Chapter 12 Discrete Mathematics

EXERCISE 12.1
5. 𝑎+𝑏
(i)Define an operation ∗ on ℚ as follows: 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = ( ) ; 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℚ. Examine the closure,
2
commutative, associative properties satisfied by ∗ on ℚ.
𝑎+𝑏
(ii)Define an operation ∗ on ℚ as follows: 𝑎 ∗ 𝑏 = ( ) ; 𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℚ. Examine the existence
2
of identity and the existence of inverser for the operation ∗ on ℚ.
8. 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1
Let = (0 1 0 1) , 𝐵 = (1 0 1 0 ), 𝐶 = ( 0 1 1 0) be any three Boolean
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
matrices of the same type. Find (i) 𝐴 ∨ 𝐵 (ii) 𝐴 ∧ 𝐵 (iii) (𝐴 ∨ 𝐵) ∧ 𝐶 (iv) (𝐴 ∧ 𝐵) ∨ 𝐶.
9. 𝑥 𝑥
Let 𝑀 = {( ) : 𝑥 ∈ 𝑅 − {0}} and let ∗ be the matrix multiplication. Determine
𝑥 𝑥
whether 𝑀 is closed under ∗. If so, examine the closure, commutative, associative,
existence of identity and inverse properties.
10. Let 𝐴 be 𝑄 − {1}. Define ∗ on 𝐴 by 𝑥 ∗ 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦. Is ∗ a binary on 𝐴. If so, examine
the closure, commutative, associative, the existence of identity and existence of inverse
properties.

EXERCISE 12.2
6. Construct the truth table for the following statements.
(i) ¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞 (ii) ¬(𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞) (iii) (𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ∨ ¬𝑞 (iv) (¬𝑝 → 𝑟) ∧ (𝑝 ↔ 𝑞)
7. Verify whether the following compound propositions are tautologies or contradictions or
contingency
(i) (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∧ ¬(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) (ii) ((𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ∧ ¬𝑝) → 𝑞
(iii) (𝑝 → 𝑞) ↔ (¬𝑝 → 𝑞) (iv) ((𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑟)) → (𝑝 → 𝑟)
11. Show that ¬(𝑝 ↔ 𝑞) ≡ 𝑝 ↔ ¬𝑞.
12. Check whether the statement 𝑝 → (𝑞 → 𝑝) is a tautology or a contradiction without using
the truth table.
13. Using truth table check whether the statements¬(𝑝 ∨ 𝑞) ∨ (¬𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) and ¬𝑝are logically
equivalent.
14. Prove 𝑝 → (𝑞 → 𝑟) ≡ (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) → 𝑟 without using truth table.
15. Prove that 𝑝 → (¬𝑞 ∨ 𝑟) ≡ ¬𝑝 ∨ (¬𝑞 ∨ 𝑟) using truth table.

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 EXAMPLES
12.2 . Verify the (i) closure property, (ii) commutative property, (iii) associative property (iv)
existence of identity and (v) existence of inverse for the arithmetic operation + on ℤ.
12.3.Verify the (i) closure property, (ii) commutative property, (iii) associative property, (iv)
existence of identity and (v) existence of inverse for the arithmetic operation − on ℤ.
12.6. Verify (i) closure property, (ii) commutative property, and (iii) associative property of
the following operation on the given set. (𝑎 ∗ 𝑏) = 𝑎𝑏 ; ∀𝑎, 𝑏 ∈ ℕ (Exponentiation
property).
12.7. Verify (i) closure property, (ii) commutative property, (iii) associative property, (iv)
existence of identity, and (v) existence of inverse for following operation on the given set.
𝑚 ∗ 𝑛 = 𝑚 + 𝑛 − 𝑚𝑛; 𝑚, 𝑛 ∈ ℤ
12.9 . Verify (i) closure property, (ii) commutative property, (iii) associative property, (iv)
existence of identity, and (v) existence of inverse for the operation +5 on ℤ5 using table
corresponding to addition modulo 5.
12.10.Verify (i) closure property, (ii) commutative property, (iii) associative property, (iv)
existence of identity, and (v) existence of inverse for the operation ×11 on a subset 𝐴 =
{1,3,4,5,9}of the set of remainders {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}.
12.16 . Construct the truth table for (𝑝 ∨̄ 𝑞) ∧ (𝑝 ∨̄ ¬𝑞).
12.17 . Establish the equivalence property:𝑝 → 𝑞 ≡ ¬𝑝 ∨ 𝑞.
12.18 .Establish the equivalence property connecting the bi-conditional with conditional:
𝑝 ↔ 𝑞 ≡ (𝑝 → 𝑞) ∧ (𝑞 → 𝑝)
12.19 .Using the equivalence property, show that 𝑝 ↔ 𝑞 ≡ (𝑝 ∧ 𝑞) ∨ (¬𝑝 ∧ ¬𝑞).

Chapter 2 Complex Numbers

EXERCISE 2.2
3. Find the values of the real numbers x and y, if the complex numbers (3 − 𝑖)𝑥 − (2 − 𝑖)𝑦 + 2𝑖 + 5
and 2𝑥 + (−1 + 2𝑖)𝑦 + 3 + 2𝑖 are equal

EXERCISE 2.4
4. 1 1 1
The complex numbers 𝑢, 𝑣, and 𝑤 are related by 𝑢 = 𝑣 + 𝑤. If 𝑣 = 3 − 4𝑖 and 𝑤 = 4 + 3𝑖, find 𝑢 in
rectangular form.

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7. 10 10 19−7𝑖 12 20−5𝑖 12
Show that (i) (2 + 𝑖√3) − (2 − 𝑖√3) is purely imaginary (ii) ( 9+𝑖
) + ( 7−6𝑖 ) is real

EXERCISE 2.5
𝑧1 +𝑧2
2. For any two complex numbers 𝑧1 and 𝑧2 , such that |𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = 1 and 𝑧1 𝑧2 ≠ −1, then show that is real
1+𝑧1 𝑧2
number.

3. Which one of the points 10 − 8𝑖, 11 + 6𝑖 is closet to 1 + 𝑖.

4. If |𝑧| = 3, show that 7 ≤ |𝑧 + 6 − 8𝑖| ≤ 13.

5. If |𝑧| = 1, show that 2 ≤ |𝑧 2 − 3| ≤ 4.

6. If |𝑧| = 2, show that 8≤ |𝑧 + 6 + 8𝑖| ≤ 12.

7. If 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , and 𝑧3 are three complex numbers such tat |𝑧1 | = 1, |𝑧2 | = 2, |𝑧3 | = 3 and |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = 1,
show that |9𝑧1 𝑧2 + 4𝑧1 𝑧3 + 𝑧2 𝑧3 | = 6.

8. If the area of the triangle formed by the vertices 𝑧, 𝑖𝑧, and 𝑧 + 𝑖𝑧 is 50 square units, find the value of |𝑧|.

9. Show that the equation 𝑧3 + 2𝑧̄ = 0 has five solutions.

10. Find the square roots of (i) 4 + 3𝑖 (ii) −6 + 8𝑖 (iii) −5 − 12𝑖.

EXERCISE 2.6
1. 𝑧−4𝑖
If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is a complex number such that |𝑧+4𝑖| = 1, show that the locus of 𝑧 is real axis.

2. 2𝑧+1
If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 is a complex number such that 𝐼𝑚 ( ) = 0, show that 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 0.
𝑖𝑧+1

3. Obtain the Cartesian equation form of the locus of 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 in each of the following cases:
(i) [𝑅𝑒(𝑖𝑧)]2 = 3 (ii) 𝐼𝑚[ (1 − 𝑖)𝑧 + 1] = 0 (iii) |𝑧 + 𝑖| = |𝑧 − 1| (iv) 𝑧 = 𝑧 −1

5. Obtain the Cartesian equation for the locus of 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 in each of the following cases:
(i) |𝑧 − 4| = 16 (ii) |𝑧 − 4|2 − |𝑧 − 1|2 = 16

EXERCISE 2.7
3. If (𝑥1 + 𝑖𝑦1 )(𝑥2 + 𝑖𝑦2 )(𝑥3 + 𝑖𝑦3 ) ⋯ (𝑥𝑛 2 + 𝑦𝑛 2 ) = 𝑎 + 𝑖𝑏, show that
(i) (𝑥1 2 + 𝑦1 2 )(𝑥2 2 + 𝑦2 2 )(𝑥3 2 + 𝑦3 2 ) ⋯ (𝑥𝑛 2 + 𝑦𝑛 2 ) = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
𝑦 𝑏
(ii) ∑𝑛𝑟=1 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( 𝑟 ) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( ) + 𝑘𝜋, 𝑘 ∈ ℤ.
𝑥𝑟 𝑎

1+𝑧
4. If = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃, show that 𝑧 = 𝑖 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃.
1−𝑧

5. If 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛾 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛾 = 0, show that

(i) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛾 = 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾) and
(ii) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝛾 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾).

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 𝑧−𝑖 𝜋
6. If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and 𝑎𝑟𝑔 ( ) = , show that 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2 = 0.
𝑧+2 4

EXERCISE 2.8
𝜋 𝜋 10
3. 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 +𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠
10 10
Find the value of ( 𝜋 𝜋 ) .
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛 −𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠
10 10
1 1
4. If 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 = 𝑥 + and 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 = 𝑦 + , show that
𝑥 𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 1
(i) + = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝛼 − 𝛽) (ii) 𝑥𝑦 − = 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝛼 + 𝛽)
𝑦 𝑥 𝑥𝑦
𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑛 1
(iii) − = 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑚𝛼 − 𝑛𝛽) (iv) 𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑛 + = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑚𝛼 + 𝑛𝛽)
𝑦𝑛 𝑥𝑚 𝑥𝑚 𝑦𝑛

5. Solve the equation 𝑧3 + 27 = 0.

6. If 𝜔 ≠ 1 is a cube root of unity, show that the roots of the equation (𝑧 − 1)3 + 8 = 0 are −1,1 − 2𝜔, 1 − 2𝜔2 .

EXAMPLES
2.2 Find the value of the real numbers x and y, if the complex numbers (2 + 𝑖)𝑥 + (1 − 𝑖)𝑦 + 2𝑖 − 3 and
𝑥 + (−1 + 2𝑖)𝑦 + 1 + 𝑖 are equal
1+𝑖 3 1−𝑖 3
2.4 Simplify (1−𝑖) − (1+𝑖) into rectangular form.

10 10 19+9𝑖 15 8+𝑖 15
2.8 Show that (i) (2 + 𝑖√3) + (2 − 𝑖√3) is real and (ii) ( 5−3𝑖 ) − (1+2𝑖) is purely imaginary.

2.12 If 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 are complex numbers such that |𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = |𝑧3 | = |𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 | = 1, find the value
1 1 1
of |𝑧 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 |.
1 2 3

2.13 If |𝑧| = 2 show that 3 ≤ |𝑧 + 3 + 4𝑖| ≤ 7.

−1 √3 −1 √3
2.14 Show that the points 1, 2
+ 𝑖 2
, and 2
− 𝑖 2
are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.

2.15 Let 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 be complex numbers such that |𝑧1 | = |𝑧2 | = |𝑧3 | = 𝑟 > 0 and 𝑧1 + 𝑧2 + 𝑧3 ≠ 0.
𝑧1 𝑧2 +𝑧2 𝑧3 +𝑧3 𝑧1
Prove that | 𝑧1 +𝑧2 +𝑧3
| = 𝑟.

2.16 Show that the equation 𝑧 2 = 𝑧̄ has four solutions.

2.21 Obtain the Cartesian form of the locus of z in each of the following cases.
(i) |𝑧|=|𝑧 − 𝑖| (ii) |2𝑧 − 3 − 𝑖| = 3.

𝑧−1 𝜋
2.27 If 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦 and arg (𝑧+1) = 2 , show that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1.

1 1
2.28 If 𝑧 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃), show that 𝑧 𝑛 + 𝑧𝑛 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛 𝜃 and 𝑧 𝑛 − 𝑧𝑛 = 2𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛 𝜃.

1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃+𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃 30

2.30 Simplify (1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝜃−𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝜃) .

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2.32 Find the cube roots of unity.
2.33 Find the fourth roots of unity.
2.34 Solve the equation 𝑧 3 + 8𝑖 = 0, where𝑧 ∈ ℂ.

2.35 Find all cube roots of √3 + 𝑖.

2.36 Suppose 𝑧1 , 𝑧2 , and 𝑧3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle |𝑧| = 2.
If 𝑧1 = 1 + 𝑖√3, then find 𝑧2 and 𝑧3 .

Chapter 6 Vector Algebra II and Applications

EXERCISE 6.1
9. Using vector method, prove that 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽.
10. Prove by vector method that 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽.
12. Forces of magnitudes 5√2 and 10√2 units acting in the directions 3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ and 10𝑖̂ + 6𝑗̂ − 8𝑘̂,
respectively, act on a particle which is displaced from the point with position vector 4𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ to
the point with position vector 6𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂. Find the work done by the forces.
14. Find the torque (moment) of the resultant of the three forces represented by −3𝑖 + 6𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ , 4𝑖̂ − 10𝑗̂ +
12𝑘̂ and 4𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ acting at the point with position vector 8𝑖̂ − 6𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂, about the point with position
vector 18𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 9𝑘̂.

EXERCISE 6.2
5. Find the altitude of a parallelopiped determined by the vectors 𝑎⃗ = −2𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂
and 𝑐⃗ = −3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ if the base is taken as the parallelogram determined by 𝑏⃗⃗ and 𝑐⃗.

10. Let 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ be three non-zero vectors such that 𝑐⃗ is a unit vector perpendicular to both 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗. If the
𝜋 2 1 2
angle between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ is 6 , show that [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗] = 4 |𝑎⃗|2 |𝑏⃗⃗| .

6. Determine whether the three vectors 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ are coplanar.
4. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗ are three non-coplanar vectors represnted by concurrent edges of a parallelopiped of volume 4
cubic units, find the value of (𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗⃗) ⋅ (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) + (𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑐⃗) ⋅ (𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗) + (𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗) ⋅ (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗).

EXERCISE 6.3
2. For any vector 𝑎⃗, prove that 𝑖̂ × (𝑎̂ × 𝑖̂) + 𝑗̂ × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑗̂) + 𝑘̂ × (𝑎⃗ × 𝑘̂ ) = 2𝑎⃗.

3. Prove that [𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ − 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ − 𝑎⃗] = 0.

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4. If 𝑎⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ , 𝑐⃗ = −𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂, verify that
(i) (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × 𝑐⃗ = (𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗)𝑏⃗⃗ − (𝑏⃗⃗. 𝑐⃗)𝑎⃗ (ii) 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = (𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗)𝑏⃗⃗ − (𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗⃗)𝑐⃗

7. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ , 𝑏⃗⃗ = 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝑐⃗ = 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ and 𝑎⃗ × (𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗) = 𝑙𝑎⃗ + 𝑚𝑏⃗⃗ + 𝑛𝑐⃗, find the values
of 𝑙, 𝑚, 𝑛.
1
8. If 𝑎̂, 𝑏̂, 𝑐̂ are three unit vectors such that 𝑏̂ and 𝑐̂ are non-parallel and 𝑎̂ × (𝑏̂ × 𝑐̂ ) = 2 𝑏̂, find the angle
between 𝑎̂ and 𝑐̂ .

EXERCISE 6.4
4. Find the direction cosines of the straight line passing through the points (5,6,7) and (7,9,13). Also find
the parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of the straight line passing through two
given points.
8. 𝑥−5 2−𝑦 1−𝑧 2𝑦+1 1−𝑧
If the straight lines = = and 𝑥 = = are perpendicular to each other, find the
5𝑚+2 5 −1 4𝑚 −3
value of 𝑚.
9. Show that the points (2,3,4), (−1,4,5) and (8,1,2) are collinear.
5. Find the angle between the following lines: (ANY ONE SUM)
(i) 𝑟⃗ = (4𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ), 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(−𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ )
𝑥+4 𝑦−7 𝑧+5
(ii) 3
= 4
= 5
and 𝑟⃗ = 4𝑘̂ + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ).
(iii) 2𝑥 = 3𝑦 = −𝑧 and 6𝑥 = −𝑦 = −4𝑧.

EXERCISE 6.5
1. Find the parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of a straight line passing through
(5,2,8) and is perpendicular to the straight lines 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(2𝑖̂ − 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) and 𝑟⃗ =
(2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ).

2. Show that the lines 𝑟⃗ = (6𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ ) and 𝑟⃗ = (3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ )
are skew lines and hence find the shortest distance between them.
4. 𝑥−3 𝑦−3 𝑥−6 𝑧−1
Show that the lines 3
= −1
,𝑧 − 1 = 0 and 2
= 3
,𝑦 − 2 = 0 intersect. Also find the point of
intersection.
7. 𝑥+1 𝑦−3 𝑧−1
Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point (5,4,2) to the line 2
= 3
= −1
. Also, find
the equation of the perpendicular.

EXERCISE 6.7

YOUTUBE: MDMATH
 1. Find the non-parametric form of vector equation, and Cartesian equation of the plane passing through
𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧−3 𝑥+3 𝑦−3 𝑧+1
the point (2,3,6) and parallel to the straight lines = = and = = .
2 3 1 2 −5 −3

2. Find the parametric form of vector equation, and Cartesian equations of the plane passing through the
points (2,2,1), (9,3,6) and perpendicular to the plane 2𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 9.
3. Find parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equations of the plane passing through the points
(2,2,1), (1, −2,3) and parallel to the straight line passing through the points (2,1, −3) and (−1,5, −8).
4. Find the vector equation and Cartesian equation of the plane passing through the point (1, −2,4) and
𝑥+7 𝑦+3 𝑧
perpendicular to the plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 3𝑧 = 11 and parallel to the line 3
= −1
= 1.

5. Find the parametric form of vector and Cartesian equations of the plane containing the line 𝑟⃗ =
(𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) and perpendicular to plane 𝑟⃗ ⋅ (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) = 8.

6. Find the parametric, non parametric form of vector and Cartesian form of the equations of the plane
passing through the three non-collinear points (3,6, −2), (−1, −2,6), and (6,4, −2) .
7. Find the non-parametric form of vector equation, and Cartesian equations of the plane
𝑟⃗ = (6𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(−𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(−5𝑖̂ − 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ ).

EXERCISE 6.8
1. Show that the straight lines 𝑟⃗ = (5𝑖̂ + 7𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(4𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ − 5𝑘̂ ) and 𝑟⃗ = (8𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ ) +
𝑡(7𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ ) are coplanar. Find the vector equation of the plane in which they lie.

4. 𝑥−1 𝑦+1 𝑧 𝑥+1 𝑦+1 𝑧

If the straight lines = = and = = are coplanar, find 𝜆 and Cartesian equation of
2 𝜆 2 5 2 𝜆
the plane containing these two lines.

EXERCISE 6.9

3. Find the angle between the line 𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) and the plane 𝑟⃗ ⋅ (6𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) =
8.
4. Find the angle between the planes 𝑟⃗ ⋅ (𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 2𝑘̂ ) = 3 and 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2.
5. Find the Cartesian equation of the plane which passes through the point (3,4, −1) and is parallel to the
plane 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 + 7 = 0. Also, find the distance between the two planes.
6. Find the length of the perpendicular from the point (1, −2,3) to the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5.
8. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular and length of the perpendicular from the point
(4,3,2) to the plane 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2.

EXAMPLES
6.3 By vector method, prove that 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝛼 + 𝛽) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽.

YOUTUBE: MDMATH
6.4 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
With usual notations, in any triangle ABC, prove by vector method that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐴 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐.

6.5 Prove by vector method that 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝛼 − 𝛽) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽.
6.6 If 𝐷 is the midpoint of the side BC of a triangle ABC, then show by vector method that
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |2 + |𝐴𝐶
|𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |2 = 2(|𝐴𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |2 + |𝐵𝐷
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ |2 ).

6.7 Prove by vector method that the perpendiculars (altitudes) from the vertices to the opposite sides of a
triangle are concurrent.
6.14 Show that the vectors 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 3𝑘̂ , 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ and 3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ are coplanar.
6.15 If 2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ , 3𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂ , 𝑖̂ + 𝑚𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ are coplanar, find the value of 𝑚.
6.16 Show that the four points (6, −7,0), (16, −19, −4), (0,3, −6), (2, −5,10) lie on a same plane.
6.19 Prove that [𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗ × 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ × 𝑎⃗] = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]2 .
6.23 If 𝑎⃗ = 𝑖⃗ − 𝑗̂, 𝑏⃗⃗ = 𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ , 𝑐⃗ = 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ and 𝑑⃗ = 2𝑖̂ + 5𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂, verify that
(i) (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑐⃗ − [𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗]𝑑⃗
(ii) (𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗⃗) × (𝑐⃗ × 𝑑⃗) = [𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑏⃗⃗ − [𝑏⃗⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑑⃗]𝑎⃗
6.33 𝑥+1 𝑦−2 𝑧−3 𝑥−4 𝑦−1
Find the point of intersection of the lines 2
= 3
= 4
and 5
= 2
= 𝑧.

6.34 Find the parametric form of a vector equation of a straight line passing through the point of intersection
𝑥−2 𝑦−4 𝑧+3
of the straight lines 𝑟⃗ = 𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ + 𝑡(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) and = = , and perpendicular to both
1 2 4
straight lines.
6.43 Find the non-parametric form of vector equation and Cartesian equation of the plane passing through
the point (0,1, −5) and parallel to the straight lines 𝑟⃗ = (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ − 4𝑘̂ ) + 𝑠(2𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂ ) and
𝑟̂ = (𝑖̂ − 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ − 𝑘̂ ).
6.44 Find the vector parametric, vector non-parametric and Cartesian form of the equation of the plane
𝑥−1 2𝑦+1 𝑧+1
passing through the points (−1,2,0), (2,2, −1) and parallel to the straight line = = .
1 2 −1

6.45 𝑥−3 𝑦−4 𝑧+3

Verify whether the line = = lies in the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 8.
−4 −7 12

6.55 Find the image of the point whose position vector is 𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 3𝑘̂ in the plane 𝑟⃗ ⋅ (𝑖̂ + 2𝑗̂ + 4𝑘̂ ) = 38.
6.56 Find the coordinates of the point where the straight line 𝑟⃗ = (2𝑖̂ − 𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ ) + 𝑡(3𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 2𝑘̂ )
intersects the plane 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 5 = 0.

Chapter 3 Theory of Equations

EXERCISE 3.6
1. Discuss the maximum possible number of positive and negative roots of the polynomial equation
9𝑥 9 − 4𝑥 8 + 4𝑥 7 − 3𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 5 + 𝑥 3 + 7𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 + 2 = 0.

YOUTUBE: MDMATH
2. Discuss the maximum possible number of positive and negative zeros of the polynomials 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
and 𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 16. Also draw rough sketch of the graphs.
3. Show that the equation 𝑥 9 − 5𝑥 5 + 4𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 2 + 1 = 0 has atleast 6 imaginary solutions.
4. Determine the number of positive and negative roots of the equation 𝑥 9 − 5𝑥 8 − 14𝑥 7 = 0.
5. Find the exact number of real zeros and imaginary of the polynomial 𝑥 9 + 9𝑥 7 + 7𝑥 5 + 5𝑥 3 + 3𝑥.

EXERCISE 3.5
5. Solve the equations
(i) 6𝑥 4 − 35𝑥 3 + 62𝑥 2 − 35𝑥 + 6 = 0 (ii) 𝑥 4 + 3𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 − 1 = 0

7. 1
Solve the equation 6𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 3 − 38𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6 = 0 if it is known that 3 is a solution.
3 −3
3. Solve : 8𝑥 2𝑛 − 8𝑥 2𝑛 = 63.
4. 𝑥 𝑎 𝑏 6𝑎
Solve : 2√𝑎 + 3√𝑥 = 𝑎 + 𝑏
.

EXERCISE 3.4
2. Solve : (2𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 + 3) + 20 = 0.

EXERCISE 3.3
2. Solve the equation 9𝑥 3 − 36𝑥 2 + 44𝑥 − 16 = 0 if the roots form an arithmetic progression.
3. Solve the equation 3𝑥 3 − 26𝑥 2 + 52𝑥 − 24 = 0 if its roots form a geometric progression.
4. Determine 𝑘 and solve the equation 2𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑘 = 0 if one of its roots is twice the sum of the
other two roots.
5. Find all zeros of the polynomial 𝑥 6 − 3𝑥 5 − 5𝑥 4 + 22𝑥 3 − 39𝑥 2 − 39𝑥 + 135, if it is known that
1 + 2𝑖 and √3 are two of its zeros.
7. Solve the equation: 𝑥 4 − 14𝑥 2 + 45 = 0.

EXERCISE 3.2
2. Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients, having 2 + √3𝑖 as a root.
3. Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients, having 2𝑖 + 3 as a root.
4. Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients, having √5 − √3 as a root.
5. Prove that a straight line and parabola cannot intersect at more than two points.

YOUTUBE: MDMATH
 EXERCISE 3.1
4. Solve the equation 3𝑥 3 − 16𝑥 2 + 23𝑥 − 6 = 0 if the product of two roots is 1.
5. Find the sum of squares of roots of the equation 2𝑥 4 − 8𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 − 3 = 0.
9. 𝑝 𝑞 𝑛
If 𝑝 and 𝑞 are the roots of the equation 𝑙𝑥 2 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑛 = 0, show that √𝑞 + √𝑝 + √ 𝑙 = 0.

10. If the equations 𝑥 2 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞 = 0 and 𝑥 2 + 𝑝′ 𝑥 + 𝑞 ′ = 0 have a common root, show that it must be
𝑝𝑞′ −𝑝′ 𝑞 𝑞−𝑞′
equal to 𝑞−𝑞′
or 𝑝′ −𝑝.

EXAMPLES
1
3.3 If 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 are the roots of the equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0,find the value of ∑ in terms of the
𝛽𝛾
coefficients.
3.4 Find the sum of the squares of the roots of 𝑎𝑥 4 + 𝑏𝑥 3 + 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 = 0, 𝑎 ≠ 0.
3.5 Find the condition that the roots of cubic equation 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0 are in the ratio 𝑝: 𝑞: 𝑟.
3.8 Find the monic polynomial equation of minimum degree with real coefficients having 2 − √3𝑖 as a
root.
3.9 Find a polynomial equation of minimum degree with rational coefficients, having 2 − √3 as a root.

√2
3.10 Form a polynomial equation with integer coefficients with √√3 as a root.

3.15 If 2 + 𝑖 and 3 − √2 are roots of the equation 𝑥 6 − 13𝑥 5 + 62𝑥 4 − 126𝑥 3 + 65𝑥 2 + 127𝑥 − 140 =
0 find all roots.
3.19 Obtain the condition that the roots of 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 are in A.P.

3.21 If the roots of 𝑥 3 + 𝑝𝑥 2 + 𝑞𝑥 + 𝑟 = 0 are in H.P., prove that 9𝑝𝑞𝑟 = 27𝑟 2 + 2𝑞3 . Assume 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 ≠
0.
3.24 Solve the equation (2𝑥 − 3)(6𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 2) − 5 = 0.
3.28 Solve the following equation: 𝑥 4 − 10𝑥 3 + 26𝑥 2 − 10𝑥 + 1 = 0.

3.29 Find solution, if any, of the equation 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 9 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 4 = 0.

3.30 Show that the polynomial 9𝑥 9 + 2𝑥 5 − 𝑥 4 − 7𝑥 2 + 2 has at least six imaginary roots.

3.31 Discuss the nature of the roots of the following polynomials:

(i) 𝑥 2018 + 1947𝑥 1950 + 15𝑥 8 + 26𝑥 6 + 2019
(ii) 𝑥 5 − 19𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 + 11

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 Chapter 1 Applications of Matrices and Determinants
EXERCISE 1.1
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼
If 𝐹(𝛼) = [ 0 1 0 ], show that [𝐹(𝛼)]−1 = 𝐹(−𝛼).
− 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼
5. −8 1 4
1
If 𝐴 = 9 [ 4 4 7], prove that 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑇 .
1 −8 4
8. 2 −4 2
If adj(𝐴) = [−3 12 −7], find 𝐴.
−2 0 2
9. 0 −2 0
If adj(𝐴) = [ 6 2 −6], find 𝐴−1 .
−3 0 6
11. 1 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥
𝐴=[ ], show that 𝐴𝑇 𝐴−1 = [ ].
− 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
14. 0 1 1
1
If 𝐴 = [1 0 1], show that 𝐴−1 = 2 (𝐴2 − 3𝐼).
1 1 0

EXERCISE 1.2
1. Find the rank of the following matrices by minor method: (any 1)
−1 3
2 −4 1 −2 −1 0
(i) [ ] (ii) [ 4 −7] (iii) [ ]
−1 2 3 −6 −3 1
3 −4
1 −2 3 0 1 2 1
(iv) [2 4 −6] (v) [0 2 4 3]
5 1 −1 8 1 0 2
2. Find the rank of the following matrices by row reduction method: (any 1)
1 2 −1
1 1 1 3 3 −8 5 2
3 −1 2
(i) [2 −1 3 4 ] (ii) [ ] (iii) [ 2 −5 1 4]
1 −2 3
5 −1 7 11 −1 2 3 −2
1 −1 1

EXERCISE 1.3

2. −5 1 3 1 1 2
If𝐴 = [ 7 1 −5] and 𝐵 = [3 2 1], find the products𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴 and hence solve the
1 −1 1 2 1 3
system of equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1,3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7,2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2.

YOUTUBE: MDMATH
 3. A man is appointed in a job with a monthly salary of certain amount and a fixed amount of annual
increment. If his salary was ₹19,800 per month at the end of the first month after 3 years of service
and ₹23,400 per month at the end of the first month after 9 years of service, find his starting salary
and his annual increment. (Use matrix inversion method to solve the problem.)

4. 4 men and 4 women can finish a piece of work jointly in 3 days while 2 men and 5 women can
finish the same work jointly in 4 days. Find the time taken by one man alone and that of one woman
alone to finish the same work by using matrix inversion method.

5. The price of three commodities 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are ₹𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 per units respectively. A person 𝑃
purchases 4 units of 𝐵 and sells two units of 𝐴 and 5 units of 𝐶. Person 𝑄 purchases 2 units of 𝐶
and sells 3 units of 𝐴 and one unit of 𝐵. Person 𝑅 purchases one unit of 𝐴 and sells 3 unit of 𝐵 and
one unit of 𝐶. In the process, 𝑃, 𝑄 and 𝑅 earn ₹15,000, ₹1,000 and ₹4,000 respectively. Find the
prices per unit of 𝐴, 𝐵and 𝐶. (Use matrix inversion method to solve the problem.)

EXERCISE 1.4
1. Solve the following systems of linear equations by Cramer’s rule:
(iii) 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 11, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 9, 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 25
3 4 2 1 2 1 2 5 4
(iv) 𝑥
− 𝑦 − 𝑧 − 1 = 0, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2 = 0, 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 + 1 = 0

2. 1
In a competitive examination, one mark is awarded for every correct answer while mark is deducted
4
for every wrong answer. A student answered 100 questions and got 80 marks. How many questions did
he answer correctly? (Use Cramer’s rule to solve the problem).
3. A chemist has one solution which is 50% acid and another solution which is 25% acid. How much each
should be mixed to make 10 litres of a 40% acid solution? (Use Cramer’s rule to solve the problem).
4. A fish tank can be filled in 10 minutes using both pumps A and B simultaneously. However, pump B
can pump water in or out at the same rate. If pump B is inadvertently run-in reverse, then the tank will
be filled in 30 minutes. How long would it take each pump to fill the tank by itself? (Use Cramer’s rule
to solve the problem).
5. A family of 3 people went out for dinner in a restaurant. The cost of two dosai, three idlies and two
vadais is ₹150. The cost of the two dosai, two idlies and four vadais is ₹200. The cost of five dosai,
four idlies and two vadais is ₹250. The family has ₹350 in hand and they ate 3 dosai and six idlies and
six vadais. Will they be able to manage to pay the bill within the amount they had?

EXERCISE 1.5

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 2. If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is divided by 𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 − 5, and 𝑥 − 1, the remainders are 21,61 and 9 respectively.
Find 𝑎, 𝑏 and 𝑐. (Use Gaussian elimination method.)
3. An amount of ₹65,000 is invested in three bonds at the rates of 6%, 8% and 10% per annum
respectively. The total annual income is ₹4,800. The income from the third bond is ₹600 more than that
from the second bond. Determine the price of each bond. (Use Gaussian elimination method.)
4. A boy is walking along the path 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 through the points (−6,8), (−2, −12), and (3,8).
He wants to meet his friend at 𝑃(7,60). Will he meet his friend? (Use Gaussian elimination method.)

EXERCISE 1.6
2. Find the value of 𝑘 for which the equations 𝑘𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 − 2𝑘𝑦 + 𝑧 = −2, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧 =
1 have (i) no solution (ii) unique solution (iii) infinitely many
solution
3. Investigate the values of 𝜆 and 𝜇 the system of linear equations 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 9, 7𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5𝑧 =
8, 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇, have (i) no solution (ii) a unique solution (iii) an infinite number of
solutions.

EXERCISE 1.7
2. Determine the values of 𝜆 for which the following system of equations
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 0, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0 has
(i) a unique solution (ii) a non-trivial solution.
3. By using Gaussian elimination method, balance the chemical reaction equations:
𝐶2 𝐻6 + 𝑂2 → 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2

EXAMPLES
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
1.11 Prove that [ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
] is orthogonal.

6 −3 𝑎
1
1.12 If 𝐴 = 7
[𝑏 −2 6] is orthogonal, find 𝑎, 𝑏and 𝑐, and hence 𝐴−1 .
2 𝑐 3
3 1 4
1.19 Show that the matrix [2 0 −1] is non-singular and reduce it to the identity matrix by elementary
5 2 1
row transformations.

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 −4 4 4 1 −1 1
1.24.If 𝐴 = [−7 1 3 ] and 𝐵 = [1 −2 −2], find the products𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐴and hence solve the
5 −3 −1 2 1 3
system of equations 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 9,2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1.
1.25. Solve, by Cramer’s rule, the system of equations
𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = 3,2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = 17, 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 7.
1.27 Solve the following system of linear equations, by Gaussian elimination method:
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 25, 𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 13, 2𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1.
1.28 The upward speed 𝑣(𝑡) of a rocket is approximated by 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 100 where
𝑎, 𝑏, and 𝑐are constants. It has been found that the speed at times 𝑡 = 3, 𝑡 = 6, and 𝑡 = 9 seconds
are respectively, 64, 133, and 208 miles per second respectively. Find the speed at time 𝑡 =
15 seconds. (Use Gaussian elimination method).

1.29 Test for consistency of the following system of linear equations and if possible, solve:
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 3, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0.
1.30 Test for consistency of the following system of linear equations and if possible, solve:
4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 8, 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −1, 15𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 21.
1.31 Test for consistency of the following system of linear equations and if possible, solve:
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −9, 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −18, 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 27 = 0.
1.32 Test the consistency of the following system of linear equations
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −9, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6,4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7.
1.34 Investigate for what values of 𝜆 and 𝜇 the system of linear equations
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 5
has (i) no solution (ii) a unique solution (iii) an infinite number of solutions.
1.38 Determine the values of 𝜆 for which the following system of equations
(3𝜆 − 8)𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 + (3𝜆 − 8)𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + (3𝜆 − 8)𝑧 = 0
has a non-trivial solution.

1.39 By using Gaussian elimination method, balance the chemical reaction equation:
𝐶5 𝐻8 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂.
(The above is the reaction that is taking place in the burning of organic compound called isoprene.)
1.40 If the system of equations 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑟𝑧 = 0 has a non-trivial
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
solution and 𝑝 ≠ 𝑎, 𝑞 ≠ 𝑏, 𝑟 ≠ 𝑐, prove that 𝑝−𝑎 + 𝑞−𝑏 + 𝑟−𝑐 = 2.

Chapter 11 Probability Distributions

EXERCISE 11.1

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4. Two balls are chosen randomly from an urn containing 6 red and 8 black balls. Suppose that we win
₹15 for each red ball selected and we lose ₹10 for each black ball selected. If 𝑋 denotes of winning
amount, then find the values of 𝑋 and number of points in its inverse images.

EXERCISE 11.2
2. A six sided die is marked ‘1’ on one face, ‘3’ on two of its faces, and ‘5’ on remaining three faces. The
die is thrown twice. If 𝑋 denotes the total score in two throws, find
(i) the probability mass function (ii) the cumulative distribution function
(iii) 𝑃(4 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 10) (ii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 6)
4. Suppose a discrete random variable can only take the values 0,1, and 2.
The probability mass function is defined by
𝑥 2 +1
𝑓(𝑥) = { 𝑘 ,for𝑥 = 0,1,2
0otherwise
Find (i) the value of 𝑘 (ii) cumulative distribution function (iii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1).
6. A random variable 𝑋 has the following probability mass function:

𝑋 1 2 3 4 5

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑘2 2𝑘 2 3𝑘 2 2𝑘 3𝑘
Find (i) the value of 𝑘 (ii) 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑋 < 5) (iii) 𝑃(3 < 𝑋)
EXERCISE 11.3
2. 𝑥, 0<𝑥<1
The probability density function of 𝑋 is 𝑓(𝑥) = {2 − 𝑥, 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
0, otherwise
Find (i) 𝑃(0.2 ≤ 𝑋 < 0.6) (ii) 𝑃(1.2 ≤ 𝑋 < 1.8) (iii) 𝑃(0.5 ≤ 𝑋 < 1.5)
3. Suppose the amount of milk sold daily at a milk booth is distributed with a minimum of 200 litres and
𝑘 200 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 600
a maximum of 600 litres with probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) = {
0 otherwise
Find (i) the value of 𝑘 (ii) the distribution function
(iii) the probability that daily sales will fall between 300 litres and 500 litres?
𝑥
4. −
The probability density function of 𝑋 is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑘 𝑒 3 for 𝑥 > 0
0 for 𝑥 ≤ 0
Find (i) the value of 𝑘 (ii) the distribution function (iii) 𝑃(𝑋 < 3)
(iv) 𝑃(5 ≤ 𝑋) (v) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 4)

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5. If 𝑋 is the random variable with probability density function 𝑓(𝑥) is given by,
𝑥 + 1, −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 0
𝑓(𝑥) = {−𝑥 + 1,0 ≤ 𝑥 < 1
0, otherwise
then find (i) the distribution function 𝐹(𝑥) (ii) 𝑃(−0.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 0.5)
EXERCISE 11.4
2. Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from an urn containing four red balls and three
black balls. Let 𝑋 be the possible outcomes of drawing red balls. Find the probability mass function and
mean for 𝑋.
7. 16𝑥𝑒 −4𝑥 for 𝑥 > 0
The probability density function of the random variable 𝑋 is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = { .
0, for ≤ 0
Find the mean and variance of 𝑋.
8. A lottery with 600 tickets gives one prize of ₹200, four prices of ₹100, and six prizes of ₹50. If the ticket
costs is ₹2, find the expected winning amount of a ticket.

5. A commuter train arrives punctually at a station every half an hour. Everyday in the morning, a student
leaves his house to the train station. Let 𝑋 denote the amount of time, in minutes, that the student waits
for the train from the time he reaches the train station. Its known that the pdf of 𝑋 is
1
, 0 < 𝑥 < 30
𝑓(𝑥) = {30 .Obtain and interpret the expected value of the random variable 𝑋.
0, elsewhere

EXERCISE 11.5
2. 1
The probability that Mr.Q hits a target at any trial is 4. He tries at the target 10 times. Find the probability
that he hits the target (i) exactly 4 times (ii) at least one time.
3. Using binomial distribution find the mean and variance of 𝑋 for the following experiments
(i) A fair coin is tossed 100 times, and 𝑋 denote the number of heads.
(ii) A fair die is tossed 240 times, and 𝑋 denote the number of times that four appeared.

4. 3
The probability that a certain kind of component will survive a electrical test is 4. Find the probability
that exactly 3 of the 5 components tested survive.
5. A retailer purchases a certain kind of electronic device from a manufacturer. The manufacturer indicates
that the defective rate of the device is 5%. The inspector of the retailer randomly picks 10 items from a
shipment. What is the probability that there will be (i) at least one defective item (ii) exactly two
defective items.
6. If the probability that a fluorescent light has a useful life of at least 600 hours is 0.9, find the probabilities
that among 12 such lights
(i) exactly 10 will have a useful life of at least 600 hours;
(ii) at least 11 will have a useful life of at least 600 hours.

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 (iii) atleast 2 will not have a useful life of at least 600 hours.
7. The mean and standard deviation of a binomial variate 𝑋 are respectively 6 and 2.
Find (i) the probability mass function (ii) 𝑃(𝑋 = 3) (iii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2).
8. If 𝑋 ∼ 𝐵(𝑛, 𝑝) such that 4𝑃(𝑋 = 4) = 𝑃(𝑥 = 2) and 𝑛 = 6. Find the distribution, mean and standard
deviation.
9. In a binomial distribution consisting of 5 independent trials, the probability of 1 and 2 successes are
0.4096 and 0.2048 respectively. Find the mean and variance of the distribution.

EXAMPLES
11.7 If the probability mass function 𝑓(𝑥) of a random variable X is

𝑥 1 2 3 4
1 5 5 1
𝑓(𝑥)
12 12 12 12
find (i) its cumulative distribution function, hence find (ii)𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 3) and, (iii)𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 2)
11.8 A six sided die is marked ‘1’ on one face, ‘2’ on two of its faces, and ‘3’ on remaining three faces. The
die is rolled twice. If 𝑋 denotes the total score in two throws.
(i) Find the probability mass function
(ii) Find the cumulative distribution function
(iii) Find 𝑃(3 ≤ 𝑋 < 6) (iv) Find𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 4)
11.10 A random variable 𝑋 has the following probability mass function.
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑘 2𝑘 6𝑘 5𝑘 6𝑘 10𝑘
Find (i) 𝑃(2 < 𝑋 < 6) (ii) 𝑃(2 ≤ 𝑋 < 5) (iii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 4) (iv) 𝑃(3 < 𝑋).
11.11 𝐶𝑥 2 , 1 < 𝑥 < 4
Find the constant 𝐶 such that the function 𝑓(𝑥) = { is a density function, and compute
0, Otherwise
(i) 𝑃(1.5 < 𝑋 < 3.5) (ii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≤ 2) (iii) 𝑃(3 < 𝑋).
11.12 If 𝑋 is the random variable with probability density function𝑓(𝑥)given by,
𝑥 − 1, 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
𝑓(𝑥) = {−𝑥 + 3, 2 ≤ 𝑥 < 3
0, otherwise
find (i) the distribution function 𝐹(𝑥)
(ii) 𝑃(1.5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 2.5)
11.14 𝑘 1≤𝑥≤5
The probability density function of X is given by 𝑓(𝑥) = { then find (i) Distribution
0 otherwise
function (ii) 𝑃(𝑋 < 3) (iii) 𝑃(2 < 𝑋 < 4) (iv) 𝑃(3 ≤ 𝑋)

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11.15 Let 𝑋 be random variable denoting the life time of an electrical equipment having probability density
−2𝑥
function 𝑓(𝑥) = {𝑘𝑒 for 𝑥 > 0.
0for 𝑥 ≤ 0
Find (i) the value of 𝑘 (ii) Distribution function (iii) 𝑃(𝑋 < 2)
(iv) calculate the probability that 𝑋 is at least for four unit of time (v) 𝑃(𝑋 = 3).

11.16 Suppose that 𝑓(𝑥) given below represents a probability mass function,

𝑥 1 2 3 4 5 6

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑐2 2𝑐 2 3𝑐 2 4𝑐 2 𝑐 2𝑐
Find (i) the value of c (ii) Mean and variance.
11.17 Two balls are chosen randomly from an urn containing 8 white and 4 black balls. Suppose that we win
Rs 20 for each black ball selected and we lose Rs10 for each white ball selected. Find the expected
winning amount and variance.
11.18 Find the mean and variance of a random variable 𝑋, whose probability density function is
−𝜆𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = {𝜆𝑒 for 𝑥 ≥ 0
0 otherwise
11.20 A multiple choice examination has ten questions, each question has four distractors with exactly one
correct answer. Suppose a student answers by guessing and if 𝑋 denotes the number of correct answers,
find (i) binomial distribution (ii) probability that the student will get seven correct answers (iii) the
probability of getting at least one correct answer.
11.21 The mean and variance of a binomial variate 𝑋 are respectively 2 and 1.5. Find
(i) 𝑃(𝑋 = 0) (ii) 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) (iii) 𝑃(𝑋 ≥ 1)
11.22 On the average, 20% of the products manufactured by ABC Company are found to be defective. If we
select 6 of these products at random and 𝑋 denote the number of defective products find (i) two products
are defective (ii) at most one product is defective (iii) at least two products are defective.

Chapter 5 Two Dimensional Analytical Geometry – II

EXERCISE 5.5
1. A bridge has a parabolic arch that is 10m high in the centre and 30m wide at the bottom. Find the height
of the arch 6m from the centre, on either sides.
2. A tunnel through a mountain for a four lane highway is to have a elliptical opening. The total width of
the highway (not the opening) is to be 16m, and the height at the edge of the road must be sufficient for
a truck 4m high to clear if the highest point of the opening is to be 5m approximately. How wide must
the opening be?

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3. At a water fountain, water attains a maximum height of 4m at horizontal distance of 0.5m from its
origin. If the path of water is a parabola, find the height of water at a horizontal distance of 0.75m from
the point of origin.
4. An engineer designs a satellite dish with a parabolic cross section. The dish is 5m wide at the opening,
and the focus is placed 1.2m from the vertex.
(a) Position a coordinate system with the origin at the vertex and the x -axis on the parabola’s
axis of symmetry and find an equation of the parabola.
(b) Find the depth of the satellite dish at the vertex.
5. Parabolic cable of 60m portion of the roadbed of a suspension bridge are positioned as shown below.
Vertical cables are to be spaced every 6m along this portion of the roadbed. Calculate the lengths of
first two of these vertical cables from the vertex.

6. 𝑥2 𝑦2
Cross section of a Nuclear cooling tower is in the shape of a hyperbola with equation 302
− 442 = 1.
The tower is 150m tall and the distance from the top of the tower to the centre of the hyperbola is half
the distance from the base of the tower to the centre of the hyperbola. Find the diameter of the top and
base of the tower.

7. A rod of length 1.2m moves with its ends always touching the coordinate axes. The locus of a point P
on the rod, which is 0.3m from the end in contact with x -axis is an ellipse. Find the eccentricity.

8. Assume that water issuing from the end of a horizontal pipe, 7.5m above the ground, describes a
parabolic path. The vertex of the parabolic path is at the end of the pipe. At a position 2.5m below the
line of the pipe, the flow of water has curved outward 3m beyond the vertical line through the end of
the pipe. How far beyond this vertical line will the water strike the ground?

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9. On lighting a rocket cracker it gets projected in a parabolic path and reaches a maximum height of 4m
when it is 6m away from the point of projection. Finally it reaches the ground 12m away from the
starting point. Find the angle of projection.
10. Points A and B are 10km apart and it is determined from the sound of an explosion heard at these
points at different times that the location of the explosion is 6km closer to A than B . Show that the
location of the explosion is restricted to a particular curve and find an equation of it.

EXERCISE 5.4
1. Find the equations of the two tangents that can be drawn from (5,2) to the ellipse 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑦 2 = 14.
2. 𝑥2 𝑦2
Find the equation of tangents to the hyperbola 16 − 64 = 1 which are parallel to 10𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 9 = 0.

7. Prove that the point of intersection of the tangents at ′𝑡1 ′ and ′𝑡2 ′ on the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 is
[𝑎𝑡1 𝑡2 , 𝑎(𝑡1 + 𝑡2 )].

8. If the normal at the point ′𝑡1 ′ on the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 meets the parabola again at the point ′𝑡2 ′ then
2
prove that 𝑡2 = − (𝑡1 + ).
𝑡1

EXERCISE 5.2
7. Show that the absolute value of difference of the focal distances of any point 𝑃 on the hyperbola is the
length of its transverse axis.
8. Identify the type of conic and find centre, foci, vertices, and directrices of each of the following :
(𝑥−3)2 (𝑦−4)2 (𝑥+1)2 (𝑦−2)2 (𝑥+3)2 (𝑦−4)2
(i) + =1 (ii) + =1 (iii) − =1
225 289 100 64 225 64
(𝑦−2)2 (𝑥+1)2
(iv) 25
− 16
=1 (v)18𝑥 2 + 12𝑦 2 − 144𝑥 + 48𝑦 + 120 = 0
(vi) 9𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 36𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 18 = 0

EXERCISE 5.1
6. Find the equation of the circle through the points (1,0), (−1,0), and (0,1).
8. If 𝑦 = 2√2𝑥 + 𝑐 is a tangent to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16, find the value of 𝑐.
7. A circle of area 9𝜋 square units has two of its diameters along the lines 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1. Find
the equation of the circle.
4. Find the equation of the circles with centre (2,3) and passing through the intersection of the lines
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 1 = 0 and 4𝑥 + 𝑦 − 27 = 0.

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 EXAMPLES
5.31 A semielliptical archway over a one-way road has a height of 3𝑚 and a width of 12𝑚. The truck has
a width of 3𝑚 and a height of 2.7𝑚. Will the truck clear the opening of the archway? (Fig. 5.6)
5.32 The maximum and minimum distances of the Earth from the Sun respectively are 152 × 106km and
94.5 × 106 km. The Sun is at one focus of the elliptical orbit. Find the distance from the Sun to the
other focus.
5.33 A concrete bridge is designed as a parabolic arch. The road over bridge is 40𝑚 long and the maximum
height of the arch is 15𝑚. Write an equation of the parabolic arch.

5.34 The parabolic communications antenna has a focus at 2𝑚 distance from the vertex of the antenna. Find
the width of the antenna 3𝑚 from the vertex.
5.35 The equation 𝑦 = 1 𝑥 2 models cross sections of parabolic mirrors that are used for solar energy. There
32
is a heating tube located at the focus of each parabola; how high is this tube located above the vertex
of the parabola?
5.36 A search light has a parabolic reflector (has a cross section that forms a 'bowl'). The parabolic bowl is
40𝑐𝑚 wide from rim to rim and 30𝑐𝑚 deep. The bulb is located at the focus
(1) What is the equation of the parabola used for reflector?
(2) How far from the vertex is the bulb to be placed so that the maximum distance covered?
5.37 An equation of the elliptical part of an optical lens system is 𝑥2 𝑦2
+ = 1. The parabolic part of the
16 9
system has a focus in common with the right focus of the ellipse. The vertex of the parabola is at the
origin and the parabola opens to the right. Determine the equation of the parabola.
5.38 A room 34𝑚 long is constructed to be a whispering gallery (Fig. 5.50). The room has an elliptical
ceiling, as shown in Fig. 5.61. If the maximum height of the ceiling is 8𝑚, determine where the foci
are located.
5.39 If the equation of the ellipse is (𝑥−11)2 + 𝑦2 = 1 (𝑥 and 𝑦 are measured in centimeters) where to the
484 64
nearest centimeter, should the patient’s kidney stone be placed so that the reflected sound hits the
kidney stone?
5.40 Two coast guard stations are located 600km apart at points 𝐴(0,0) and 𝐵(0,600). A distress signal
from a ship at 𝑃 is received at slightly different times by two stations. It is determined that the ship is
200km farther from station𝐴 than it is from station 𝐵. Determine the equation of hyperbola that passes
through the location of the ship.

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5.41 Certain telescopes contain both parabolic mirror and a hyperbolic mirror.
In the telescope shown in figure the parabola and hyperbola share focus 𝐹1
which is 14𝑚 above the vertex of the parabola. The hyperbola’s second
focus 𝐹2 is 2𝑚 above the parabola’s vertex. The vertex of the hyperbolic
mirror is 1𝑚 below 𝐹1 . Position a coordinate system with the origin at the
centre of the hyperbola and with the foci on the𝑦 -axis. Then find the
equation of the hyperbola.

5.26 Find the centre, foci and eccentricity of the hyperbola 11𝑥 2 − 25𝑦 2 − 44𝑥 + 50𝑦 − 256 = 0.

5.27 The orbit of Halley's Comet is an ellipse 36.18 astronomical units long and by 9.12 astronomical units
wide. Find its eccentricity.
5.21 Find the equation of the ellipse whose eccentricity is 1, one of the foci is (2,3) and a directrix is 𝑥 = 7.
2
Also find the length of the major and minor axes of the ellipse.
5.22 Find the foci, vertices and length of major and minor axis of the conic 4𝑥 2 + 36𝑦 2 + 40𝑥 − 288𝑦 +
532 = 0.
5.23 For the ellipse 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 24𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 21 = 0, find the centre, vertices, and the foci. Also prove that
the length of latus rectum is 2.
5.10 Find the equation of the circle passing through the points (1,1), (2, −1), and (3,2).
5.6 The line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 − 12 = 0 meets the coordinate axes at 𝐴 and 𝐵. Find the equation of the circle drawn
on 𝐴𝐵 as diameter.
5.7. A line 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 10 = 0 cuts a chord of length 6units on a circle with centre of the circle (2,1). Find
the equation of the circle in general form.
5.2 Find the equation of the circle described on the chord 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 5 = 0 of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 as
diameter.
5.3 Determine whether 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0 is the equation of a diameter of the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 +
𝑐 = 0 for all possible values of 𝑐.

Chapter 8 Differentials and Partial Derivatives

EXERCISE 8.7
2. Prove that𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 3 is homogeneous; what is the degree? Verify Euler’s
Theorem for 𝑓.
3. 𝑦
Prove that 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑥 ) is homogeneous; what is the degree? Verify Euler’s Theorem for 𝑔.

4. 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 3
If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = , prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 2 𝑢.
√𝑥+𝑦

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5. 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
If 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑥+𝑦
), prove that 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 = 1.

6. 5𝑥 3 𝑦 4 +7𝑦 2 𝑥𝑧 4 −75𝑦 3 𝑧 4 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( 𝑥 2 +𝑦2
), find 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 + 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 .

EXERCISE 8.6
8. 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Let 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 3, where 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒 −𝑡 , 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ. Find 𝜕𝑠 and 𝜕𝑡 .

9. 𝜕𝑊 𝜕𝑊
𝑊(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧𝑥, 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 𝑣, 𝑦 = 𝑢𝑣, 𝑧 = 𝑢 + 𝑣, 𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ ℝ. Find , , and evaluate them
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
1
at (2 , 1).

6. 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
Let 𝑧(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1( 𝑥𝑦), 𝑥 = 𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ. Find 𝜕𝑠 and 𝜕𝑡 at 𝑠 = 𝑡 = 1.

7. 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
Let 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦, where 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑡 2 , 𝑦 = 𝑠 2 𝑡, 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ ℝ. Find , and evaluate them at (1,1).
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑡

2. 𝑑𝑢
If 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑧 3 , 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 , 𝑧 = 1 + 𝑒 2𝑡 find 𝑑𝑡 .

3. 𝑑𝑤
If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑧 2 , 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑡 , 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 and 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡, find 𝑑𝑡
.

EXERCISE 8.5
1. If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 3 − 3𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 , 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, find the linear approximation for 𝑤 at (1, −1).
3. 1
If 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 4 𝑦 2 + 7, 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅, find the differential 𝑑𝑣.

EXERCISE 8.4
6. 1 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤
Let 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = , (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ≠ (0,0,0). Show that 𝜕𝑥 2
+ 𝜕𝑦2 + 𝜕𝑧 2
= 0.
√𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 +𝑧 2

7. 𝜕2 𝑉 𝜕2 𝑉
If 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦), then prove that 𝜕𝑥 2 + 𝜕𝑦2 = 0.

8. 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤
If 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 𝑥𝑦), then prove that 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦.

9. 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣
If 𝑣(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 + 𝑧 3 + 3𝑥𝑦𝑧, show that 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑧 = 𝜕𝑧𝜕𝑦.

EXERCISE 8.3
3. 𝑦 2 −𝑥𝑦
Let 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = for (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0). Show that 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0.
√𝑥−√𝑦 (𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)

4. 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑦
Evaluate 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑦
), if the limit exists.
(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)

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 5. 𝑥2𝑦
Let 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 4 +𝑦2 for (𝑥, 𝑦) ≠ (0,0) and 𝑔(0,0) = 0.

(i) Show that 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 0 along every line 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥, 𝑚 ∈ ℝ.

(𝑥,𝑦)→(0,0)

k
(ii) Show that lim g ( x, y)  along every parabola 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥 2 , 𝑘 ∈ ℝ\{0}.
( x , y )(0,0) 1 k 2
6. 𝑥 2 −𝑦 2
Show that 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = is continuous at every (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 .
𝑦 2 +1

7. 𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Let 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥
, for 𝑥 ≠ 0 and 𝑔(0,0) = 1. Show that 𝑔 is continuous at (0,0).

EXERCISE 8.2
4. Assuming 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑒 = 0.4343, find an approximate value of 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 1 003.
EXERCISE 8.1
2. Use the linear approximation to find approximate values of
2
4 3
(i) (123)3 (ii) √15 (iii) √26.
6. The time 𝑇, taken for a complete oscillation of a single pendulum with length 𝑙, is given by the equation
1
𝑇 = 2𝜋√𝑔, where 𝑔 is a constant. Find the approximate percentage error in the calculated value of 𝑇

corresponding to an error of 2 percent in the value of 𝑡.

7. 1
Show that the percentage error in the 𝑛th root of a number is approximately times the percentage error
𝑛
in the number.

EXAMPLES
8.2 Use linear approximation to find an approximate value of √9.2 without using a calculator.
8.4. A right circular cylinder has radius 𝑟 = 10 cm. and height ℎ = 20 cm. Suppose that the radius of the
cylinder is increased from 10 cm to 10.1 cm and the height does not change. Estimate the change in the
volume of the cylinder. Also, calculate the relative error and percentage error.
8.5. Let 𝑓, 𝑔: (𝑎, 𝑏) → ℝ be differentiable functions. Show that 𝑑(𝑓𝑔) = 𝑓𝑑𝑔 + 𝑔𝑑𝑓.
8.14 𝑒𝑦 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤
Let 𝑤(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦 + for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2. Calculate and .
𝑦 2 +1 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦

8.15 Let 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 −2𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 2𝑥) for all (𝑥, 𝑦) ∈ ℝ2 . Prove that 𝑢 is a harmonic function in ℝ2 .
8.22 If 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 ( 𝑥+𝑦 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 1
), Show that 𝑥 +𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑢.
√𝑥+√𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2

Chapter 9 Applications of Integration

EXERCISE 9.8

YOUTUBE: MDMATH
1. Find the area of the region bounded by 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6 = 0, 𝑥 = −3, 𝑥 = 1 and x-axis.
2. Find the area of the region bounded by 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0, 𝑦 = −1, 𝑦 = 3 and y-axis.
3. Find the area of the region bounded by the curve 2 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 0, x-axis, 𝑥 = −3 and 𝑥 = 3.
4. Find the area of the region bounded by the line 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 5 and the parabola 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥.
5. Find the area of the region bounded between the curves 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 and the lines 𝑥 = 0
and 𝑥 = 𝜋.
𝜋
6. Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 and the lines 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑦 = 0.

7. Find the area of the region bounded by the parabola 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 and the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2.
8. Father of a family wishes to divide his square field bounded by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = 4 and 𝑦 = 0 along
the curve 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦 into three equal parts for his wife, daughter and son. Is it possible to
divide? If so, find the area to be divided among them.
9. The curve 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)2 + 1 has a minimum point at 𝑃. A point 𝑄 on the curve is such that the slope
of 𝑃𝑄 is 2. Find the area bounded by the curve and the chord 𝑃𝑄.
10. Find the area of the region common to the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16 and the parabola 𝑦 2 = 6𝑥.

EXERCISE 9.9
1. Find, by integration, the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the x-axis, the region enclosed
by = 2𝑥 2 , y = 0 and x = 1.
2. Find, by integration, the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the x-axis, the region enclosed
by y = e−2x , y = 0, x = 0 and x = 1
3. Find, by integration, the volume of the solid generated by revolving about the y-axis, the region enclosed
by x2 = 1+ y and y = 3.
4. The region enclosed between the graphs of y = x and y = x2 is denoted by R, Find the volume generated
when R is rotated through 360° about x-axis.
5. Find, by integration, the volume of the container which is in the shape of a right
circular conical frustum as shown in the Figure.

EXERCISE 9.6
1. Evaluate the following:
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
(i) ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛10 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (ii)∫02 𝑐𝑜𝑠 7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (iii)∫04 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 (iv) ∫06 𝑠𝑖𝑛5 3 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
2𝜋 𝑥 1
(v) ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (vi)∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 4 𝑑𝑥 (vii)∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 (viii)∫0 𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑥)3 𝑑𝑥

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 EXERCISE 9.2
1. Evaluate the following integrals as the limit of sums:
1 2
(i) ∫0 (5𝑥 + 4)𝑑𝑥 (ii)∫1 (4𝑥 2 − 1)𝑑𝑥

EXAMPLES
9.26 𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)
Evaluate : ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)+𝑓(𝑎−𝑥)
𝑑𝑥.
𝜋
9.27 𝜋
Prove that ∫04 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2.
8

9.28 1 𝜋
Show that ∫0 (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1( 1 − 𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 2.

9.29 Evaluate ∫2
3 √𝑥
𝑑𝑥.
√5−𝑥+√𝑥

9.30 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
Evaluate ∫−𝜋 𝑑𝑥 .
1+𝑎𝑥

9.42 1
Evaluate∫0 𝑥 3 (1 − 𝑥)4 𝑑𝑥.
∞
9.43 Prove that ∫0 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑛!, where 𝑛 is a positive integer.
∞
9.44 Evaluate∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥,where 𝑎 > 0.

9.46 ∞ 𝑥𝑛
Evaluate ∫0 𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥 , where 𝑛 is a positive integer≥ 2.

9.47 Find the area of the region bounded by the line 6𝑥 + 5𝑦 = 30, 𝑥 −axis and the lines 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 =
3.
9.48 Find the area of the region bounded by the line 7𝑥 − 5𝑦 = 35, 𝑥 −axis and the lines 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 =
3.
9.49 𝑥2 𝑦2
Find the area of the region bounded by the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1.

9.50 Find the area of the region bounded between the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥 and its latus rectum.
9.51 Find the area of the region bounded by the 𝑦 -axis and the parabola 𝑥 = 5 − 4𝑦 − 𝑦 2 .
9.52 Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑥 −axis, the sine curve 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥, the lines 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 =
2𝜋.
9.53 Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑥 −axis, the curve 𝑦 = |𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥|, the lines 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝜋.
9.54 Find the area of the region bounded between the parabolas 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥 and 𝑥 2 = 4𝑦.
9.55 Find the area of the region bounded between the parabola 𝑥 2 = 𝑦 and the curve 𝑦 = |𝑥|.
9.56 𝜋 5𝜋
Find the area of the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥, the lines 𝑥 = 4
and 𝑥 = 4
.

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9.57 The region enclosed by the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 is divided into two segments by the line 𝑥 = ℎ. Find
the area of the smaller segment.
9.58 Find the area of the region in the first quadrant bounded by the parabola 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥, the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3
and 𝑦 -axis.
9.59 Find, by integration, the area of the region bounded by the lines 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 15, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0 and
the x-axis.
9.60 Using integration find the area of the region bounded by triangle ABC, whose vertices A, B and C are
(−1,1), (3,2) and (0,5) respectively.

9.61 Using integration, find the area of the region which is bounded by x-axis, the tangent and normal to
the circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 4 drawn at (1, √3).

9.68 Find, by integration, the volume of the solid generated by revolving about y-axis the region bounded
3
between the curve 𝑦 = 4 √𝑥 2 − 16, 𝑥 ≥ 4, the y-axis, and the lines 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 = 6.

9.66 𝑥2 𝑦2
Find the volume of the solid formed by revolving the region bounded by the ellipse 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 = 1, 𝑎 >
𝑏 about the major axis.
9.64 Find the volume of the spherical cap of height h cut of from a sphere of radius r.

Chapter 10 Applications of Integration

EXERCISE 10.8

1. The rate of increase in the number of bacteria in a certain bacteria culture is proportional to the number present.
Given that the number triples in 5 hours, find how many bacteria will be present after 10 hours?

2. Find the population of a city at any time t, given that the rate of increase of population is proportional
to the population at that instant and that in a period of 40 years the population increased from 3,00,000
to 4,00,000.
3. The equation of electromotive force for an electric circuit containing resistance and self-inductance is
𝑑𝑖
= 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 , where E is the electromotive force given to the circuit, R the resistance and L, the
coefficient of induction. Find the current 𝑖 at time 𝑡 when E = 0.
4. The engine of a motor boat moving at 10 𝑚/𝑠 is shut off. Given that the retardation at any subsequent
time (after shutting off the engine) equal to the velocity at that time. Find the velocity after 2 seconds
of switching off the engine.
5. Suppose a person deposits ₹10,000 Indian rupees in a bank account at the rate of 5% per annum
compounded continuously. How much money will be in his bank account 18 months later?
6. Assume that the rate at which radioactive nuclei decay is proportional to the number of such nuclei that
are present in a given sample. In a certain sample 10 percentage of the original number of radioactive

YOUTUBE: MDMATH
 nuclei have undergone disintegration in a period of 100 years. What radioactive nuclei will remain after
1000 years? (Take the initial amount as 𝐴0 )

7. Water at temperature 100∘ 𝐶 cools in 10 minutes to 80∘ 𝐶in a room temperature of 25∘ 𝐶. Find
(i) The temperature of water after 20 minutes
11
(ii) The time when the temperature is 40∘ 𝐶 [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 = −0.3101; 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑒 5 = 1.6094]
15

8. At 10.00 A.M. a woman took a cup of hot instant coffee from her microwave oven and placed
it on a nearby Kitchen counter to cool. At this instant the temperature of the coffee was 180∘ 𝐹, and 10
minutes later it was 160∘ 𝐹. Assume the constant temperature of the kitchen was 70∘ 𝐹. (i) What was
the temperature of the coffee at 10.15A.M.? (ii) The woman likes to drink coffee when its temperature
is between 130∘ 𝐹 and 140∘ 𝐹. between what times should she have drunk the coffee?
9. A pot of boiling water at 100∘ 𝐶 is removed from a stove at time 𝑡 = 0 and left to cool in the kitchen.
After 5minutes, the water temperature has decreased to 80∘ 𝐶, and another 5 minutes later it has dropped
to 65∘ 𝐶. Determine the temperature of the kitchen.
10. A tank initially contains 50 litres of pure water. Starting at time 𝑡 = 0 a brine containing with 2 grams
of dissolved salt per litre flows into the tank at the rate of 3 litres per minute. The mixture is kept uniform
by stirring and the well-stirred mixture simultaneously flows out of the tank at the same rate. Find the
amount of salt present in the tank at any time 𝑡 > 0.

EXERCISE 10.5
1. If 𝐹 is the constant force generated by the motor of an automobile of mass 𝑀, its velocity 𝑣 is given by
𝑑𝑣
𝑀 = 𝐹 − 𝑘𝑣, where 𝑘 is a constant. Express 𝑣 in terms of 𝑡 given that 𝑣 = 0 when 𝑡 = 0.
𝑑𝑡

2. 𝑑𝑣 𝑣2
The velocity 𝑣, of a parachute falling vertically satisfies the equation 𝑣 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔 (1 − 𝑘 2 ), where 𝑔 and
𝑘 are constants. If 𝑣 and 𝑥 are both initially zero, find 𝑣 in terms of 𝑥.
3. 𝑦−1
Find the equation of the curve whose slope is 𝑥 2 +𝑥 and which passes through the point (1,0).

4. Solve the following differential equations:

𝑑𝑦 1−𝑦 2
(i) 𝑑𝑥 = √1−𝑥2 (ii) 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(iii) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑦(0) = 1 (iv) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑦
𝑥
(v) (𝑒 𝑦 + 1) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 (vi) (𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦) 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑦) = 𝑛𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(vii) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥√25 − 𝑥 2 = 0 (viii) 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(ix) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 + 𝑦) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥 − 𝑦) (x) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (𝑥 + 𝑦)

EXERCISE 10.6

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 Solve the following differential equations:
𝑦 𝑦
1. [𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 )] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦2.(𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥 𝑥
3. 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 4. 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
5. (𝑦 2 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 6. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥 )
𝑦 𝑦
𝑦
7. (1 + 3𝑒 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 + 3𝑒 𝑥 (1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 0, given that y = 0 when 𝑥 = 1.

8. (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥. It is given that 𝑦(1) = 1 and 𝑦(𝑥0 ) = 𝑒. Find the value of𝑥0 .

EXERCISE 10.7
Solve the following Linear differential equations:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = 1 2. (1 − 𝑥 2 ) − 𝑥𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3. 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 4. (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 = √𝑥 2 + 4
𝑑𝑦
5. (2𝑥 − 10𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 6.𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
7. (𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ) 𝑑𝑦 + √1 − 𝑥 2 = 0 8. 𝑑𝑥
+ (1−𝑥) = 1 − √𝑥
√𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥
9. (1 + 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 + 𝑦 3 ) = 0 10. 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 3𝑥 2
11. (𝑥 + 𝑎) − 2𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝑎)4 12. = − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑥 3 1+𝑥 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
13. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 14. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 3𝑦 1
15. + = , given that 𝑦 = 2 when 𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2

EXAMPLES
10.11 Solve (1 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 1 + 𝑦 2 .
𝑑𝑥

10.12 Find the particular solution of (1 + 𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 0 satisfying the condition 𝑦(1) = 2.

10.13 Solve 𝑦′ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2(𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1).

10.14 Solve : 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
= √4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1 .

10.15 Solve : 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥−𝑦+5 .

𝑑𝑥 2(𝑥−𝑦)+7

10.16 Solve : 𝑑𝑦 = (3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4)2 .

𝑑𝑥

10.17 Solve (𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0.

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10.18 Solve (𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦(1) = 0.

10.19 Solve (2𝑥 + 3𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0.

10.20 Solve 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

10.21 Solve (1 + 2𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥/𝑦 (1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0.

𝑦

10.22 Solve 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥

10.23 Solve [𝑦(1 − 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥) + 𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥]𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0.

10.24 Solve : 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑥
+ 2𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒 𝑐 2 𝑥.

10.25 Solve (1 + 𝑥 3 ) 𝑑𝑦 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 2 .
𝑑𝑥

10.26 Solve 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑦 3 + 2𝑥𝑒 𝑦 )𝑑𝑦.

10.27 The growth of a population is proportional to the number present. If the population of a colony
doubles in 50 years, in how many years will the population become triple?
10.28 A radioactive isotope has an initial mass 200𝑚𝑔, which two years later is 50𝑚𝑔. Find the expression
for the amount of the isotope remaining at any time. What is its half-life? (half-life means the time
taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value).
10.29 In a murder investigation, a corpse was found by a detective at exactly 8 P.M. Being alert, the
detective also measured the body temperature and found it to be 70oF. Two hours later, the detective
measured the body temperature again and found it to be 60oF. If the room temperature is 50oF, and
assuming that the body temperature of the person before death was 98.6oF, at what time did the
murder occur? [𝑙𝑜𝑔(2.43) = 0.88789; 𝑙𝑜𝑔(0.5) = −0.69315]
10.30 A tank contains 1000 litres of water in which 100 grams of salt is dissolved. Brine (Brine is a high-
concentration solution of salt (usually sodium chloride) in water) runs in a rate of 10 litres per minute,
and each litre contains 5grams of dissolved salt. The mixture of the tank is kept uniform by stirring.
Brine runs out at 10 litres per minute. Find the amount of salt at any time 𝑡.

Chapter 7 Applications of Differential Calculus

EXERCISE 7.1
1. A particle moves along a straight line in such a way that after 𝑡 seconds its distance from the origin is
𝑠 = 2𝑡 2 + 3𝑡 metres.
(i) Find the average velocity of the points between 𝑡 = 3 and 𝑡 = 6 seconds.
(ii) Find the instantaneous velocities at 𝑡 = 3 and 𝑡 = 6 seconds.

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2. A camera is accidentally knocked off an edge of a cliff 400 ft. high. The camera falls a distance of
𝑠 = 16𝑡 2 in 𝑡 seconds.
(i) How long does the camera fall before it hits the ground?
(ii) What is the average velocity with which the camera falls during the last 2 seconds?
(iii) What is the instantaneous velocity of the camera when it hits the ground?
3. A particle moves along a line according to the law 𝑠(𝑡) = 2𝑡 3 − 9𝑡 2 + 12𝑡 − 4, where 𝑡 ≥ 0.
(i) At what times the particle changes direction?
(ii) Find the total distance travelled by the particle in the first 4 seconds.
(iii) Find the particle’s acceleration each time the velocity is zero.
4. If the volume of a cube of side length 𝑥 is 𝑉 = 𝑥 3 . Find the rate of change of the volume with respect
to 𝑥 when 𝑥 = 5 units.
5. If the mass 𝑚(𝑥) (in kilograms) of a thin rod of length 𝑥 (in metres) is given by, 𝑚(𝑥) = √3𝑥 then
what is the rate of change of mass with respect to the length when it is 𝑥 = 3 and 𝑥 = 27 metres.
6. A stone is dropped into a pond causing ripples in the form of concentric circles. The radius 𝑟 of the
outer ripple is increasing at a constant rate at 2 cm per second. When the radius is 5 cm, find the rate of
changing of the total area of the disturbed water?
7. A beacon makes one revolution every 10 seconds. It is located on a ship which is anchored 5 km from
a straight shore line. How fast is the beam moving along the shore line when it makes an angle of 45°
with the shore?
8. A conical water tank with vertex down of 12 metres height has a radius of 5 metres at the top. If water
flows into the tank at a rate 10 cubic m/min, how fast is the depth of the water increases when the water
is 8 metres deep?
9. A ladder 17 metre long is leaning against the wall. The base of the ladder is pulled away from the wall
at a rate of 5 m/s. When the base of the ladder is 8 metres from the wall.
(i) How fast is the top of the ladder moving down the wall?
(ii) At what rate, the area of the triangle formed by the ladder, wall, and the floor, is changing?
10. A police jeep, approaching an orthogonal intersection from the northern direction, is chasing a speeding
car that has turned and moving straight east. When the jeep is 0.6 km north of the intersection and the
car is 0.8 km to the east. The police determine with a radar that the distance between them and the car
is increasing at 20 km/hr. If the jeep is moving at 60 km/hr at the instant of measurement, what is the
speed of the car?
EXERCISE 7.2
3. Find the points on the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 3 where the normal is parallel to the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 =
1729.
6. Find the equations of the tangents to the curve 𝑦 = 1 + 𝑥 3 for which the tangent is orthogonal with the
line 𝑥 + 12𝑦 = 12.

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8. Find the equation of tangent and normal to the curve given by 𝑥 = 7 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 and 𝑦 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 , 𝑡 ∈ ℝ at
any point on the curve.
EXERCISE 7.3
5. Show that the value in the conclusion of the mean value theorem for
1
(i) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 on a closed interval of positive numbers [𝑎, 𝑏] is √𝑎𝑏.
𝑎+𝑏
(ii) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 on any interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is 2
.

10. Using mean value theorem prove that for, 𝑎 > 0, 𝑏 > 0, |𝑒 −𝑎 − 𝑒 −𝑏 | < |𝑎 − 𝑏|.

EXERCISE 7.4
1. Write the Maclaurin series expansion of the following functions:
(i) 𝑒 𝑥 (ii) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 (iii) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥
−1
(iv) 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 1 − 𝑥); −1 ≤ 𝑥 < 1 (v) 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( 𝑥); −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 (vi) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥

2. Write down the Taylor series expansion, of the function 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 about 𝑥 = 1 upto three non-zero terms
for 𝑥 > 0.
𝜋
3. Expand 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 in ascending powers 𝑥 − 4 upto three non-zero terms.

EXERCISE 7.5
Evaluate the following limits, if necessary use I’Hôpital Rule :
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 2𝑥 2 −3 𝑥
1. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 2. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 3. 𝑙𝑖𝑚
𝑥→0 𝑥 2 𝑥→∞ 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+3 𝑥→∞ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 1 1
4. 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝜋 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 5. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑒 −𝑥 √𝑥 6. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑥)
𝑥→ 𝑥→∞ 𝑥→0
2

2 𝑥 1 𝑥
7. 𝑙𝑖𝑚+ (𝑥 2 −1 − 𝑥−1) 8. 𝑙𝑖𝑚+𝑥 𝑥 9. 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (1 + 𝑥)
𝑥→1 𝑥→0 𝑥→∞
1
10. 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝜋(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 11. 𝑙𝑖𝑚+(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥) 𝑥2
𝑥→ 𝑥→0
2

EXERCISE 7.7
3. For the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 1 find the intervals of monotonicity, local extrema,
intervals of concavity and points of inflection.
EXERCISE 7.8
1. Find two positive numbers whose sum is 12 and their product is maximum.
2. Find two positive numbers whose product is 20 and their sum is minimum.
3. Find the smallest possible value of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 given that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10.
4. A garden is to be laid out in a rectangular area and protected by wire fence. What is the largest possible
area of the fenced garden with 40 metres of wire.

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5. A rectangular page is to contain 24cm2 of print. The margins at the top and bottom of the page are 1.5
cm and the margins at other sides of the page is 1 cm. What should be the dimensions of the page so
that the area of the paper used is minimum?
6. A farmer plans to fence a rectangular pasture adjacent to a river. The pasture must contain 1,80,000
sq.mtrs in order to provide enough grass for herds. No fencing is needed along the river. What is the
length of the minimum needed fencing material?
7. Find the dimensions of the rectangle with maximum area that can be inscribed in a circle of radius 10
cm.
8. Prove that among all the rectangles of the given perimeter, the square has the maximum area.
9. Find the dimensions of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a semi circle of radius r cm.
10. A manufacturer wants to design an open box having a square base and a surface area of 108 sq.cm.
Determine the dimensions of the box for the maximum volume.
11. The volume of a cylinder is given by the formula 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ . Find the greatest value of 𝑉 if 𝑟 + ℎ = 6.

12. A hollow cone with base radius 𝑎 cm and height 𝑏 cm is placed on a table. Show that the volume of the
4
largest cylinder that can be hidden underneath is times volume of the cone.
9

EXAMPLES
7.4 𝑡3
A particle moves so that the distance moved is according to the law 𝑠(𝑡) = 3
− 𝑡 2 + 3. At what time
the velocity and acceleration are zero?
7.5 A particle is fired straight up from the ground to reach a height of 𝑠 feet in 𝑡 seconds, where 𝑠 =
128𝑡 − 16𝑡 2 .
(1) Compute the maximum height of the particle reached?
(2) What is the velocity when the particle hits the ground?
7.6 A particle moves along a horizontal line such that its position at any time 𝑡 ≥ 0 is given by 𝑠(𝑡) =
𝑡 3 − 6𝑡 2 + 9𝑡 + 1, where 𝑠 is measured in metres and 𝑡 in seconds.
(1) At what time the particle is at rest.
(2) At what time the particle changes its direction.
(3) Find the total distance travelled by the particle in the first 2 seconds.
7.7 If we blow air into a balloon of spherical shape at a rate of 1000𝑐𝑚3 per second. At what rate the
radius of the baloon changes when the radius is 7cm? Also compute the rate at which the surface area
changes.
7.8 The price of a product is related to the number of units’ available (supply) by the equation 𝑃𝑥 + 3𝑃 −
16𝑥 = 234, where 𝑃 is the price of the product per unit in Rupees and 𝑥 is the number of units. Find
the rate at which the price is changing with respect to time when 90 units are available and the supply
is increasing at a rate of 15 units/week.

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7.9 Salt is poured from a conveyer belt at a rate of 30 cubic metre per minute forming a conical pile with
a circular base whose height and diameter of base are always equal. How fast is the height of the pile
increasing when the pile is 10 metre high?
7.10 (Two variable related rate problem) A road running north to south crosses a road going east to west at
the point 𝑃. Car 𝐴 is driving north along the first road, and car 𝐵 is driving east along the second road.
At a particular time car 𝐴 is 10 kilometres to the north of 𝑃 and traveling at 80 km/hr, while car 𝐵 is
15 kilometres to the east of 𝑃 and traveling at 100 km/hr. How fast is the distance between the two
cars changing?
7.17 If the curves 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑦 2 = 1 and 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑑𝑦 2 = 1 intersect each other orthogonally if, 1 1 1 1
𝑎
− 𝑏 = 𝑐 − 𝑑.

7.18 Prove that the ellipse 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 = 8 and the hyperbola 𝑥 2 − 2𝑦 2 = 4 intersect orthogonally.

7.30 Expand 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 1 + 𝑥) as a Maclaurin’s series upto 4 non-zero terms for −1 < 𝑥 ≤ 1.
7.31 Expand 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 in ascending powers of 𝑥 upto 5th power for − 𝜋 < 𝑥 < 𝜋.
2 2

7.32 Write the Taylor series expansion of 1 about 𝑥 = 2 by finding the first three non-zero terms.
𝑥

7.43 Using the l’Hôpital rule prove that, 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (1 + 𝑥)𝑥1 = 𝑒.

+
𝑥→0
1
7.44
Evaluate : 𝑙𝑖𝑚 (1 + 2𝑥) 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 .
𝑥→∞
1
7.45 Evaluate : 𝑙𝑖𝑚 𝑥 1−𝑥 .
+
𝑥→1
𝑥
7.53 Discuss the monotonicity and local extrema of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 1 + 𝑥) − ,𝑥 > −1 and
1+𝑥
𝑥
hence find the domain where, 𝑙𝑜𝑔( 1 + 𝑥) > 1+𝑥.

7.54 Find the intervals of monotonicity and local extrema of the function𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 + 3𝑥.
7.55 Find the intervals of monotonicity and local extrema of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 .
1+𝑥 2

7.61 Find the local maximum and minimum of the function 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 on the line 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10.

7.62 We have a 12 unit square piece of thin material and want to make an open box by cutting small squares
from the corners of our material and folding the sides up. The question is, which cut produces the box
of maximum volume?
7.63 Find the points on the unit circle 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 nearest and farthest from (1,1).

7.64 A steel plant is capable of producing x tonnes per day of a low-grade steel and y tonnes per day of a
40−5𝑥
high-grade steel, where 𝑦 = 10−𝑥 . If the fixed market price of low-grade steel is half that of high-
grade steel, then what should be optimal productions in low-grade steel and high-grade steel in order
to have maximum receipts.
7.69 Sketch the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 6.

7.70 Sketch the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 − 9.

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7.71 Sketch the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 −3𝑥.
(𝑥−1)

7.72 Sketch the graph of the function 𝑦 = 3𝑥 .

𝑥 2 −1

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