DATA COMMUNICATION AND NETWORK (22414)

CONNECTING DEVICE
 INTRODUCTION

Connecting devices in a network, also known as network devices or networking hardware are
crucial for the communication and interaction between different devices on a computer network.

These are physical devices that allow hardware on a computer network to communicate and
interact with one another.

These devices play a crucial role in the structure and management of computer networks,
ensuring efficient data transmission and network connectivity.

In the context of networking, connecting devices are specialized hardware that facilitates the
communication and interaction between different devices within a network.

In networking, connecting devices are essential components that facilitate communication and
interaction between different devices within a network.

 Here are some of the key connecting devices:

1. Repeater
2. Hub
3. Bridge
4. Switch
5. Routers
6. Gateway
7. Modem

Here’s a more comprehensive introduction connecting devices:

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1.REPEATER

 REPEATER DEFINATION

Repeater is a type of network node that amplifies incoming signals and rebroadcasts them over a
wider area or higher network layer than the original signal. In computer networks, a repeater is
used to increase the network’s reach, restore a damaged or weak signal, or provide access to
inaccessible nodes. To make the received/input signal more usable, scalable, and accessible,
repeater magnify it to a higher frequency domain. Repeaters were established in wired data
communication networks to extend signal propagation and are currently used in wireless networks
to expand cell size. Every computer system and data communications network has a limited range
of services that only includes approved hosts and nodes. It’s within the network’s purview, but it
needs to go beyond that to serve a new/existing host or boost performance in a certain topological
area. The network will employ the services of a repeater to boost the received signal to an
acceptable level for the destination nodes to pick up. Repeaters support analog, digital, and light-
based transmissions.

 DIAGRAM:

Fig1. Repeater

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 FUNCTIONS OF REPEATER:

 Accepts signals from one LAN terminal cable and regenerates and retransmits them over
other cable segments in their original form.

 It prevents boosted signals from weakening before reaching their destination.

 It regenerates signal strength before broadcasting.

 It operates at the physical layer of the OSI model and is transparent to all protocols above
it.

 LAN implementations limit the number of repeaters. A repeater between two or more LAN
cable segments must utilize the same physical layer protocol to convey a signal.

 ADVANTAGES OF REPEATER:

 Cost:
Compared to the other network, the cost of repeaters is significantly lower.

 Network performance:
Repeaters sometimes require less processing time.

 Enhance signal:
The distance between a PC and router weakens communications, but repeaters boost
signals and improve performance.

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 Network extends:
Repeaters boost signals and lengthen transmissions. They can extend the network’s
distance.

 Physical barriers:
Wireless repeaters prevent physical obstructions that can decrease wireless signals.

 Media support:
Networks are often connected to repeaters for reception and transmission using different
physical media sources.

 DISADVANTAGES OF REPEATER:

 Network traffic:
Network traffic cannot be divided up by a repeater. As a result, they are unable to lessen
the impact of congestion and network traffic.

 Number of repeaters:
Network repeaters are limited and will cause wire noise and packet collisions when
deployed together.

 Network architecture:
Repeaters cannot join networks of various designs. This requires a gateway or router.

 Network segmentation:
Repeaters cannot segment networks.

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2.HUB

 HUB DEFINATION:

A hub is a basically multi-port repeater. A hub connects multiple wires coming from
different branches.

For example, the connector in star topology which connects different station
. Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected devices.

In other words, the collision domain of all hosts connected through Hub remains one. Also,
they do not have the intelligence to find out the best path for data packets which leads to
inefficiencies and wastage.

A Hub is a basic but essential networking device used at the physical layer to connect
multiple devices in a network, typically a Local Area Network (LAN).

Hubs are considered less sophisticated than switches because they cannot isolate data
transmissions to specific devices.

They are best suited for small, simple network environments2.

If you’re setting up a network or need to choose a connecting device, considering the scale
and complexity of your network will help determine whether a Hub is the right choice for
you.

 FUNCTIONALITY:

 Broadcasts Data:
A Hub receives data packets and broadcasts them to all connected devices, regardless
of the intended recipient1.

 Collision Domain:
All hosts connected through a Hub share the same collision domain, which means if
two devices send data simultaneously, it can lead to a collision and potential data
loss1.

 No Filtering: Unlike a switch, a Hub cannot filter data or identify the destination
of the packet, so it sends the message to each port1

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 DIAGRAM:

Fig2. HUB

 FEATURES OF HUB:

 A hub operates in the physical layer of the OSI model.

 A hub cannot filter data. It is a non-intelligent network device that sends message
to all ports.

 It primarily broadcasts messages. So, the collision domain of all nodes connected
through the hub stays one.

 Transmission mode is half duplex.

 Collisions may occurs during setup of transmission when more than one computers
place data simultaneously in the corresponding ports.

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 Since they lack intelligence to compute best path for transmission of data packets,
inefficiencies and wastage occur.

 They are passive devices, they don’t have any software associated with it.

 They generally have fewer ports of 4/12.

TYPES OF HUB:

 ACTIVE HUB:

These are the hubs that have their power supply and can clean, boost, and relay the
signal along with the network. It serves both as a repeater as well as a wiring center.
These are used to extend the maximum distance between nodes.

These have their own power supply and can regenerate and amplify signals. They are
more expensive and are used to extend the maximum distance between nodes1.

 PASSIVE HUB:

These are the hubs that collect wiring from nodes and power supply from the active hub.
These hubs relay signals onto the network without cleaning and boosting them and can’t be
used to extend the distance between nodes.

These simply connect signals from different network cables without any signal regeneration.
They do not require electricity and are used to connect wires in a star topology1.

 INTELLIGENT HUB:

It works like an active hub and includes remote management capabilities. They also provide
flexible data rates to network devices. It also enables an administrator to monitor the traffic
passing through the hub and to configure each port in the hub.

These are smarter than active and passive hubs, including a Management Information Base
(MIB) for special monitoring and remote management capabilities1.

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 ADVANTAGES OF HUB:

 Connectivity:

The primary function of the hub is to permit clients to attach to a network in order that
they will share and have conversations. For this purpose, hubs use network protocol
analyzer.

 Performance:

Hub is understood for having very less number of performance impacts on the network.
This is often because it operates using a broadcast model which rarely affects the
network.

 Cost:

Comparing to switches, hubs are really inexpensive. Basically thanks to its sort of
simplicity. Therefore, they will assist you to save lots of money. And also due to their
products they are widely available within the market.

 Device Support:

Albeit Hubs can connect different types of media all at once with a central hub. Media
want to operate at different speeds they will be wont to support them.

 Area Coverage:

Area coverage of a network is restricted to a certain distance. Hub extends the space of
the network such communication is formed easy.

 DISADVANTAGES OF HUB:

 Collision Domain:

The function of the collision domain and again transfer of packet does not affect
actually it increases more chances of collision in between domains.

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 Full-Duplex Mode:

Hubs cannot communicate fully duplex mode, it can only operate in half-duplex
mode. Half-duplex mode, in essence, means data are often transmitted just one
occasion at a given time. Therefore, the hub must constantly switch its modes .

 Specification:

Hubs cannot support networks that are large like a token ring. This is often because
hubs must share data among all the devices within the network.

 Network Traffic:

As the attachment was received in the packet so it cannot reduce traffic. Hence, hubs
make a high level of network traffic.

 Bandwidth Wastage:

Hubs cannot provide dedicated bandwidth for every device, it is to share them. When
sending large pieces of information all the bandwidths are going to be occupied by
the two computers leaving other computers with slow network.

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3.BRIDGE

 BRIDGE DEFINATION:

A bridge operates at the data link layer.

A bridge is a repeater, with add on the functionality of filtering content by reading the MAC
addresses of the source and destination.

It is also used for interconnecting two LANs working on the same protocol.

It has a single input and single output port, thus making it a 2 port device.

 DIAGRAM:

Fig3. Bridge

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 FUNCTIONS OF BRIDGE:

 Store MAC address in PC that is used in the network for reducing network traffic.

 Divide local area networks into multiple segments.

 Connects multiple networks to ensure communication between them.

 Connects LAN segments into a single network.

 Recognizes areas where data is to be sent and on which device it will be sent.

 Maintains MAC address table to discover new segments.

 Used in load filtering of network traffic by separating it into segments or packets.

 TYPES OF BRIDGE:

1. Transparent Bridges

2. Source Routing Bridges

3. Translational Bridge

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 ADVANTAGES OF BRIDGE:

Bridges are smart network devices that have the following advantages:

 Improve the performance of bridges by segmenting large busy networks into multiple
smaller and interconnected networks.

 Cost-effective as they are simple and inexpensive.

 Increases available bandwidth to individual nodes as lesser network nodes share collision
domain.

 Reduces network congestion by dividing LAN into multiple smaller segments.

 DISADVANTAGES OF BRIDGE:

Like every device, bridges in computer networks also have their limitations.

 Cannot read specific IP addresses.

 Unable to provide communication network among networks of different protocols.

 Cannot limit the capacity of broadcast messages as they transfer all the messages.

 Unable to handle complicated variable data load.

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4. SWITCH

 SWITCH DEFINATION:

A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can boost its efficiency (a
large number of ports imply less traffic) and performance.

A switch is a data link layer device.

The switch can perform error checking before forwarding data, which makes it very
efficient as it does not forward packets that have errors and forward good packets
selectively to the correct port only.

In other words, the switch divides the collision domain of hosts, but the broadcast
domain remains the same.

 DIAGRAM:

Fig4. Switch

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 TYPES OF SWITCH:

1. Unmanaged switches:

These switches have a simple plug-and-play design and do not offer advanced
configuration options. They are suitable for small networks or for use as an expansion to
a larger network.

2. Managed switches:

These switches offer advanced configuration options such as VLANs, QoS, and link
aggregation. They are suitable for larger, more complex networks and allow for
centralized management.

3. Smart switches:

These switches have features similar to managed switches but are typically easier to set
up and manage. They are suitable for small- to medium-sized networks.

4. Layer 2 switches:

These switches operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model and are responsible for
forwarding data between devices on the same network segment.

5. Layer 3 switches:

These switches operate at the Network layer of the OSI model and can route data between
different network segments. They are more advanced than Layer 2 switches and are often
used in larger, more complex networks.

6. PoE switches:
These switches have Power over Ethernet capabilities, which allows them to supply
power to network devices over the same cable that carries data.

7. Gigabit switches:

These switches support Gigabit Ethernet speeds, which are faster than traditional
Ethernet speeds.

8. Rack-mounted switches:

These switches are designed to be mounted in a server rack and are suitable for use in
data centers or other large networks.

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9. Desktop switches:

These switches are designed for use on a desktop or in a small office environment and
are typically smaller in size than rack-mounted switches.

10. Modular switches:

These switches have modular design, which allows for easy expansion or customization.
They are suitable for large networks and data centers.

 ADVANTAGES OF SWITCH:

 Increases Capacity:

They increment the accessible data transfer capacity of the organization.

 Reduces Burden:

They help in lessening the outstanding burden on individual host PCs.

 Increment Presentation:

They increment the presentation of the organization.

 Less casing Impacts:

Networks that use switches will have fewer casing impacts. This is because of the
way that switches make impact areas for every association.

 Straightforward:

Switches can be associated straightforwardly with workstations.

 Increases Bandwidth:

It increases the available bandwidth of the network.

 Less frame collisions:

Networks that use switches will have fewer frame collisions

 More secure :
Since the switch is isolated, data will go only to the destination.

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DISADVANTAGES OF SWITCH:

 Costly:

They are more costly in contrast with network spans.

 Tough Availability issues:

Network availability issues are hard to be followed through the organization switch.

 Issues in traffic broadcasting:

Broadcast traffic might be problematic.

 Defenseless:

If switches are in the indiscriminate mode, they are defenseless against security assaults
for example caricaturing IP address or catching Ethernet outlines.

 Need for Proper Planning:

Proper planning and arrangement are required to deal with multicast parcels.

 Mechanical Component can wear out:

The switch’s mechanical component can wear out with time.

 Physical contact is mandatory :

Must have physical contact with the object to be actuated.

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5. ROUTER

 ROUTER DEFINATION:

A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP addresses.

The router is mainly a Network Layer device.

Routers normally connect LANs and WANs and have a dynamically updating routing table based
on which they make decisions on routing the data packets.

The router divided the broadcast domains of hosts connected through it.

 DIAGRAM:

Fig5. Router

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 ADVANTAGES OF ROUTER:

 Network Connectivity:
One of the main advantages of routers is that they allow for connectivity between different
devices and networks. This means that multiple devices can be connected to the internet
and to each other through a single router. For example, in a home setting, a router can
connect multiple devices such as laptops, smartphones, and tablets to the internet and allow
them to communicate with each other. In a business setting, routers can be used to connect
multiple computers and servers to the internet and to each other, allowing for seamless
communication between employees and departments.

 Increased Security:
Another advantage of routers is that they offer increased security for networks. Routers
often come with built-in security features such as firewalls, which help to protect networks
from unauthorized access and hacking attempts. For example, a router with a firewall
enabled can block malicious traffic from entering a network and protect devices connected
to the network from malware and other cyber threats. Additionally, routers can also be
configured to encrypt data being transmitted over the network, providing an added layer of
security.

 Quality of Service (QoS):

Routers also provide Quality of Service (QoS) capabilities, which allow for prioritization
of certain types of traffic. This means that routers can be configured to prioritize certain
types of traffic, such as video conferencing or online gaming, over others. This can be
particularly useful in a business setting where certain types of traffic may be more
important than others. For example, a business that relies heavily on video conferencing
may want to prioritize video traffic to ensure that video calls are clear and reliable.

 Easy to Set Up and Manage:

Finally, routers are relatively easy to set up and manage. Most routers come with user-
friendly interfaces that make it easy for users to configure and manage the device.

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Additionally, many routers can be managed remotely, allowing for easy troubleshooting
and configuration changes even when the user is not physically present.

 DISADVANTAGES OF ROUTER:

 Limited Bandwidth:

One of the main disadvantages of routers is that they may have limited bandwidth. This
means that the amount of data that can be transmitted over a network is limited, which can
cause delays and slowdowns. For example, in a home setting, multiple devices may be
connected to the internet through a single router, which can cause congestion and slow
internet speeds. In a business setting, this can be particularly problematic as it can lead to
delays and slowdowns in important business operations.

 Vulnerability to Cyber-attacks:

Another disadvantage of routers is that they are vulnerable to cyberattacks. Routers are
often targeted by hackers because they are a gateway to a network and can provide access
to sensitive information. Additionally, routers may not have the necessary security features
to protect against cyberattacks, which can leave networks vulnerable to hacking attempts.
For example, a hacker may exploit a vulnerability in a router to gain access to a network
and steal sensitive information.

 Limited Range:

Routers also have a limited range, which means that the signal strength decreases as the
distance from the router increases. This can cause connectivity issues in larger homes or
businesses where the signal may not reach certain areas. Additionally, walls, ceilings, and
other obstacles can also interfere with the signal, causing it to further decrease in strength
and cause connectivity issues. For example, in a large home, the router may be located in
the basement, but the signal may not reach the upper floors, causing connectivity issues for
devices located there. In a business setting, this can be particularly problematic as it can
lead to connectivity issues for employees working in different areas of the building.

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 Cost:

Finally, routers can be expensive, especially for high-end models with advanced features.
This can be a disadvantage for individuals or businesses with limited budgets. Additionally,
routers may need to be replaced frequently, which can add to the overall cost of maintaining
a network. For example, a business that relies heavily on its network may need to replace
its routers more frequently to ensure that the network remains reliable and secure.

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6. GATEWAY

 GATEWAY DEFINATION:

A gateway is a computer on a network that provides the interface between two applications or
networks that use different protocols.

They are also used to provide a connection to the Internet. A gateway in a network converts
information from one protocol to another and then transfers it over the web.

For example, if a computer on the Internet sends an email to another, the gateway converts the
message from one protocol to another and sends it back.

 DIAGRAM:

Fig6. Gateway

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 FUNCTIONS OF GATEWAY:

 The gateway in networking is a device that connects the Internet to the LAN.

 It can even be used as a bridge between two networks

 A network gateway has two functions.

 A LAN-to-WAN function that connects the LAN to the Internet.

 A WAN-to-LAN function connects the Internet to a remote LAN.

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7.MODEM

 MODEM DEFINATION:

A modem is a device that allows computers, smartphones, tablets, and other devices to connect
to the internet.

It does this by converting digital signals from these devices into analog signal that can be
transmitted over telephone lines or
cable networks.

Modems also do the opposite by converting incoming analog signals into digital signals so that
they can be processed by your device.

A modem is an essential device in the modern world.

It's an electronic device that enables computers to connect to the internet and communicate
with other computers across the globe.

Without a modem, you wouldn't be able to access the internet or send files between devices.

The word "modem" stands for modulator-demodulator.

Put simply, modems are used to convert digital signals into analog signals so that they can be
transmitted over telephone lines.

The opposite process also occurs when data is received:

analog signals are converted into digital signals for use by computers or other devices.

Modems provide the critical link between your computer and the World Wide Web.

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 DIAGRAM:

Fig7. Modem

 ADVANTAGES OF MODEM:

 More useful in connecting LAN with the internet

 Speed depends on the cost

 Slow speed when compared to the hub

 A limited number of a system can be connected

 A modem is most probably widely used in data communication roadway

 A modem converts that the digital signal into an analog signal

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DISADVANTAGES OF MODEM:

 Acts just as an interface between LAN and internet

 No traffic maintenance is present

 A modem is not understood the intermediate process

 The modem does not know about the own destination path

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CONCLUSION

In conclusion, a network is two or more computers connected together using a telecommunication

system for the purpose of communicating and sharing resources.

Without having a network, Companies would not be able to share resources and increase
productivity more effectively.

The WAN network allowed companies to use the Internet over large areas.

This provided the company to have meetings overseas by video conferencing and sharing data over
the network.

As we can see, Networks have many benefits to the end user. Weather your Network is Wired or
Wireless, Networks are an important part of technology.

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REFERANCE

https://www.lepide.com/blog/the-most-common-types-of-network-devices/

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/network-devices-hub-repeater-bridge-switch-router-gateways/

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