Bribery and Corruption in Sri Lanka Conference Report

Bribery and Corruption in
Sri Lanka
The Results of
Two Public Opinion Surveys
2020 – 07 – 17
4.30 pm - 6.30 pm
Cinnamon Lakeside Colombo

Agenda
Bribery and Corruption in Sri Lanka
The Results of Two Public Opinion Surveys
2020 – 07 – 17
Cinnamon Lakeside Colombo
4.30 p.m Registration
5.00 p.m. – 5.10 p.m. Introduction Mr. Indika Perera

Program Director
EWMI
5.10 p.m. – 5.30 p.m. Presentation Dr. Nishan De Mel

Executive Director
Verite Research
5.30 p.m. – 5. 50 p.m. Presentation Ms. Kate Dier

Project Manager,
Global Citizen Engagement
RiWi Corp.
6.00 p.m. - 6.30 pm Q&A Moderated by

AmCham
6.30 – 7.00 pm Reception and fellowship
The full reports of Verite Research and RiWi corp. are attached as appendices
Advanced Traffic
INSIGHTS FOR MITIGATING

CORRUPTION:
Summary Findings
October 2019
CONTENTS
LIST OF EXHIBITS ................................................................................................................................................................... 4
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................................................................................................................................13
5
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................15
7
1.1 Task and Motivation...................................................................................................................................................15
7
1.2 Methodology..................................................................................................................................................................15
7
1.2.1 The survey and the sampling framework .................................................................................................15
7
1.2.2 Focus group discussions ..................................................................................................................................16
8
1.2.3 Key informant interviews................................................................................................................................16
8
1.2.4 Limitations of the study ...................................................................................................................................16
8
19
CHAPTER 2: SURVEY FINDINGS...................................................................................................................................... 10
19
2.1 Attitudes towards corruption .............................................................................................................................. 10
19
2.1.1 Salience of corruption ..................................................................................................................................... 10
20
2.1.2 Attitudes and types of corruption .............................................................................................................. 11
23
2.1.3 Prevalence of corruption in the public sector ....................................................................................... 14
24
2.1.4 Sectoral corruption .......................................................................................................................................... 15
25
2.2 Experience with public services.......................................................................................................................... 16
25
2.2.1 Reported rents extracted from public officials ..................................................................................... 16
27
2.2.2 Methods of extracting rents .............................................................................................................................. 18
28
2.3 Perception of CIABOC .............................................................................................................................................. 19
28
2.3.1 CIABOC’s’ independence ................................................................................................................................ 19
29
2.3.2 CIABOC’s outreach............................................................................................................................................ 20
30
2.3.3 Combatting corruption ................................................................................................................................... 21
33
CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS FROM FGDS AND KIIS.......................................................................................................... 23
33
3.1. Perception and experience of government corruption ............................................................................ 23
35
3.2. Perception and experience of police corruption ......................................................................................... 25
36
3.3 Justification of corruption...................................................................................................................................... 26
36
3.3.1 To overcome information deficiencies .................................................................................................... 26
36
3.3.2 To overcome inefficiencies ........................................................................................................................... 26
36
3.3.3 To increase convenience and reduce costs ............................................................................................ 26
36
3.3.4 To level the playing field ................................................................................................................................ 26
37
3.4 Rationalisation of corruption ............................................................................................................................... 27
38
3.5 Barriers to reporting ................................................................................................................................................ 28
Ϯ

38
3.5.1 Perception of CIABOC...................................................................................................................................... 28
38
3.5.2 Reprisal culture ................................................................................................................................................. 28
38
3.6 Recommendations by the public......................................................................................................................... 28
41
CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CIABOC .................................................................................................... 30
41
4.1 Prioritise reduction in corruption of police and public officials ............................................................ 30
41
4.2 Establish independence from the national police force ............................................................................ 30
42
4.3 Reduce the risk of reporting to CIABOC........................................................................................................... 31
42
4.4 Reduce the cost of reporting to CIABOC .......................................................................................................... 31
42
4.5 Address the structural facilitation of corruption ......................................................................................... 31
43
4.6 Increase the perceived benefits of reporting to CIABOC .......................................................................... 32
Advanced Traffic
ϯ

LIST OF EXHIBITS
Exhibit 1: Sampling distribution by ethnicity .....................................................................................................................................15
7
Exhibit 2: Sampling distribution by gender.........................................................................................................................................16
8
Exhibit 3: Top 10 most important problems in the country as a % of total responses (unprompted) ..................19
10
Exhibit 4: Top 10 most important problems in the country as a % of total responses (prompted) ........................19
10
Exhibit 5: Top 10 most important problems in the country as a % of total respondents ............................................20
11
Exhibit 6: Types of corruption .................................................................................................................................................................21
12
Exhibit 7: Level of unacceptability ........................................................................................................................................................21
12
Exhibit 8: Frequency of occurrence ......................................................................................................................................................22
13
Exhibit 9: Severity of corruption ............................................................................................................................................................22
13
Exhibit 10: Mean scores for attitudinal scales of corruption .....................................................................................................23
14
Exhibit 11: Perception of the frequency of corrupt practices among public officials ....................................................23
14
Exhibit 12: Perception of the frequency of corrupt practices among elected representatives/politicians ..........24
15
Exhibit 13: Top 10 most corrupt sectors in the country as a % responses (Unprompted) .........................................24
15
Exhibit 14: Top 10 most corrupt sectors as a % of responses (Prompted) ........................................................................25
16
Exhibit 15: Top 10 most corrupt sectors in the country as a % of total respondents ....................................................25
16
Exhibit 16: Percentage of the sample who experience corruption with public officials ...............................................26
17
Exhibit 17: Size of monetary value of gifts or counter favours to a public official ...........................................................27
18
Exhibit 18: Methods of extracting rents ..............................................................................................................................................27
18
Exhibit 19: Reasons for not reporting corruption ..........................................................................................................................28
19
Exhibit 20: Respondents’ knowledge of CIABOC ............................................................................................................................29
20
Exhibit 21: Preferred methods of lodging a complaint with CIABOC ....................................................................................29
20
Exhibit 22: Methods of obtaining information .................................................................................................................................22
21
Exhibit 23: Provincial distribution of respondents who had heard of CIABOC .................................................................23
21
Exhibit 24: Most effective methods of preventing bribery and corruption ........................................................................31
22
ϰ

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Commission to Investigate Allegations of Bribery or Corruption (CIABOC) is the main anti-
corruption agency in Sri Lanka. It is the dedicated body set up for the independent investigation of
bribery and corruption in the public sector. This study conducted by Verité Research was motivated
by the recognition that understanding the public’s perception of corruption, as well as their
confidence in the institutions that are available to combat corruption, are essential to developing
effective anti-corruption strategies. The report provides insights that can assist CIABOC to take
forward its mandate and to target its activities in ways that address the most pressing concerns, and
thereby build social capital for its mandate.
Three types of data collection activities were carried out to inform the analysis that is captured in
this study: 1) A nation-wide survey of 2,217 respondents; 2) Focus group discussion with members
of the public from four provinces, covering a total of 18 participants; and 3) Key informant interviews
with representatives from specific sectors, covering a total of 10 participants.
The study identifies the following key recommendations that can help CIABOC improve in delivering
on its mandate in terms of reducing corruption through punitive and preventive actions.
1. Prioritise the reduction in corruption of police and public officials.
The study revealed that the public perceived the police as the most corrupt sector in the country,
followed by the public sector and local government officials and agencies. Mitigating corruption in
these spheres will address the deeply felt concerns of the public about the corruption in these sectors.
2. Establish the independence of CIABOC from the national police force.
CIABOC depends almost entirely on the existing police force, from which officers are assigned to
CIABOC to conduct its investigations. The survey revealed that 40% of the respondents falsely believe
that CIABOC is a department under the Sri Lankan police. This actual and perceived association with
the police has a negative impact on CIABOC’s overall reputation and independence. CIABOC can
address these concerns by a) ensuring the integrity of investigations by maintaining a separate
investigative unit dedicated to CIABOC; and b) increasing the public trust in CIABOC’s investigations
by symbolically differentiating the investigative staff of CIABOC from the national police – for
instance, by providing the CIABOC investigative/police staff with a different coloured uniform and
having a distinctive name for the CIABOC unit.
3. Reduce the risks associated with reporting to CIABOC.
The study revealed a lack of trust in CIABOC’s ability to protect the identity of informers,
whistleblowers and witnesses. Addressing the risk perception around reporting can be important for
the success of CIABOC. CIABOC should take steps to build and strengthen the protection mechanisms
for complainants; as well as build public awareness of how complainants to CIABOC are protected,
and the recourses available in the case of any attempted reprisals against the complainants.
4. Reduce the cost of reporting to CIABOC.
People perceive a high cost of reporting corruption to CIABOC. One of the main costs relates to
accessing CIABOC, which is headquartered in Colombo and has no regional presence. This is
ϱ
13 |
particularly problematic given that walking in is the preferred mode of lodging complaints for over
35% of survey respondents. Therefore, reducing this cost of reporting by providing creative solutions
such as the use of mobile units that visit the complainant to take down complaints and increasing the
regional presence and reach of CIABOC are potential innovations that can be adopted.
5. Address the structural facilitation of corruption.
The study identified three pervasive structural factors in the operation of the bureaucracy that
facilitate corruption: (a) the lack of clear procedures and written-down requirements, which
increases the discretionary space of government officials; (b) the lack of essential information and
understanding on where to look for such information, allowing officials to act as gatekeepers to
information and extract rents in the process; and (c) artificial inefficiencies and delays in the
processing that create burdens and allow rents to be extracted in exchange for reducing the burdens.
These structural issues in the functioning of the bureaucracy facilitate the bargaining power of
officials to extract rents in exchange for the normal delivery of services. CIABOC can envision the
mitigation of corruption by also involving itself in the advocacy for dismantling these facilitating
structures of corruption.
6. Increase the perceived benefits of reporting to CIABOC.
The study revealed an overall lack of public confidence in CIABOC’s ability to investigate corruption
allegations. CIABOC could benefit greatly by increasing the public’s confidence that reporting
corruption will be efficacious. This can be accomplished through investing in greater awareness of
CIABOC’s activities, and a communication strategy designed to enhance public confidence in CIABOC.
Such a strategy can include intentional publicity of arrests, prosecutions and other such successful
CIABOC actions, through mainstream and social media. To achieve this change in public confidence,
CIABOC can consider establishing its own specialized CIABOC media unit to facilitate an
improvement in its public engagement.
ϲ
| 14

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Task and Motivation
In Sri Lanka, the Commission to Investigate Allegations of Bribery or Corruption (CIABOC), was
established under ACT, No.19 of 1994. It is the main anti-corruption agency, a dedicated body set up
for the independent investigation of bribery and corruption in the public sector. CIABOC focuses on
transactions that involve the government or public servants. CIABOC specifically investigates cases
of public servants misusing their agency to either cause wrongful loss to the government or to confer
wrongful benefit through the government to themselves or others.1 In addition to investigating and
prosecuting allegations of bribery and corruption, CIABOC’s mandate has recently been expanded to
include the prevention of corruption.2
The present study, conducted by Verité Research and commissioned by the East-West Management
Institute (EWMI), was motivated by the realization that to effectively combat corruption, it is
important to also understand why a society tolerates corruption, what in the social, cultural moral
context is identified as corruption, and what drives engagement in corruption. An understanding of
such factors will enable relevant actors, such as CIABOC in Sri Lanka, to develop appropriate
interventions that can reduce the space and proclivity for corruption. Therefore, this study was
conducted to investigate Sri Lankans’ moral perceptions, social attitudes, and lived experiences of
corruption and CIABOC. This report presents the summary findings of the study.3
1.2 Methodology
Three types of data collection activities were pursued to inform the analysis that is captured in this
study:
1. A nation-wide survey of 2,217 respondents;
2. Focus group discussions (FGDs) with members of the public; and
3. Key informant interviews (KIIs) with representatives from specific sectors.
1.2.1 The survey and the sampling framework

Data for the nation-wide survey was collected from 2,217 respondents above the age of 18 from
across the country. The Census of Population and Housing 2012 formed the basis of the sampling
framework for the survey. The sampling framework was used to form a representative population
for each of the 25 districts within Sri Lanka. The Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) was the district, and
within the PSU different sub-sampling units were created, based on gender and ethnicity. The survey
was conducted over the course of two months (June and July 2019) in Sinhala and Tamil.
Exhibit 1: Sampling distribution by ethnicity

Ethnicity No. of respondents % of respondents
Sinhalese 1,602 72.3%
Sri Lankan Tamils 417 18.8%
Muslims (Moors+Malays) 175 7.9%

1 See CIABOC website: https://www.ciaboc.gov.lk/contact/faqs
2 See CIABOC’s National Action Plan: https://www.ciaboc.gov.lk/images/nap/NAP-Book-ENG.pdf
3 This report is accompanied by a longer in-depth report, The Analytical Report, which presents further analysis
on the data presented in this Summary Report.
ϳ
15 |
Indian Tamils 16 0.7%

Burghers/Eurasian 7 0.3%
Total 2,217 100.0%
Exhibit 2: Sampling distribution by gender

Gender No. of respondents % of respondents
Male 1,121 50.56%
Female 1,096 49.44%
Total 2,217 100.00%
As gender and ethnicity were not statistically significant variables in the analysis of the survey data,
the analysis that is included in this Summary Report is based on aggregate data.
1.2.2 Focus group discussions

The main objective of the focus group discussions (FGDs) was to obtain an in-depth understanding
of corruption. We asked participants about their day-to-day experiences of corruption, and to tell us
what they thought were the root causes and best solutions for corruption. The FGDs also helped to
gather qualitative information to understand the underlying reasons for the issues identified in the
survey.
The FGDs were split into two categories. One set of FDGs took place among business owners and the
other set of FGDs was conducted among individuals identified through the nationwide survey. In total
five FGDs were carried out with businessmen from five different districts capturing a total of 27
participants. The districts were Gampaha (Western province), Colombo (Western province), Kandy
(Central province), Matara (Southern province) and Anuradhapura (North Central province). Four
FGDs were scheduled to be conducted with selected survey participants in four districts (Colombo,
Kalutara, Anuradhapura and Kandy). Each FGD comprised four to six participants. The participants
were grouped according to their responses to selected questions in the survey to obtain a better
understanding of the experiences they faced when dealing with both public services and CIABOC. In
total, eighteen participants were interviewed in this category.
1.2.3 Key informant interviews

Key informant interviews (KIIs) focused on high-level inputs from those with significant oversight
and experience in key sectors. A range of stakeholders that spanned the education sector, medical
sector, public agencies and small and medium scale enterprises/businessmen were interviewed. The
KIIs were conducted among ten individuals from the public sector who worked as teachers,
university lecturers, ministry secretaries, directors-general and managers of government agencies
and government ministers. Two KIIs were conducted with representatives of private business
chambers and civil society.
1.2.4 Limitations of the study

dŚŝƐƐƚƵĚǇǁĂƐĂůƌĞĂĚǇƵŶĚĞƌǁĂǇǁŚĞŶƚŚĞĂƐƚĞƌ^ƵŶĚĂǇĂƚƚĂĐŬƐŽĨϮϭƐƚƉƌŝůϮϬϭϵƚŽŽŬƉůĂĐĞŝŶ^ƌŝ>ĂŶŬĂ͘
dŚĞ ĂƐƚĞƌ ^ƵŶĚĂǇ ĂƚƚĂĐŬƐ ĐĂƵƐĞƐ caused huge social upheaval and heightened security concerns
ϴ
| 16

throughout the country.4 As a result, the survey implementation partner of Verité Research,
Vanguard Survey, faced challenges during the data collection stage. These included difficulty in
accessing survey participants, difficulty in enlisting participants for the survey and a lack of adequate
cooperation by some respondents when quality check and backchecks were conducted after the
completion of the survey. Furthermore, due to the prevailing emergency situation in the country, is
was not possible to implement the original plan of conducting FGDs with selected members of the
public in Anuradhapura and Kandy. Hence, in these two regions, face-to-face interviews were
conducted with selected respondents of the survey.
In addition, the KIIs were limited by the number of sectors they covered. For instance, the KIIs did
not include persons convicted of bribery, police officers, school principals, public sector doctors and
large-scale private sector businessmen. Lastly, it should be noted that the perceptions and attitudes
towards corruption are likely to be influenced by what and how issues are portrayed by the media
and the prevailing security concerns.

4On 21 April 2019, Easter Sunday, three churches and three hotels in Colombo, Sri Lanka were targeted in a
series of coordinated terrorist suicide bombings. It is estimated that 253 people were killed, including 46
children https://www.unicef.org/srilanka/situation-analysis-5-dated-26-april-2019
ϵ
17 |
CHAPTER 2: SURVEY FINDINGS

2.1 Attitudes towards corruption
2.1.1 Salience of corruption
The salience of corruption refers to the tendency to notice its prevalence and see it as an important
issue relative to other problems. The analysis of the survey results revealed that at the time of the
survey, corruption had a relatively low salience. In a question that invited respondents to list out,
unprompted, what they thought were the three most important problems facing the country,
corruption accounted for only 3% of all the responses. In terms of the most frequently cited problem,
corruption came in at number 10 (see Exhibit 3).
Exhibit 3: Top 10 most important problems in the country as a % of total responses (unprompted)

However, when the same question was repeated with a prompted list of 10 issues, inviting the
selection of three additional problems, 9% of the respondents cited corruption (see Exhibit 4).
Exhibit 4: Top 10 most important problems in the country as a % of total responses (prompted)

The analysis of the same two questions above as a percentage of respondents reveal that 9% of
respondents, unprompted, listed corruption as one of the most important problems in the country. A
further 26% of the sample selected corruption when presented with a prompted list (see Exhibit 5).
ϭϬ
19 |
Although corruption does not receive high rankings in comparison to other problems, overall about
one-third of the sample see it as an important issue in the country.
Exhibit 5: Top 10 most important problems in the country as a % of total respondents

The survey also asked respondents to define corruption in their own words. An analysis of the
findings revealed that participants overwhelmingly referred to corruption as ‘exploitation’, ‘illegal’,
‘stealing’, ‘bad’, ‘hidden’, and ‘dishonest acts’. Respondents referred to both material and financial
forms of bribery and claimed that corruption was driven by selfish motives. There was also a general
sense that corruption had increased in the recent past. With a few exceptions, participants were
angry and frustrated that corruption and bribery were so commonplace and expressed a desire to
eradicate corruption. A few respondents begrudgingly claimed that, because there was a culture of
corruption in which the giving of bribes and the use of influence were normalized, they too must
partake in corrupt activities to survive.
Interestingly, many respondents talked about corruption in terms of its consequences. Most referred
to the fact that it hindered economic and social development and contributed to the ‘destruction’ of
the country. Some claimed that it was the result of existing inequalities, while others claimed that it
exacerbated inequality and resulted in poverty. Many claimed that it led to an increase in the cost of
living. Some were also of the view that the poor suffered the most in a context of increasing
corruption, as they struggled to keep up with constantly paying officials to get things done.
The analysis reveals the diversity in the public’s perception of corruption. Although corruption didn’t
emerge as one of the most critical concerns of the public at the time of the study, respondents seem
to view corruption as an important issue connected to more salient problems such as development.
2.1.2 Attitudes and types of corruption

Corruption itself is fundamentally multi-faceted. It encompasses everything from bribery and
extortion to nepotism and embezzlement. Furthermore, attitudes and perceptions towards different
corrupt behaviors are not uniform. To obtain more clarity on how societal acceptance and
perceptions differ in response to different types of corruption, the survey participants were asked to
rate the level of unacceptability, the frequency of the occurrence, and the level of corruption for a
series of 12 scenarios. The 12 scenarios are summarized in Exhibit 6.
ϭϭ
| 20

Exhibit 6: Types of corruption
YƵĞƐƚŝŽŶ ^ŚŽƌƚŶĂŵĞƚĂŐ
A shopkeeper offers a tax collector a small amount of money to avoid paying taxes Petty
A businessman offers a senior custom official a large amount of money in order to import goods without paying taxes Grand
An elected official takes funds allocated for ministry renovations to finance his parliamentary election campaign Politician
A local government officer takes funds allocated for a development project for personal use Bureaucrat
A principal asks a parent to give him a cash gift to ensure that their child gets admission into a leading school Public official initiator
A parent offers a cash gift to a principal to ensure that their child gains admission into a leading school Private citizen initiator
A legal clerk takes a cash donation to push a legal case to the top of the case list Bribe
A senior lawyer calls a legal clerk and requests to change the hearing date of a case Influence
A newly elected parliamentarian facilitating some of his campaigners to get government jobs Parliamentarian
A minister ensures that members of his constituency are included in the list of Samurdhi5 recipients Minister
A private citizen offers a cash gift to a public officer to speed up a very slow administrative procedure Deserved outcome
A private citizen driving without his driving license is stopped by a police officer and provides a cash gift to the
Underserved outcome
officer in order to successfully complete his journey
The level of unacceptability was ranked on a scale of 1 (Always Acceptable) to 5 (Always

Unacceptable). The frequency of occurrence was ranked on a scale 1 (Uncommon) to 5 (Common).
The level of corruption or the severity of corruption was also ranked on a scale 1(Not at all corrupt)
and 5 (Very corrupt). Exhibit 7, 8 and 9 illustrate the distribution of responses to the 12 scenarios
for the level of acceptability, the frequency of occurrence, and the severity of corruption respectively.
Exhibit 7: Level of unacceptability

5 Samurdhi refers to a social security scheme offered by the Government of Sri Lanka
ϭϮ
21 |
Exhibit 8: Frequency of occurrence

Exhibit 9: Severity of corruption

The mean scores for all three attitudinal measures of corruption are presented in Exhibit 10. Overall
the means for all three measures recorded values greater than 3. This indicates that on average
respondents felt that each of the 12 scenarios were unacceptable, occurred frequently and were
representative of different forms of corruption. Of the 12 scenarios, in terms of the level of
unacceptability, the corruption that was undertaken by the Politician was ranked as the most
unacceptable scenario, followed by the Bureaucrat, and corruption that occurred on a Grand scale.
The responses to the open-ended question6 corroborate this finding, where most respondents
referred to corruption as ‘exploitation of public property/public money’, ‘rich people exploiting poor
people’ and ‘exploiting country’s resources’.

6 The open-ended question asked respondents to define corruption in their own words.
ϭϯ
| 22

Exhibit 10: Mean scores for attitudinal scales of corruption
Level of Unacceptability Level of Corruption Frequency of

1= Always Acceptable; 1 = Not at all Corrupt; Occurrence
5=Always Unacceptable 5 = Very Corrupt 1 = Uncommon; 5
Common among all
Petty 3.81 3.90 3.54
Grand 3.88 4.19 3.74
Politician 3.90 4.35 3.84
Bureaucrat 3.88 4.33 3.88
Public official initiator 3.77 4.27 3.86
Private citizen initiator 3.64 4.16 3.86
Bribe 3.78 4.10 3.64
Influence 3.79 4.06 3.63
Parliamentarian 3.62 4.17 4.06
Minister 3.69 4.17 3.96
Deserved outcome 3.60 4.15 3.90
Underserved outcome 3.51 4.19 4.15
On average the mean score for the severity of corruption measure ranged from 3.9 to 4.5, which was
higher than the mean scores for the level of acceptability. This indicates that although respondents
recognized certain activities as corrupt, they were relatively accepting of those activities.
2.1.3 Prevalence of corruption in the public sector

To understand the prevalence of corruption in the public sector, the survey asked respondents to
rate their perception of the frequency of occurrence of corrupt practices by public officials and
politicians. These perceptions are recorded in Exhibit 11 and Exhibit 12.
Exhibit 11: Perception of the frequency of corrupt practices among public officials
Neither very
Fairly Never
Behaviours Very Common common nor Don't know
Common happens
unusual
Influencing the hiring of friends or relatives in the public
46% 42% 6% 3% 4%
sector
Influencing the award of government contracts to
48% 39% 7% 2% 4%
friends or relatives
Requesting extra money or gifts for public services that
30% 43% 14% 6% 6%
should have been provided for free
Requesting extra money or gifts to bypass government
28% 38% 14% 5% 15%
procedures
ϭϰ
23 |
Exhibit 12: Perception of the frequency of corrupt practices among elected representatives/politicians
Neither
very
Very Fairly Never Don't
Behaviours common
Common Common happens know
nor
unusual
Influencing the career advancement of their constituents’ friends or relatives on
53% 38% 4% 1% 4%
the basis of patronage instead of merit
Influencing the award of contracts to companies/individuals close to themselves 52% 38% 5% 1% 4%
Using public funds or property (eg: land, vehicles etc) for personal or family needs 50% 34% 7% 3% 6%
Taking cash or gifts to influence public contracts or public decisions 40% 39% 9% 3% 9%
Manipulating government records or public accounts 33% 34% 12% 3% 18%
Manipulating electoral processes/electoral fraud 35% 33% 12% 4% 16%
Compromising investigative functions 29% 29% 13% 4% 25%

The data shows that a majority of the public think that both public officials and politicians frequently
engage in corrupt activities. In both cases, the use of influence to hire friends or relatives, or to
advance the careers of constituents stands out as the most frequently perceived behaviour.
2.1.4 Sectoral corruption

The survey respondents were asked to list out, unprompted, three of the most corrupt sectors in the
country. Exhibit 11 illustrates a summary of these responses. The police came out as the most corrupt
sector, followed by the parliament,7 the health and education sectors, and government institutes.
Exhibit 13: Top 10 most corrupt sectors in the country as a % responses (Unprompted)
Top 10 Most Corrupt Sectors as a % of Responses (Unprompted)
Police 19%
Parliament 14%
Health sector/ ministry 10%
Education 10%
Government institutes 10%
Judicial/laws 7%
Customs 3%
Provincial Department 3%
Financial sector 3%
Public services 2%

The same question was repeated with a prompted list of 12 areas, inviting the selection of three
additional sectors (see Exhibit 14). In this selection, local government authorities were perceived as
the most corrupt sector, accounting for 16% of all the responses, followed by national government

7 Although the parliament is not a sector per se, responses were coded according to the answers provided to
the open-ended question. This includes responses related to the government, ministers and parliamentarians.
ϭϱ
| 24

authorities that accounted for 13% of all the responses. The police came in third, accounting for 10%
of the responses.
Exhibit 14: Top 10 most corrupt sectors as a % of responses (Prompted)
Top 10 Most Corrupt Sectors as a % of Responses (Prompted)
Local government authorities 16%

National government authorities 13%
Police 10%
Justice system 10%
Customs 9%
Health sector 9%
Public utilities 9%
Education 8%
Agriculture 4%
Tourism sector 2%

The analysis of the above unprompted and prompted responses as a percentage of respondents
reveals that 50% of the sample, unprompted, selected the police as one of the top three most corrupt
sectors. A further 30% of the respondents who did not select the police in the unprompted question,
chose the police as the one the three most corrupt sectors when presented with a prompted list (see
Exhibit 15). Next to the police the highest perceived level of corruption by authority figures relate to
specific public sector and local government officials and agencies.
Exhibit 15: Top 10 most corrupt sectors in the country as a % of total respondents
2.2 Experience with public services

2.2.1 Reported rents extracted from public officials
The survey asked respondents to indicate the number of times they were required to pay extra cash,
a counter favour, or a gift to a public official during the last 12 months. Exhibit 16 provides the break
ϭϲ
25 |
down and the percentage of the sample who were in contact with public officials and who were
required to engage in corrupt activities. The highest incidence was recorded for immigration officers
followed by police officers and then teachers.
Exhibit 16: Percentage of the sample who experience corruption with public officials
Public Official Yes
Municipal, district or provincial officials 5%
Grama sevaka8 5%
Public utilities officers 7%
Customs officials 1%
Doctors 1%
Nurses 5%
Teachers/lecturers (from the public sector) 12%
Car registration/driving license agency officers 2%
Police officers 21%
Members of the armed forces 2%
Member of parliament 4%
Member of government 3%
Immigration service officers 33%
Judges 3%
Respondents were also asked to report payments made during the last 12 months to government
officials to facilitate services. They reported a range between Rs. 2,000 and Rs. 60,000 to public utility
officers, and between Rs. 100 and Rs. 40,000 to municipal, district, and provincial officials (see
Exhibit 17).

8Sri Lankan public officials appointed by the central government to carry out administrative duties in a Grama
Niladari division, which is the smallest administrative unit in the country.
ϭϳ
| 26

Exhibit 17: Size of monetary value of gifts or counter favours to a public official
Teachers/lecture
registration/driv
Customs officials
service officers
Grama sevaka9
agency officers
Public Utilities
Police officers
public sector)
Immigration
government
rs (from the
parliament
Member of
Member of
ing license
Municipal,
provincial
district or
officials
Doctors
Nurses
Car
Maximum
40,000 10,400 60,000 3,000 3,000 50,000 6,000 10,000 50,000 5,000 20,000 2,500
Value
Mean 8,557 3,171 31,000 1,940 3,000 14,000 2,000 4,875 3,268 5,000 13,333 1,333
Minimum
100 200 2,000 200 3,000 500 500 500 100 5,000 5,000 500
Value
Number 14 21 2 5 1 11 10 4 57 1 3 3
2.2.2 Methods of extracting rents

Of the survey respondents, 80% claimed that the extraction of bribes was ‘requested directly’ (29%)
by the official concerned, ‘requested by a third party’ (16%), ‘common knowledge’ (10%), or
‘requested indirectly’ (25%) by the official concerned (Exhibit 18). Only 16% of the respondents
indicated that the payment was self-initiated to speed up or overcome formal barriers to the delivery
of the service.
Exhibit 18: Methods of extracting rents
Methods of Extracting Rents

4% Direct request from the official
10%
29% The official indirectly requested
A third party requested

16%
Nobody asked for it, I did it to
facilitate/accelerate the procedure
It is common knowledge that it is
required
16% Other
25%

9 Sri Lankan public official appointed by the central government to carry out administrative duties in a grama
niladari division, which is the smallest administrative unit in the country.
ϭϴ
27 |
Respondents were also asked if they had reported such behaviour to either an official or unofficial
authority. Only 3% of the sample stated that they had reported such behaviour to an authority. The
reasons for not reporting by the remaining 97% are illustrated in Exhibit 19.
Exhibit 19: Reasons for not reporting corruption
Reasons for Not Reporting

I did not report it because I made the payment/gift as a
sign of gratitude 3%
I know to whom to report, but it is too far away

4%
I did not report it because I did not want to incur

additional expenses 5%
I don’t know whom I should report it to

8%
Fear of negative consequences for myself

11%
I did not report it because I received a benefit from the

payment/gift 14%
It is a common practice to pay or make gifts, why should I

report it? 25%
It is pointless, nobody would care about it

28%

2.3 Perception of CIABOC
Public knowledge of CIABOC was high. While 82% of the respondents indicated that they knew
CIABOC existed, only 2% (29/1810) of participants said they had interacted with the CIABOC. Only
seven participants claimed that they had lodged a complaint with CIABOC.
2.3.1 CIABOC’s’ independence

Although CIABOC is well known, the results showed that it is not viewed as an independent
institution. In fact, 40% of participants incorrectly believed that CIABOC was a department under the
Sri Lankan police and 47% of the sample stated that they did not know whether CIABOC was a
department under the police (Exhibit 20). Additionally, 22% of the respondents stated that they did
not trust CIABOC to conduct independent investigations and 37% of the respondents stated that they
did not know if CIABOC conducted independent investigations. Further, only 35% of the participants
stated that they trusted CIABOC to protect the identity of informers, whistleblowers or witnesses,
with the remaining participants stating that they either didn’t trust or didn’t know if CIABOC did the
same.
These findings regarding CIABOC coalesce with the above reported more general finding in Exhibit
19 where 28% of the respondents said that they did not report corruption because they did not
believe that anything will be done about it.
ϭϵ
| 28

Exhibit 20: Respondents’ knowledge of CIABOC
Respondent's Knowledge of CIABOC

TRUE FALSE Don't know
Sri Lanka has a national anti-corruption action plan 19% 10% 71%
CIABOC works directly with Ministries to reduce corruption 24% 22% 54%
CIABOC collects declaration of assets of government officials and politicians 29% 25% 47%
I trust CIABOC to protect the identity of informers, whistleblowers and witnesses 35% 22% 43%
CIABOC investigates high-level government officials and politicians 37% 26% 37%
I trust CIABOC to conduct independent investigations 41% 22% 37%
CIABOC conducts corruption prevention awareness programs 38% 13% 49%
CIABOC investigates bribery and corruption allegations 65% 11% 24%
CIABOC is a department under the Sri Lankan police 40% 13% 47%
CIABOC maintains confidentiality of persons who lodge complaints on bribery and
corruption 48% 16% 37%
CIABOC accepts complaints on bribery and corruption from the public 80% 5% 15%

2.3.2 CIABOC’s outreach
Walk-ins followed by written letters were the top two preferred methods of lodging a complaint with
CIABOC. These two methods accounted for 60% of the sample (see Exhibit 21). Additionally, the most
common method of obtaining information about public services was through written material
provided by public services followed by oral information provided by public servants (see Exhibit
22).
Exhibit 21: Preferred methods of lodging a complaint with CIABOC
Preferred method of lodging a complaint

1% 0% 1%
2% Walk - in
Write a letter
13%
Hotline
35%
Mobile
SMS
23%
Email
Fax
25% Online form

ϮϬ
29 |
Exhibit 22: Methods of obtaining information

Methods of obtaining information on procedures of the public services
Written information material provided by the public services (brochures, posters, etc) 23%
Oral information from public officials 22%
Informal information from relatives and/or friends 20%
Information through intermediary/ liaison person 10%
Information through internet/websites 7%
Information from other sources such as newspapers or television 18%
At present CIABOC only has offices in Colombo, which can be inaccessible to most of the country. This
could hinder CIABOC’s outreach activities given the preferred methods of lodging complaints as well
as the most common methods by which the public obtain information on procedures of the public
services. Exhibit 23 illustrates the provincial distribution of the respondents who stated that they
had heard about CIABOC.
Exhibit 23: Provincial distribution of respondents who had heard of CIABOC
Provincial Distribution of Respondent who have heard of

CIABOC
Uva province 7%
Southern province 12%
Sabaragamuwa province 6%
North Western province 8%
Northern province 9%
North Central province 8%
Eastern province 8%
Western province 29%
Central province 14%

2.3.3 Combatting corruption
As shown in Exhibit 24, 60% of participants believed that the most effective way of combatting
corruption is ‘high level prosecution’. Many participants also called for the implementation of existing
punishments. Such measures would also differentiate CIABOC from the police and political sectors,
thereby increasing trust in the institution.
Ϯϭ
| 30

Exhibit 24: Most effective methods of preventing bribery and corruption
Most Effective Methods to Prevent Bribery and Corruption

Public availability of all government procedures and fee
4%
schedules
Simplified government/public service procedures 2%
Public education and outreach 13%
Internal agency investigation 4%
Low level prosecution 2%
High level prosecution 60%
Mandatory asset declaration of all politicians 9%
Mandatory asset declaration of public officials 5%

ϮϮ
31 |
CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS FROM FGDS AND KIIS

3.1. Perception and experience of government corruption
People depend on local government officials and regulators for permissions, approvals and access
for business purposes and other important aspects of their lives. Approvals are necessary to start a
business, continue business operations, engage in various trades, build, make changes to a building,
access utilities, and a multiplicity of other activities that are a normal part of economic activity. They
also depend on these officials to admit their children to schools, hospitals and to gain access to
government services that are directed towards the public. This includes welfare payments, loan
schemes, land permits and housing. The information provided by the FGDs made it clear that such
contexts are routinely used by public officials as a bargaining chip to extract rents. The withholding
of services is done both explicitly until the payment is made or implicitly until a payment is offered.
The ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŽŶŐĂƚŚĞƌĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ&'ƐĂŶĚ<//ƐǁĂƐƵƐĞĚƚŽďĞƚƚĞƌƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵƐĂŶĚ
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ďǇ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƉƵďůŝĐ ŽĨĨŝĐĞƌƐ ĂŶĚ ƌĞŐƵůĂƚŽƌƐ ůĞǀĞƌĂŐĞ ƚŚĞŝƌ ƉŽǁĞƌ͘ dŚĞƐĞ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗ (i) Processing
delays and stoppage; (ii) Permissions/access improperly provided or denied; (iii)
Disruptions/withdrawals of services or permissions; and (iv) Normalization of corrupt practices by
local government officials and other regulators.
(i) Processing delays and stoppage

Local government officials and regulators have the power to either delay or deny the starting of a
process. For example, a participant applied for a license from the forest department. They had
decided not to pay a bribe, and consequently waited for three years without their license being
processed. It was not denied, it was simply delayed in processing for three years. Finally, the
participant capitulated and made a payment. Shortly after that the forest department processed the
license.
(ii) Permissions/access improperly provided or denied

The discretionary power given to officials allows them to give permissions and approvals based on
their personal preferences. A director from the Ministry of Education (MoE) said that politicians often
force MoE officials to admit children whose parents are loyal to their political party to the schools of
their choice. Even in instances when the students are not eligible for admission, the minister can use
his discretion and get the student admitted without due procedure. Similarly, party organizers in
charge of particular areas have the power to decide who gets access to concessionary loans and
Samurdhi support based on his or her recommendations. Another issue is that officials can engage in
activities that generate conflicts of interest with one another. For example, a participant described
how they paid a Technical Officer (TO) from their relevant municipal council to draw up and approve
a building plan. The participant was then able to start building before the plan was approved because
the person drawing up the plan was the person who had to approve the plan.
(iii) Disruption/withdrawals of services or permissions

Sometimes, acts of corruption are more forceful. For example, the owner of a three-wheeler service
station claimed that an officer from the environment authority said he would shut down the
participant’s station if the participant did not pay him Rs.2,000.
Ϯϯ
33 |
One participant described how the continuation of their business required an approval from the local
government. The participant waited one and a half years for the assistant engineer from the
Anuradhapura Division Secretariat’s office to visit their business and process the approval. As the
business could not continue without approval, the participant eventually offered to make a payment
to the assistant engineer. The assistant engineer made the visit a few days after this offer was made.
This is similar to the case outlined above, where existing licenses or permissions are effectively
withdrawn through holding up the process of renewal. Another participant claimed that they must
pay the Pradeshiya Saba Rs. 1,000 every year to have the Public Health Inspector (PHI) visit and
renew their license. If they failed to make this payment, the PHI officer would not renew their license
and their business would cease to exist.
Many local government officials and regulators provide essential services, which they can hold as
ransom in order to further their personal enrichment. One participant claimed that after weeks of
complaining to the Water Board that they did not have water, the participant finally offered to make
an irregular payment so that action would be taken to fix the problem. The representative from the
Water Board went to the participants house to fix the problem within 30 minutes of this offer being
made.
These practices are not only limited to public officials and regulators but also public sector
employees. Participants also recalled their experience with garbage collectors who refuse to collect
the garbage if an additional fee “kasala badda” is not paid. Restaurant owners claimed that garbage
collectors would intentionally leave the owner’s garbage outside unless they paid the garbage tax.
(iv) Normalisation of corrupt practices by local government officials and other regulators
Many participants stated that it is an accepted practice to give PHI officers envelopes with cash when
they come for inspection. Participants told us that when Food and Drug (F&D) officers visit
pharmacies, they call ahead of time so that the employees know to switch on the air conditioning (a
requirement for pharmacies) and get the officer’s envelope ready. It is claimed that sometimes the
officer would not even inspect the premises and simply collect the envelope from their car.
Interestingly, even though the giving of bribes has been normalized, the handing over of monetary
bribes (in an envelope in a book, which the officer does not have to explicitly ask for) is often still
clandestine in nature, suggesting that the officers claiming these bribes are fully aware that such acts
can be penalized.
Corruption of this nature is sometimes institutionalized, making it less salient as the bribes are
hidden in fees and fines. A common example of this is the Department of Motor Traffic where driving
schools charge an ‘exam fee’ and use a part of it to bribe those administering the driving tests. There
is also a concept of ‘official bribes’ which are included in the fees small businesses must pay. An
exporter of gems claimed that each time he exports gems, he must pay a bribe of around Rs.10,000.
Essentially, the export process with the Gem and Jewellery Authority includes brokers who act as
middlemen between the businessmen and the officials from the Gem Cooperation. It is mandatory to
hire these middlemen to export gems. The middlemen charge more than the actual fees.
Ϯϰ
| 34

3.2. Perception and experience of police corruption

Most forms of corruption that people experience at the hands of government officials relate to the
denial or delay of services for non-compliance with corrupt requests. However, only a subset of
government officials have the power to go beyond denial and delay to cause harm if the corrupt
requests are not complied with. The police are the most powerful in this respect. The police exercise
an extraordinary level of power over people’s lives, which is generally far greater than any other type
of government official.
Many participants stated that they depended on the police to maintain the smooth running of their
small business establishments. FGD participants referred to their relationship with the police as
‘Sahajeewanaya’ (co-existence) and talked about how they had to pay the police cash and in kind –
for example, food, alcohol, and hotel rooms – so that they could run their businesses in peace. Some
participants framed such instances as engaging in ‘gratitude payments’. However, the gratitude was
not necessarily for allowing malpractices in business to go unchecked, but for preventing harm being
done if the police were not kept ‘happy’. As such, even the participants who said that they had all
their documentation and did not require any favours from the police said that they felt pressured to
pay the bribes because, according to them, the police would find some way of undermining them if
they did not.
Essentially, because of the power and control the police have at a local level, participants felt that
they could not opt out of this form of corruption. Its mildest forms were revealed in anecdotes about
the police calling and asking the business owners to have a roast chicken or a bottle of arrack ready,
indicating that if they did not, the police would find some fault in their establishments and operations.
However, examples were also provided of more harmful methods, where the police could cause loss,
damage and even fabricate evidence to place people in situations which would enable the police to
extract rents.
The three examples below were obtained from the FGDs, and highlight the increasing abuse of power
exercised by the police: (a) One participant explained that his friend’s bike was stolen, and this was
reported to the police along with CCTV footage of the incident. The police supressed the CCTV footage
from being publicly released and asked for a payment to follow through on recovering his bike. While
the bribe was paid by his friend, the police did not succeed in finding his bike; (b) One participant
reported that a police officer stopped a motorbike, seeking an excuse to impose a fine (police collect
a percentage of the official fines imposed). After not finding any fault, the policeman proceeded to
break the signal light of the motor-bike and then impose a fine; (c) One participant narrated how the
police planted drugs on her husband and forced him to sign a confession, after which the police asked
his family to pay them Rs. 50,000 in exchange for his freedom.
Police corruption is found to be particularly threatening because the police are capable of escalating
tactics of coercion to more harmful methods, including severe level of violence. In case (c) above,
where the respondent alleged that the police had planted drugs and asked for payment in exchange
for freedom, those contributing the information reported that the family had filed a complaint with
Human Rights Commission. It was said that at this point they were contacted by the Officer in Charge
(OIC), who asked them to withdraw the complaint. The respondent went on to state that when the
Ϯϱ
35 |
family did not comply with these demands, the victim was severely beaten by the police. The falsely
accused was still in prison at the time of the focus group meeting.
3.3 Justification of corruption

3.3.1 To overcome information deficiencies
Participants justified corruption in two ways: first, when they wanted to get things done but there
was no obvious procedure, and second, when there was a procedure but the requirements were
unclear. There seemed to be both a lack of information and a lack of understanding on where to look
for information. Oral information about procedures was often problematic as it left officials with the
power to move the goal posts and continue to extract rents as people tried to proceed with their
requests through the system.
3.3.2 To overcome inefficiencies

Participants claimed that where clear procedures do exist, they are inefficient and slow moving. For
example, two businessmen who own hotels outside Colombo stated that it took them months and
multiple trips to the Tourism Board in Colombo to obtain their licenses. These inefficiencies could be
either because the actual process was arduous or because public officials were unwilling to do their
jobs in an efficient manner. A constant term that was used by the participants to describe
inefficiencies in government agencies was “Rasthiyadu wenawa” (wasting time). This provides an
incentive for people to use bribes to overcome inefficiencies, and the respondents expressed that it
was acceptable to use bribes to achieve such ends. Unfortunately, this culture results in public
officials purposely delaying outcomes as illustrated, with the expectation that people will offer them
a bribe.
3.3.3 To increase convenience and reduce costs

Unfortunately, even when efficient services exist, people sometimes engage in corrupt activities.
Notably, using corruption as a tool of convenience was the only non-ethical justification that was
mooted for corruption. One participant said that he got his passport from the Immigration
Department within a day for Rs.2,000 by using a connection instead of paying the actual fast track
service fee of Rs.10,000. He acknowledged that what he did was wrong, but claimed he did it because
it was cheaper and more convenient. Similarly, because the fine for drunk driving is Rs. 25,000, a
participant claimed that it was cheaper to pay the policeman a bribe than to pay the fine and did not
see this as a moral issue. One participant commented that “Sri Lankans have VIP syndrome. We do
not want to get anything done which takes time, so we bribe and get it done immediately”.
3.3.4 To level the playing field

Many participants stated that corruption was both the result of existing inequalities and a means of
further exacerbating inequalities. Their acceptance of corruption by the common man and anger at
corruption by the powerful reflects this belief – the common man must use corruption because of
existing inequalities, while the use of corruption by the powerful magnifies these inequalities.
Participants described bribes as a way of correcting for existing injustices. This is also linked to
people’s understandings of justice and deserved ends – the common man uses corruption to attain
what he deserves while the powerful use them to achieve unfair benefits.
Ϯϲ
| 36

Hence, if corruption helped to enhance the power or wealth of someone, the public considered it
undeserved and detestable. Most participants referred to corruption as the ‘exploitation of public
property or public funds’, ‘rich people exploiting poor people’ and ‘exploiting [the] country’s
resources’. Politicians and bureaucrats are considered rich and powerful actors who both propagate
and engage in corruption. Participants also specifically referred to poor political leadership and the
examples set by politicians as causes for corruption.
Participants also indicated that because everyone engages in corrupt behaviours, they would be at a
disadvantage if they did not. In this manner too, corruption was justified as a means of levelling the
playing field.
3.4 Rationalisation of corruption

The overall attitude towards corruption seems to be that it is wrong but necessary for survival.
People see corruption as the only way to navigate the existing system and claim that they are forced
to comply with the system. This culture of corruption allows people to rationalize behaviours that
they know are wrong and licenses public officials to ask for and sometimes even demand bribes.
Participants claimed that bribes are often the first solution to problems because it has become the
norm. One participant even stated, ‘Horuth ekka hityothin apith horu wenawa’ (if we are to live with
thieves, we must also become thieves).
The qualitative data also sheds light on the nuances of public perceptions of different forms of
corruption. Participants considered monetary bribes as corrupt and wrong most of the time.
The giving of gifts, such as food, hotel rooms, or alcohol, appear to be more acceptable forms of
bribery. In general, these ‘gifts’ were perceived as a way of maintaining cordial relationships with the
public officials, especially the police, so that they can carry out their businesses in peace.
Participants were better able to justify the use of influence and political patronage. Some participants
even claimed that such behaviours were not corrupt or wrong. For example, they argued that the
exchange of jobs for help with election campaigns is not corruption. Participants claimed that it was
hard to reject requests to use influence as it is not culturally acceptable to say no to someone who
asks you for a ‘favour’. Participants, particularly from the business FGDs, also argued that it was
impossible to do business without connections.
Many participants referred to the pervasive nature of corruption as a justification for engaging in
corrupt behaviours. Participants were more accepting of petty corruption and behaviours that they
or others like themselves typically engaged in. With regard to such cases, they were sympathetic to
the pressures that made such behaviours an attractive option.
Overall, the responses add up to a socially problematic negative cycle of justifications. Individual
tolerance of corruption contributes to social permissiveness and increases the frequency of such
behaviours. In turn, individuals use this very increase in frequency as an excuse for engaging in
corruption themselves, citing the social reality that because everyone engages in corrupt behaviours
to get ahead, they would be at a disadvantage if they too did not use similar means.
Ϯϳ
37 |
3.5 Barriers to reporting

3.5.1 Perception of CIABOC
CIABOC is viewed as inefficient in delivering on its mandate by a majority of the participants.
Participants claimed that there was no point in complaining to CIABOC because they pursue very few
cases and take a long time to convict perpetrators.
Many participants claimed that CIABOC was partial towards politicians and vulnerable to political
interference, pointing to its failure to prosecute many powerful individuals (the only and frequently
cited exception being the prosecution of the president’s former chief of staff). Many participants
stated that they did not know of any cases that CIABOC had successfully completed. Regardless of
how many cases CIABOC has actually completed, the perception that CIABOC is not effective is
concerning.
Participants from the KIIs also pointed to CIABOC’s lack of resources, such as the dearth of good
prosecutors willing to work for CIABOC, a lack of experts in each field, and the fact that they only
have officers from the regular police force working on cases. This was raised in contrast to Hong Kong
and Malaysia where similar organizations have technical experts working on corruption cases
together.
Participants in the KIIs pointed to other limitations that make CIABOC seem ineffective and
unsuccessful in the eyes of the public. They mentioned the lack of a media unit that can advertise the
work CIABOC does, and that CIABOC has further eroded faith in their efficacy by refusing to give
updates on pending cases. This lack of faith in justice being served makes people extremely reluctant
to approach CIABOC.
3.5.2 Reprisal culture

The main reason people do not complain about corruption is due to a “reprisal culture”. Many
participants in the FGDs talked about how they feared losing their jobs or being unable to continue
their businesses if they complained about corruption. This fear exists because the perpetrators of
corruption, as discussed earlier, are often the police or public officials. Many participants said that if
they were to complain, they would be singled out and targeted by the police or public officials. For
example, a participant described what happened after a family member lodged a complaint against a
technical officer (TO) at a Divisional Secretariat (DS). The backlash to his complaint included him not
getting his ‘pin padiya’ (social security payment) from the DS office because the TO worked there,
and even after he died the DS’s office made it difficult for his family to obtain a death certificate.
There is also an ethnic element to this fear of reprisals. Many Muslim businessmen said that they face
greater barriers than businesspersons from other ethnic communities when trying to do business,
and therefore felt that paying bribes when asked was necessary. Furthermore, they felt that they
would be unfairly targeted if they complained about corrupt behaviour. They stated that because the
consequences of complaining were so high, it was better to ‘shut up and mind your own business’.
3.6 Recommendations by the public

Some participants recommended a system of review in the public sector that gathers feedback on the
work of public officials. Many participants also highlighted the need for internal controls and the
digitalization of processes. Participants also claimed that online processes resulted in fewer
Ϯϴ
| 38

opportunities for public officials to ask for bribes or use their discretion in corrupt ways. Technology
can also be used to increase transparency, make processes clearer and more efficient, and increase
the ease of getting things done.
Interestingly, participants claimed that newer officers in the public sector were friendlier and more
efficient than longer-standing officers. Many participants even went as far as to say that they needed
to hire a whole new set of public officials and not allow them to mix with the older officers.
Many participants advocated for harsher punishments and claimed that strong political leadership
was necessary to combat corruption. Some participants argued that there was no point in having
punishments or even education in schools unless there was a systematic movement towards
changing the culture that supports corruption. They stated that teaching children in school would be
pointless if they went home and saw their parents, who they respect, engaging in corrupt practices,
or when the norms of society tell them that it is the only way to get anything done.

Ϯϵ
39 |
CHAPTER 4: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CIABOC

These recommendations for CIABOC are based on the research findings. They address critical issues
that can help improve CIABOC in delivering on its mandate in terms of reducing corruption through
punitive and preventive actions.
4.1 Prioritise reduction in corruption of police and public officials

The survey results reported that 50% of the respondents selected the police as one of the top three
corrupt sectors in the country. Respondents also ranked local government officials and regulators as
some of the most corrupt sectors of society. The jobs of the police, local government officials, and
regulators gives them significant power and discretion to make decisions that directly affect people
at the local level.
The qualitative information gathered through the FGDs further suggest that this power is used to
hold ransom the provision of permits, processes or services, and to allow illegitimate actions in
exchange for payments. People are also fearful that the police and some public officials will go
beyond denial and delay and cause harm if corrupt requests are not complied with. The police are
perhaps the most problematic in that respect.
The corruption of the police and public officials, in addition to being pervasive, is also the most
complained about and corrosive. Therefore, mitigating corruption in this sphere could be the greatest
positive contribution that CIABOC could make to address the felt concerns of the public about
corruption.
4.2 Establish independence from the national police force

Of the total respondents, 40% believed that CIABOC was a department under the Sri Lankan police
and 47% of the respondents stated that they did not know if CIABOC was a department under the Sri
Lankan police. Only 13% of the respondents were able to clearly distinguish between CIABOC and
the police. This does not favour CIABOC’s overall reputation, or the ability for people to have
confidence in CIABOC, given that the police force is perceived to be the most corrupt sector in the
country.
At present CIABOC depends almost entirely on the existing police force, from which officers are
assigned to CIABOC to conduct its investigations. There are two problems that can be addressed in
this respect.
(1) Integrity of investigations: The police assigned to CIABOC are presently drawn from the
national police force.10 This can however create a conflict of interest and undermine investigations
that involves corruption allegations against police officers. To avoid such a conflict of interest,
CIABOC should maintain a separate investigative unit, with equivalent and appropriate powers, but
separate from the national police force and dedicated to CIABOC.

10This has been an issue previously identified as well. Refer: Transparency International, ‘Anti-Corruption Agency Strengthening
Initiative Assessment of the Commission to Investigate Allegations of Bribery or Corruption’, (2016), available at:
https://www.transparency.org/files/content/feature/ACA_Assessment_Report_Sri_Lanka.pdf
ϯϬ
41 |
(2) Public trust in CIABOC investigations: The survey results suggest that for about 50% of the
people, the police are not a source of trust but a source of distrust. Therefore, to be effective in
building public confidence, CIABOC may need to address a broader perception problem as well. One
way in which this could be addressed is by symbolically differentiating the investigative staff of
CIABOC from the national police – for instance, by providing the CIABOC investigative/police staff
with a different coloured uniform and having a distinctive name for the CIABOC unit.
4.3 Reduce the risk of reporting to CIABOC

Only 35% of the respondents believed that CIABOC protected the identity of informers,
whistleblowers, and witnesses, while 43% stated that they did not know, and 22% did not believe
that CIABOC protected the identify of informers, whistleblowers, and witnesses. The substantial lack
of understanding in this regard increases the perceived risk of reporting to CIABOC.
The qualitative data gathered through the FGDs corroborated these findings, where many
participants stated that if they did complain to CIABOC, they would be forced to discontinue their
businesses due to the reprisals they would face from those against whom they had complained. This
risk – both real and the perception - deters people from complaining to CIABOC.
Therefore, addressing the risk perception around reporting can be important for the success of
CIABOC. That task includes (a) building and strengthening the protection mechanisms available for
complainants; as well as (b) building public awareness of how complainants to CIABOC are protected,
and the recourses available in the case of any attempted reprisals against the complainants.
4.4 Reduce the cost of reporting to CIABOC

People perceive not only a high risk but also a high cost of reporting corruption to CIABOC. One of
the main costs relates to accessing CIABOC, which is headquartered in Colombo and has no regional
presence.
While CIABOC allows complaints to be made through various forms of remote communication
(calling, texting, writing, and online forms), 35% of the respondents expressed a preference for
walking-in and making their complaints in person to a CIABOC official. This was the most preferred
method for making a complaint even though it was a costly method due to the time and travel
involved.
Therefore, reducing this cost of reporting while allowing people to continue with their most
preferred method of reporting, deserves creative attention. Considerations can be made for the
establishment of mobile units that visit the complainant to take down complaints. Increasing the
regional presence of CIABOC is also a method of reducing costs that can be considered.
4.5 Address the structural facilitation of corruption

The survey results also showed that 52% of the respondents obtained information on procedures of
public services through oral information (through public officials, relatives, or intermediary
persons). Additionally, participants stated that most often government procedures were slow
moving, either because the actual process was arduous and impractical or due to deliberate
inefficiency caused by the public officials. The lack of information on government procedures also
ϯϭ
| 42

served to enhance the discretionary space of government officials, which in turn increased the space
for corruption.
The qualitative data shed further light on the problem, suggesting that various structural factors in
the operation of the bureaucracy were pervasive facilitators of corruption. These factors included:
(a) the lack of clear procedures and written-down requirements. This allowed officials excessive
discretion to impose arbitrary barriers for accessing the required service outcomes from the public
sector. This in turn facilitated the extraction of rents from people in exchange for reducing the
accessibility barriers; (b) the lack of essential information and understanding on where to look for
such information. This then allows officials to act as gatekeepers to information and extract rents in
the process; and (c) artificial inefficiencies and delays in the processing. This again creates an
artificial burden, and allows rents to be extracted in exchange for reducing the burden. These
structural issues in the functioning of the bureaucracy facilitate the bargaining power of officials to
extract rents in exchange for the normal delivery of services.
Therefore, CIABOC can envision the mitigation of corruption by also involving itself in the advocacy
for dismantling these facilitating structures of corruption. For example, it is possible for the
government to transparently set service standards that include the processing time for requests.
Additionally, it can be mandated that all required procedures be formally disclosed, creating
accountability for any deviations from the disclosed procedures and delivery time targets. As a
further step, CIABOC can also encourage a government initiative to simplify procedures and reduce
processing time across all areas of government services. All of these will reduce bureaucratic
discretion and shift power in favour of the public, in receiving the due service without being subject
to unreasonable difficulties and requests for “facilitation” payments.
These initiatives can initially be piloted in institutions which have a high public footfall. Participants
of FGDs offered opinions to the effect that the digitization of procedures, and creation of a digital
documentation trail, could assist in achieving some of the above improvements in dismantling these
structures of bureaucratic corruption.
4.6 Increase the perceived benefits of reporting to CIABOC
Of the survey respondents, 28% stated that they did not report instances of corruption to an official
authority because they thought it was pointless and nobody would care about it. This was the most
cited reasons for not reporting. This is despite 80% of the respondents stating that they were aware
that CIABOC accepted complaints on bribery and corruption from the public. Therefore, there
appears to be a lack confidence in CIABOC’s ability to investigate corruption allegations.
It is evident that CIABOC would benefit greatly by increasing the public’s confidence that reporting
corruption will be efficacious. This can be accomplished through investing in greater awareness of
CIABOC’s activities, and a communication strategy designed to enhance public confidence in CIABOC.
Such a strategy can include the publicity of arrests and prosecutions through the mainstream and
social media. To achieve this change in public confidence, CIABOC can consider establishing its own
specialized CIABOC media unit to facilitate an improvement in its public engagement.
ϯϮ
43 |
PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF
CORRUPTION IN SRI LANKA
NARRATIVE ANALYSIS
May 2020
Prepared for: East-West Management Institute
Prepared by: RIWI Corp.
45 |
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In March and April 2020, East-West Management Institute (EWMI) commissioned RIWI Corp. (RIWI) to
use its patented Random Domain Intercept Technology to collect online public perception data in Sri
Lanka regarding bribery and corruption in the public sector. The data collected will be used to inform
efforts to build the capacity of The Commission to Investigate Allegations of Bribery or Corruption
(CIABOC), establishing them as the leading anti-corruption agency in Sri Lanka. These data will give
EWMI and CIABOC greater understanding of the Sri Lankan citizen perceptions of corruption, its
prevalence, as well as their confidence in the available institutions to combat corruption. Due to the
sensitivity of this work, the anonymity, safety, and privacy that RIWI respondents were afforded as a
result of the data collection methodology were all vital in the successful execution of this research.
Specifically, these data highlight why or why not citizens report these incidents and the fears or
experiences that influence these decisions. Data are cut along demographic variables and other key
indicators, identified between EWMI and RIWI with insight from the 2019 Verité Report. This was done
to identify key points of interest and test hypotheses in order to improve EWMI’s programming in Sri
Lanka.
OVERVIEW O F RIWI SURVEY METHODOLOGY

RIWI technology allows for the rapid capture and assessment of large samples of broad, truly
randomized opinion and perceptions data on an ongoing basis. RIWI delivers anonymous opt-in surveys
to Web users who are surfing online, with access to the entire global Internet population. When users
land on one of the hundreds of thousands of domains that RIWI owns or controls at any given moment,
these random, anonymous, and non-incented users are filtered through a series of proprietary
algorithms and invited to participate in a language-appropriate survey. RIWI geo-targets respondents
automatically by country, region, state, and city, and presents a language appropriate survey. Survey
data are delivered on an interactive dashboard, through which variables of interest can be analyzed,
together with hourly updated results, all downloadable in SPSS and Excel. No personally identifiable
information is ever collected, stored, or transferred.
ANONYMITY & SECURITY O F RESPONDENT

RIWI has significant experience developing and launching anonymous digital data collection initiatives to
reach anonymous Web users globally. RIWI is the only survey technology company that collects no
personally identifiable information. All data captured, acquired, used, published or disseminated by RIWI
technology and systems, or data released by RIWI, are fully compliant with all applicable laws. RIWI has
conducted IRB-approved projects with researchers at various universities including Australian National
University, Harvard University, Oxford University and the Medical University of South Carolina.
RIWI employs strategic security measures at all levels of the survey design, respondent experience, and
data storage. Security measures are specific to the topic and region of deployment, as well as the
recognized security risk, and can be adjusted as new information and geopolitical developments unfold.
47
1 |
For example, all answers are immediately stored in the RIWI system - and wiped from the device. Once a
respondent exits the survey, there is no way to return to the survey through the same access point they
first came across it. Respondents’ interactions on the RIWI system are unviewable in their device or
browser history. RIWI surveys are hosted on real, registered, non-trademarked domain sites that contain
no malware and respondents are not contacted in any way via hack-able links in insecure email. No
response is traceable to an individual.
SURVEY RESULTS
SECTION I: DEMOGRAPHICS
All respondents were asked to self-identify their gender and age. Using these data, RIWI applied weights
based on the Sri Lankan national demographic figures.1 In total, 8,584 people in Sri Lanka opted in to the
survey and answered at least the age and gender questions. 2,721 respondents completed the entire
survey. Because the target audience for this survey was the Internet-using population, the age and
gender breakdowns of the total respondent sample differ from the natural population distribution of the
country. In the total (unweighted) data, respondents follow the pattern of the Internet population,
skewing towards the younger age groups and are more likely to be male. Overall, 48% of respondents in
this survey are male and 52% are female. 58% of respondents are younger than 45 years old, and 42%
are 45 or older. The majority of respondents (37%) live in the Western region of Sri Lanka, followed by
the Central (13%), Southern (10%) and North Western (10%) regions. The survey was offered in both
Sinhala and Tamil, with the majority of respondents choosing Sinhala (79%) as their preferred language.
SECTION II: CORRUPTION S CENARIOS A ND P REVALENCE

To begin the survey, each respondent was asked if they believe Sri Lanka is going in the right or wrong
direction in an effort to understand what people's opinions toward Sri Lanka's current situation is
irrespective of corruption. Following this introduction, respondents were asked a variety of questions to
gauge their attitudes and perceptions of various types of corruption present in Sri Lankan society. This
was done by randomly exposing each respondent to two out of five corruption scenarios and whether or
not they or someone they know have encountered this type of activity. To better understand how
societal acceptance and perceptions differ in response to different types of corruption, respondents
were asked to rate the level of acceptable and the frequency of occurrence. These scenarios were taken
from the Verité investigation and subsequent report published in October 2019.
The level of acceptability was ranked on a four-point scale from Very acceptable to Not acceptable at all.
Similarly, the frequency of occurrence was ranked on a four-point scale from Very common to Not at all
common, with an additional Don’t know option.
1
RIWI uses the most recently available national census data for weighting purposes, according to the US
Census Bureau.
| 48 2
SUMMARY O F FINDINGS:
● Encounter with Corrupt Scenario. In an effort to measure the prevalence of corruption,
respondents were asked whether or not they or someone they know had witnessed and
encountered these types of corrupt activities. Across all scenarios the majority of respondents
report never encountering these types of corruption. That being said the most encountered
scenario of the five was corruption perpetrated by a government official (36%), followed by a
Member of Parliament (MP) (35%). What stands out about this finding is that the corruption in
both scenarios is undertaken by a public official. 71% of respondents who were exposed to
these two scenarios say they had experienced or witnessed both.
● Frequency of Occurrence: The data show that corruption undertaken by a traffic police officer
is a common activity with 39% of respondents reporting it is very or somewhat common. This is
followed by a MP who forgoes the proper hiring process (38%). Across all scenarios a large
portion of respondents (27%-40%) do not know how common these situations are within Sri
Lankan society which illustrates the general lack of awareness among citizens.
● Level of Acceptability: On average (68%) respondents felt that each of the 5 scenarios were
unacceptable. In terms of the level of unacceptability, acts of corruption committed by the
school principal was ranked as the most unacceptable scenario (79%), followed by a member of
parliament (72%). By contrast, corruption undertaken by the traffic policeman was seen as the
most acceptable corrupt activity with 17% of respondents saying it is very acceptable and an
additional 33% saying it is somewhat acceptable.
CORRUPTION SCENARIOS:
● Direction of Sri Lanka: Respondents who believe Sri Lanka is going in the wrong direction are
more likely to believe that corruption is more common compared to those who believe Sri Lanka
is going in the right direction. Similarly, respondents who believe Sri Lanka is going in the wrong
direction are also more likely to have experienced, witnessed, or know someone who has
experienced that type of corruption before, than respondents who think the country is going in
the right direction. Respondents aged 65+ are more likely to believe Sri Lanka is going in the
wrong direction than any other age group. Also interesting, from a regional perspective, 37% of
respondents from North Central Province believe Sri Lanka is going in the wrong direction
compared to 24% in the Eastern region.
● Government Official: 36% of respondents have encountered or know someone who has
encountered a government official requesting money or gifts to provide a service. Making it the
most encountered corruption scenario. Respondents aged 55-64 are most likely to have
encountered this activity in some way (43%).
○ When asked how common this activity is within society, 42% of respondents said it is
very or somewhat common. Respondents aged 65+ are most likely to report this as a
49
3 |
common activity in society (54%). These views are shared by respondents aged 14-24
(43%), and 55-64 (44%) who also see this as a common occurrence.
○ Interestingly, 40% of respondents 64+ and 36% of respondents aged 14-24 see this
scenario as acceptable.
○ From a gendered perspective, men are slightly more likely to believe that a government
official asking for bribes is unacceptable (70%), compared to women (67%)
○ RIWI respondents believe this is less common (42%) than those surveys by Verité (73%)2
● Traffic Policeman: Nearly one third (32%) of respondents have encountered or know someone
who has encountered a traffic policeman accepting a payment or gift in exchange for ignoring a
traffic violation. Respondents 65+ are most likely (44%) to have experienced or know someone
who has experienced this form of corruption, followed by respondents aged 45-54 (39%).
○ This is reported as the second most common scenario with 18% of respondents
reporting it as very common and an additional 21% saying it is somewhat common. 37%
of respondents say they don’t know how common it is.
○ This is a widely accepted activity, as 50% of all respondents report it being acceptable to
some degree. That being said men are slightly more likely to believe a traffic policeman
accepting payment is unacceptable (52%), compared to women (47%)
○ When compared to the Verité report, RIWI respondents see this as a less common and
more accepted scenario, than Verité respondents. Despite this difference, This scenario
was seen as the most accepted and common activity in the Verité report. 3
■ Level of Unacceptability: 50% of RIWI respondents believe this is unacceptable
compared to 61% Verité
■ Frequency of occurrence: 82% Verité respondents thinks its common within
society, compared to 39% of RIWI respondents
■ This is interesting as police are also seen as the most corrupt sector in Sri Lanka
(unprompted), according to the Verité report.
● Member of Parliament: 35% of respondents have encountered or know someone who has
encountered an MP who has hired a relative without going through proper procedures.
Respondents aged 45-54 are most likely to have encountered this activity in some way (43%).
○ In terms of frequency of occurrence, 23% say it is a very common occurrence while an
additional 15% say it is somewhat common. 32% of respondents say they do not know
how common this activity is within society, the lowest percentage of any scenario.
○ RIWI respondents believe this scenario is much less common (38%) than respondents in
the Verité report (91%). RIWI respondents were also more likely to say they don’t know
how common its is (32%) than seen in the Verité findings (4%)4
2
Verité report, Page 14, Exhibit 11: Perception of the frequency of corrupt practices among public official:
Requesting extra money or gifts for a public service that should have been provided for free”
3
Verité report, Page 12, Exhibit 6,7 and 8: “A private citizen driving without his drivers incense is stopped by a
police officer and provides a cash gift to the officer in order to successfully complete his journey.”
4
Verité report, Page 14, Exhibit 11: Perception of the frequency of corrupt practices among public official:
“Influencing the hiring of friends or relatives in the public sector”
| 50 4
○ This is seen as one of the least acceptable forms of corruption with 72% of respondents
saying it is unacceptable.
● Favorable treatment by a court: Someone offering payment or gifts to receive favorable

treatment by a court is the least encountered scenario by respondents with only 23% of all
respondents reporting they have, or know someone who has encountered it.
○ 29% of respondents report this activity being common, while a similar number of
respondents (30%) say it is uncommon. A significant number of respondents reported
that they did not know how common this was (41%).
○ 70% of respondents believe this activity is unacceptable.
● School Principal: 24% of respondents have encountered or know someone who has
encountered a school principal asking for money or sexual favors in order for a child to be
admitted into a prestigious school. Females (25%) are more likely to have encountered this
activity than men (18%). Furthermore, those aged 65+ report a higher incidence rate of
experiencing this activity than any other age group (29%).
○ 29% of respondents believe this is a common occurrence within society, while 36%
believe it is uncommon. An additional 34% say they do not know how common this
scenario is within society.
○ Over three quarters of respondents believe this form of corruption to be unacceptable,
making it the least acceptable amongst all of the scenarios. 70% of respondents believe
it is not at all acceptable, and 9% saying it is not very acceptable.
○ RIWI respondents believe this is more unacceptable, and less common activity than
those surveyed in the Verité report5
■ Unacceptability: 79% of RIWI respondents and 69% of Verité respondents
believe this is an unacceptable activity.
■ Frequency of Occurrence: 29% of RIWI respondents and 76% of Verité
respondents believe this is a common occurrence in Sri Lankan society
SECTION III: REPORTING CORRUPTION

● Experienced Corruption: 13% or respondents say they, a relative or a close friend has
experienced or witnessed corruption, with 70% saying they have not experienced corruption at
all. This finding is nearly identical between people who have positive or negative views of Sri
Lanka’s future. An additional 17% said they were not sure whether or not they have experienced
corruption, leading us to believe many people are unclear as to what corruption is defined as.
○ Tamil speakers are more likely to have experienced corruption (26%) than Sinhala
speakers (9%). Tamil speakers are also more likely to say that they don’t know whether
or not they have experienced corruption (28%).
5
Verité report, Page 13, Exhibit 9 and 8: “A principal asks a parent to give him a cash gift to ensure that their child
gets admission into a leading school”
51
5 |
● Experienced corruption and reported the incident: Of the 13% of respondents who say they
have personally experienced an act of corruption, 44% reported the incident. 30% of those
respondents reported their experience to the police, while another 30% reported it to a friend
or family member, and 20% reported it to the Bribery Commission. “Media institutions” are the
least common institutions where respondents would report the issue (5%). 14% of respondents
say they reported the incident to an institution not included in the answer options, highlighting
a need for further investigation. 29% of respondents report suffering negative consequences
after reporting the incident of corruption, 20% report formal procedures were initiated, 17%
report nothing happening and 11% say the problem was solved informally.
● Experienced corruption and did not report the incident: Of the 56% of respondents who said
they did not report the incident 35% say they did not report it because they were afraid of
negative consequences. 24% say they did not report it because they did not believe anything
would happen as a result of reporting.
● Have not experienced corruption: Of the respondents who have not experienced corruption,
60% say that if they were to experience it they would report it to the police. An additional 13%
say they would report to the Bribery Commission, and 13% say they would report to friends or
family members. 11% say they would not report the incident at all.
| 52 6
^ƵƌǀĞǇ&ŝŶĚŝŶŐƐ
WƵďůŝĐWĞƌĐĞƉƚŝŽŶƐŽĨ
ŽƌƌƵƉƚŝŽŶŝŶ^ƌŝ>ĂŶŬĂ
ŐĞΘ'ĞŶĚĞƌŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶ
'ĞŶĚĞƌ EŽ͘ŽĨ йŽĨ йŽĨ
ƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚƐ ƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚ ƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚƐ
;ƵŶǁĞŝŐŚƚĞĚͿ ;ǁĞŝŐŚƚĞĚͿ
DĂůĞ ϲ͕ϱϲϮ ϳϲй ϰϴй
&ĞŵĂůĞ Ϯ͕ϬϮϬ Ϯϰй ϱϮй
dŽƚĂů͗ϴ͕ϱϴϮ
ŐĞ EŽ͘ŽĨƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚƐ йŽĨƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚƐ йƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚƐ

;ƵŶǁĞŝŐŚƚĞĚͿ ;ǁĞŝŐŚƚĞĚͿ
ϭϰͲϮϰ ϯ͕ϵϲϴ ϰϲй Ϯϭй
ϮϱͲϯϰ Ϯ͕ϲϰϲ ϯϭй ϭϴй
ϯϱͲϰϰ ϭ͕ϭϭϰ ϭϯй ϭϵй
ϰϱͲϱϰ ϰϮϬ ϱй ϭϲй
ϱϱͲϲϰ Ϯϭϱ ϯй ϭϯй
ϲϱн Ϯϭϵ ϯй ϭϯй
dŽƚĂů͗ϴ͕ϱϴϮ
WƌŽǀŝŶĐĞΘ>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚŝŽŶ
WƌŽǀŝŶĐĞ EŽ͘ŽĨƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚƐ йŽĨƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚƐ;ƵŶǁĞŝŐŚƚĞĚͿ йŽĨƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚƐ;ǁĞŝŐŚƚĞĚͿ
ĞŶƚƌĂů ϯϰϰ ϭϯй ϭϯй
ĂƐƚĞƌŶ ϮϬϵ ϴй ϳй
EŽƌƚŚĐĞŶƚƌĂů ϭϱϰ ϲй ϱй
EŽƌƚŚǁĞƐƚĞƌŶ Ϯϲϰ ϭϬй ϭϬй
EŽƌƚŚĞƌŶ ϭϴϰ ϳй ϳй
^ĂďĂƌĂŐĂŵƵǁĂ Ϯϰϱ ϵй ϴй
^ŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ ϮϵϮ ϭϭй ϭϬй
hǀĂ ϭϭϵ ϰй ϰй
tĞƐƚĞƌŶ ϵϭϯ ϯϰй ϯϳй
dŽƚĂů͗Ϯ͕ϳϮϳ
>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ EŽ͘ŽĨƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚƐ йŽĨƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚƐ;ƵŶǁĞŝŐŚƚĞĚͿ йŽĨƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶƚƐ;ǁĞŝŐŚƚĞĚͿ
^ŝŶŚĂůĂ ϲ͕ϵϭϭ ϴϭй ϳϵй
dĂŵŝů ϭ͕ϲϲϴ ϭϵй Ϯϭй
dŽƚĂů͗ϴ͕ϱϴϳ
| 54
/ŶǇŽƵƌŽƉŝŶŝŽŶ͕ŝƐ^ƌŝ>ĂŶŬĂŐŽŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚŽƌǁƌŽŶŐ
ĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶ͍
ZŝŐŚƚĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶ tƌŽŶŐĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶ
ϳϭй Ϯϵй
Yϭ͗Ŷсϴ͕ϱϴϵ
ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĨŝĐŝĂůƌĞƋƵĞƐƚƐŵŽŶĞǇŽƌŐŝĨƚƐ ƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ
,ĂǀĞǇŽƵŽƌƐŽŵĞŽŶĞǇŽƵŬŶŽǁĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƚŚŝƐ
ƚǇƉĞŽĨĂĐƚŝǀŝƚǇ͍
zĞƐ EŽ
ϯϲ% ϲϰ%
YϮĂ͗ŶсϮ͕ϯϰϭ
55 |
ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĨŝĐŝĂůƌĞƋƵĞƐƚƐŵŽŶĞǇŽƌŐŝĨƚƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ
,ŽǁĐŽŵŵŽŶŝƐƚŚŝƐĂĐƚŝǀŝƚǇŝŶƐŽĐŝĞƚǇ͍
sĞƌǇĐŽŵŵŽŶ ϭϱй
^ŽŵĞǁŚĂƚĐŽŵŵŽŶ Ϯϲй
EŽƚǀĞƌǇĐŽŵŵŽŶ ϳй
EŽƚĂƚĂůůĐŽŵŵŽŶ Ϯϱй
ŽŶΖƚŬŶŽǁ Ϯϳй
YϯĂ͗Ŷсϭ͕ϵϲϱ
,ŽǁĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞǁŽƵůĚǇŽƵƐĂǇƚŚŝƐĂĐƚŝǀŝƚǇŝƐŝŶ^ƌŝ
>ĂŶŬĂŶƐŽĐŝĞƚǇ͍
sĞƌǇĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ 13%
^ŽŵĞǁŚĂƚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ 19%
EŽƚǀĞƌǇĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ 9%
EŽƚĂƚĂůůĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ 59%
YϰĂ͗Ŷсϭ͕ϳϮϮ
| 56
ƚƌĂĨĨŝĐƉŽůŝĐĞŵĂŶĂĐĐĞƉƚƐĂƉĂǇŵĞŶƚŽƌĂŐŝĨƚŝŶĞǆĐŚĂŶŐĞĨŽƌŝŐŶŽƌŝŶŐĂ
ƚƌĂĨĨŝĐǀŝŽůĂƚŝŽŶ
,ĂǀĞǇŽƵŽƌƐŽŵĞŽŶĞǇŽƵŬŶŽǁĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƚŚŝƐƚǇƉĞ
ŽĨĂĐƚŝǀŝƚǇ͍
Yes No
32% 68%
YϮď͗ŶсϮ͕ϯϳϯ
ƚƌĂĨĨŝĐ ƉŽůŝĐĞŵĂŶĂĐĐĞƉƚƐĂƉĂǇŵĞŶƚŽƌĂŐŝĨƚŝŶĞǆĐŚĂŶŐĞĨŽƌŝŐŶŽƌŝŶŐĂƚƌĂĨĨŝĐǀŝŽůĂƚŝŽŶ
sĞƌǇĐŽŵŵŽŶ ϭϴй
^ŽŵĞǁŚĂƚĐŽŵŵŽŶ Ϯϭй
EŽƚǀĞƌǇĐŽŵŵŽŶ ϲй
EŽƚĂƚĂůůĐŽŵŵŽŶ ϭϴй
ŽŶΖƚŬŶŽǁ ϯϳй
Yϯď͗Ŷсϭ͕ϵϮϳ
57 |
ƚƌĂĨĨŝĐ ƉŽůŝĐĞŵĂŶĂĐĐĞƉƚƐĂƉĂǇŵĞŶƚŽƌĂŐŝĨƚŝŶĞǆĐŚĂŶŐĞĨŽƌŝŐŶŽƌŝŶŐĂƚƌĂĨĨŝĐǀŝŽůĂƚŝŽŶ
sĞƌǇĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ ϭϳй
^ŽŵĞǁŚĂƚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ ϯϯй
EŽƚǀĞƌǇĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ ϳй
EŽƚĂƚĂůůĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ ϰϯй
Yϰď͗Ŷсϭ͕ϲϲϮ
ŵĞŵďĞƌŽĨƉĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚŚŝƌĞƐĂƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚŐŽŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
,ĂǀĞǇŽƵŽƌƐŽŵĞŽŶĞǇŽƵŬŶŽǁĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚ ƚŚŝƐƚǇƉĞ
zĞƐ EŽ
ϯϱй ϲϱй
YϮĐ͗ŶсϮ͕ϭϳϳ
| 58
ŵĞŵďĞƌŽĨƉĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚŚŝƌĞĚĂƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚ ŐŽŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
,Žǁ ĐŽŵŵŽŶŝƐƚŚŝƐĂĐƚŝǀŝƚǇŝŶƐŽĐŝĞƚǇ͍
sĞƌǇĐŽŵŵŽŶ Ϯϯй
^ŽŵĞǁŚĂƚĐŽŵŵŽŶ ϭϱй
EŽƚǀĞƌǇĐŽŵŵŽŶ ϳй
EŽƚĂƚĂůůĐŽŵŵŽŶ Ϯϯй
ŽŶΖƚŬŶŽǁ ϯϮй
YϯĐ͗Ŷсϭ͕ϳϳϬ
ŵĞŵďĞƌŽĨƉĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚŚŝƌĞĚĂƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚŐŽŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
,ŽǁĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞǁŽƵůĚǇŽƵ ƐĂǇƚŚŝƐĂĐƚŝǀŝƚǇŝƐŝŶ^ƌŝ
sĞƌǇĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ ϭϭй
^ŽŵĞǁŚĂƚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ ϭϳй
EŽƚǀĞƌǇĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ ϭϭй
EŽƚĂƚĂůůĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ ϲϭй
YϰĐ͗Ŷсϭ͕ϰϵϵ
59 |
^ŽŵĞŽŶĞŽĨĨĞƌƐƉĂǇŵĞŶƚŽƌŽƚŚĞƌŐŝĨƚƐƚŽƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĨĂǀŽƌĂďůĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚďǇĂĐŽƵƌƚ
,ĂǀĞǇŽƵŽƌƐŽŵĞŽŶĞǇŽƵŬŶŽǁ ĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƚŚŝƐƚǇƉĞ
zĞƐ EŽ
Ϯϯй ϳϳй
YϮĚ͗ŶсϮ͕Ϯϲϲ
^ŽŵĞŽŶĞŽĨĨĞƌƐƉĂǇŵĞŶƚŽƌŽƚŚĞƌŐŝĨƚƐ ƚŽƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĨĂǀŽƌĂďůĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚďǇĂĐŽƵƌƚ
sĞƌǇĐŽŵŵŽŶ ϭϭй
^ŽŵĞǁŚĂƚĐŽŵŵŽŶ ϭϵй
EŽƚǀĞƌǇĐŽŵŵŽŶ ϲй
EŽƚĂƚĂůůĐŽŵŵŽŶ Ϯϯй
ŽŶΖƚŬŶŽǁ ϰϭй
YϯĚ͗Ŷсϭ͕ϴϲϯ
| 60
^ŽŵĞŽŶĞŽĨĨĞƌƐƉĂǇŵĞŶƚŽƌŽƚŚĞƌŐŝĨƚƐ ƚŽƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĨĂǀŽƌĂďůĞƚƌĞĂƚŵĞŶƚďǇĂĐŽƵƌƚ
,ŽǁĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞǁŽƵůĚ ǇŽƵƐĂǇƚŚŝƐĂĐƚŝǀŝƚǇŝƐŝŶ^ƌŝ
sĞƌǇĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ ϭϬй
^ŽŵĞǁŚĂƚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ ϮϬй
EŽƚǀĞƌǇĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ ϵй
EŽƚĂƚĂůůĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ ϲϭй
YϰĚ͗Ŷсϭ͕ϱϲϵ
ƐĐŚŽŽů ƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůĂƐŬƐĨŽƌŵŽŶĞǇŽƌƐĞǆƵĂůĨĂǀŽƌƐĨŽƌĂĐŚŝůĚƚŽďĞĂĚŵŝƚƚĞĚ
ŝŶƚŽĂƉƌĞƐƚŝŐŝŽƵƐƐĐŚŽŽů
,ĂǀĞǇŽƵŽƌƐŽŵĞŽŶĞǇŽƵŬŶŽǁĞŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚƚŚŝƐ
ƚǇƉĞŽĨĂĐƚŝǀŝƚǇ͍
zĞƐ EŽ
Ϯϰй ϳϲй
YϮĞ͗ŶсϮ͕ϯϱϮ
61 |
ƐĐŚŽŽůƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂů ĂƐŬƐĨŽƌŵŽŶĞǇŽƌƐĞǆƵĂůĨĂǀŽƌƐĨŽƌĂĐŚŝůĚƚŽďĞĂĚŵŝƚƚĞĚ
ŝŶƚŽĂƉƌĞƐƚŝŐŝŽƵƐƐĐŚŽŽů
sĞƌǇĐŽŵŵŽŶ ϭϭй
^ŽŵĞǁŚĂƚĐŽŵŵŽŶ ϭϴй
EŽƚǀĞƌǇĐŽŵŵŽŶ ϴй
EŽƚĂƚĂůůĐŽŵŵŽŶ Ϯϵй
ŽŶΖƚŬŶŽǁ ϯϰй
YϯĞ͗Ŷсϭ͕ϵϵϲ
ƐĐŚŽŽůƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůĂƐŬƐĨŽƌŵŽŶĞǇŽƌƐĞǆƵĂů ĨĂǀŽƵƌƐĨŽƌĂĐŚŝůĚƚŽďĞĂĚŵŝƚƚĞĚŝŶƚŽ
ĂƉƌĞƐƚŝŐŝŽƵƐƐĐŚŽŽů
sĞƌǇĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ ϴй
^ŽŵĞǁŚĂƚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ ϭϯй
EŽƚǀĞƌǇĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ ϵй
EŽƚĂƚĂůůĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ ϳϬй
YϰĞ͗Ŷсϭ͕ϳϯϲ
| 62
,ĂǀĞǇŽƵ͕ĂƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞ͕ŽƌĂĐůŽƐĞĨƌŝĞŶĚĞǀĞƌĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚŽƌ
ǁŝƚŶĞƐƐĞĚĐŽƌƌƵƉƚŝŽŶ͍
zĞƐ ϭϯй
EŽ ϳϬй
EŽƚƐƵƌĞ ϭϳй
Yϱ͗Ŷсϯ͕ϭϴϵ
ŝĚǇŽƵƌĞƉŽƌƚƚŚĞŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚ͍
zĞƐ EŽ
ϰϰй ϱϲй
YϲĂ͗Ŷсϯϲϭ
63 |
/ĨǇŽƵǁĞƌĞƚŽĞǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĐŽƌƌƵƉƚŝŽŶ͕ǁŚŽ
ǁŽƵůĚǇŽƵƌĞƉŽƌƚŝƚƚŽ͍
WŽůŝĐĞ ϲϬй
ƌŝďĞƌǇĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ ϭϯй
DĞĚŝĂŝŶƐƚŝƚƵƚŝŽŶ ϱй
&ƌŝĞŶĚŽƌĨĂŵŝůǇŵĞŵďĞƌ ϭϭй
tŽƵůĚŶŽƚƌĞƉŽƌƚŝƚ ϭϭй
Yϲď͗ŶсϮ͕ϱϰϱ
tŚŽĚŝĚǇŽƵƌĞƉŽƌƚƚŚĞŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚƚŽ͍
WŽůŝĐĞ ϯϭй
ƌŝďĞƌǇĐŽŵŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ ϮϬй
DĞĚŝĂŝŶƐƚŝƚƵƚŝŽŶ ϱй
&ƌŝĞŶĚŽƌĨĂŵŝůǇŵĞŵďĞƌ ϯϬй
KƚŚĞƌ ϭϰй
Yϳ͗Ŷсϭϰϴ
| 64
tŚĂƚŚĂƉƉĞŶĞĚŽŶĐĞǇŽƵƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚƚŚĞ
ŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚŽĨĐŽƌƌƵƉƚŝŽŶ͍
&ŽƌŵĂůƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞŝŶŝƚŝĂƚĞĚ ϮϬй
WƌŽďůĞŵƐŽůǀĞĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂůůǇ ϭϭй
ƌŝďĞƌǇĚĞŵĂŶĚƐƌĞƚƌĂĐƚĞĚ ϲй
ĚǀŝƐĞĚƚŽƌĞƚƌĂĐƚĐŽŵƉůĂŝŶƚ ϴй
^ƵĨĨĞƌĞĚŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐ Ϯϵй
EŽĨƵƌƚŚĞƌĂĐƚŝŽŶǁĂƐƚĂŬĞŶ ϵй
EŽƚŚŝŶŐŚĂƉƉĞŶĞĚ ϭϳй
Yϴ͗ŶсϭϮϳ
tŚǇĚŝĚǇŽƵŶŽƚƌĞƉŽƌƚƚŚĞŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚ͍
ĨƌĂŝĚŽĨŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐ ϯϱй
EŽƚŚŝŶŐǁŽƵůĚŚĂƉƉĞŶ Ϯϰй
ŝĚŶŽƚŚĂǀĞƚŝŵĞ ϴй
EŽƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞŶŽƵŐŚ ϭϮй
KƚŚĞƌ Ϯϭй
Yϵ͗Ŷсϭϳϴ
65 |
tŚǇǁŽƵůĚǇŽƵŶŽƚƌĞƉŽƌƚƚŚĞŝŶĐŝĚĞŶƚ͍
ĨƌĂŝĚŽĨŶĞŐĂƚŝǀĞĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐ ϭϯй
EŽƚŚŝŶŐǁŽƵůĚŚĂƉƉĞŶ ϯϬй
tŽƵůĚŶŽƚŚĂǀĞƚŝŵĞ ϰй
EŽƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĞŶŽƵŐŚ ϭϭй
KƚŚĞƌ ϰϮй
Yϵď͗ŶсϮϱϬ
ŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌĞĚŽƌƌƵƉƚĐƚŝǀŝƚǇ
zĞƐ EŽ
ŽƵƌƚ Ϯϯй ϳϳй
^ĐŚŽŽůWƌŝŶĐŝƉĂů Ϯϰй ϳϲй
dƌĂĨĨŝĐWŽůŝĐĞŵĂŶ ϯϮй ϲϴй
DĞŵďĞƌŽĨWĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚ ϯϱй ϲϱй
'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĨŝĐŝĂů ϯϲй ϲϰй
| 66
&ƌĞƋƵĞŶĐǇŽĨKĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞ
sĞƌǇĐŽŵŵŽŶ ^ŽŵĞǁŚĂƚĐŽŵŵŽŶ EŽƚǀĞƌǇĐŽŵŵŽŶ EŽƚĂƚĂůůĐŽŵŵŽŶ ŽŶΖƚŬŶŽǁ
DĞŵďĞƌŽĨƉĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚ Ϯϯй ϭϱй ϳй Ϯϯй ϯϮй
dƌĂĨĨŝĐƉŽůŝĐĞŵĂŶ ϭϴй Ϯϭй ϲй ϭϴй ϯϳй
'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĨŝĐŝĂů ϭϲй Ϯϲй ϳй Ϯϱй Ϯϳй
ŽƵƌƚ ϭϭй ϭϵй ϲй Ϯϯй ϰϬй
^ĐŚŽŽůWƌŝŶĐŝƉĂů ϭϭй ϭϴй ϴй Ϯϴй ϯϰй
YϯĂ͕ď͕Đ͕Ě͕ϯ͗Ŷсϵ͕ϱϭϴ
>ĞǀĞůŽĨhŶĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďŝůŝƚǇ
sĞƌǇĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ ^ŽŵĞǁŚĂƚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ EŽƚǀĞƌǇĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ EŽƚĂƚĂůůĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ
^ĐŚŽŽůWƌŝŶĐŝƉĂů ϳй ϭϯй ϵй ϳϬй
ŽƵƌƚ ϭϬй ϮϬй ϵй ϲϭй
DĞŵďĞƌŽĨ
ϭϭй ϭϳй ϭϭй ϲϭй
ƉĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚ
'ŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĨŝĐŝĂů ϭϯй ϭϵй ϵй ϱϵй
dƌĂĨĨŝĐƉŽůŝĐĞŵĂŶ ϭϳй ϯϯй ϴй ϰϯй
YϰĂ͕ď͕Đ͕Ě͕Ğ͗Ŷсϴ͕ϭϵϭ
67 |
^ƵƌǀĞǇ&ŝŶĚŝŶŐƐ
ƌŽƐƐdĂďƵůĂƚŝŽŶƐ
ŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨ^ƌŝ>ĂŶŬĂďǇWƌŽǀŝŶĐĞ
ZŝŐŚƚĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶ tƌŽŶŐĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶ
EŽƌƚŚĐĞŶƚƌĂů ϲϯй ϯϳй
^ĂďĂƌĂŐĂŵƵǁĂ ϲϲй ϯϰй
tĞƐƚĞƌŶ ϲϲй ϯϰй
hǀĂ ϲϲй ϯϰй
^ŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ ϲϳй ϯϯй
ĞŶƚƌĂů ϳϬй ϯϬй
EŽƌƚŚtĞƐƚĞƌŶ ϳϮй Ϯϴй
EŽƌƚŚĞƌŶ ϳϰй Ϯϲй
ĂƐƚĞƌŶ ϳϲй Ϯϰй

YϭǆYϭϬ͗ŶсϮ͕ϳϮϳ
ŶĐŽƵŶƚĞƌŽƌƌƵƉƚĐƚŝǀŝƚǇďǇŐĞ
zĞƐ EŽ
ϭϰͲϮϰ ϯϭй ϲϵй
ϮϱͲϯϰ ϯϰй ϲϲй
ϯϱͲϰϰ ϯϭй ϲϵй
ϰϱͲϱϰ ϰϮй ϱϴй
ϱϱͲϲϰ ϰϯй ϱϳй
ϲϱĂŶĚŽǀĞƌ ϯϱй ϲϱй
YϮĂyŐĞ͗ŶсϮ͕ϯϰϭ
| 70
>ĞǀĞůŽĨhŶĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďŝůŝƚǇďǇ'ĞŶĚĞƌ
&ĞŵĂůĞ DĂůĞ
ϭϮй
sĞƌǇĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ
ϭϭй
Ϯϭй
^ŽŵĞǁŚĂƚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ
ϭϵй
ϭϬй
EŽƚǀĞƌǇĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ
ϴй
ϱϳй
EŽƚĂƚĂůůĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ
ϲϮй
YϰĂy'ĞŶĚĞƌ͗Ŷсϭ͕ϳϮϮ
ŐŽǀĞƌŶŵĞŶƚŽĨĨŝĐŝĂůƌĞƋƵĞƐƚƐ ŵŽŶĞǇŽƌŐŝĨƚƐƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĂƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ
&ƌĞƋƵĞŶĐǇŽĨKĐĐƵƌƌĞŶĐĞďǇŐĞ
sĞƌǇĐŽŵŵŽŶ ^ŽŵĞǁŚĂƚĐŽŵŵŽŶ EŽƚǀĞƌǇĐŽŵŵŽŶ EŽƚĂƚĂůůĐŽŵŵŽŶ ŽŶΖƚŬŶŽǁ
ϭϰͲϮϰ ϭϯй ϯϬй ϲй ϭϴй ϯϯй
ϮϱͲϯϰ ϭϰй Ϯϲй ϳй Ϯϰй Ϯϵй
ϯϱͲϰϰ ϭϰй ϮϮй ϲй Ϯϱй ϯϯй
ϰϱͲϱϰ ϭϭй Ϯϭй ϭϬй ϯϱй Ϯϯй
ϱϱͲϲϰ Ϯϭй Ϯϯй ϱй Ϯϯй Ϯϳй
ϲϱĂŶĚŽǀĞƌ Ϯϴй Ϯϲй ϲй ϭϵй Ϯϭй

YϯĂyŐĞ͗Ŷсϭ͕ϵϲϱ
71 |
>ĞǀĞůŽĨhŶĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďŝůŝƚǇďǇŐĞ
ϭϰͲϮϰ ϭϯй Ϯϯй ϴй ϱϲй
ϮϱͲϯϰ ϵй ϭϲй ϭϬй ϲϱй
ϯϱͲϰϰ ϭϮй ϭϲй ϳй ϲϱй
ϰϱͲϱϰ ϲй ϮϮй ϱй ϲϱй
ϱϱͲϲϰ ϭϭй ϭϯй ϭϴй ϱϴй
ϲϱĂŶĚŽǀĞƌ Ϯϰй ϭϳй ϲй ϱϯй

YϰĂǆŐĞ͗Ŷсϭ͕ϳϮϮ
ƚƌĂĨĨŝĐƉŽůŝĐĞŵĂŶĂĐĐĞƉƚƐĂƉĂǇŵĞŶƚŽƌĂŐŝĨƚŝŶĞǆĐŚĂŶŐĞĨŽƌŝŐŶŽƌŝŶŐĂƚƌĂĨĨŝĐǀŝŽůĂƚŝŽŶ
zĞƐ EŽ
ϭϰͲϮϰ Ϯϳй ϳϯй
ϮϱͲϯϰ Ϯϳй ϳϯй
ϯϱͲϰϰ Ϯϴй ϳϮй
ϰϱͲϱϰ ϯϵй ϲϭй
ϱϱͲϲϰ ϯϮй ϲϴй
ϲϱĂŶĚ
ϰϰй ϱϲй
ŽǀĞƌ
YϮďyŐĞ͗Ϯ͕ϯϳϯ
| 72
ƚƌĂĨĨŝĐƉŽůŝĐĞŵĂŶ ĂĐĐĞƉƚƐĂƉĂǇŵĞŶƚŽƌĂŐŝĨƚŝŶĞǆĐŚĂŶŐĞĨŽƌŝŐŶŽƌŝŶŐĂƚƌĂĨĨŝĐǀŝŽůĂƚŝŽŶ
>ĞǀĞůŽĨhŶĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďŝůŝƚǇďǇ'ĞŶĚĞƌ
&ĞŵĂůĞ DĂůĞ
ϭϳй
sĞƌǇĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ
ϭϳй
ϯϬй
^ŽŵĞǁŚĂƚĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ
ϯϱй
ϭϬй
EŽƚǀĞƌǇĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ
ϵй
ϰϯй
EŽƚĂƚĂůůĂĐĐĞƉƚĂďůĞ
ϯϵй
Yϰďy'ĞŶĚĞƌ͗Ŷсϭ͕ϲϲϮ
ƚƌĂĨĨŝĐƉŽůŝĐĞŵĂŶĂĐĐĞƉƚƐĂƉĂǇŵĞŶƚŽƌĂŐŝĨƚŝŶĞǆĐŚĂŶŐĞĨŽƌŝŐŶŽƌŝŶŐ ĂƚƌĂĨĨŝĐǀŝŽůĂƚŝŽŶ
ϭϰͲϮϰ ϭϵй ϯϱй ϵй ϯϳй
ϮϱͲϯϰ ϭϱй ϯϱй ϵй ϰϭй
ϯϱͲϰϰ ϭϱй ϯϮй ϵй ϰϰй
ϰϱͲϱϰ ϭϰй ϯϳй Ϯй ϰϳй
ϱϱͲϲϰ ϭϬй ϯϳй ϵй ϰϰй
ϲϱĂŶĚŽǀĞƌ Ϯϳй Ϯϳй ϳй ϯϵй

YϰďyŐĞ͗Ŷсϭ͕ϲϲϮ
73 |
ƐĐŚŽŽůƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůĂƐŬƐĨŽƌŵŽŶĞǇŽƌƐĞǆƵĂůĨĂǀŽƌƐŝŶŽƌĚĞƌĨŽƌĂĐŚŝůĚƚŽďĞĂĚŵŝƚƚĞĚŝŶƚŽĂ
ƉƌĞƐƚŝŐŝŽƵƐƐĐŚŽŽů
zĞƐ EŽ
ϭϰͲϮϰ Ϯϭй ϳϵй
ϮϱͲϯϰ ϭϳй ϴϯй
ϯϱͲϰϰ ϭϵй ϴϭй
ϰϱͲϱϰ Ϯϱй ϳϱй
ϱϱͲϲϰ ϭϲй ϴϰй
ϲϱĂŶĚŽǀĞƌ ϯϱй ϲϱй
YϮĞyŐĞ͗ŶсϮ͕ϯϱϮ
ƐĐŚŽŽůƉƌŝŶĐŝƉĂůĂƐŬƐĨŽƌŵŽŶĞǇŽƌƐĞǆƵĂůĨĂǀŽƌƐŝŶŽƌĚĞƌĨŽƌĂĐŚŝůĚƚŽďĞĂĚŵŝƚƚĞĚŝŶƚŽĂ
ƉƌĞƐƚŝŐŝŽƵƐƐĐŚŽŽů
ϭϰͲϮϰ ϴй ϭϰй ϴй ϳϬй
ϮϱͲϯϰ ϳй ϭϭй ϴй ϳϰй
ϯϱͲϰϰ ϴй ϭϭй ϲй ϳϱй
ϰϱͲϱϰ ϳй ϭϮй ϵй ϳϮй
ϱϱͲϲϰ ϳй ϮϮй ϭϮй ϱϵй
ϲϱĂŶĚŽǀĞƌ ϭϮй ϮϬй ϴй ϲϬй
YϰĞyŐĞ͗Ŷсϭ͕ϳϯϲ
| 74
ŵĞŵďĞƌŽĨƉĂƌůŝĂŵĞŶƚŚŝƌĞƐĂƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞǁŝƚŚŽƵƚŐŽŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
zĞƐ EŽ
ϭϰͲϮϰ Ϯϳй ϳϯй
ϮϱͲϯϰ ϯϮй ϲϴй
ϯϱͲϰϰ Ϯϲй ϳϰй
ϰϱͲϱϰ ϰϯй ϱϳй
ϱϱͲϲϰ ϰϬй ϲϬй
ϲϱĂŶĚŽǀĞƌ ϯϳй ϲϯй
YϮĐyŐĞ͗ŶсϮ͕ϭϳϳ
ǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚŽƌƌƵƉƚŝŽŶďǇŐĞ
zĞƐ EŽ
ϭϰͲϮϰ ϭϮй ϳϯй
ϮϱͲϯϰ ϭϬй ϳϯй
ϯϱͲϰϰ ϭϮй ϳϯй
ϰϱͲϱϰ ϭϱй ϳϬй
ϱϱͲϲϰ ϵй ϳϲй
ϲϱĂŶĚŽǀĞƌ ϭϴй ϲϮй
YϱyŐĞ͗Ŷсϯ͕ϭϴϵ
75 |
ǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚŽƌƌƵƉƚŝŽŶďǇ>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ
zĞƐ EŽ EŽƚ^ƵƌĞ
dĂŵŝů Ϯϲй ϰϲй Ϯϴй
^ŝŶŚĂůĂ ϵй ϳϳй ϭϰй
Yϱy>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ͗Ŷсϯ͕ϭϴϵ
ǆƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚŽƌƌƵƉƚŝŽŶďǇŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶŽĨ^ƌŝ>ĂŶŬĂ
zĞƐ EŽ EŽƚ^ƵƌĞ
ZŝŐŚƚĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶ ϭϮй ϳϯй ϭϱй
tƌŽŶŐĚŝƌĞĐƚŝŽŶ ϭϮй ϳϭй ϭϳй
YϱyYϭ͗Ŷсϯ͕ϭϴϵ
| 76
- Integrity, transparency and
the fight against corruption
have to be part of the culture.
They have to be taught
as fundamental values. -

Bribery and Corruption in Sri Lanka Conference Report

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bribery and Corruption in Sri Lanka Conference Report

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bribery and Corruption in Sri Lanka Conference Report

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Bribery and Corruption in

Cinnamon Lakeside Colombo

4.30 p.m Registration

5.00 p.m. – 5.10 p.m. Introduction Mr. Indika Perera

5.10 p.m. – 5.30 p.m. Presentation Dr. Nishan De Mel

5.30 p.m. – 5. 50 p.m. Presentation Ms. Kate Dier

6.00 p.m. - 6.30 pm Q&A Moderated by

6.30 – 7.00 pm Reception and fellowship

INSIGHTS FOR MITIGATING

1.2.1 The survey and the sampling framework

Exhibit 1: Sampling distribution by ethnicity

on the data presented in this Summary Report.

Indian Tamils 16 0.7%

Exhibit 2: Sampling distribution by gender

1.2.2 Focus group discussions

1.2.3 Key informant interviews

1.2.4 Limitations of the study

CHAPTER 2: SURVEY FINDINGS

Exhibit 5: Top 10 most important problems in the country as a % of total respondents

2.1.2 Attitudes and types of corruption

Exhibit 6: Types of corruption

The level of unacceptability was ranked on a scale of 1 (Always Acceptable) to 5 (Always

Exhibit 7: Level of unacceptability

Exhibit 8: Frequency of occurrence

Exhibit 10: Mean scores for attitudinal scales of corruption

Level of Unacceptability Level of Corruption Frequency of

2.1.3 Prevalence of corruption in the public sector

Manipulating government records or public accounts 33% 34% 12% 3% 18%

Manipulating electoral processes/electoral fraud 35% 33% 12% 4% 16%

Compromising investigative functions 29% 29% 13% 4% 25%

2.1.4 Sectoral corruption

Top 10 Most Corrupt Sectors as a % of Responses (Unprompted)

Exhibit 14: Top 10 most corrupt sectors as a % of responses (Prompted)

Top 10 Most Corrupt Sectors as a % of Responses (Prompted)

Local government authorities 16%

2.2 Experience with public services

Public utilities officers 7%

Teachers/lecturers (from the public sector) 12%

Car registration/driving license agency officers 2%

Police officers 21%

Members of the armed forces 2%

Immigration service officers 33%

2.2.2 Methods of extracting rents

Exhibit 18: Methods of extracting rents

Methods of Extracting Rents

A third party requested

niladari division, which is the smallest administrative unit in the country.

Exhibit 19: Reasons for not reporting corruption

Reasons for Not Reporting

I know to whom to report, but it is too far away

I did not report it because I did not want to incur

I don’t know whom I should report it to

Fear of negative consequences for myself

I did not report it because I received a benefit from the

It is a common practice to pay or make gifts, why should I

It is pointless, nobody would care about it

2.3.1 CIABOC’s’ independence

Exhibit 20: Respondents’ knowledge of CIABOC

Respondent's Knowledge of CIABOC

Exhibit 21: Preferred methods of lodging a complaint with CIABOC

OVERVIEW O F RIWI SURVEY METHODOLOGY

ANONYMITY & SECURITY O F RESPONDENT

SECTION II: CORRUPTION S CENARIOS A ND P REVALENCE

● Favorable treatment by a court: Someone offering payment or gifts to receive favorable

SECTION III: REPORTING CORRUPTION

ŽƵƌƚ Ϯϯй ϳϳй

ŽƵƌƚ ϭϭй ϭϵй ϲй Ϯϯй ϰϬй

ŽƵƌƚ ϭϬй ϮϬй ϵй ϲϭй

ĞŶƚƌĂů ϳϬй ϯϬй

ĂƐƚĞƌŶ ϳϲй Ϯϰй