video is specially used to show movements but it is not suitable for
illustrations of abstract concepts, showing objects or static situations. In
these circumstances, text or graphics can convey the abstract concepts more
effectively than video.
The quotation below explains the use of audio and video in the website.
When to Use Audio and Video on the Web
When HTML allowed Web designers to incorporate images compressed

for Web pages (e.g. JPEG and GIF images), the issue raised was that
there were too many Web pages that included too many images, many
of which were not necessary. The concern was that images were used
because they needed to be included, and not for gratuitous use. The use
of audio and video in Web pages may not suffer as intense scrutiny as
with images simply for the reason that using these media elements
requires more bandwidth than images, making their use somewhat
limited.

That said, there are Web sites that need to use audio and video. These
include sites in the music and music video industries, sports and radio
industries and the movie entertainment industry. Some examples of the
entertainment industry using technology to display audio and video are
the MTV site (http://www.mtc.com) which features live reports from the
music industry and the Oscar site (http://www.oscar.com) which has
video clips of the winnersÊ acceptance speeches. News and sports sites
include the ESPNet Sportszone site (http://espnet.sportszone.com)
which features video clips of some of the key moments in sports and the
National Public Radio (NPR) site (http://www.npr.org) which allows
cyber surfers to listen to their shows and even download interviews.
Depending on the type of industry that is featured on the Web, using
audio and video can be a great attraction.
Source: The Multimedia Sourcebook: Volume 2 Multimedia authoring and Web

publishing, Neo Mai & Ken Neo TK, 1999: ms 204
SELF-CHECK 11.4
1. State two examples of physical procedure presentations that use

video.
2. Why does video attract more attention from users compared to

other media?
3. Give two examples of problems faced by using digital video.
4. What do you understand by the interframe and intraframe

compression techniques? Explain.

 Video is a digital media that shows the arrangement or sequence of static

pictures that give an illusion as though we are looking at moving pictures.
 Analog video consists of video or a sequence of images produced by

continuous analog waves.
 Digital video consists of images with discrete values (binary digit 0 and 1).
 The video production process comprises the following basic components

personal computer system,video source, large storage and video capture
card.
 A video capture card will digitise your video and compress it for hard-disk
storage. Once stored in digital form, you can edit your video in future.
 There are pros and cons to using digital video. On one hand, the user has the
freedom to edit and modify video sequences using digital video. On the
other hand, digital videos are easily copied, leading to rampant piracy.
Analogue video Lossless compression

CODEC (COmpression and Lossy compression
DECompression)
Persistence of vision
Digital video
Personal computer system
Digital video file size
Screen size
Flicker fusion
Video
Frame rates
Video capture card
Interframe compression
Video compression
Intraframe compression
Video source
Large storage

Topic  Video Formats
12 and Software
LEARNING OUTCOMES
1. Identify the four main types of video formats and standards; and
2. Adopt several codec formats and video file formats that are currently
available in the market.
 INTRODUCTION
In the previous topics, you have learned about video components in multimedia.
In this topic, we will focus on some of the video formats and standards that are
regularly used. You would also be given explanation regarding the types of
codec formats and video file formats that are currently available in the market.
12.1 VIDEO FORMATS AND STANDARDS

As discussed earlier, video broadcasts are based on frame rate per second or fps.
Do you know that video is played on different frame rate per second depending
on the country? For example, in the United States, video is played at a rate of 30
frames per second. This is based on the guideline or standard prescribed by the
committee of the country, which is the National Television Standards Committee
(NTSC). Meanwhile countries like the United Kingdom, Australia and most
countries in Asia, use the PAL broadcasting system or Phase Alternation Line.
Unlike the NTSC system, the PAL system uses 25 frames per second for videos
and television playback. Hence, the majority of the television sets and video
recorders have multiple systems capability (multi system ready). This gives the
audience the opportunity to enjoy the benefits of both the systems.

TOPIC 12 VIDEO FORMATS AND SOFTWARE  203
The four main formats and standards for broadcasting and video are NTSC, PAL,
SECAM and HDTV. These standards may be converted or interpreted among
each other but, usually, the conversion process causes the quality to drop, and
there are some processes that require specific hardware. Therefore, it is important
to understand each of these standards, and identify where your multimedia
project will be played or presented.
The following are brief discussions on the video formats and standards that are
currently available:
(a) NTSC
The NTSC or National Television Standards Committee is a standard based
on specifications fixed by the National Television Standards Committee,
established in 1952. It is used in the United States and Japan. These
standards define a method for encoding information into the electric signal
that ultimately creates a television picture. According to NTSC standards, a
video frame consists of 525 horizontal scan lines that are produced every
1/30 of a second.
NTSC is also known as Never Twice the Same Colour.
(b) PAL
PAL or Phase Alternate Line is a standard that is used in the UK and other
European countries as well as most of the countries in Asia. According to
Vaughan (2001), PAL is an integration method that adds colours to black
and white television signals. It produces 625 lines at a frame rate of 25
frames rate per second (fps); each line requires 1/50 per second to be
produced (50 Hz).
(c) SECAM
SECAM or sequential couleur avec memoire is a standard that is used in
France, Russia and a few other countries. Although it is almost the same as
PAL and NTSC, the broadcasting technology and method of SECAM
distinguishes it from the other standards. To tackle this problem, the
majority of television sets sold in European nations have components that
can accept both the PAL and SECAM systems.

204  TOPIC 12 VIDEO FORMATS AND SOFTWARE
(d) HDTV
HDTV or High Definition TV is a new standard of television technology.
HDTV provides clear and quality sounds and pictures just like 35mm
movies. The main difference between the old television standard and
HDTV is its high resolution. HDTV consists of 1080 active lines compared
to the current television pictures standard of only 486 active lines.
To obtain more information regarding video formats and standards, refer to

https://library.rice.edu/services/dmc/guides/video/VideoFormatsGuide.pdf
The Advanced Television Systems Committee is an International Organisation

involved in the development of standards for digital television. Visit its website
at http://www.atsc.org
12.2 CODEC FORMATS

Codec format is defined as an algorithm to compress and decompress. It is a
mechanism that is used to compress digital video. In the previous topics, you
have learned about the methods and techniques of compression. In this topic, we
will view several digital video formats that are currently available in the market.
Among them are CinePak and Indeo, which can be used in various platforms
such as Macintosh, Windows and Unix. Examples of other codecs are JPEG,
MPEG and Sorenson. You can choose any of the codecs that are available in the
market to produce videos.
12.2.1 CinePak
The CinePak format was formerly known as Compact Video. It is the most
popular codec for the Quick Time file. CinePak is a lossy compression format. If
you use the CinePak format, you must ensure that the original video source that
has yet to be compressed is of high quality.
CinePak can support frame differencing. It is asymmetrical whereby it requires a

longer time for compression. For example, a video that is only 15 seconds will
take up to an hour to be compressed. However, the video produced is smooth
and its file size is satisfactory.

12.2.2 Indeo/DVI
Besides CinePak, Indeo (also known as DVI) is a codec format developed by
Intel. Generally, Indeo can be in lossy or lossless compression forms and can
support frame differencing. However, it is less asymmetrical compared to
CinePak.
Indeo requires more processing time for decompression. This causes the video
produced to be less smooth compared to CinePak. Indeo is a special codec format
for the VfW (Video for Windows) file, but Quick Time 2.0 can also support this
format. Therefore, it has become the second most popular codec format for
digital video.
12.2.3 JPEG
When you view a JPEG format, you may think that it is one of the file formats for
graphics or images. In fact, it is the same as the JPEG graphics format.
Sometimes, it is dubbed JPEG motion. You must remember that video comprises
a set of frames, where each image in a frame can be compressed using JPEG
compression. JPEG assumes each of these video frames as static images. This
produces a rather large file size and a sizeable drop in terms of quality with a
corresponding large compression ratio.
Compression using JPEG entails specific hardware, but the process of

decompression can be implemented without hardware, but with software
support particularly QuickTime for Apple and Video for Windows.
Choosing a suitable codec is not an easy task. Figure 12.1 gives a comparison of
codec formats to help you make the right decision.

Figure 12.1: Different video compression codec formats

Source: Hofstetter (2001)
To obtain more information about video codec, visit https://library.rice.edu/

services/dmc/guides/video/VideoFormatsGuide.pdf
SELF-CHECK 12.1
Give one difference between Indeo and CinePak.

12.3 VIDEO FILE FORMATS

After the video has been digitised and converted into a digital video file, you
should choose a video file format to store the video clip. For use on the computer,
the main choice is the Microsoft's Video for Windows (.AVI), QuickTime and
some versions of MPEG. Although there are many file formats such as the
AutoDeskÊs FLC, most of the digital video files comprise formats from MPEG,
AVI or QuickTime (please see Figure 12.2).
Figure 12.2: Main digital video file formats
12.3.1 QuickTime
QuickTime is among the best video file formats and is developed by Apple
Computer. Both the Macintosh and Windows support this file format
extensively. Most of the Windows' 95/98 systems can play the QuickTime video,
but it may require a device installation software if the version of QuickTime
needed to play the video is later than the version supported by the computer
system.
Although, you may be forced to equip your computer with the required
QuickTime installation software, QuickTime is still the main choice for cross
platform multimedia development.
QuickTime does not require a high cost as the files required to replay video clips
in QuickTime format are circulated free of charge by Apple.
12.3.2 Microsoft’s Video for Windows

Microsoft first introduced Video for Windows in 1992. Its aim was to prepare a
standard for video under the WindowsÊ operating system. Although the AVI
format is not the best format in the market, it is the most widely used. This is
because most of the personal computer owners in the world use the WindowsÊ

operating system. Therefore, you do not require any additional software to play
AVI files in the WindowsÊ system environment. For systems that are not in the
WindowsÊ environment such as the Macintosh computer that does not support
the AVI format, you need special software that can be obtained from Microsoft to
view the video clips.
The Microsoft's Video for Windows program is based on the .AVI (Audio Video
Interleave) file format where the audio and video are "interleaved." This enables
audio and video to be played simultaneously.
12.3.3 MPEG
MPEG (Motion Picture Expert Group) is gaining popularity in tandem with the
increase in computer systems. MPEG-1 encodes video-clips on 352  240, 320 
240, 176  112 and 160  112 screen sizes only, but it can be played on full screen
at 30 fps with neat frame rate and satisfactory image quality.
There are many MPEG versions in the market such as MPEG-1, MPEG-2 and
MPEG-4. MPEG-1 is the original format designed for quality VHS pictures at CD-
ROM data rate. It is a cross platform format supported by both Macintosh and
Windows. MPEG's main problem is that its compression method is asymmetrical
and, thus, needs expensive software to encode this format.
MPEG-1Ês compression standard usually has a compression ratio within the

range of 26:1. It supports random access, meaning that the users can play the
video clip at any part that is required.
MPEG-2 was introduced in the middle of the 1990s and has better quality
compared to the MPEG-1 format. It enables data to be transferred at a speed of
5MB per second for quality multimedia broadcasting, and up to 10MB per second
for studio quality. MPEG-2Ês standard also enables basic video modes to be used
such as fast forward, reverse play and slow motion.
Now, a new format has emerged, which is the MPEG-4 that promises good
quality at a low data rate and the capacity to encode playback at a different data
rate. Adobe Premiere supports the coding format of MPEG-4.
Before using MPEG, make sure that the system you are using can support
MPEG's version. Just like AVI and QuickTime formats, you probably need an
installation device. Besides that, for some versions of MPEG such as MPEG-2,
users may need to install encoder hardware to the computer system.

The explanation above about MPEG may be limited. Visit its website at http://
www.mpeg.org to obtain more information. The website at http://www.
digitalvideosolutions.com/index.htm contains many interesting topics on digital
video including Codec, formats and video standards.
According to Mohammad Dastbaz (2002), streaming audio is the sound that is

delivered to the user as it is being received from the website that you are visiting.
The audio file is broken up into small pieces (streams) and then sent from the
server to the client's machine; the browser on the client's machine uses a helper
application (like Real Audio) to reassemble the audio stream. This is different
from downloading a file to a hard drive and then playing it after the entire file
has been downloaded.
The advantage of streaming is that there is usually no (or very little) waiting time
from the time the mouse is clicked until the the sound starts playing. The same
approach can be used to stream video files across the Web. According to recent
reports published, the streaming technology industry is the fastest growing
industry on the Internet and this trend is expected to continue and grow. The key
providers, as far as streaming technology is concerned, are Real Networks, Apple
and Microsoft.
RealAudio is streaming audio technology developed by Real Networks. The

RealAudio player (the client software) is available for free from Real Networks'
Website. RealAudio is capable of sending audio files in two different formats.
(a) Stereo 8KHz sampling rate for 28.8 kbs connections (-2.5 KB/sec.); and
(b) Stereo 16KHz sampling rate for 56+ kbs connections (~5 KB/sec).)
Another emerging technology in creating audio content for the Web is the use of
compression techniques, namely, MP3. In order to create streaming audio or
video files, the multimedia designer firstly needs to create the digital audio or
video file format (acceptable file formats are .Wav, .aif, avi, .rnov, .mpg); then,
using a RealAudio producer or similar software, the digital file format is broken
into streams ready for broadcasting over the Internet.
SELF-CHECK 12.2
1. Explain the differences between MPEG-1 and MPEG-2.
2. State two advantages of QuickTime.

12.4 VIDEO SOFTWARE

Lately, the role of video has been receiving a lot of attention in multimedia
systems. Incorporating the video element in multimedia presentations is one of
the effective ways to deliver information that other media fail to do. The reasons
for this development are:
(a) Demands from users for video;
(b) Multimedia technology has progressed to a stage where video is easily

integrated into multimedia systems; and
(c) The emergence of sophisticated hardware such as video capture cards,

video RAM and AGP cards.
According to Tannenbaum (2001), there are three basic levels in the use of
moving images in the interactive multimedia applications such as capturing,
editing and presenting. There are various software that can help you to
implement these basic functions. Depending on the difficulty levels of the
equipment and the functions offered, these software are probably expensive.
Professional video clips require a studio, cameras and professional sound
engineers. In fact, in large multimedia project cases, contracts are usually given
to professional film studios to produce videos.
Most of the video capture cards also provide several basic software that can
capture and store digital videos. Videos for Windows and AppleÊs QuickTime
are among the earliest videos that are available in Macintosh and Windows. For
more professional results, Adobe Premiere provides more choices and functions.
Other than Adobe Premiere, you can also try other video software such as Video
Fusion and UleadÊs Media Studio Pro. Although these video software are
expensive, each has its own advantages and uses in producing high quality
digital videos.
Have you watched a computer using support software such as MPEG or viewed
a short video clip on websites such as CNN? If you have never viewed video
clips on websites, visit CNN's website at: cnn.com.
Besides Adobe Premiere software, Lumiere and UleadÊs Media Studio are also
popular video editing software. Visit UleadÊs Media StudioÊs website at
www.ulead.com to obtain more information.
Now, we will discuss one of the popular video software that is available in the
market, which is the Adobe Premiere.
12.5 ADOBE PREMIERE

Adobe Premiere is a popular video application software in desktop computer
platforms. The new premiere interface supports professional video work, audio
equipment with studio quality and editing tools with long formats.
With Adobe Premiere, users can edit long or short video formats, online or
offline more productively and effectively for the purposes of broadcasting,
film production, storyboards or preparation of Web-based videos.
Another productive feature of this software is that it has good media

management tools such as palette transition that is used during the transition
process. In addition, this software also offers extensive hardware and software
support where it allows users the flexibility to carry out their tasks. This is
because Adobe Premiere integrates very well with other AdobeÊs family such as
Photoshop, After Effects and Illustrator. With this integration, users can carry out
the task of developing videos more efficiently where the project being developed
can be transferred among these applications.
SELF-CHECK 12.3
1. In your opinion, what are the advantages of digital video editing?
2. Which of the following video file formats utilise the least storage
space: AVI, QuickTime or MPEG?
3. List four types of codec formats that you know.

 There are currently four video formats:

(i) NTSC (National Television Standards Committee);
(ii) PAL (Phase Alternate Line);
(iii) SECAM (Sequential couleur avec memoire); and
(iv) HDTV (High Definition TV).
 There are several codec formats available in the market, such as CinePak,
Indeo/DVI and JPEG.
 The most popular video file formats include:

(i) QuickTime;
(ii) AVI (Audio Video Interleave); and
(iii) MPEG (Motion Picture Expert Group).
 Video software are now widely used because of increasing demands from
video users, the emergence of sophisticated video hardware, and the ease by
which video may easily be integrated into multimedia systems.
 Adobe Premiere is one of the popular video application software in desktop

computer platforms.
 Adobe Premiere allows the user to capture videos, add clips to timelines,
insert transitions and many more. Use your imagination to experiment and
explore various functions of the software.

Adobe Premiere PAL (Phase Alternate Line)

AVI (Audio Video Interleave) Project area
CinePak QuickTime
Codec format SECAM (Sequential Couleur Avec
Memoire)
HDTV (High Definition TV)
Timeline area
Indeo/DVI
Transition area
JPEG
Video file format
Monitor area
Video format
MPEG (Motion Picture Expert Group)
Video software
Navigator area
NTSC (National Television Standards
Committee)

214  REFERENCES
References
Blake, B. (2001). Adobe Premiere virtual classroom. Berkeley, CA: Osborne/
McGraw-Hill.
Brian, K. W., & Stacey, C. S. (2001). Using information technology (complete

version). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Chapman, N., & Chapman, J. (2000). Digital multimedia. Chichester, England:

Wiley.
Chapman, N., & Chapman, J. (2002). Digital media tools. Chichester, England:
Wiley.
Dorling Kindersley Publishing. (1996). Multimedia: The complete guide. London,

England: Author.
Education and Multimedia Technology Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia. (2000).

Glosari multimedia. Petaling Jaya, Malaysia: Prentice Hall.
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Iskandar Ab Rashid & Zaitun Ismail. (2001). Grafik menggunakan Jasc PaintShop
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NJ: Prentice Hall.

REFERENCES  215
Mohammad Dastbaz. (2002). Designing interactive multimedia systems.

Berkshire, England: McGraw-Hill Education.
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Prentice Hall.
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Osborne/McGraw-Hill.

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Module Writer: Majumin Hanum Abdul Samad

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Developed by: Centre for Instructional Design and Technology

First Edition, August 2014 (rs)

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Topic 1 Introduction to Multimedia Technology 1

Topic 2 Multimedia Technology Applications 20

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Topic 3 Multimedia Hardware 41

Topic 4 Development and Future of Multimedia Technology 64

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4.2 The Challenges and the Future of Multimedia Technology 68

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6.8 Sources of Graphics 107

Topic 7 Introduction to Animation 114

Topic 8 Computer Animation 130

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8.6 3D Animation Production Process 137

Topic 9 Audio in Multimedia 155

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Topic 10 Audio Formats and Software 171

Topic 11 Video in Multimedia 181

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11.10 Advantages and Disadvantages of Video in Multimedia 197

Topic 12 Video Formats and Software 202

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As an open and distance learner, you should be acquainted with learning

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Table 1: Estimation of Time Accumulation of Study Hours

1. Describe the concept of multimedia, its use and importance in society;

2. Identify the main hardware of a multimedia computer system and how

3. Discuss the main multimedia interactive components, which are text,

Topic 1 is an introduction to the concept of multimedia, which briefly discusses

Topic 2 explains multimedia applications including the Multimedia Super

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Topic 3 explains the importance of computer hardware including input and

Topic 4 gives us insights into several current developments in multimedia

Topic 5 explains the guidelines on the use of text in multimedia applications. It

Topic 8 discusses computer animation. It also gives us insights into two

Topic 11 focuses on another component of multimedia, which is video. It touches

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TEXT ARRANGEMENT GUIDE

Self-Check: This component of the module is inserted at strategic locations

Activity: Like Self-Check, the Activity component is also placed at various

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References: The References section is where a list of relevant and useful

TAN SRI DR ABDULLAH SANUSI (TSDAS) DIGITAL

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1.1 DEFINITION OF MULTIMEDIA

Figure 1.1: Multimedia components