ANIMALS

1. Describe Figs. a and b

The animal kingdom
Classification of Animals
Scientists have divided the
Animal Kingdom into two main
groups:

vertebrates and invertebrates

(animals with (animals without a
a backbone) backbone)
The first branch point is defined
by the presence of true tissues.
The second major evolutionary
split is based partly on body
symmetry
 ANIMALS
• Eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotroph
• Specialized cells from into tissues and organs
• Most are able to move (some are sessile)
• Invertebrates (no spinal cord) or Vertebrate (spinal cord)
• No backbone
• Symmetry- asymmetrical, radial, or bilateral, spherical
• Most have exoskeleton (hard outer casing)
• Ex.--Sponges, Cnidarians, Worms, mollusks, Arthropods (insects, crustaceans,
spiders), echinoderms
• Chordates- hollow nerve tube, notochord, gill slits, post anal tail,
endostyle
• vertebrae- bony segments (backbone)
• distinct head (cephalization)
• closed circulatory system
 Support Systems
• Have some type of skeletal support
• Endoskeleton inside and made of cartilage &/or bone
• Exoskeletons found in arthropods
– Cover the outside of the body
– Limit size
– Must be molted making animal vulnerable to predators

• Worms and echinoderms (starfish) have fluid-filled internal cavities

giving them support –hydrostatic skeletons

• Hydrostatic skeleton – fluid filled body cavity (worms)

• Inner Calcium plates or Test (echinoderms)
• Bone and/or cartilage endoskeleton (vertebrates)
 • Spongin & spicules (sponges)
• Limestone cases (corals)
• Exoskeletons of Chitin (arthropods)
✓Limits size
✓Must be shed or molted to grow
✓Animal vulnerable to predators during molting

Movement
• Animals such as sponges may be sessile (attached & non-moving)
• Animals that move very little are said to be sedentary (clam)
• Animals that can move are motile
• Have muscular tissue to provide energy for movement
 Reproduction
• All animals are capable of sexual reproduction
• Some animals like sponges and earthworms are
hermaphrodites producing both eggs and sperm
• Hermaphrodites may exchange sperm and NOT fertilize
their own eggs
• Females of some animals produce eggs, but the eggs
develop without being fertilized
• Called Parthenogenesis
• New offspring will be all female Parthenogenesis occurs in
some fishes, several kinds of insects, and a few species of
frogs and lizards
Levels of Organization
• Sponges are the ONLY animals that have just the cellular level
• All other animals show these levels – cell, tissue, organ, and system
• Cells may specialize (take own different shapes and functions)
• Cells are held together by cell junctions to form tissues
 Surfaces

• Dorsal – back or upper surface

• Ventral – belly or lower surface
• Anterior – head or front end
• Posterior – tail or hind end opposite the head
• Oral surface (echinoderms) – is where the mouth is located
(underside)
• Aboral surface (echinoderms) – is opposite the mouth (top side)
Body Symmetry
• Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts around a central
plane or axis
• Asymmetry occurs when the body can’t be divided into similar
sections (sponges)
• Radial symmetry occurs when body parts are arranged around a
central point like spokes on a wheel (echinoderms)
• Most animals with radial symmetry are sessile (attached) or
sedentary (move very little)
• Bilateral symmetry occurs when animals can be divided
into equal halves along a single plane
• Organisms will have right and left sides that are mirror
images of each other

• Animals with bilateral symmetry are usually motile

• Animals have an anterior and posterior ends
• Show cephalization (concentration of sensory organs on the
head or anterior end)
Segmentation
• Occurs whenever animal bodies are divided into repeating units or
segments
• Found in more complex animals
• Earthworms show external segmentation
• Humans show internal segmentation (backbone)
• Segments may fuse (cephalothorax)
 Tissue Development
• Zygote (fertilized egg) undergoes rapid cell divisions called cleavage
• Forms a hollow ball of cells called the blastula

• The blastula INVAGINATES (folds inward at one point)

• Called Gastrulation
• The opening is called the blastopore
• The center is the primitive gut or Archenteron

• Blastopore may become the mouth (Protostome) or anus

(Deuterostome)
• Protostomes (mollusks, arthropods, & annelids)
• Deuterostomes (echinoderms & vertebrates)
• Some animals form a middle germ layer called mesoderm
 Germ Layers

• Form tissues, organs, & systems

• NOT present in sponges
• Ectoderm (outer) – forms skin, nerves, sense organs
• Endoderm (inner) – forms liver and lungs
• Mesoderm (middle) – forms muscles & other systems
Body Layers
• Sponges have NO tissues or organs, only specialized cells
• Cnidarians like jellyfish & coral have only two body layers & one
body opening (mouth/anus) into gastrovascular cavity
• Cnidarians have outer epidermis & inner gastrodermis with jelly-like
mesoglea between the layers

• All worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, and vertebrates

have three cell layers: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
 Animals with Indirect development
• Go through immature (larval) forms
• Larva does NOT resemble adult
• Cnidarian (jellyfish, coral, & sea anemone) larva called Planula

• Mollusk (squid & octopus) larva called trochophore

• Echinoderm (starfish) larva is called Dipleurula
• Acoelomate animals have
solid bodies filled with cells
metamorphosis
• Acoelomate animals include
• Usually found in arthropods sponges, cnidarians, &
• May be complete or incomplete flatworms
• Incomplete Metamorphosis:
egg nymph adult • Pseudocoelomate animals
(roundworms) have a
• Complete Metamorphosis:
functional body cavity NOT
egg larva pupa adult fully lined with mesoderm
Coelom - Body Cavity
• Internal body cavity fully lined with mesoderm
• Body organs suspended in this cavity
Biology-mbq
 Digestive Systems

• All animals are ingestive heterotrophs

• Choanocytes (specialized cells) capture & digest food for sponges
• Gastrovascular cavity with one opening in cnidarians and flatworms for food to
enter & leave; called two-way digestive system

• Animals with a one-way digestive system have a mouth and an anus

• Food enters the mouth, continues in one direction through the digestive tract,
and wastes leave through the anus
• Includes annelids, arthropods, & vertebrates

Circulatory Systems
• Transports oxygen & nutrients to cells
• Carries away wastes & carbon dioxide from cells
• Sponges, cnidarians, & flatworms do NOT have circulatory systems

• In closed circulation, blood remains inside blood vessels until it reaches cells
(annelids & vertebrates)
• In open circulation, blood is pumped out of blood vessels to bathe tissues in the
body cavity or hemocoel (arthropods & mollusks)
 Respiratory System • Coiled tubules
• Taking in O2 & releasing CO2 called nephridia
• Gases can diffuse across moist surfaces (earthworms) remove nitrogen
• Gills filter O2 from water (aquatic animals) wastes in
• Lungs take O2 from air (terrestrial animals) arthropods
• Terrestrial animals
Nervous System remove wastes with
• Coordinates the activities of the animal’s body Kidneys
• Neurons – nerve cells that transmit electrochemical signals – May be paired
(most
• Nerve net - network of neurons, very little coordination vertebrates)
• Ganglion – clusters of neurons; may serve as a simple brain– May be single as
• Brain – control center at anterior end in birds
Excretory System
• Excretion is the removal of nitrogen wastes from
the body
• Diffusion is used by simple aquatic animals
• Flame cells remove wastes in flatworms
 Reproductive System

• Reproduction is the process by which organisms make more of their own kind
• sexual reproduction (produce eggs and sperm)
• asexual reproduction creating identical offspring
o Regeneration or Fragmentation is the breaking off of pieces and the re-
growth of a new organism
o Found in simple animals like Sponges and Flatworms
o Budding occurs in hydra whenever a growth on the parent is
released, Creates a clone
• Parthenogenesis – females produce eggs that develop unfertilized into female
organisms
Hermaphrodite are animals like earthworms that produce BOTH
eggs and sperm

Fertilization –union of sperm and egg

• External – sperm and eggs are released into water where
they are fertilized
• Internal – sperm and egg are fertilized inside the female
animal’s body
Important differences in development between protostomes
and deuterostomes
• The differences in development that distinguish the
protostomes and deuterostomes include:
–Whether cleavage of cells in the early zygote is spiral or
radial.
–Whether or not, if the early blastomere is separated, each
cell can develop into a normal larva or not.
–Whether the blastopore ultimately forms the mouth or
anus of the organism.
–Whether or not the organism possesses a coelom and
Phylum Placozoa Trichoplax adhaerens
Phylum Ctenophora

•The Comb jellies

•Resemble cnidarian
medusas.

•Use cilia for locomotion.

 Phylum Platyhelminthes

Tapeworm

Planaria
Phylum Sipuncula “peanut worms”
Phylum Annelida
seqmented worms
Phylum Nemertea
/Rhynchocoela,
Nemertinea,
Nemertina,
Nemertini
“ribbon worms”
Phylum Mollusca:
Class Gastropoda
 Phylum Arthropoda
jointed(segmented) bodies
▪Food chain
▪Pollination
▪Predator/prey
▪Disease
▪Industry
Phylum Arthropoda:
Class Crustacea
 Phylum Arthropoda:
Class Diplopoda

millipede
Phylum Arthropoda:
Class Chilopoda
Phylum Arthropoda:
Class Insecta
Phylum Mollusca: Yum!
Class Bivalvia
Phylum Arthropoda:
Class Insecta
 Phylum Chordata
• The chordates, phylum chordata,
subphylum Vertebrata.

• The chordates include all of the vertebrates

(fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and
birds), but also three non-vertebrate
subphyla: the Urochordata and the
Cephalochordata.
 Phylum Hemichordata
Characteristics of Hemichordata:-

marine worms

Bilaterally
symmetrical.

Body divided into three

sections, a proboscis, a collar
Balanoglossus and a trunk.
 Characteristics of the Chordates

• Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, blocks

of muscle, postanal tail
General Characteristics
Vertebrates
• Exhibit all 5 chordate characteristics at sometime in
their life history
• Usually well cephalized, including a well developed
brain and a number of anterior sensory structures
• Brain is usually encased in a skull, made of hard bone
or a cartilage.
• In most vertebrates, the embryonic notochord is
replaced by a vertebral column.
General Characteristics
Vertebrates
•Possess a distinctive endoskeleton consisting of
vertebral column, limb girdles, two pairs of jointed
appendages, and a head skeleton
• Muscles are attached to the skeleton to provide
movement
• Often have a muscular perforated pharynx
• Closed circulatory system with a well developed
muscular heart; blood is oxygenated as it flows through
vascularized skin, gills or lungs.
SubPhylum Urochordata

• Marine animals; some species are solitary, others are colonial.

• Sessile as adults, but motile during the larval stages
• Possess all 5 chordate characteristics as larvae

• Settle head first on

hard substrates and
undergo a dramatic
metamorphosis (e.g.,
tail, notochord, muscle
segments, and nerve
cord disappear)
Ciona intestinalis
(a solitary sea squirt)
0147.jpg
Synoicum pulmonaria a colonial sea squirt
SubPhylum Cephalochordata

• Exclusively marine animals

• Although they are capable of swimming, they usually are buried in
the sand with only their anterior end being exposed
SubPhylum Cephalochordata cont.

•All chordate characteristics are present throughout their life history

• They are filter feeders: inside of the oral hood is lined with cilia -wheel organ
• These cilia, plus cilia in the pharynx help generate a water current
• Water and suspended food particles pass through the oral hood, equipped with
projections called cirri that strain larger particles
• Feed by secreting a mucous net across the gill slits to filter out food particles that are
present in the water.