Review of Related Literature (RRL)

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Foreign Literature (1)

According to González-Salgado et al. (2023) in the study "Exploring perceptions of alcohol
consumption in unlicensed public places among individuals aged 40 and over: a qualitative study
across socioeconomically diverse neighborhoods in Madrid," alcohol consumption in unlicensed
public spaces is a significant issue in Spain due to its social and health consequences and the
ineffectiveness of current alcohol laws. The study investigated the perceptions of individuals
over 40 in Madrid's diverse neighborhoods through focus groups and interviews. Findings
revealed that drinking in unlicensed public areas, such as parks and squares, is problematic,
particularly in poorer neighborhoods. The study identified issues like non-compliance with
alcohol sales prohibitions, leading to negative outcomes such as violence, noise pollution, and
littering. To mitigate these effects, reinforcing current alcohol sales policies is necessary,
especially to protect less affluent neighborhoods.

Reference: González-Salgado, I. L., Rivera-Navarro, J., Valiente, R., Sureda, X., & Franco, M.
(2023). Exploring perceptions of alcohol consumption in unlicensed public places among
individuals aged 40 and over: a qualitative study across socioeconomically diverse
neighbourhoods in Madrid. Retrieved from
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311886.2023.2249691?
fbclid=IwAR0feKba4BfqssaG6zV7S-F6ltKbf8dpZK6-vh_-TgqibEF_fLjlIq8Y18I

Foreign Literature (2)

According to the Australian Government (2017), alcohol significantly alters mental states,
affecting emotional processing and rational thinking, and making users, particularly young
people and those with pre-existing mental health issues, unpredictable and dangerous. Violence
related to alcohol use is well-documented, with studies reporting increased crimes and domestic
violence, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic (Finlay & Gilmore, 2020). Mokdad et al.
(2004) and Pinel and Barnes (2018) state that alcohol contributes to over 2 million deaths
annually, including those from health issues, accidents, and violence. Moderate alcohol
consumption impairs cognitive and motor functions, leading to violent behavior. Alcohol is a
known factor in violent crimes, including murder (Wahlsten et al., 2007), and is a significant risk
marker for criminal behavior and violent crimes, particularly among individuals with mental
disorders (Brennan et al., 2000; Wallace et al., 2004). The strong link between alcohol use and
violence is well-established, highlighting its role in the prevalence of violent interactions (Mann
et al., 2006; Room & Rossow, 2001).

Reference: Australian Government. (2017). Alcohol alters the mental state of individuals,
including emotional processing and rational thinking, making the users unpredictable and
dangerous, especially young people. Retrieved from
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699726/full?
fbclid=IwAR0ttblnpLTNRFVmLO1A6EjlGf4ktyQgTDs-hC52l1P1KzRi3vRjfISL4-w

Foreign Literature (3)

According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) blog post titled
“Understanding How Alcohol Policies Impact Public Health” (2023), effective alcohol policies
are essential for reducing harmful behaviors and mitigating the harms of alcohol misuse. The
blog highlights that policies like increasing alcohol taxes and raising the legal drinking age to 21
have effectively reduced binge drinking, traffic fatalities, and other negative outcomes. Programs
like the 24/7 Sobriety initiative have shown success in reducing driving under the influence.
These findings emphasize the importance of comprehensive, evidence-based alcohol policies to
improve public health and mitigate alcohol-related harm.

Reference: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. (2023, May 4). Understanding
How Alcohol Policies Impact Public Health. Retrieved from https://www.niaaa.nih.gov/about-
niaaa/directors-page/niaaa-directors-blog/understanding-how-alcohol-policies-impact-public-
health

Foreign Literature (4)

According to the American Public Health Association (APHA) policy statement titled
“Addressing Alcohol-Related Harms: A Population-Level Response” (2019), addressing
excessive alcohol consumption requires evidence-based strategies at individual, community, and
population levels. Individual interventions include screening and brief interventions.
Community-level actions target local factors, such as cultural norms, through educational
campaigns and initiatives. Population-level strategies involve broad policies addressing social
determinants, such as pricing, taxation, and regulations on alcohol access. Federal policies
include increasing excise taxes and expanding research funding, while state-level strategies
involve raising alcohol taxes and implementing stricter BAC laws. Local governments focus on
restricting advertising and enforcing retail compliance. These comprehensive approaches at
multiple levels are essential to mitigate the adverse effects of excessive alcohol consumption.

Reference: American Public Health Association. (2019, November 5). Addressing Alcohol-
Related Harms: A Population-Level Response. Retrieved from https://www.apha.org/policies-
and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2020/01/14/addressing-alcohol-
related-harms-a-population-level-response

LOCAL LITERATURE

Local Literature (1)

According to a bill filed by Quezon Rep. Angelina Tan, alcohol consumption in public spaces,
including streets, parks, and sidewalks, would be prohibited in the Philippines. The proposed bill
also restricts the sale and serving of alcohol in establishments between 12 to 8 in the morning,
except for certain places like restaurants and hotels in designated areas, which may serve alcohol
until 2 am. Tan stated that this measure aims to address public clamor and President Duterte’s
commitment to reducing criminality by banning alcohol consumption in public areas. The bill
highlights alcoholism and violence as significant public health issues requiring urgent attention.
President Duterte expressed his desire for drinking establishments to close by midnight, although
his spokesperson clarified that the president seeks a ban on liquor consumption by midnight.

Reference: Philippines: Bill to Ban Alcohol Use in Public Spaces (2024, June 7) Retrieved from
https://movendi.ngo/news/2019/08/11/philippines-bill-to-ban-alcohol-use-in-public-spaces/

Local Literature (2)

According to Manila police reports, despite existing sanctions, individuals persist in breaking
laws or rules. This was evident in the arrest of 22 people for violating Manila City Ordinance No.
5555, which prohibits the consumption of alcohol in public places. This situation emphasizes the
necessity of implementing stricter regulations and enforcement mechanisms to ensure
compliance with health protocols and ordinances.
Reference: 22 arrested for health protocol, ordinance violations in Manila cemetery (2024, June
7) Retrieved from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1373054/22-arrested-for-health-protocol-
ordinance-violations-in-manila-cemetery)

Local Literature (3)

According to Gianna Gayle Amul’s article (2023), alcohol consumption in the Philippines is
deeply embedded in its culture, with major companies like San Miguel Corporation and the
Lucio Tan Group exerting significant influence. Despite its cultural significance, alcohol
consumption causes substantial harm, with 39,802 Filipinos dying from alcohol-related causes in
2019. The government spends approximately PHP 200 billion ($3.5 billion) annually on alcohol-
related healthcare and crime. The normalization of alcohol and pervasive marketing contribute to
public indifference towards its negative impacts. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these
issues, increasing alcohol-related injuries and heavy drinking. Although the government has
introduced alcohol taxes, gaps in control policies, such as the lack of marketing regulations,
persist. Implementing comprehensive measures like those in the SAFER framework could
mitigate these harms.

Reference: Amul, G. G. (2023, October 16). The Philippines’ Blind Spot for Alcohol: Why the
alcohol problem in the Philippines is complicated. Think Global Health. Retrieved from
https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/philippines-blind-spot-alcohol

Local Literature (4)

According to Alberto et al. (2022), alcohol-related harm disproportionately affects lower
socioeconomic groups in the Philippines, despite lower overall alcohol consumption compared to
high-income countries. This results in higher rates of alcohol-related deaths, particularly from
liver cirrhosis and cancer. Deficiencies in the healthcare system exacerbate the issue, leaving
vulnerable populations without adequate care. Filipino youth are especially at risk due to targeted
alcohol marketing and poor enforcement of restrictions. Binge drinking is prevalent, with over
half of Filipino drinkers engaging in this behavior, putting around 16 million people at risk.
Although the Philippine Sin Tax Law aims to reduce alcohol consumption, its impact has been
limited. The authors advocate for a comprehensive approach, including reassessing policies,
strengthening healthcare services, protecting vulnerable groups from advertising, raising public
awareness, and enhancing community-level facilities. Engaging stakeholders beyond the health
sector is essential to address the socioeconomic determinants of alcohol-related harm.
Reference: Alberto, I. R. I., Alberto, N. R. I., Eala, M. A. B., Mata, M. K. M., & Yao, J. S.
(2022). Inequities in alcohol-related harm in the Philippines. *The Lancet Gastroenterology &
Hepatology*. Retrieved from https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-
1253(22)00053-X/fulltext

FOREIGN STUDIES
Foreign Studies (1)
According to Esser and Jernigan (2018), alcohol consumption is a significant global public
health challenge, contributing to millions of deaths annually and a wide range of health and
social issues. Exposure to alcohol marketing is closely linked with increased alcohol
consumption, particularly among young people. Comprehensive restrictions on alcohol
marketing, including bans on advertising, promotion, and sponsorship, have been shown to be
effective in reducing harmful alcohol use, provided they are well enforced. The adoption and
enforcement of comprehensive statutory regulations represent a vital strategy in addressing the
harmful use of alcohol and mitigating its associated health and social consequences. However,
implementing such regulations faces obstacles, including the influence of the alcohol industry,
limited political will, and the complexity of regulating marketing across different media
platforms. Despite these challenges, opportunities exist for the adoption of evidence-based
policies to reduce exposure to alcohol marketing, such as the development of comprehensive
statutory regulations and potential international collaboration through treaties or codes of
conduct. Addressing the harmful use of alcohol requires a multifaceted approach, including
regulatory measures, increased taxation, and efforts to reduce the physical availability of alcohol.

Reference: Esser, M. B., & Jernigan, D. H. (2018). Policy approaches for regulating alcohol
marketing in a global context: A public health perspective. Annual Review of Public Health, 39,
385-401. Retrieved from
[here](https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-
014711)

Foreign Studies (2)

According to Ilhan and Yapar (2020), alcohol consumption is a significant global public health
concern, with approximately one-third of the population being current drinkers. The Global
Alcohol and Health Report highlighted a concerning increase in total alcohol per capita
consumption globally, reaching 6.4 liters in 2016. This surge underscores the urgent need for
evidence-based alcohol policies to mitigate the diverse health and societal challenges associated
with excessive alcohol use. Harmful alcohol consumption is linked to over 200 diseases and
injuries, including neuropsychiatric disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and various cancers.
Factors such as age, gender, and economic status influence alcohol consumption patterns, with
young people often initiating alcohol use early, viewing it as a symbol of adulthood. Effective
alcohol policies and interventions encompass a multi-component approach, including measures
targeting access, pricing, marketing, and drink-driving. By implementing evidence-based
strategies and fostering collaboration between stakeholders, governments can address the
complex challenges posed by alcohol consumption and promote public health and well-being.

Reference: Ilhan, M. N., & Yapar, D. (2020). Alcohol consumption and alcohol policy. Turkish
Journal of Medical Sciences, 50(5), 1232-1238. Retrieved from
https://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/medical/vol50/iss5/1/

Foreign Studies (3)

According to the World Health Organization’s Regional Office for Europe (2019), a
comprehensive study on alcohol control policies in the Russian Federation revealed significant
improvements in public health outcomes. Since the early 2000s, the implementation of evidence-
based alcohol control measures has led to a notable decrease in alcohol consumption and related
mortality. From 2003 to 2018, all-cause mortality dropped by 39% in men and 36% in women,
with life expectancy increasing to almost 68 years for men and 78 years for women. These
policies have been critical in reducing alcohol dependence, heavy episodic drinking, and
mortality from cardiovascular diseases, alcohol poisoning, and external causes such as suicides
and transport accidents. Despite these achievements, the report highlights the need for ongoing
policy measures to further decrease alcohol consumption and improve public health in the
Russian Federation.

Reference: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. (2019). Alcohol Policy
Impact Case Study: The Effects of Alcohol Control Measures on Mortality and Life Expectancy
in the Russian Federation. Retrieved from
https://files.givewell.org/files/DWDA%202009/Vital_Strategies/World_Health_Organization_Al
cohol_policy_impact_case_study_2019.pdf?
fbclid=IwZXh0bgNhZW0CMTAAAR1Y9TVbaduaqpch00zpWdADyQEavMtYi-
sZMHW1JOldoFYNe-Eoyd_p72k_aem_ZmFrZWR1bW15MTZieXRlcw

Foreign Studies (4)

According to the Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018, alcohol policies vary widely
across countries. By 2016, 80 countries had written national alcohol policies, while others had
subnational policies or total alcohol bans. Disparities exist, with higher-income countries more
likely to have comprehensive policies. Treatment coverage for alcohol dependence is higher in
high-income countries but varies widely elsewhere. Strategies like blood alcohol concentration
(BAC) limits and sobriety checkpoints are commonly used, with licensing systems primarily
restricting alcohol availability, especially in low-income countries. Advertising regulations,
particularly on digital platforms, are inconsistent. While most countries have alcohol excise
taxes, other price strategies are less common. Labeling requirements for alcoholic beverages
vary, with few mandating comprehensive consumer information. Despite some positive trends in
some regions, globally reducing harmful alcohol use remains challenging due to low political
commitment and commercial interests. However, opportunities exist in aligning alcohol-related
targets with global frameworks and reducing youth alcohol consumption.

Reference: World Health Organization. (2018). Global status report on alcohol and health, 2018.
Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565639

LOCAL STUDIES

Local Studies (1)

According to the World Health Organization (2018), excessive alcohol consumption, especially
early in life, causes significant death and disability. Approximately 13.5% of deaths among those
aged 20–39 are attributable to alcohol. Harmful alcohol use is linked to mental and behavioral
disorders, non-communicable diseases, and injuries. Blas et al. (2010) identified both individual
and societal factors influencing alcohol consumption. Societal factors include development,
culture, drinking context, and alcohol regulation, while individual factors include age, gender,
familial, and socioeconomic status. Although alcohol consumption is higher in wealthier
societies, the harm is more pronounced in poorer societies due to higher health risks from the
same volume of alcohol. Alcohol affects not only health outcomes but also disease incidence and
socioeconomic consequences. Basas (2022) highlighted the importance of community
approaches to address harmful alcohol use among youth in Masbate, Philippines, suggesting
programs like the Alcohol Use Awareness Program.
Reference: Basas, M. B. (2022). Community approach to address harmful effects of alcohol use
among the youth in Masbate, Philippines (Alcohol Use Awareness Program). Master’s thesis, De
La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute. Retrieved from
https://greenprints.dlshsi.edu.ph/mpubh/8