1911 Encyclopædia Britannica

1911

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Table of contents

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In each volume:

Title page
Copyright notice (expired)

In volume 1 only:

Dedications
Prefatory Note
Prefatory Note to the "Handy Volume" edition (1915)
Editorial Introduction

In Index volume only:

Classified Table of Contents — Introduction

Classified Table of Contents
Classified List of Articles
Contributors

List of volumes:

1. Volume 1: A – Androphagi
2. Volume 2: Andros – Austria
3. Volume 3: Austria – Bisectrix
4. Volume 4: Bishārīn – Calgary
5. Volume 5: Calhoun – Chatelaine
6. Volume 6: Châtelet – Constantine
7. Volume 7: Constantine Pavlovich – Demidov
8. Volume 8: Demijohn – Edward
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 9. Volume 9: Edwardes – Evangelical Association
10. Volume 10: Evangelical Church – Francis Joseph I.
11. Volume 11: Franciscans – Gibson
12. Volume 12: Gichtel – Harmonium
13. Volume 13: Harmony – Hurstmonceaux
14. Volume 14: Husband – Italic
15. Volume 15: Italy – Kyshtym
16. Volume 16: L – Lord Advocate
17. Volume 17: Lord Chamberlain – Mecklenburg
18. Volume 18: Medal – Mumps
19. Volume 19: Mun – Oddfellows
20. Volume 20: Ode – Payment of Members
21. Volume 21: Payn – Polka
22. Volume 22: Poll – Reeves
23. Volume 23: Refectory – Sainte-Beuve
24. Volume 24: Sainte-Claire Deville – Shuttle
25. Volume 25: Shuválov – Subliminal Self
26. Volume 26: Submarine Mines – Tom-Tom
27. Volume 27: Tonalite – Vesuvius
28. Volume 28: Vetch – Zymotic Diseases
29. Volume 29: Index

See also:

Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition

1902 Encyclopædia Britannica (10th ed., supplement
to the 9th)
1922 Encyclopædia Britannica

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 THE

ENCYCLOPÆDIA
BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

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FIRST edition, published in three volumes, 1768—1771.
SECOND ” ” ten ” 1777—1784.
THIRD ” ” eighteen ” 1788—1797.
FOURTH ” ” twenty ” 1801—1810.
FIFTH ” ” twenty ” 1815—1817.
SIXTH ” ” twenty ” 1823—1824.
SEVENTH ” ” twenty-one ” 1830—1842.
EIGHTH ” ” twenty-two ” 1853—1860.
NINTH ” ” twenty-five ” 1875—1889.
ninth edition and eleven
TENTH ”
supplementary volumes, 1902—1903.
ELEVENTH ” published in twenty-nine volumes, 1910—1911.

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 COPYRIGHT
in all countries subscribing to the
Bern Convention
by
THE CHANCELLOR, MASTERS AND SCHOLARS
of the
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

All rights reserved

7
 DEDICATED BY PERMISSION

TO

HIS MAJESTY GEORGE THE FIFTH

KING OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND
AND OF THE BRITISH DOMINIONS BEYOND THE
SEAS
EMPEROR OF INDIA

AND TO

WILLIAM HOWARD TAFT

PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

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T
HE Encyclopædia Britannica, of which the Eleventh
edition is now issued by the University of
Cambridge, has a history extending over 140 years.
The First Edition, in three quarto volumes, was
issued in weekly numbers (price 6d. each) from 1768 to
1771, by “a Society of Gentlemen in Scotland.” The
proprietors were Colin MacFarquhar, an Edinburgh printer,
and Andrew Bell, the principal Scottish engraver of that
day. It seems that MacFarquhar, a man of wide knowledge
and excellent judgment, was the real originator of the work,
though his want of capital prevented his undertaking it by
himself. The work was edited and in great part written by
William Smellie, another Edinburgh printer, who was bold
enough to undertake “fifteen capital sciences” for his own
share. The numerous plates were engraved by Bell so
admirably that some of them have been reproduced in every
edition down to the present one.

The plan of the work differed from all preceding

“dictionaries of arts and sciences,” as encyclopædias were
usually called until then in Great Britain; it combined the
plan of Dennis de Coetlogon (1745) with that in common
use—on the one hand keeping important subjects together,
and on the other facilitating reference by numerous and
short separate articles arranged in alphabetical order.
Though the infant Encyclopædia Britannica omitted the
whole field of history and biography as beneath the dignity
of encyclopædias, it speedily acquired sufficient popularity

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to justify the preparation of a new edition on a much larger
scale. The decision to include history and biography caused
the secession of Smellie; but MacFarquhar himself edited
the work, with the assistance of James Tytler, famous as the
first Scottish aeronaut, and for the first time produced an
encyclopædia which covered the whole field of human
knowledge. This Second Edition was issued in numbers
from June 1777 to September 1784, and was afterwards
bound up in ten quarto volumes, containing (8595 pages
and 340 plates) more than three times as much material as
the First Edition.

These earliest editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica

consisted mainly of what may be described as compilation;
like all their predecessors, from the time of Alsted to that of
Ephraim Chambers, they had been put together by one or
two men who were still able to take the whole of human
knowledge for their province. It was with the Third Edition
that the plan of drawing on specialist learning, which has
since given the Encylopædia Britannica its high reputation,
was first adopted. This edition, which was begun in 1788
and completed, in eighteen volumes, in 1797, was edited by
MacFarquhar until his death in 1793, when about two-thirds
of the work were completed. Bell, the surviving proprietor,
then appointed George Gleig—afterwards Bishop of
Brechin—as editor, and it was he who enlisted the
assistance, as contributors, of the most eminent men of
science then living in Scotland. Professors Robison,
Thomas Thomson and Playfair were the most notable of
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these specialist contributors, and a Supplement in two
volumes was issued in 1801 to allow them to extend their
work to those earlier letters of the alphabet which had
already been issued by MacFarquhar. It was their labours
which first gave the Encyclopædia Britannica its pre-
eminent standing among works of reference, and prepared
the way for it to become, as a later editor claimed, not
merely a register but an instrument of research, since
thereafter the leading specialist in all departments were
invited to contribute their unpublished results to its pages.

In the Fourth Edition, published by Andrew Bell in

twenty volumes from 1801 to 1810, the principle of
specialist contributions was considerably extended, but it
was only brought to such degree of perfection as was
possible at the time by Archibald Constable, “the great
Napoleon of the realms of print,” who purchased the
copyright of the Encyclopædia Britannica soon after Bell’s
death in 1809. Constable lavished his energy and his money
on the famous “Supplement to the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth
Editions,” which in 1813 he commissioned Macvey Napier
to edit. It was with the appearance of this Supplement that
the Encyclopædia Britannica ceased to be a purely Scottish
undertaking, and blossomed out into that great
cosmopolitan or international enterprise which it has since
become. The most eminent writers, scholars and men of
science in England and on the continent of Europe, as well
as in Scotland itself, were enlisted in the work: Sir Walter
Scott, Jeffrey, Leslie, Playfair and Sir Humphry Davy,
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Dugald Stewart—who received the then unprecedented sum
of £1000 for a single contribution—Ricardo, Malthus and
Thomas Young, with foreign men of science like Arago and
Biot. From this time onward, indeed, a list of the
contributors to successive editions of the Encyclopædia
Britannica would be a list of the most eminent British and
American writers and thinkers of each generation; the work
had become the product of the organized co-operation of
acknowledged leaders of the world’s thought in every
department of human knowledge. For this advance the
credit is mainly due to Constable.

The Fifth and Sixth Editions, each in twenty volumes,

issued by Constable between 1815 and 1824, were
practically reprints of the Fourth, the Supplement—issued
in six volumes from 1816 to 1824—being considered
adequate to supply their deficiencies. The Seventh Edition,
edited by Macvey Napier on the same lines as the
Supplement, of which it incorporated a great part, was
brought out by a new publisher, Adam Black, who had
bought the copyright on Constable’s failure. This edition
was issued from 1830 to 1842, and was comprised in
twenty-one volumes, which included a general index to the
whole work. The Eighth Edition, under the editorship of T.
Stewart Traill, was issued by the firm of A. & C. Black,
from 1853 to 1860, in twenty-one volumes, with a separate
index volume.

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 The Ninth Edition was then undertaken by the same
firm on a scale which Adam Black considered so hazardous
that his refused to have any part in the undertaking, and he
accordingly advertised his retirement from the firm. This
Edition began to appear in 1875, under the editorship of
Thomas Spencer Baynes, and was completed in 1889 by
William Robertson Smith. It consisted of twenty-four
volumes, containing 21,572 pages and 302 plates, with a
separate index volume. Adam Black’s prognostications of
failure were signally falsified by the success of the work, of
which nearly half a million sets—including American
pirated and mutilated editions—were ultimately sold. The
great possibilities of popularity for the Encyclopædia
Britannica in Great Britain were only realized, however,
when in 1898 The Times undertook to sell a verbatim
reprint of the Ninth Edition at about half the price originally
asked for it by the publishers. The success of this reprint led
to the publication by The Times in 1902 of an elaborate
supplement in eleven New Volumes (one containing new
maps and one a comprehensive index to the whole work),
constituting, with the previous twenty-four volumes, The
Tenth Edition. The Eleventh Edition, which supersedes both
Ninth and Tenth, and represents in an entirely new and
original form a fresh survey of the whole field of human
thought and achievement, written by some 1500 eminent
specialists drawn from nearly every country of the civilized
world, incorporating the results of research and the progress
of events up to the middle of 1910, is now published by the
University of Cambridge, where it is hoped that the
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Encyclopædia Britannica has at length found a permanent
home.

It will be seen from this brief survey of the history of

the Encyclopædia Britannica that, while the literary and
scholarly success of the work has been uniform and
continuous, its commercial career has naturally been subject
to vicissitudes. Six different publishing firms have been at
various times associated with its production; and the
increasing magnitude of the work, consequent on the steady
growth of knowledge, made this wellnigh inevitable. The
Encyclopædia Britannica has to-day become something
more than a commercial venture, or even a national
enterprise. It is a vast cosmopolitan work of learning, which
can find no home so appropriate as an ancient university.

The present publication of the new Encyclopædia

Britannica by the University of Cambridge is a natural step
in the evolution of the university as an educational
institution and a home of research. The medieval University
of Cambridge began its education labours as an institution
intended almost exclusively for the instruction of the clergy,
to whose needs its system of studies was necessarily in a
large measure accommodated. The Revival of Learning, the
Renaissance and the Reformation widened its sphere of
intellectual work and its interests, as well as its actual
curriculum. The 19th century saw the complete abolition of
the various tests which formerly shut the gates of the
English universities against a large part of the people. The

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early establishment in Cambridge of special colleges for
women was also a sign of expanding activities. About the
same time the University Extension movement, first
advocated at Cambridge in 1871 on the ground that the
ancient universities were not mere clusters of private
establishments but national institutions, led to a wider
conception of the possibilities of utilizing the intellectual
resources of the universities for the general diffusion of
knowledge and culture; and the system of Local
Examinations brought the university into close contact with
secondary education throughout the country. But the public
to which the University of Cambridge thus appealed,
though wider than that of the college lecture-rooms, was
still necessarily limited. Practically it is only through the
medium of the University Press that Cambridge can enter
into and maintain direct relations with the whole of the
English-speaking world. The present time seems
appropriate for an effort towards thus signally extending the
intellectual and educational influence of the university.

To this end, the University of Cambridge has

undertaken the publication of the Encyclopædia Britannica,
and now issues the Eleventh Edition of that work. These
twenty-eight volumes and index aim at achieving the high
ambition of bringing all extant knowledge within the reach
of every class of readers. While the work, in its present
form, is to some extent based on the preceding edition, the
whole field has been re-surveyed with the guidance of the
most eminent specialists. The editors early decided that the
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new edition should be planned and written as a whole, and
refused to content themselves with the old-fashioned plan
of regarding each volume as a separate unit, to be compiled
and published by itself. They were thus able to arrange their
material so as to give an organic unity to the whole work
and to place all the various subjects under their natural
headings, in the form which experience has shown to be the
most convenient for a work of universal reference. An
important consequence of this method of editing is that the
twenty-eight volumes are now ready for publication at the
same time, and that the complete work can be offered to the
public in its entirety. Although the work has been reduced
to the smallest compass consistent with lucidity—
bibliographies of all subjects which call for assistance of
this nature being provided in aid of more detailed study—
the aim throughout has been to maintain the highest
standard of scholarly authority, and to provide a thorough
elucidation of important scientific problems for which the
modern inquirer as no adequate text-books. This Eleventh
Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica is now, therefore,
offered to the public by the University of Cambridge in the
hope and belief that it will be found to be a trustworthy
guide to sound learning, and an instrument of culture of
world-wide influence.
CAMBRIDGE
November 1, 1910.

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 P R E FAT O RY N O T E[1]
TO

THE “HANDY VOLUME” ISSUE

BY JAMES BRYCE (VISCOUNT BRYCE)

T
HE progress of mankind, usually measured in its
material aspects by the increase in the population of
the globe and in the wealth — i.e., the number and the
value of objects useful to man — which the globe contains,
may be also measured in its intellectual aspects by the
volume of knowledge which is available for man's service
or enjoyment, and by the capacity of the human mind for
using or enjoying that knowledge. The increase in
population had been, during the last four centuries up to the
beginning of the World-War of 1914, very large. It was then
in Europe, the only Continent for which figures that can be
trusted exist, about 407,000,000, having probably been at
the beginning of the Christian era not more than 35,000,000
in that Continent, perhaps much less. The increase in
wealth, for estimating which no data exist, has of course
been incomparably greater. The increase in knowledge,
however, has been so much vaster and more rapid than
either of the above that no sort of comparison can be made.
Think of what was known regarding Nature in A.D. 1660,
when the Royal Society of London was founded, or even as

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late as 1814–5 when the end of the great European War set
men's minds more free to prosecute investigation, and think
of what is known about Nature now! And although the
advance has been more remarkable in the sciences of
Nature than in any other direction, it has been immense in
other fields also. In the many branches of history, in
archæology, in economics, in philology, to take the most
obvious examples, the volume of facts acquired and
principles ascertained since the beginning of the Eighteenth
Century exceeds the whole of the stock that had been
accumulated up to that date. The number of new sciences
and new practical arts for which new names have had to be
invented is itself the most striking illustration of the
expansion of our intellectual resources, sometimes by
methods which, like those of stellar chemistry, were
undreamt of by earlier generations, sometimes by the
recovery of ancient records which were unknown to, or
undecipherable by, generations that lived much nearer to the
times when those records were written down. We know
more of ancient Egypt, for example, than the Romans knew
when they had conquered it, and far more about primitive
man, his races and his ways of life, than was known to any
earlier age. And to-day we see how in every direction
knowledge goes on increasing at a constantly accelerated
pace.

The power of the human mind to acquire and retain

knowledge has not, however, shown any increase within the
last few centuries. The average of life is, in most civilized
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countries, slightly longer, and the average of health
probably also better, and the aids to the acquisition of
knowledge more abundant. But the capacity of the
individual man for learning and remembering what he has
learnt does not seem to be greater now than it was in the
days of the famous scholars of the Renaissance. As
Mephistopheles says in Goethe's Faust: “The little god of
the world remains always of the same stamp.” There are
now, as there have always been, learned men — men in
whose memory an enormous number of facts and of
thoughts are stored. There must be more of such men now
than ever before, because every civilized nation is larger,
and the facilities for obtaining knowledge far more ample.
But whereas two or three centuries ago a single mind was
able to acquire and retain in some one particular field of
knowledge, such as botany for instance, or astronomy, or
ancient history, nearly all that was worth knowing, and
perhaps a good deal of what was best worth knowing in
several other fields also, nobody now-a-days could,
whatever his industry, cover more than a small part of any
of those fields. Knowledge, as it has grown, has branched
out along an endless variety of divergent paths. Each of the
departments of learning as they stood a century ago has
now been divided into new departments more or less
distinct from one another. To know any one of these well
one must specialize in it. The expenditure of ability and
industry which in the days of Gibbon, or even of Niebuhr,
would have enabled a man to be a master of ancient history,
would not now suffice to make him a master of more than
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one among the three or four chief departments of that study.
And in the sciences of Nature the process of subdivision
and specialization has gone much further than in those
which relate to the doings and thoughts of Man. Thus it is
that to-day no one of us can be a Learned Man in the old
sense of the word, as Bacon said that he had taken all
learning to be his province. Each of us, if he wants to obtain
full command of the facts in some particular line of enquiry,
and to make in that line real additions to the sum of human
knowledge, must be content to cultivate his own plot of
ground and see his neighbours do the same, looking across
the fence, but not knowing what sort of crop the neighbour
is raising.

This may seem to imply a sad narrowing of the intellectual

horizon. Are we to be henceforth debarred from that wide
outlook over the whole landscape of knowledge which the
vigorous and industrious minds of former days enjoyed?
Such an outlook was delightful, and it was also profitable,
for there is nothing in the world that is not somehow related
to very many other things; and many of the most fruitful
ideas, ideas which sometimes led to great discoveries, have
come to the students of some problem from remote and
unexpected quarters. Curiosity moreover, the love of
knowledge apart from any tangible result, is one of the
strongest passions in cultivated minds, giving a pleasure
which never palls, and which, unlike most pleasures, goes
on increasing through life as long as the power of thinking
remains unaffected by the inevitable decay of physical
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strength. Thus, though we must now be content with a
knowledge which can be thorough and exact only in a far
smaller field than that which it was possible to cover in
earlier centuries, still no man with a mind both cultivated
and alert will renounce the enjoyment of learning things
that lie outside his own special field, and of trying to follow,
however imperfectly, the general onward march of human
knowledge.

This brings me to a question raised by the appearance in a

smaller form of that great storehouse of knowledge, the
Encyclopædia Britannica. Its most directly practical use is
as a book of reference to which those engaged in some
profession or business may go for information on a matter
which they wish to understand for some business purpose.
This is an obvious value, and needs no comment. But there
is a further use suggested by what has just been said
regarding that stupendous increase in the total volume of
human knowledge which makes it more difficult than
before to keep abreast of the intellectual progress of the
world. I have referred to the desire, natural to every man
with an active and cultivated mind, to know something
about subjects outside the range of his own special
profession or study, and to know that something, be it more
or less, not indeed minutely, but soundly, with a due
comprehension of its leading principles. What help can such
a man receive from a systematically arranged storehouse of
knowledge upon all subjects such as an Encyclopædia, the
chief articles in which are compendious treatises, composed
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by persons each of whom is an expert in his own branch of
study?

The sort of man I am contemplating may be himself a

specialist in some department. Whoever has sufficient
means and leisure ought to have a study or pursuit
unconnected with his gainful occupation. Such a pursuit
may be a branch of natural history — nothing gives more
pleasure — or a particular line of reading or reflection, or
an art, like painting or music, or perhaps the collecting of
objects such as etchings, or minerals, or coins. Such a taste
serves to divert the mind from its business preoccupations:
and if it is a pursuit involving independent study and
exactitude, it has the great merit of training him who
follows it how to observe and how to reason from
observation. In making him accurate it teaches him to know
the difference in everything between thoroughness and
superficiality. The old dictum, “I fear the master of one
book,” conveys the truth that thoroughness in any one
subject is a source and a mark of strength. Within the
domain of his own peculiar study the specialist will not
have much need of an Encyclopædia, for he will know what
are the best books, and will be able to refer to them when
necessary. But outside that domain he and the man without
a special branch of knowledge will both stand on the same
footing. They will alike desire to know more about the chief
subjects of current human interest than newspapers and
magazines will tell them, and to exercise upon events or
doctrines that occupy the world's attention a judgment
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grounded on something better than the rumours or fashions
or catchwords of the hour.

The obvious way of gratifying this desire is to have

recourse to books. Books are more accessible as well as far
more numerous in every branch of knowledge than they
ever were before. No considerable town is without its
public library. But the very profusion of books increases the
difficulty of knowing which to procure, and which, when
one goes to a public library to look for them, it is best to
consult and rely upon. That process of specialization to
which I have already referred has divided up the literature
existing on any given topic into so many branches that the
reader who has little previous acquaintance with the topic is
bewildered. The titles of the books help very little, unless
the author is a man of a reputation which guarantees
excellence, for the most alluring title may cover the least
helpful performance, a book perhaps too sketchy, perhaps
so technical as to be intelligible only to experts.

Now-a-days, moreover, the men most eminent in the

sciences of Nature are generally occupied in original
investigations, and each of their works is likely to embrace
so small a part of the field of their science as to be difficult
of comprehension for any but expert readers. Let me try to
illustrate the difficulty in which the man whom we are
considering finds himself when in biology or geology, for
example, some discovery has been made whose
significance he desires to make himself able to appreciate;

23
or when some new proposal in the field of economic
legislation has been brought forward, or some grave
political issue in one of the less known countries has arisen.
Few men who are not specialists would know to what books
to go for the information they need upon any of these
topics; few would have the time to spend in hunting through
a library for such books. In cases of this kind an
Encyclopædia is invaluable. Presenting in its articles,
prepared by writers of special competence, a mass of short
treatises, each of which supplies a complete, though
necessarily brief, view of its special subject, it supplies in
each of the foregoing instances the facts which ought to be
known in order that the reader, approaching the particular
question with a due comprehension of the doctrines and
principles involved, may be able to form a reasonable
judgment upon it.

Such articles have one advantage not always to be found in

books, even the best books. Those who contribute articles to
an Encyclopædia are expected to state fairly all the views
entertained by good authorities on matters of doubt or
controversy, and they generally endeavour to do so. He who
writes a treatise often writes it to prove his own theory and
disparage the theories of others, but in a work of reference
such exclusiveness or partisanship would be reprehended,
and is therefore usually avoided. In the “advancing
subjects” (those in which the progress of discovery is
constantly bringing new facts to light) this is a point of no
small consequence, for new facts give birth to new
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hypotheses, each of which is entitled to be stated till one or
other is established.

A like spirit of fairness and latitude of view are also

expected, and generally found in another great service
which the articles in an Encyclopædia render. What is
called the bibliography of the particular subject is in them
an important feature, for one of the difficulties which the
increase of specialization has caused is that of knowing
what books to consult for a general view of any large
subject, and what other books for its special departments.
The reader must be guided by being told not only which are
the most valuable works, but in what point each of them is
strongest. Here the writer has a delicate task. Being himself
a specialist, he probably has decided views of his own; yet
he is bound to recommend, or at least to mention, books
with whose doctrines he does not agree, if they represent
thorough work done by competent men. The selection of
the best becomes harder as the volume of literature upon
every subject grows. There is no more lamentable waste of
time than that spent on reading a second or third rate work
when a first rate one is available, and there is no better test
of the utility of an Encyclopædia article than the amount of
help to the student which a carefully selected list of books
supplies.

One further respect may be mentioned in which the short

treatises finding a place in an Encyclopædia have a peculiar
value which continues even when the additions to our

25
knowledge have gone so far that a new edition of the
Encyclopædia has appeared, and the old edition is relegated
to a less conspicuous place. That value is historical. Each
edition of an Encyclopædia is a sort of landmark in the
history of knowledge. Indicating the point which scientific
investigation or learned research had reached in each
particular subject at a given date, it enables us to measure
the progress which has been made from that date to the
present day. A few instances will illustrate this. Take the
Eighth Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (published
1853 to 1860) and, setting beside it the present Eleventh
Edition (1910-1911), compare the articles in these two
editions which bear upon astronomy and note the additions
which have been made to our knowledge of the sun and
other (so-called) Fixed Stars by the use of more powerful
telescopes, but still more by the use of those new methods
which spectrum analysis has furnished and which enable us
to discover the chemical composition of the stars as well as
many novel facts regarding their relative motions. Compare
similarly, in the same two editions, the account given of
what is called the Atomic Theory advanced by Dalton early
in the Nineteenth Century, and see how it has been now
modified. So in prehistoric ethnology and archæology let a
reader compare the accounts of the early peoples round the
Eastern Mediterranean given in the Eighth and the Eleventh
editions and he will see which of the old theories held their
ground, and what new theories have now been established,
and what points still remain unsettled.

26
In the sciences of Nature people have begun to expect a
constant progress which will enable most of the problems
that now perplex us to be ultimately solved; though some,
such for instance as the relation between what we call
mental processes and their material concomitants in the
brain, seem no nearer solution now than they were before
modern methods of investigation began to be applied, and
may remain forever obscure. This progress is mainly due to
the constant acquisition of new facts. In some of the human
subjects, such as those pertaining to history, the new facts to
be expected are comparatively few. But even in physical
science, and far more conspicuously in the human subjects,
progress comes not only by the discovery of new facts, but
also by the steady application of thought to the old facts,
because new ideas are always suggesting themselves to the
most ingenious and penetrating intellects. A distinguished
scientific man once observed that science advances through
calling different things by the same name, i.e., through the
finding of principles which cover sets of phenomena whose
connections had not been previously grasped, a new basis
of classification being thus obtained. In history we observe
that even where the data available have been but slightly
enlarged, the unceasing contributions made by many minds
to the study of some problem is suggesting new aspects in
which the facts may be viewed, constantly bringing about a
more general agreement on points previously in
controversy. Seventy years ago, in the days of Lachmann,
scholars differed more widely than they do to-day as to the
origin of the Homeric poems. Forty years ago the tendency
27
of critics was to place the appearance of the Gospels in their
present form at a date considerably later than that which the
general consensus of learned men would now assign to
them. So there is less discrepancy to-day than in the
generation before last as to the characters of Oliver
Cromwell and Thomas Jefferson, and so the time may come
when even the controversies that have raged round Mary
Queen of Scots will have been set at rest.

I must not, however, further pursue this line of enquiry.

Enough to say that both the additions to knowledge
recorded and the changes of view traceable, in successive
editions of a work of established authority (such as this
Encyclopædia) are among the features which constitute its
permanent interest and value to the student.

The habit of frequently entering a vast storehouse of

knowledge brings many thoughts to the mind. It gives a
high sense of the power of the collective intellect of
mankind, which has accumulated these treasures within the
period, short when compared with the æons during which
Man has occupied his planet, that has elapsed since the
invention of writing. It suggests the reflection that the
efforts of human intellect have done less than was hoped for
a century ago to cure the ills that vex human society, for the
progress of mankind towards liberty, peace and concord has
not kept pace with the accumulation of knowledge upon all
subjects, and with the increase of our power over the forces
of nature. It enjoins modesty upon even the most learned by

28
reminding them of how infinitely little they know of what is
to be known, while it cheers the lonely student by the
thought that every new truth he can establish is a stepping
stone upon which others may mount higher. It opens up an
endless vista of enquiry, for the more is known the more
remains to be explored, as with every addition to the
strength of his telescopes the astronomer descries new stars
where there was darkness before. And to each of us, short
as is his own span of life, it supplies a fresh incentive to
curiosity, encouraging him to go on learning and tasting the
joy of learning as long as life lasts.
1. ↑ Copyright, 1915, by the Encyclopaedia Britannica Corporation.

29
 EDITORIAL
INTRODUCTION

E
LSEWHERE in these volumes, under the heading
of ENCYCLOPÆDIA (vol. ix. p. 369), an account is
given in detail of the particular form of literature to
which that name applies. It is no longer necessary, as
was done in some of the earlier editions of the
Encyclopædia Britannica, to defend in a Preface the main
principle of the system by which subjects are divided for
treatment on a dictionary plan under the headings most
directly suggesting explanation or discussion. The
convenience of an arrangement of General idea
material based on a single of the book.
alphabetization of subject words and proper names has
established itself in the common sense of mankind, and in
recent years has lead to the multiplication of analogous
works of reference. There are, however, certain points in the
execution of the Eleventh Edition to which, in a preliminary
survey, attention may profitably be drawn.

The Eleventh Edition and its Predecessors

30
It is important to deal first with the relationship of the
Eleventh Edition to its predecessors. In addition to
providing a digest of general information, such as is
required in a reference-book pure and simple, the object of
the Encyclopædia Britannica has always been to give
reasoned discussions on all the great Debt to earlier editions.
questions of practical or speculative
interest, presenting the results of accumulated knowledge
and original inquiry in the form of articles which are
themselves authoritative contributions to the literature of
their subjects, adapted for the purpose of systematic reading
and study. In this way its successive editions have been
among the actual sources through which progressive
improvements have been attained in the exposition of many
important branches of learning. The Ninth Edition in
particular, to which the Eleventh is the lineal successor—
for the name of the Tenth was used only to indicate the
incorporation of supplementary volumes which left the
main fabric untouched—was Their special value.
universally recognized as giving the
most scholarly contemporary expression to this constructive
ideal. The reputation thus gained by the Encyclopædia
Britannica as a comprehensive embodiment of accurate
scholarship—the word being used here for authoritative
exposition in all departments of knowledge—carries with it
a responsibility which can only be fulfilled by periodical
revision in the light of later research. Yet in any complete
new edition, and certainly in that which is here presented,
31
due acknowledgment must be made to the impulse given by
those who kept the sacred fire burning in earlier days. In
this respect, if a special dept is owing to the editors of the
Ninth Edition, and particularly to the great services of
Robertson Smith, it must not be forgotten that long before
their time the Encyclopædia Britannica had enlisted among
its contributors many eminent writers, whose articles,
substantially carried forward at each revision, became
closely associated with the name and tradition of the
work[1]. To preserve the continuity of its historic
associations, so far as might be consistent with the public
interest, and with what was due to progress in knowledge,
was one of the first duties of those responsible for a new
edition; and just as the Ninth Edition carried forward, with
notable additions or substitutions, work contributed to the
Eighth and earlier editions, so it provided matter for
utilization in the Eleventh, which in its turn had to
accommodate the new knowledge of a later generation.

In considering the treatment, however, of the mass of

material thus handed down, the editor of the Eleventh
Edition had an entirely new situation to deal with. It is
A new departure. necessary here to explain why it is that
the Eleventh Edition is much more than
a revision—is, indeed, a new edifice as compared with the
structure of the Ninth Edition. In the whole architecture of
the latter there was a serious flaw, due to no want of ability
in editors or contributors, but to the conditions imposed
upon them in the system of publication.
32
The economic and mechanical obstacles to the production
of a great encyclopædia otherwise than in a series of
volumes separately issued at intervals during a number of
The old system of years were formerly considered
production. prohibitive. Thus the Ninth Edition, the
first volume of which was published in
1875 and the twenty-fifth in 1889, was incomplete for some
sixteen years after its real inception. Not only does such a
long interval between the start and the finish involve the
possibility of a change in editorial direction and conception
such as happened in 1881 when Spencer Baynes was
compelled by ill-health to hand over the reins to Robertson
Smith; but even if the same editorial policy remained to
dominate the work, the continual progress of time was
constantly changing the conditions under which it was
exercised. With such a system of publication an
encyclopædia can have no proper unity of conception or
uniformity of treatment. It cannot be planned from the
beginning so as to present at its completion a satisfactory
synoptic view of any department of knowledge. The
historical record is restricted by the accident of the dates at
which the separate volumes are published, in such a way
that the facts induded in one volume may contradict those
in another. Individual volumes, the contents of which are
arbitrarily determined by the alphabetical order of headings,
may indeed be abreast of the learning and accomplishments
Defect of division under of their day, but each time a later
different dates. volume appears the circumstances have
altered, and there is every chance that
33
some integral portion of what had previously been
published may be stultified. Those who were responsible
for the execution of the Ninth Edition of the Encyclopædia
Britannica did their best under an impossible system. They
made it a collection of detached monographs of the highest
authority and value. In their day the demand of a modern
public for “up-to-date-ness” had not come into existence,
and it seemed perfectly reasonable in 1879 to bring the
article on the history of England no further than the
accession of Queen Victoria. But it was not their failure to
appreciate the importance of dealing with the latest events
in history that made so much of the Ninth Edition useless in
preparing its successor. When only this was in question,
later history could be added. It was the fact that, owing to
its system of publication, its arrangement was not
encyclopædic, and that in preparing an edition which for the
first time had the advantage of being systematic in the
distribution of its material, there was no way of adapting to
its needs what had been written originally on a faulty
principle.

Until the year 1902, when, within nine months, nine

supplementary volumes of text were issued by The Times,
no publisher had cared or dared to attempt to produce at one
Novelty of the method time the whole of any work of similar
now employed. magnitude. It was the regular practice
to issue volume by volume. On this
system the public has been furnished with the Oxford New
English Dictionary (still incomplete in 1910, though work
34
had begun in the early ’sixties and the first volume appeared
in 1888) and with the Dictionary of National Biography,
while the French La Grande Encyclopédie, which took even
longer than the Ninth Edition of the Encyclopædia
Britannica to complete, was coming out in its thirty-one
volumes between 1885 and 1902. But the proof obtained in
1902 of the practicability of simultaneous production in the
case of the supplementary volumes which converted the
Ninth into the Tenth Edition of the Encyclopædia
Britannica, made it imperative to extend this limited
experiment to the making of an entirely new edition. By this
means a new value might be given to a work which aimed
not merely at providing a storehouse of facts, but
expounding all knowledge as part of an ordered system. For
the problem here was bound up with the question of the
date of publication to a unique degree. In some other sorts
of book the fact that successive volumes appear at certain
intervals of time only affects the convenience of the
purchaser—as, for instance, in the case of the Cambridge
Modern History; the various volumes do not cover the same
field or touch the same materials. But in an encyclopædia it
is only the alphabetization of the headings which causes
them to fall in distinct volumes, and the accident of position
separates the treatment of the same or closely related
subjects in such a way that, if they are discussed from the
point of view of widely different dates, the organic unity of
the work is entirely lost. Thanks to the enterprising
provision of capital, and the co-operation of a far-sighted
business management, it was possible to start the
35
preparation of the Eleventh Edition of Peculiar importance to
the Encyclopædia Britannica with the such a work.
knowledge that it would be published as a whole at one
date. The separate volumes, whatever their number, would
no longer represent so many lapses of time and so many
distinct units in executive conception, but merely
mechanical divisions for convenience in handling. And
arrangements were made so that the printing of the whole
edition should eventually take hardly more time than had
been required for the printing and correcting of a single
volume under the old system.

The opportunity thus provided was in many ways more

appropriate to the making of an entirely new work than to
the revision of an old one. For the Ninth Edition was
wanting in precisely that character of interdependence in all
its part which could now be given to Mere revision no longer
the various related articles. Moreover, possible.
experience had shown that, as compared with other
encyclopædias of less ambitious scope, not intended for
systematic study or continuous reading, its arrangement as a
work of reference had defects which resulted in some
injustice being done to its merits as a series of individual
contributions to learning. There was no reason why both
these purposes should not be served, and attention be paid
to distributing the material under the much larger number of
headings which are required for rapid and easy reference,
when once it was possible to ignore the particular order in
which the subjects were treated. Since none of the work was
36
printed or published until the whole of it was ready, new
headings could always be introduced with their appropriate
matter, according as the examination of what was written
under another heading revealed omissions which showed
that some related subject required explanation on its own
account, or according as the progress of time up to the year
of publication involved the emergence of new issues, to
which previously no separate reference would have been
expected. The execution of the Eleventh Edition, planned
on uniform lines as a single organism, and thus admitting of
continual improvement in detail, irrespectively of the
distribution of matter under this or that letter of the
alphabet, could proceed in all its parts pari passu, the
various articles being kept open for revision or rewriting, so
as to represent the collective knowledge and the
contemporary standpoint of the date at which the whole was
issued.

This new design involved the maintenance, during all the

years of preparation, of an active collaboration among a
vast body of contributors. The formal structure of the Ninth
Edition necessarily disappeared, leaving only its component
parts as building material for incorporation in the new
edifice to such degree as examination A new survey of the
might prove its adaptability. The site field of knowledge.
—in this case the whole field of knowledge—was mapped
out afresh under the advice of specialist departmental
advisers, who, in providing for the occupation of the
different areas, co-operated with a central editorial staff,
37
comprising many members, each of whom was responsible
to the Editor-in-Chief for a particular section of the work. In
this manner what, it is hoped, is a more complete
articulation of subjects was effected, while co-operation
between the contributors who dealt with each homogeneous
department of knowledge was combined with the
concentration in editorial direction, which alone could make
the Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica an
organic unit. The result of the new survey was a distribution
of material under a far larger number of headings than had
been included in the Ninth Edition—some 40,000 instead of
some 17,000; and the method of simultaneous construction
Method and results. enabled the co-ordination which is of
such peculiar importance in a work of
reference to be applied systematically by the editorial staff.
The authority which attaches to the names of individual
contributors remains, as before, an important feature of the
Eleventh Edition, but by these means, it is hoped, the
authority which attaches to the Encyclopædia Britannica
itself is more firmly established. When Robertson Smith
finally wrote his preface to the Index volume of the Ninth
Edition, he said:—“The use of initials (as signatures to
articles) was not designed to lighten the responsibility of the
editors. No editor can possess the knowledge which would
The two sources of enable him to control the work of his
authority. contributors in all the subjects treated
of in the Encyclopædia, but no effort
has been spared on the part of the editorial staff to secure
the accuracy and sufficiency of every contribution, and to
38
prevent those repetitions and inconcinnities which
necessarily occur where each contributor is absolutely and
solely responsible for the articles which bear his name.”
The principle here enunciated, which represents the
tradition of the Encyclopædia Britannica in the matter of
the correct relationship between editors and contributors,
and the responsibility attaching to individual signatures, has
been adopted in the Eleventh Edition, but with all the
advantages resulting alike from simultaneous production
and from the fact that the Editor-in-Chief was assisted by a
much larger staff, working under conditions which enabled
the editorial control to be effective to a degree unattainable
under the earlier system. In concert with the numerous
eminent writers whose signatures give individual interest
Increased value for and weight to their contributions, the
reference. whole work—and not only the
unsigned articles, many of which
indeed have equally high authority behind them—passed
through the detailed scrutiny of the editorial staff, whose
duty it was to see that it provided what those who used any
part of the book could reasonably expect to find, to remedy
those “inconcinnities” to which Robertson Smith alluded,
and to secure the accuracy in the use of names, the
inclusion of dates, and similar minutiæ, which is essential in
a work of reference.

A great deal of the older fabric was obviously incompatible

with the new scheme of treatment; but, where possible,
those earlier contributions have been preserved which are of
39
 the nature of classics in the world of
Use of older material.
letters. By a selective process which, it
is believed, gives new value to the old material—by the
revision, at the hands of their own authors or of later
authorities, of such articles or portions of articles as were
found to fit accurately into their several places—or by the
inclusion under other headings of a consideration of
controverted questions on which the writers may have taken
a strong personal view, itself of historical interest—their
retention has been effected so as to conform to the ideal of
making the work as a whole representative of the best
thought of a later day.

Questions of Formal Arrangement.

Both in the addition of new words for new subjects, and in
the employment of different words for old subjects, the
progress of the world demands a reconsideration from time
Natural headings. to time of the headings under which its
accumulated experiences can best be
presented in a work which employs the dictionary plan as a
key to its contents. No little trouble was therefore expended,
in planning the Eleventh Edition, on the attempt to suit the
word to the subject in the way most likely to be generally
useful for reference. While the selection has at times been,
of necessity, somewhat arbitrary, it has been guided from
first to last by an endeavour to follow the natural mental
40
processes of the average educated reader. But it was
Correctness and impossible to interpret what is “natural”
common sense. in this connexion without consideration
for the advances which have been made
in terminological accuracy, alike in the technicalities of
science and in the forms of language adopted by precise
writers, whose usage has become or is rapidly becoming
part of the common stock. The practice of modern schools
and the vocabulary of a modern curriculum, as well as the
predominating example of expert authorities, impose
themselves gradually on the public mind, and constitute
new conventions which are widely assimilated. In
forecasting what would be for the convenience of a new
generation of readers, it has seemed best to aim at adopting
the nearest approach to correct modern terminology, while
avoiding mere pedantry on the one hand, and on the other a
useless abandonment of well-established English custom.

It is easier, however, to lay down principles than to carry

them out consistently in face of the obstinacy of the
materials with which one is dealing in an encyclopædia
which attempts to combine accurate scholarship with
general utility and convenience. In the case of biographical
articles, for instance, it was decided Pseudonyms.
that the proper headings were the
names by which the individuals concerned are in fact
commonly known. Thus “George Sand” is now dealt with
under her pen-name (SAND, GEORGE) and not under that of
Madame Dudevant; “George Eliot” is no longer hidden
41
away under her married name of Mrs Cross; and “Mark
Twain” is taken as the permanent name by which the world
will know Mr Clemens. But it is not only in the case of
pseudonyms that there is a difficulty in deciding upon the
heading which is most appropriate. In variance with the
practice of the Dictionary of National Personal names and
Biography, all articles on titled titles.
persons are here arranged under the title headings and not
the family names. In principle it is believed that this is
much the more convenient system, for in most cases the
public (especially outside the British Islands) does not
know what the family name of an English peer may be.
Moreover, the system adopted by the Dictionary of
National Biography sacrifices a very important feature in
connexion with these biographical articles, namely, the
history of the title itself, which has often passed through
several families and can only be conveniently followed
when all the holders are kept together. As a rule, this system
of putting peers under the headings of their titles agrees
with the principle of adopting the names by which people
actually are called; but sometimes it is too glaringly
otherwise. Nobody would think of looking for Francis
Bacon under the heading of Viscount St Albans, or for
Horace Walpole under that of Earl of Orford. In such cases
what is believed to be the natural expectation of readers has
been consulted. The exceptional use, however, of the family
name as a heading for persons of title has been reserved
strictly for what may be regarded as settled conventions,
and where reasonably possible the rule has been followed;
42
thus Harley and St John are dealt with as Earl of Oxford
and Viscount Bolingbroke respectively. On the other hand,
when a celebrity is commonly known, not under his family
name but under a title which eventually was changed for a
different one of higher rank, the more convenient
arrangement has seemed to be—notwithstanding general
usage—to associate the article with the higher title, and so
to bring it into connexion with the historical peerage. Thus
the account of the statesman commonly called by his earlier
title of Earl of Danby is deliberately placed under his later
title of Duke of Leeds, and that of Use of the
Lord Castlereagh under Marquess of Index.
Londonderry. If the result of such exceptions to the rule
might seem to be that in certain cases a reader would not
know where to turn, the answer is that a reference to the
Index, where cross-references are given, will decide. In the
text of the work, although a great deal has been done to
refer a reader from one article to another, mere cross-
references—such as “Danby, Earl of; see LEEDS, DUKE
OF”—are not included as distinct entries; it was found that
the number of such headings would be very large, and they
would only have duplicated the proper function of the
Index, which now acts in this respect as the real guide to the
contents and should be regarded as an integral part of the
work.

The reference just made to the Dictionary of National

Biography may here be supplemented by a few words as to
the British biographies in the Eleventh Edition of the
43
Encyclopædia Britannica. The whole standard of
biographical writing of this kind has undoubtedly been
raised by the labours of Sir Leslie Stephen, Dr Sidney Lee,
and their collaborators, in the compilation of that invaluable
work; and no subsequent publication could fail to profit,
both by the scholarly example there set, and by the results
of the original research embodied in Progress in treatment of
it. But in the corresponding articles in biography.
the Encyclopædia Britannica advantage has been taken of
the opportunity for further research and the incorporation of
later information, and they represent an independent study,
the details of which sometimes differ from what is given in
the Dictionary, but must not for that reason be thought in
haste to be incorrect. Allowance being made for a
somewhat different standard in the selection of individuals
for separate biographies, and for the briefer treatment, the
attempt has been made to carry even a step forward the
ideals of the Dictionary in regard to accuracy of detail and
critical judgment. This has largely been made possible by
the existence of the Dictionary, but the original work done
in the Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica in
the same field—drawing as it can upon a number of
biographical articles, already classics, in its earlier editions
Inclusive character. —gives it an independent authority
even in the sphere of British national
biography. Moreover, the inclusion of biographies of
eminent persons who died after the Dictionary was
supplemented in 1901, and of others still living in 1910,
results in a considerable extension of the biographical area,
44
even as regards individuals of British nationality in the
narrowest sense. The articles in the Encyclopædia
Britannica, however, are of course not limited to
personages of the British Islands. Not only are biographies
here included of the great men and women of French,
German, Italian, Belgian, Dutch, Russian, Scandinavian,
Japanese, and other foreign nationalities, as well as of those
of the ancient world, but the same standard of selection has
been applied to American and British Colonial biography as
to English, Welsh, Scottish and Irish. Indeed the
Encyclopædia Britannica may now claim for the first time
to supply a really adequate Dictionary of American
National Biography, covering all those with whom the
citizens of the United States are nationally concerned. It
thus completes its representation of the English-speaking
peoples, to all of whom English history, even in its
narrower sense, is a common heritage, and in its evolution a
common example.

Another form of the terminological problem, to which

reference was made above, is found in the transliteration of
foreign names, and the conversion of the names of foreign
English rendering of places and countries into English
foreign names. equivalents. As regards the latter, there
is no English standard which can be
said to be universal, though in particular cases there is a
convention which it would be absurd to attempt to displace
for any reason of supposed superior accuracy. It would be
pragmatical in the extreme to force upon the English-
45
speaking world a system of calling all foreign places by
their local names, even though it might be thought that each
nationality had a right to settle the nomenclature of its
country and the towns or districts within it. In general the
English conventions must stand. One of these days the
world may agree that an international nomenclature is
desirable and feasible, but not yet; and the country which its
own citizens call Deutschland and the French l’Allemagne
still remains Germany to those who use the English
Difficulty of the language. Similarly Cologne (Köln),
problem. Florence (Firenze), or Vienna (Wien)
are bound to retain their English names
in an English book. But all cases are not so simple. The
world abounds in less important places, for which the
English names have no standardized spelling; different
English newspapers on a single day, or a single newspaper
at intervals of a few weeks or months, give them several
varieties of form; and in Asia or Africa the latest explorer
always seems to have a preference for a new one which is
unlike that adopted by rival geographers. When the
Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica was
started, the suggestion was made that the Royal
Geographical Society of London—the premier geographical
society of the world—might co-operate in an attempt to
Geography in secure the adoption of a standard
particular. English geographical and topographical
nomenclature. The Society, indeed, has
a system of its own which to some extent aims at fulfilling
this requirement, though it has failed to impose it upon
46
general use; but unfortunately the Society’s system breaks
down by admitting a considerable number of exceptions
and by failing to settle a very large number of cases which
really themselves constitute the difficulty. The co-operation
of the Royal Geographical Society for the purpose of
enabling the Encyclopædia Britannica to give prominent
literary expression to an authoritative spelling for every
place—name included within its articles or maps was found
to be impracticable; and it was therefore necessary for the
Eleventh Edition to adopt a consistent spelling which would
represent its own judgment and authority. It is hoped that by
degrees this spelling may recommend itself in other
quarters. Where reasonably possible, the local spelling
popularized by the usage of post-offices or railways has
been preferred to any purely philological system of
transliteration, but there are numerous cases where even this
test of public convenience breaks down and some form of
Anglicization becomes essential to an English gazetteer
having an organic unity of its own. Apart from the
continuance of English conventions which appeared
sufficiently crystallized, the most authoritative spelling of
the foreign name has been given its simplest English
transliteration, preference being given, in cases of doubt, to
the form, for instance in African countries, adopted by the
European nation in possession or control. In the absence of
any central authority or international Method adopted.
agreement, the result is occasionally
different in some slight degree from any common English
variant, but this cannot well be helped when English
47
variants are so capricious, and none persistent and the
names selected are those which for purposes of reference
combine the most accuracy with the least disturbance of
familiar usage. Thus the German African colony of
Kamerun is here called Cameroon, an English form which
follows the common practice of English transliteration in
regard to its initial letter, but departs, in deference to the
German official nomenclature, from the older English
Cameroons, a plural no longer justifiable, although most
English newspapers and maps still perpetuate it.

In the case of personal names, wherever an English spelling

has become sufficiently established both in literature and in
popular usage it has been retained, irrespectively of any
strict linguistic value. Foreign names in English shape
really become English words, and they are so treated here;
e.g. Alcibiades (not Alkibiades), Proper names
Juggernaut (not Jagganath). But in Oriental
discrimination as to where languages.
convenience rather than philological correctness should rule
has been made all the more difficult, especially with names
representing Arabic or other Oriental originals, by the
strong views of individual scholars, who from time to time
attempt in their own writings to impose their own
transliterations upon others, in the face of well-established
convention. In the course of the preparation of the Eleventh
Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, various eminent
Arabic scholars have given strong expression to their view
as to the English form of the name of the Prophet of Islam,
48
preference being given to that of Muhammad. But the old
form Mahomet is a well-established English equivalent; and
it is here retained for convenience in identification where
the Prophet himself is referred to, the form Mahommed
being generally used in distinction for other persons of this
name. Purists may be dissatisfied with this concession to
popular usage; our choice is, we believe, in the interest of
the general public. If only the “correct” forms of many
Oriental names had been employed, they would be
unrecognizable except to scholars. On the other hand, while
the retention of Mahomet is a typical instance of the
preference given to a vernacular spelling when there is one,
and customary forms are adopted for Arabic and other
names in the headings and for ordinary use throughout the
work, in every case the more accurate scientific spelling is
also given in the appropriate article. While deference has
naturally been paid to the opinion of individual scholars, as
far as possible, in connexion with articles contributed by
them, uniformity throughout the work (a necessity for the
purpose of Index-making, if for no other) has been secured
by transliterating on the basis of schemes which have been
specially prepared for each language; for this purpose the
best linguistic opinions have been consulted, but due weight
has been given to intelligibility on the part of a public
already more or less accustomed to a stereotyped spelling.
In the case of Babylonian names, a section of the general
article BABYLONIA is specially devoted to an elucidation of
the divergences between the renderings given by individual
Assyriologists.
49
While the Encyclopædia Britannica has aimed, in this
matter of local and personal nomenclature, at conciliating
the opinion of scholars with public usage and convenience,
and the present edition makes an attempt to solve the
problem on reasonable lines, it should be understood that
the whole question of the uniform Public and
representation in English of foreign Scholar.
place and personal names is still in a highly unsatisfactory
condition. Scholars will never get the public to adopt the
very peculiar renderings, obscured by complicated accents,
which do service in purely learned circles and have a
scientific justification as part of a quasi-mathematical
device for accurate pronunciation. Any attempt to
transliterate into English on a phonetic basis has, moreover,
a radical weakness which is too often ignored. So long as
pronunciation is not itself standardized, and so long as the
human ear does not uniformly carry to a standardized
human brain the sound that is uniformly pronounced—and
it will be long before these conditions can be fulfilled—
even a phonetic system of spelling must adopt some
convention; and in that case it is surely best, if a well-
recognized convention already exists and is in use among
the public at large, to adopt it rather than to invent a new
one. The point is, indeed, of more than formal importance.
So long as scholars and the public are at issue on the very
essentials of the comprehension of scholarly books, which
are made unreadable by the use of diacritical signs and
unpronounceable spellings, culture cannot advance except
within the narrowest of sects. This incompatibility is bad
50
for the public, but it is also bad for scholarship. While the
Need of com- general reader is repelled, the
mon ground. Orientalist is neglected,—to the loss of
both. This criticism, which
substantially applies to many other formal aspects of
modern learning, may be unwelcome to the professors, but
it is the result of an extended experience in the attempt to
bring accurate knowledge into digestible shape for the wide
public for whom the Encyclopædia Britannica is intended.
It is indeed partly because of the tendency of modern
science and modern scholarship to put the artificial
obstacles of a technical jargon in the path of people even of
fairly high education, that it becomes imperative to bring
both parties upon a common ground, where the world at
large may discover the meaning of the learned research to
which otherwise it is apt to be a stranger.

With regard to the various departments of natural science,

there was a tendency in previous editions of the
Encyclopædia Britannica to make inclusive treatises of the
Scientific longer articles, and to incorporate under
articles. the one general heading of the science
itself matter which would more
naturally form a separate, if subordinate, subject. An
attempt has now been made to arrange the material rather
according to the heading under which, in an encyclopædia,
students would expect to find it. In any text-book on Light,
for instance, the technical aspects of aberration, refraction,
reflection, interference, phosphorescence, &c., would be
51
discussed concurrently as part of the whole science, in so
many chapters of a continuous treatise. But each such
chapter or subdivision in a treatise becomes in an
Value of the encyclopædia arranged on the
encyclopædia dictionary plan, matter to be explained
method.
where the appropriate word occurs in
the alphabetical order of headings. Under the name of the
common subject of the science as a whole, its history and
general aspects are discussed, but the details concerned with
the separate scientific questions which fall within its
subject-matter—on each of which often a single specialist
has unique authority—are relegated to distinct articles, to
the headings of which the general account becomes, if
required, a key or pointer. This arrangement of the scientific
material—a general article acting as pointer to subsidiary
articles, and the latter relieving the general account of
details which would overload it—has been adopted
throughout the Eleventh Edition; and in the result it is
believed that a more complete and at the same time more
authoritative survey has been attained, within the limits
possible to such a work, than ever before. The single-
treatise plan, which was characteristic of the Ninth Edition,
is not only cumbrous in a work of reference, but lent itself
to the omission altogether, under the general heading, of
Compared with specific issues which consequently
that of a single received no proper treatment at all
treatise.
anywhere in the book; whereas the
dictionary plan, by automatically providing headings
throughout the work, under which, where appropriate,
52
articles of more or less length may be put, enables every
subject to be treated, comprehensively or in detail, yet as
part of an organic whole, by means of careful articulation
adapted to the requirements of an intelligent reader.

In preparing the Eleventh Edition a useful check on the

possibility of such accidental omissions as are apt to occur
when the treatise plan is pursued, was provided by the
Dictionary decision, arrived at independently of
headings. any question of subdivision, to revert
more closely to the original form of the
Encyclopædia Britannica, and to make separate headings of
any words which, purely as words, had any substantial
interest either for historical or philological reasons, or as
requiring explanation even for English-speaking readers.[2]
The labours of Sir James Murray and his colleagues on the
Oxford New English Dictionary, which has only become
accessible since the Ninth Edition of the Encyclopædia
Britannica was published, have enabled a precise
examination to be made of all the possible headings of this
kind. Such words, or groups of words, together with proper
names, personal, geographical, zoological, etc., obviously
exhaust the headings under which the subject matter of an
encyclopædia can be subdivided; and thus the dictionary
plan, combined with a complete logical analysis of the
contents of the various arts and sciences, forms a
comprehensive basis for ensuring that no question of any
substantial interest can be omitted. As a rule the headings
suggested by a logical subdivision of subject, as approved
53
by the professional or scientific expert, follow the usage of
words which is natural to any one speaking the English
language; but where, owing to the Importance of
existence of some accepted terminological
terminology in any particular line of accuracy.
inquiry, it departs from this ordinary usage, the dictionary
plan still enables a cross-reference to guide the reader, and
at the same time to impart instruction in the history or
technical niceties of a vocabulary which is daily outgrowing
the range even of the educated classes. It is highly and
increasingly important that mere words should be correctly
evaluated, and connected with the facts for which properly
they stand.

Some Points as to Substance.

In considering the substance, rather than the form, of the

Eleventh Edition, it may be remarked first that, as a work of
reference no less than as a work for reading and study, its
preparation has been dominated throughout by the historical
point of view. Any account which The spirit of
purports to describe what actually the historian.
goes on to-day, whether in the realm of mind or in that of
matter, is inevitably subject to change as years or even
months pass by; but what has been, if accurately recorded,
remains permanently true as such. In the larger sense the
54
historian has here to deal not only with ancient and modern
political history, as ordinarily understood, but with past
doings in every field, and thus with the steps by which
existing conditions have been reached. Geography and
exploration, religion and philosophy, pure and applied
science, art and literature, commerce and industry, law and
economics, war and peace, sport and games,—all subjects
are treated in these volumes not only on their merits, but as
in continual evolution, the successive stages in which are of
intrinsic interest on their own account, but also throw light
on what goes before and after. The whole range of history,
thus considered, has, however, been immensely widened in
the Eleventh Edition as compared with the Ninth. The
record of the past, thrown farther and farther back by the
triumphs of modern archaeology, is limited on its nearer
confines only by the date at which the Encyclopædia
Britannica is published. Any contemporary description is
indeed liable to become inadequate almost as soon as it is in
the hands of the reader; but the available resources have
been utilized here to the utmost, so that the salient facts up
to the autumn of the year 1910 might be included
throughout, not merely as isolated events, but as part of a
consistent whole, conceived in the spirit of the historian.
Thus only can the fleeting present be true to its relation with
later developments, which it is no part of the task of an
encyclopædia to prophesy.

In this connexion it is advisable to explain that while the

most recent statistics have been incorporated when they
55
really represented conditions of historic value, the notion
that economic development can be truly shown merely by
giving statistics for the last year available is entirely false,
and for this reason in many cases The use of
there has been no attempt merely to statistics.
be “up-to-date” by inserting them. Statistics are used here
as an illustration of the substantial existing conditions and
of real progress. For the statistics of one year, and
especially for those of the latest year, the inquirer must
necessarily go to annual publications, not to an
encyclopædia which attempts to show the representative
conditions of abiding importance. In such a work statistics
are only one useful method of expressing historic evolution;
their value varies considerably according to the nature of
the subject dealt with; and the figures of the year which by
accident is the last before publication would often be
entirely misleading, owing to their being subject to some
purely temporary influence. In general, far less tabular
matter has been included in the Eleventh Edition than in the
Ninth. Where it is used, it is not as a substitute for
descriptive accounts, which can put the facts in readable
form much better, but more appropriately as showing
concisely and clearly the differences between the conditions
at different periods. As years pass by, and new statistics on
all subjects become accessible, those which have been
given here for their historical value are, as such, unaffected
by the lapse of time; but if they had been slavishly inserted
simply because they were the latest in the series of years
immediately preceding publication, their precarious
56
connexion with any continuous evolution would soon have
made them futile. So much has been done in the Eleventh
Edition to bring the record of events, whether in political
history or in other articles, down to the latest available date,
and thus to complete the picture of the world as it was in
1910, that it is necessary to deprecate any misconception
which might otherwise arise from the fact that statistics are
inserted not as events in themselves—this they may or may
not be, according to the subject-matter—but as a method of
expressing the substantial results of human activity; for that
purpose they must be given comparatively, selected as
representative, and weighed in the balance of the judicious
historian.

While every individual article in an encyclopædia which

aims at authoritative exposition must be informed by the
spirit of history, it is no less essential that the spirit of
The spirit of science. science should move over the
construction of the work as a whole.
Whatever may be the deficiencies of its execution, the
Eleventh Edition has at any rate this advantage to those who
use it, that the method of simultaneous preparation, already
referred to, has enabled every subject to be treated
systematically. Not only in the case of “science” itself, but
in history, law, or any other kind of knowledge, its
contributors were all assisting to carry out a preconcerted
scheme, each aware of the relation of his or her contribution
to others in the same field; and the interdependence of the
related parts must be remembered by any reader who
57
desires to do justice to the treatment of any large subject.
Cross-references and other indications in the text are guides
to the system employed, which are supplemented in greater
detail by the elaborate Index. But the scientific spirit not
only affects the scheme of construction as a whole: it has
modified the individual treatment. Attention may perhaps
be drawn to two particular points in this connexion;—the
increased employment of the comparative method, and the
attempt to treat opinion and controversy objectively,
without partisanship or sectarianism.

The title of the Encyclopædia Britannica has never meant

that it is restricted in its accounts of natural science, law,
religion, art, or other subjects, to what goes on in the British
The comparative dominions; but a considerable
method. extension has been given in the
Eleventh Edition to the amount of
information it contains concerning the corresponding
activities in other countries. By approaching each subject,
as far as possible, on its merits, the contributors in every
department aim at appraising the achievements of
civilization from whatever source they have arisen, and at
the same time, by inserting special sections on different
countries when this course is appropriate, they show the
variations in practice under different systems of government
or custom. But the subjects are not only arranged
comparatively in this sense: new branches of study have
arisen which are of chief importance mainly for the results
attained by the comparative method. The impetus given to
58
comparative sociology by Herbert Spencer, the modern
interest in comparative law, religion, folklore, anthropology,
psychology and philology, have resulted in the
accumulation of a mass of detail which it becomes the task
of an encyclopædia produced on the plan of organized co-
operation to reduce to manageable proportions and
intelligible perspective. Comparative bibliography, so much
fostered of late years by the growth of great library
organizations, undergoes in its turn the same process; and
expert selection makes the references to the best books a
guide to the student without overwhelming him. To deal
here with all the lines of new research which have benefited
by the comparative method in recent years would trench
unnecessarily upon the scope of the contents of the work,
where sufficient is already written. One illustration must
suffice of a science in which the new treatment affects both
the substance and the form of the articles in the Eleventh
Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Comparative
Anatomy, as a branch of Zoology, can no longer be
scientifically separated from Human Anatomy. The various
parts of the human body are therefore systematically treated
under separate headings, in connexion not only with the arts
of medicine and surgery, which depend on a knowledge of
each particular structure, but with the corresponding
features in the rest of the animal kingdom, the study of
which continually leads to a better understanding of the
human organism. Thus comparative anatomy and human
anatomy take their places, with physiology and pathology,
as interdependent and interconnected branches of the wider
59
science of Zoology, in which all the lines of experimental
inquiry and progressive knowledge lead up to a more
efficient service of man and society.

In stating "the position taken by the Encyclopædia

Britannica in relation to the active controversies of the
time," Spencer Baynes, in his Preface to the first volume of
the Ninth Edition (1875), referred to the conflict of opinion
then raging in regard to religion and The objective
science. "In this conflict," he said, "a view.
work like the Encyclopædia is not called upon to take any
direct part. It has to do with knowledge, rather than opinion,
and to deal with all subjects from a critical and historical
rather than a dogmatic point of view. It cannot be the organ
of any sect or party in science, religion or philosophy." The
same policy has inspired the Eleventh Edition. The
Encyclopædia Britannica itself has no side or party; it
attempts to give representation to all parties, sects and sides.
In a work indeed which deals with opinion and controversy
at all, it is manifestly impossible for criticism to be
colourless; its value as a source of authoritative exposition
would be very different from what it is if individual
contributors were not able to state their views fully and
fearlessly. But every effort has been made to obtain,
impartially, such statements of doctrine and belief in
matters of religion and similar questions as are satisfactory
to those who hold them, and to deal with these questions, so
far as criticism is concerned, in such a way that the
controversial points may be understood and appreciated,
60
without prejudice to the argument. The easy way to what is
sometimes considered impartiality is to leave controversy
out altogether; that would be to avoid responsibility at the
cost of perpetuating ignorance, for it is only in the light of
the controversies about them that the importance of these
questions of doctrine and opinion can be realized. The
object of the present work is to furnish accounts of all
subjects which shall really explain their meaning to those
who desire accurate information. Amid the variety of
beliefs which are held with sincere conviction by one set of
people or another, impartiality does not consist in
concealing criticism, or in withholding the knowledge of
divergent opinion, but in an attitude of scientific respect
which is precise in stating a belief in the terms, and
according to the interpretation, accepted by those who hold
it. In order to give the fullest expression to this objective
treatment of questions which in their essence are dogmatic,
contributors of all shades of opinion have co-operated in the
work of the Eleventh Edition of the Encyclopædia
Britannica. They have been selected as representative after
the most careful consideration and under the highest sense
of editorial responsibility. The proportion of space devoted
to these subjects is necessarily large, because they bulk
largely in the minds of thinking people; and while they are
treated more comprehensively than before, individual
judgments as to their relative claims may naturally vary.
The general estimates which prevail among the countries
which represent Western civilization are, however, in
practical agreement on this point, and this consensus is the
61
only ultimate criterion. In one respect the Eleventh Edition
is fortunate in the time of its appearance. Since the
completion of the Ninth Edition the controversies which at
that time raged round the application of historical and
scientific criticism to religion have become less acute, and
an objective statement of the problems, for instance,
connected with the literary history of the Bible is now less
encumbered with the doubts as to the effect on personal
religion which formerly prevailed. Science and theology
have learnt to dwell together; and a reverent attitude
towards religion, and indeed towards all the great religions,
may be combined, without arrière-pensée, with a scientific
comparative study of the phenomena of their institutions
and development.

Modern scientific progress has naturally affected other

aspects of the Eleventh Edition no less than the literary text;
and a word may be added here as to the illustrations and
maps. Photography and reproductive processes generally
now combine to enable much more to be done than was
possible a generation ago to assist verbal explanations and
descriptions by an appeal to the eye, and to make this
appeal scientifically accurate both in form and colour- The
older pictorial material in the Ninth Edition has undergone
the same critical survey as the text; and a large proportion
of what now appears in the Eleventh The art of
Edition is not only new, but represents illustration.
more adequately the modern principles of the art of
illustration. The microscope on the one hand, and the
62
museum on the other, have become in an increasing degree
the instruments for attaining a scientific presentment in
pictorial form of the realities of science and art. Whether for
elucidating the technicalities of zoology or engineering
machinery, or for showing concrete examples of ancient or
modern statuary or painting, the draughtsman or the
photographer has co-operated in the Eleventh Edition with
the writers of the various articles, so that as far as possible
their work may be accurately illustrated, in the correct
sense, as distinct from any object of beautifying the book
itself by pictures which might merely be interesting on their
own account. Similarly the maps are not collected in an
atlas, but accompany the topographical articles to which
they are appropriate. Whether plate-maps or text-maps, they
were all laid out with the scope, orthographical system, and
other requirements of the text in view; either the
cartographers have worked with the text before them - often
representing new geographical authority on the part of the
contributors - or they have been directed by the
geographical department of the editorial staff as to the
sources on which they should draw; and the maps have
been indexed as an atlas is, so that any topographical article
not accompanied by a map has its appropriate map-
reference in the general index. The more important coloured
maps have been specially prepared by Messrs Justus
Perthes of Gotha, the publishers of Stieler’s Atlas, which in
some instances has served as their basis; and the others
have been made under the direction of Mr Emery Walker of
London, in collaboration with the editorial staff. Mr Emery
63
Walker’s great knowledge and experience in the work of
illustration has throughout been put ungrudgingly at the
service of the Eleventh Edition.

Conclusion.

In expressing, on behalf of the editorial staff and the

publishers, their indebtedness to the large number of
contributors who have assisted in carrying the work to its
completion, the Editor would be glad to refer to many
individuals among the eminent writers who have given of
their best. But the list is so long that he must content
himself with a word of general thanks. It is more important
to give public credit here to those who, without actually
being members of the editorial staff, have taken an intimate
part with them in planning and organizing the Eleventh
Edition. It was necessary for the Editor to be able to rely on
authoritative specialists for advice and guidance in regard to
particular sciences. Foremost among these stand the
subjects of Zoology and Botany, which were under the
charge respectively of Dr P. Chalmers Mitchell, Secretary
of the Zoological Society of London, and Dr A. B. Rendle,
Keeper of the department of Botany, British Museum. Dr
Advisers on Chalmers Mitchell’s assistance in
special regard to Zoology extended also to the
subjects.
connected aspects of Comparative

64
Anatomy (in association with Mr F. G. Parsons),
Physiology and Palaeontology. The whole field of Biology
was covered by the joint labours of Dr Chalmers Mitchell
and Dr Rendle; and their supervision, in all stages of the
work, gave unity to the co-operation of the numerous
contributors of zoological and botanical articles. The
treatment of Geology was planned by Mr H. B. Woodward;
and with him were associated Dr J. A. Howe, who took
charge of the department of Topographical Geology, Dr J.
S. Flett, who covered that of Petrology, and Mr L. J.
Spencer and Mr F. W. Rudler, who dealt comprehensively
with Mineralogy and Crystallography. The late Dr Simon
Newcomb planned and largely helped to carry out the
articles dealing with Astronomy. Prof. J. A. Fleming acted
in a similar capacity as regards Electricity and Magnetism.
Prof. Hugh Callendar was responsible for the treatment of
Heat; Prof. Poynting for that of Sound; and the late Prof. C.
I. Joly, Royal Astronomer in Ireland, planned the articles
dealing with Light and Optics. On literary subjects the
Editor had the sympathetic collaboration of Mr Edmund
Gosse, Librarian to the House of Lords; and Mr Marion H.
Spielmann, on artistic subjects, also gave valuable help.

Among those whose association with the editorial staff was

particularly close were the Rev. E. M. Walker of Oxford, as
regards subjects of ancient Greek history; Mr Stanley Cook
of Cambridge, who was the Editor’s chief adviser on
questions of Old Testament criticism and Semitic learning
generally; Dr T. Ashby, Director of the British School of
65
Archaeology at Rome, who dealt with Italian topography
and art; and Mr Israel Abrahams, who was consulted on
Jewish subjects. Dr Peter Giles of Cambridge undertook the
survey of Comparative Philology, and Sir Thomas Barclay
that of International Law. Others who gave valuable advice
and assistance in regard to their various subjects were—
Lord Rayleigh and Mr Wetham (Physical Science), Sir
Archibald Geikie (Geology), Sir E. Maunde Thompson
(Palaeography and Bibliology), Mr J. H. Round (History
and Genealogy), Mr Phené Spiers (Architecture), Mr W.
Burton (Ceramics), Mr T. M. Young of Manchester (Textile
Industries), Prof. W. E. Dalby (Engineering), Dr G. A.
Grierson (Indian Languages), the Rev. G. W. Thatcher
(Arabic), Mr H. Stuart Jones (Roman History and Art), Dr
D. G. Hogarth and Prof. Ernest Gardner (Hellenic
Archaeology), the late Dr W. Fream (Agriculture), Mr W. F.
Sheppard (Mathematics), Mr Arthur H. Smith (Classical
Art), Dr Postgate (Latin Literature), Mr Fitzmaurice Kelly
(Spanish Literature), Prof. J. G. Robertson (German
Literature), Mr J. S. Cotton (India), Mr Edmund Owen
(Surgery), Mr Donald Tovey (Music), Prof. H. M. Howe of
Columbia University (Mining), Prof. W. M. Davis and Prof.
D. W. Johnson of Harvard (American Physiography).

These names may be some indication of the amount of

expert assistance and advice on which the editorial staff
were able to draw, first when they were engaged in making
preparations for the Eleventh Edition, then in organizing the
whole body of contributors, and finally in combining their
66
united resources in revising the work Collective
so as to present it in the finished state support.
in which it is given to the public. Constituting as they did a
college of research, a centre which drew to itself constant
suggestions from all who were interested in the
dissemination of accurate information, its members had the
advantage of communication with many other leaders of
opinion, to whose help, whether in Europe or America, it is
impossible to do adequate justice here. The interest shown
in the undertaking may be illustrated by the fact that his late
Majesty King Edward VII. graciously permitted his own
unique collection of British and foreign orders to be used
for the purpose of making the coloured plates which
accompany the article KNIGHTHOOD. Makers of history like
Lord Cromer and Sir George Goldie added their authority to
the work by assisting its contributors, even while not
becoming contributors themselves. Custodians of official
records, presidents and secretaries of institutions, societies
and colleges, relatives or descendants of the subjects of
biographies, governmental or municipal officers, librarians,
divines, editors, manufacturers,—from many such quarters
answers have been freely given to applications for
information which is now embodied in the Encyclopædia
Britannica.

In the principal Assistant-Editor, Mr Walter Alison Phillips,

the Editor had throughout as his chief ally a scholarly
historian of wide interests and great literary capacity. Prof.
J. T. Shotwell, of Columbia University, U.S.A., in the
67
earlier years of preparation, acted as joint Assistant-Editor;
and Mr Ronald McNeill did important The
work as additional Assistant-Editor Staff.
while the later stages were in progress. To Mr Charles
Crawford Whinery was entrusted the direction of a separate
office in New York for the purpose of dealing with
American contributors and with articles on American
subjects; to his loyal and efficient co-operation, both on the
special subjects assigned to the American office, and in the
final revision of the whole work, too high a tribute cannot
be paid. The other principal members of the editorial staff
in London, responsible for different departments, were Mr
J. Malcolm Mitchell, Dr T. A. Ingram, Mr H. M. Ross, Mr
Charles Everitt, Mr O. J. R. Howarth, Mr F. R. Cana, Mr C.
O. Weatherly, Mr J. H. Freese, Mr K. G. Jayne, Mr Roland
Truslove, Mr C. F. Atkinson, Mr A. W. Holland, the Rev. A.
J. Grieve, Mr. W. E. Garrett Fisher and Mr Arthur B.
Atkins, to the last of whom, as private secretary to the
Editor-in-Chief, the present writer owes a special debt of
gratitude for unfailing assistance in dealing with all the
problems of editorial control. On the New York staff Mr
Whinery had the efficient help of Mr R. Webster, Dr N. D.
Mereness, Dr F. S. Philbrick, Dr W. K. Boyd, Dr W. O.
Scroggs, Mr W. T. Arndt, Mr W. L. Corbin and Mr G.
Gladden.

A word must be added concerning a somewhat original

feature in the editorial mechanism, the Indexing
department. This department was organized from the first
68
so that it might serve a double purpose. By indexing the
articles as they came in, preparation could gradually be
made for compiling the Index which The
would eventually be published; and as Index.
the reference-cards gradually accumulated under systematic
index-headings, the comparison of work done by different
writers might assist the editing of the text itself by
discovering inconsistencies or inaccuracies in points of
detail or suggesting the incorporation of additional material.
The text of the Eleventh Edition owes much in this way to
suggestions originating among the staff of ladies concerned,
among whom particular mention may be made of Miss
Griffiths, Miss Tyler, and Miss Edmonds. The actual Index,
as published, represents a concentration and sifting of the
work of the Indexing department; and in order to put it into
shape a further stage in the organization was necessary,
which was carried through under the able direction of Miss
Janet Hogarth. The completion of the Index volume, which
all those who wish to make full use of the Eleventh Edition
of the Encyclopædia Britannica should regard as the real
guide to its contents, brought finally into play all parts of
the editorial machinery which had been engaged in the
making of the work itself,—a vast engine of co-operative
effort, dedicated to the service of the public.

HUGH CHISHOLM.

LONDON
December 10, 1910.
69
1. ↑ In earlier days the reverence due to deceased
authority was perhaps carried to extreme lengths. The
following footnote, attached in the Eight Edition to Sir
Walter Scott's article DRAMA, may be cited:—“It is
proper to state here . . . that this article is reprinted as it
originally appeared in the supplement to the fourth,
fifth, and sixth editions of this work without any of
those adaptations which the course of time and change
of circumstances render necessary in ordinary cases.
We have deemed this homage due to the genius and
fame of the illustrious author, whose splendid view of
the origin and progress of the dramatic art we have
accordingly presented to the reader exactly as it
proceeded from his own hand, leaving every
contemporaneous allusion and illustration untouched.”
It may be remarked that this footnote, which was
reprinted from the Seventh Edition, was itself carried
forward without being brought up to date, apparently
in the same spirit; and in another footnote, also
reprinted from the Seventh Edition, a reference is
made to allusions “on p. 147,” which were indeed on
p. 147 of the Seventh Edition, but are on p. 137 of the
Eighth!
2. ↑ Though, in pursuance of the ideal of making the
whole book self-explanatory, a great many purely
technical terms have been given their interpretation
only in the course of the article on the science or art in
which they are used, even these are included, with the
correct references, among the headings in the Index.
70
Similarly, biographical accounts are given of far more
persons than have separate biographies. The Index in
all such cases must be consulted, whether for word or
name.

71
 CLASSIFIED TABLE OF CONTENTS

I
T is not perhaps commonly realized that a general
Encyclopaedia is more than a mere store house of facts.
In reality it is also a systematic survey of all departments
of knowledge But the alphabetical system of arrangement,
with its obvious advantages, necessarily results in the
separation from one another of articles dealing with any
particular subject. Consequently the student who desires to
make a complete study of a given topic must exercise his
imagination if he seeks to exhaust the articles in which that
topic is treated. Though the Index proper (pp. 3-878 of this
volume) will give him assistance in obtaining information
under headings which are not themselves the titles of
articles in the Encyclopaedia, he will still find it of the
greatest service in have a bird’s-eye view of all the articles
upon his subject.

The ensuing pages of this volume contain what we believe

to be the first attempt in any general work of reference at a
systematic subject catalogue or analysis of the material
contained in it. If the student turn, for example, to the
section “Art” (p. 884) he will at once obtain a list of all the
articles on architectural subjects, including the brief
dictionary articles which are a special feature of the
Encyclopaedia Britannica (Eleventh Edition). He will find
subjoined a list of the biographies of architects. On pp. 885-
72
888 are similar classified lists for Music, Painting and
Engraving, Sculpture, the Minor Arts, the Stage and
Dancing. The lists of biographies afford the reader access to
information of a kind which cannot be given in subject
articles and to which no index can be a satisfactory guide.
In each section the main article or articles appear at the
beginning in italics, e.g. (p. 883) Anthropology, Ethnology.

It is hoped that by means of this Classified List of Articles

the student will find that he possesses not only a general
encyclopaedia but also for all practical purposes a complete
set of encyclopaedias on special subjects.

The classification of so great a mass of material must

necessarily be to some extent arbitrary. Too minute a
subdivision might easily confuse the reader and decrease
the practical usefulness of the Table. The principle adopted
has been to classify articles under as few general headings
as possible, and those the most natural and obvious—e.g.
Art, Geography, History, &c.

In order to keep the Table within reasonable compass the

duplicating of articles in several sections has been as far as
possible avoided. Thus the article “Charlemagne” in the
History section might have appeared in any one or all of the
subsections Europe, France, Germany, Roman Empire,
Franks. It was, however, decided to group together under
the heading “Franks” all articles relating to the Frankish
Empire up to the period when it lost its unity, and with these

73
the article “Charlemagne” was naturally included. Similarly
the article “Electricity Supply” might have been placed in
any one or all of the sections Engineering, Industries and
Commerce, Law, Sociology. It was felt, however, that its
proper place was beside the other articles which appear in
the subsection Electricity under the general heading
Physics.

Readers should note in connexion with the question of

duplication that the sections entitled History and Geography
are mutually complementary. The vast majority of articles
under topographical headings contain the historical
information appropriate to the county, district or town
which they describe. Similarly the sections Archaeology
and Anthropology are inter- dependent, referring
respectively to the ancient and the modern divisions of the
same science. As regards Archaeology all the articles on the
sites will be found under Geography, while the articles
under Anthropology must be supplemented by those in the
section Religion § Comparative.

It should further be understood that this classification does

not claim to exhaust the articles in the Encyclopaedia, but
rather to collect under the obvious headings, main and
subsidiary. those articles which are necessary to the
understanding of a given subject.

Further guidance as to the arrangement of the sections is

given on pp. 881-882.

74
 THE EDITORS.

LONDON, May 31, 1911.

75
CLASSIFIED TABLE OF CONTENTS

76
 PAGE
I. Anthropology and Ethnology 883
II. Archaeology and Antiquities 884
III. Art 884
1. General 884
2. Architecture 884
3. Music 885
4. Painting and Engraving 886
5. Sculpture 887
6. Minor Arts 887
7. Stage and Dancing 888
IV. Astronomy 888
V. Biology 889
1. General 889
2. Botany 889
(a) General 889
(b) Systematic 889
(c) Natural history 889
Zoology (for Anatomy and Physiology see
2. 890
under Medical Science)
(a) General 890
(b) Systematic 890
(1) Invertebrata 890
(2) Vertebrata 890
(c) Natural history 890

77
 (1) Mammals (for Farm Animals see 890
under Industries § Agriculture)
(2) Birds 891
(3) Fishes 891
(4) Insects 891
(5) Reptiles 891
(6) Batrachians 891
(7) Other invertebrata 891
(d) Palaeontology 891
4. Biographies 891
VI. Chemistry 892
1. General 892
2. Inorganic 892
3. Organic 892
4. Biographies 892
VII. Economics and Social Science 893
1. General 893
2. Finance and Currency 893
3. Biographies 893
Education (see also articles on countries §
VIII. 894
Education)
IX. Engineering 894
1. General 894
2. Building 894
3. Locomotion 894

78
 4. Shipping 894
5. Mining and Metallurgy 894
6. Biographies 894
X. Geography 895
1. General subjects and Cartography 895
2. Physical features and Oceanography 895
3. Meteorology 895
4. Europe (continental) 895
(a) Physical features 895
(b) Countries (with division and towns) 896
(1) General list 896
(2) Austria-Hungary 896
(3) Belgium 896
(4) Bulgaria 896
(5) Denmark 896
(6) France 896
(7) Germany 897
(8) Greece 898
(9) Holland 899
(10) Italy 899
(11) Luxemburg, Grand Duchy of 900
(12) Mediterranean Islands, &c. 900
(13) Montenegro 900
(14) Norway 900
(15) Portugal 900
79
 (16) Rumania 900
(17) Russia in Europe 900
(18) Serbia 901
(19) Spain 901
(20) Sweden 901
(21) Switzerland 901
(22) Turkey in Europe 901
(23) Ancient geography 901
United Kingdom of Great Britain and
5. 902
Ireland
(a) Physical features 902
(b) Division and Towns 902
(1) England and Wales 902
(2) Scotland 903
(3) Ireland 904
(4) Britain and Ireland, ancient 904
6. Asia 904
(a) Physical features 904
(b) Countries (with divisions and towns) 905
(1) General list 905
(2) Afghanistan 905
(3) Baluchistan 905
(4) Burma 905
(5) Ceylon 905
(6) Chinese Empire 905
80
 (7) India (with leaser Frontier States) 905
(8) Indo-Chlna, French 906
(9) Japan 906
(10) Korea 906
(11) Malay Archipelago 906
(12) Persia 906
(13) Russia in Asia 907
(14) Siam 907
(15) Turkey in Asia 907
(16) Ancient geography 907
7. Africa 907
(a) Physical features 907
(b) Countries (with divisions and towns) 908
(1) General list 908
(2) Abyssinia 908
(3) Algeria 908
East Africa (Eritrea to Portuguese
(4) 908
E. Africa)
(5) Egypt 908
(6) Morocco 908
(7) South Africa (British) 908
(8) Sudan 908
(9) Tripoli and Tunisia 908
West Africa (French W. Africa to
(10) 908
German S.W Africa)

81
 (11) Ancient goography 908
8. America 908
(a) Physical features 908
(b) Countries, general list 909
(c) Canada and Newfoundland 909
(d) United States 909
(1) States 909
(2) Towns 909
Central America, Mexico and West
(e) 911
Indies
(1) British Honduras 911
(2) Costa Rica 911
(3) Guatemala 911
(4) Honduras 911
(5) Mexico 911
(6) Nicaragua 911
(7) Panama 911
(8) Salvador 911
(9) West Indies 911
(f) South America 911
(1) Argentina 911
(2) Bolivia 911
(3) Brazil 911
(4) Chile 911
(5) Colombia 912
82
 (6) Ecuador 912
(7) Guiana 912
(8) Paraguay 912
(9) Peru 912
(9) Uruguay 912
(9) Venezuela 912
9. Australasia 912
(a) Physical features 912
(b) Australia 912
(c) New Zealand 912
10. Oceans, Seas and Oceanic Islands 912
(a) General list 912
(b) Atlantic Ocean 912
(c) Indian Ocean 912
(d) Pacific Ocean 912
(e) Polar Regions 912
11. Biographies 912
XI. Geology 913
1. General 913
2. Stratigraphy 913
3. Mineralogy and Crystallography 913
4. Petrology 914
5. Biographies 914
XII. History (for Historians see under Literature) 884
1. General 914
83
2. Heraldry, Titles and Offices 914
3. Europe 914
(a) General 914
(b) Wars 915
(c) Battles 915
(d) Austria-Hungary 915
(e) Balkan Peninsula 915
(f) France 915
(g) Franks 917
(h) Germany 917
(i) Greece 917
(j) Holy Roman Empire 918
(k) Italy 918
Macedonia (see under Greece, Asia
(l) 918
and Turkey)
(m) Netherlands 918
(n) Papacy 918
(o) Poland 919
(p) Portugal 919
(q) Rome (to A.D. 476) 919
(r) Roman Empire, Later 919
(s) Rumania 919
(t) Russia 919
(u) Scandinavia 920
(v) Sicily 920
84
 (w) Spain 920
(x) Switzerland 920
(y) Turkey 920
(z) United Kingdom 920
4. Asia 923
(a) General subjects 923
(b) General Biographies 923
(c) Asia Minor 923
(d) Babylonia and Assyria 923
(e) Caliphate (Eastern) 923
(f) China 923
(g) Crusades 923
(h) India (with Afghanistan) 923
(i) Japan 924
Jews (see further under Literature, §
(j) 924
Hebrew, and Religion, § Bible
(k) Macedonian Empire 924
(l) Persia 924
5. Africa 924
(a) General subjects 924
(b) General Biographies 924
(c) Africa, ancient 924
(d) Egypt 924
(e) South Africa 924
6. America 924
85
 (a) General subjects 924
(b) General Biographies 924
(c) Canada 924
(d) United States 924
(1) General subjects 924
(2) Wars and Battles 924
(3) Biographies 925
7. Australia 925
XIII. Industries, Manufactures and Occupations 925
1. General 925
2. Textiles 926
3. Agriculture (for Crops see Botany) 926
4. Foods and Beverages 926
5. Occupations 926
6. Biographies 926
XIV. Language and Writing 926
XV. Law and Political Science 927
1. Law 927
2. Crime and Punishment 928
3. Biographies 928
XVI. Literature 929
1. General 929
2. Arabia 930
3. Austria-Hungary 930
4. Belgium and Flanders 930
86
 5. British Empire 930
6. Classical: Greek and Latin 932
(a) Subjects 932
(a) Biographies 932
(1) Greek 932
(2) Byzantine 932
(3) Latin 933
(4) Classical scholars 933
7. Denmark 933
8. France 933
9. Germany 935
10. Hebrew, Armenian and Syriac 935
11. Holland 935
12. Iceland 935
13. India 935
14. Italy 936
15. Norway 936
16. Persia 936
17. Poland 936
18. Portugal 936
19. Russia 936
20. Spain 936
21. Sweden 936
22. Switzerland 936

87
 23. United States 936
24. Miscellaneous 937
XVII. Mathematics 937
XVIII. Medical Science 937
1. General 937
2. Anatomy and Physiology 937
3. Pathology, Therapeutics and Surgery 937
4. Pharmacology 938
5. Public Health 938
6. Veterinary Science 938
7. Biographies 938
XIX. Military and Naval 938
XX. Philosophy and Psychology 939
XXI. Physics 940
1. General 940
2. Sound 940
3. Light 940
4. Heat 940
5. Magnetism 940
6. Electricity 940
7. Weights and Measures 940
8. Biographies 940
XXII. Religion and Theology 941
1. (a) General 941
(b) Doctrines and Terms 941
88
2. History of Christianity 941
Church History to the Council of
(a) 941
Trent
(1) General 941
(2) Heresies 941
(3) Saints 941
(4) Christian Documents 941
(5) Religious Orders 941
(6) Biographies 941
(b) Roman Catholic Church 942
(1) Subjects 942
(2) Biographies 942
(c) Eastern Churches 942
(1) Subjects 942
(2) Biographies 942
(d) Reformation 942
(1) Subjects 942
(2) Biographies 942
(e) Church of England 942
(1) Subjects 942
(2) Biographies 942
Modern Continental Churches
(f) 943
(Reformed)
(1) Subjects 943
(2) Biographies 943
89
 (g) Free Churches (British Empire and 943
U.S., including Established Church of
Scotland)
(1) Subjects 943
(2) Biographies 943
(h) Ecclesiastical Offices 944
Ecclesiology (Liturgy, Ritual and
(i) 944
Vestments)
(j) Ecclesiastical Seasons 944
3. Bible and Biblical Criticism 944
Subjects (including Biblical
(a) 944
personages)
(b) Biographies of critics 945
4. Judaism 945
5. Mahommedan Religion 945
6. Comparative Religion and Folklore 945
(a) General 945
(b) Greek and Roman 945
(c) Asia, Asia Minor and Egypt 946
(d) European and American 946
XXIII. Sports and Pastimes 946
XXIV. Miscellaneous 946
1. Chronology 946
2. Costume and Toilet 947
3. Manners and Customs 947

90
4. Names 947

91
Anthropology and Ethnology
(For ancient anthropology see ARCHAEOLOGY; for religious customs see RELIGION §
Comparative.)

General Subjects and Terms

Indonesian
Anthropology Kraal
Ethnology Levirate
Matriarchate
Anthropometry Mesocephalic
Atavism Mestizo
Avenger of Blood Miscegeneration
Boomerang Monogenists
Brachycephalic Mulatto
Cannibalism Mutilation
Caste Name
Cephalic Index Nomad
Circumcision Octoroon
Clan Polyandry
Couvade Polygamy
Craniometry Polygenists
Creole Prognathism
Dago Purrah
Dolichocephalic Quadroon
Dwarf Quipus
Endogamy Steatopygia
Eurasian Taboo
Exogamy Tattooing
Family Totemism
Fire Tribe
Genna Wampum
Hair
Head-hunting
Hetaerism

Races and Tribes, &c.

Abnaki
Abābda Aborigines
Abipones Acholi

92
Afars (Danahil) Battakhin
Agaiambo or Agaiumbu Battanni
Ahom or Aham Battas
Aht Batwa
Ahtena Bazigars
Aimak or Eimak Bechuana
Ainu Bedouins
Akka Beja or Bija
Alfuros Bellabella
Algonquin Bellacoola or Bilquia
Alur Beni-Amer
Amarar Beni-Israel
Anti or Campa Beothuk
Apache Berbers
Apalachee Bertat
Arabs Bhattiana
Arapaho Buils or Bheels
Araucanians Bimana
Arawak Bisharin
Areoi Blackfoot
Arikara or Aricara Boer
Artega Bogos (Bileus)
Ashraf (Shurefa) Bois Brûlés
Assiniboin Bongo
Athapascan Botocudos
Attacapa Bozdar
Awadia and Fadnia Brahui
Aymara Bugis
Aztecs Bugti
Babu Buriats
Badagas Bushmen
Baggara Caddo
Bakalai Cagots
Bakhtiári Cahita
Ba-Kwiri Cahokia
Ba-Luba Cakchiquel
Bambute Calchaqui
Banate Caribs
Bangash Cashibo or Carapache
Barabra Catauxi
Bari Catawbas
Bashkirs Celt
Basques Chamkanni

93
Changos Fang
Charrua Fanti
Chechenzes Fellah
Chellian Fiji
Cheremisses Fingo or Fengu
Cherokee Finno-Ugrian
Cheyenne Flatheads
Chickasaws Fox Indians
Chimesyan Fula
Chinook Funj
Chiquitos Furfooz
Choctaws Galchas
Cholones Gallas
Chude Gararish
Chukchi Ghilzal
Chuncho Gilyaks
Chuvashes Gipsies
Circassia Golds
Cocoma or Cucamas Gonaguas
Coeur d'Alene/ Gros Ventres
Comanches Guanches
Conestoga Guaranis
Conibos Guatos
Copts Guatusos
Cree Guaycurus
Creek Indians Gumus
Crow Indians Hababs
Cunas Hadendoa
Curetes Haida
Czech Hakkas
Dawari or Dauri Hamitic Races
Delaware Indians Harratin
Dinka Hassania
Dogra Hausa
Dravidian Hawawir
Dualla Hazara
Duk-Duk Herero or Ovaherero
Durani Hindki
Dyaks or Dayaks Hipurnias
Engis Hiung-nu
Eskimo Hopi
Eẃe Hottentots
Falashas Hòva

94
Huambisas Kolis
Huastecs Kols
Huichol Korkus
Huron Koryaks
Indians, North American Kotas
Iquitos Krumen
Iroquois Kubus
Irulas Kumyks
Itza Kunbis
Ja'alin Kurumbas
Jakuns Kusan
Jute Kutenai
Jeveros Kwakiutl
Jibitos Laos
Jicarilla Lascar
Juangs Latuke
Jur (Diur) Legas
Juris Lopcha
Kabbabish Lipan
Kabyics Lolos
Kaffirs Madi
Kakar Mahar
Kalapuya Mahrattas
Kalispol Makalaka
Kalikas Makaraka
Kanaka Malays
Kanuri (Beriberi) Mandan
Kara-Kalpaks Mandingo
Karen Maneteneris
Kashubes Mangbettu
Kavirondo Manitou
Kaw (Kansa) Manyema
Kayasth Maori
Khamtis Marianas
Khattak Mariposan
Khazars Maroons
Khevsurs Marri
Khonds Masai
Kickapoo Mashona
Kiowas Matabele
Kirghiz Maya
Klamath Mayoruna
Koch Menangkubos

95
Menss and Marea Orakzal
Meshcheryaks Oraons
Meyrifab Ostiaks
Miami Ottawa
Miaotsze Papuans
Micmac Pariah (caste)
Mikirs Parsees
Mishmi (tribe) Pathan (people)
Modoc Pawnee
Mohave Penobscot
Mohawk Pequot
Mohican Petchenegs
Mohmand Pima
Monassir Polabs
Montagnais Ponca
Moors Pondo
Moplah Potawatami
Mordvinians Povindah
Moxos Prabhu (caste)
Mpongwe (Pongos) Pueblo Indians
Mundas Puelche
Mundrucus Pygmy
Muras Quiche or Kiches
Musa Kel Quichua
Muskhogean Stock Rajput
Mzabites or Beni-Mzab Riffans
Nahualtlan Stock Ruthenians
Namasudra Sahos
Nandi Sakai
Navaho or Navajo Salishan
Nayar or Nair Samoyedes
Negritos Santals
Negro Semang
Nez Perces Seminole
Niam-Niam Seneca
Nuer Serers
Oerlams Shagia
Ojibway Shangalla
Omaguas Shans
Omahas Shawnee
Oneida Sherani or Shirant
Onondaga Shilluh
Opata Shilluk

96
 Shinwari Tunguses
Shukria Tupis
Sienetjo Turi
Sikh Turki
Sioux Turkoman
Slavs Turks
Slovaks Tuscarora
Slovenes Uighur
Songhoi Unyamwezi
Sorbs Ustarana
Spy (commune) Ute (Utah)
Swahili Utman Khel
Syryenians Vaalpens
Tajik Veddahs
Talaing Voodoo or Vaudoux
Tamils Wa
Tarkani Wichita
Tutars Wochua
Tehuelche, Chulche or Huilliche Wolof (Woloff, Jolof)
Tembu Wyandot (Huron)
Tibbu or Tebu Yaos
Todas Yusafzai
Toltecs Zalmukht
Troglodytes Zaparos
Tshi, Tehwi, Chi or Oti Zenaga
Tuareg or Tawarek Zenata
Tukulor (Tuculers)

Biographies

(See also ZOOLOGY)

Deniker, Joseph
Avebury, John Lubbock, 1st baron Fletcher, Alice C.
Bandelier, Adolph F. A. Hale, Horatio
Bastian, Adolf Hodgson, Brian Houghton
Brasseur de Bourbourg, Charles Lartet, Edouard
Etienne M‘Lennan, John Ferguson
Brinton, Daniel Garrison Mantegazza, Paolo
Broca, Paul Morgan, Lewis Henry
Catlin, George Mortillet, Louis Laurent Gabriel de
Christy, Henry Prichard, James Cowles
Dawkins, William Boyd Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe

97
 Tylor, Edward B.
Waitz, Theodor

Archaeology and Antiquities

(For sites see the section GEOGRAPHY. See also under ART, PHILOLOGY, RELIGION §
Comparative.)

Subjects

Kent's Cavern
Archaeology Konarak
Labyrinth
Aegean Civilization Lake Dwellings
Antiquary Lansing Man
Barrow La Tene
Bronze Age Madelenian
Cairn Marnian Epoch
Calaveras Skull Moulin Quignon
Catacomb Mound Builders
Chariot Mousterian
Celt (tool) Neanderthal
Cippus Neolithic
Cist Palaeography
Clepsydra Palaeolithic
Cliff Dwellings Round Towers
Colossus Sarcophagus
Columbarium Scarab
Crannog Shell Heaps
Cromagnon Race Solutrian Epoch
Dene Holes Sphinx
Epigraphy Stone Age
Flint Implements Stone Monuments
Graffito Terramara
Hallstatt Villanova
Hittites Vitrified Forts
Inscriptions
Iovilae
Iron Age

Biographies

Agarde, Arthur

98
 Agostini, Leonardo Borlase, William
Akerman, John Yonge Böttiger, Karl August
Ashmole, Elias Brand, John
Baker, Thomas Brayley, Edward Wedlake
Barthélemy, Anatole Jean-Baptiste Britton, John
Antoine de Bröndsted, Peter Oluf
Becker, Wilhelm Adolf Brugsch, Heinrich Karl
Belzoni, Giovanni Battista Bursian, Conrad
Bent, James Theodore Canina, Luigi
Beulé, Charles Ernest Cesnola, Luigi Palma di
Birch, Samuel Champollion, Jean François
Boissard, Jean Jacques ...
Bond, Sir Edward Augustus
Borghesi, Bartolommeo

Art
General

Design
Art Fine Arts
Greek Art
Academy, Royal Grotesque
Aesthetics Japan (§ Art)
Arabesque Macabre
Art Galleries Monument
Art Sales Mural Decoration
Arts and Crafts Museums of Art
Art Societies Ornament
Art Teaching Rococo
Baroque Roman Art
Byzantine Art
China (§ Art)

Architecture

Subjects

Abbey
Architecture Abutment
Acroterium
Abacus Aedicula
Abated Aisle

99
Aiwan Banker-Marks
Alcove Baptistery
Alley Barbican
Almery Bargeboard
Almonry Bartizan
Almshouse Base
Alure Basement
Ambo Basilica
Ambulatory Batement Lights
Amphiprostyle Baths
Amphitheatre Batter
Andron Battlement
Angel-lights Bay
Antae Bed-Mould
Ante-chapel Belfry
Ante-choir Bell-Cot
Ante-fixae Belvedere
Anthemion Bema
Apophyge Bench Table
Apse Bevel
Apteral Bezantée
Aqueduct Bowtell
Araeostyle Bracket
Araeosystyle Brattishing
Arcade Broach
Arch Bungalow
Architrave Cable Moulding
Archivolt Camber
Arcosolium Campanile
Arena Canalis
Arris Cancelli
Ashlar Candelabrum
Astragal Canephorae
Astylar Canopy
Atrium Capital
Attic Cartouche
Attic Base Caryatides
Back-Choir Casement
Bailey Castle
Balcony Cathedral
Ball-flower Cathetus
Baluster Cauliculus
Balustrade Cavaedium

100
 Cavea Chalcidicum
Cavetto Chamfer
Ceiling ...
Cella

Biographies

Borromini, Francesco
Adam, Robert Bramante
Alberti, Leone Battista Bray, Sir Reginald
Alessi, Galeazzo Brunelleschi, Filippo
Apollodorus of Damascus Bulfinch, Charles
Baccio d'Agnolo Butterfield, William
Baltard, Louis Pierre Cagnola, Luigi, Marchese
Barocchio, Giacomo (da Vignola) Camus de Mézières, Nicolas le
Barry, Sir Charles Chambers, Sir William
Blomfield, Sir Arthur William ...
Bodley, George Frederick
Bonomi, Giuseppi

Music

Subjects

Barcarole
Music Barytone
Bass
Accompaniment Berceuse
Adagio Bourrée
Allegro Cadence
Alto Canon
Andante Cantata
Anthem Capriccio
Antiphony Cavatina
Appoggiatura Chorale
Aria Chromatic
Arpeggio ...
Aubade
Band

Instruments

Biographies

101
Painting and Engraving

Subjects

Biographies

Sculpture

Subjects

Biographies

Minor Arts

Furniture

Biographies

Stage and Dancing

Subjects

Biographies

Astronomy
General

Apse and Apsides

Astronomy Armilla
Astrology Astrolabe
Astrophysics
Aberration Azimuth
Ablatitious Binary System
Albedo Biquintile
Alidade Black Drop
Almacantar Chromosphere
Altitude Colure
Amplitude Comet
Anomaly Comet-seeker
Aphelion Compression

102
Conjunction Longitude
Corona Lunation
Coronium Mars
Cosmic Mercury
Culmination Meridian
Cycle Meteor
Declination Metonic cycle
Deferent Micrometer
Dial and Dialling Moon
Direct motion Nadir
Diurnal motion Nebula
Earth Nebular theory
Eccentric Neptune
Eclipse Node
Ecliptic Nutation
Egress Observatory
Ellipticity Occultation
Elongation Orbit
Ephemeris Parallax
Epicycle Penumbra
Epoch Perigree
Equation of the centre Perihelion
Equation of time Phoebe
Equator Photography, Celestial
Equinox Photometry, Celestial
Eros Planet
Establishment of a port Planets, Minor
Evection Precession of the equinoxes
Facula Prime vertical
Firmament Quadrature
Gegenschein Retrograde
Geocentric Right Ascension
Heliacal Satellite
Heliocentric Saturn
Heliometer Sextant
Horizon Solar system
Hour angle Solstice
Immersion Spectroheliograph
Ingress Stationary
Invariable Plane Sun
Jupiter Synodic Period
Latitude Syzygy
Libration Telescope

103
 Terminator Uranus
Three bodies, Problem of Venus
Time, Measurement of Vertical
Time, Standard Zenith
Transit circle, or Meridian circle Zodiac
Trepidation Zodiacal Light
Umbra

Constellations and Stars

Delphinus
Constellation Draco
Star Eridanus
Gemini
Algol Hercules
Andromeda Hydra
Ansa Leo
Aquarius Libra
Aquila Lyra
Arcturus Μagellanic Clouds
Aries Orion
Auriga Perseus/
Boötes Pisces
Cancer Pleiades
Canes Venatici Sagitta
Canis Major Sagittarius
Capricornus Serpentarius or Ophiuchus
Cassiopeia Taurus
Centaurus Ursa Major
Cepheus Ursa Minor
Cetus Virgo
Coma Berenices Vulpecula et Anser
Cygnus
Cynosure

Biographies

Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August

Adams, John Couch Aristarchus of Samos
Airy, Sir George Biddell Bailly, Jean Sylvain
Albategnius Baily, Francis
Albumazar (Abu-Maaschar) Bainbridge, John
Amici, Giovanni Battista Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm
Andronicus of Cyrrhus

104
Bianchini, Francesco Lalande, Joseph Jérôme Lefrançais de
Bode, Johann Elert Lamont, Johann von
Bradley, James Lemonnier, Pierre Charles
Brahe, Tycho Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph
Brisbane, Sir Thomas Makdougall Lilly, William
Brünnow, Franz Friedrich Ernst Lockyer, Sir Joseph Norman
Calvisius, Sethus Longomontanus, Christian Severin or
Campani-Alimenis, Matteo Longberg, C. S.
Carrington, Richard Christopher Maskelyne, Nevil
Cassini (family) Mayer, Johann Tobias
Celsius, Anders Mitchel, Ormsby MacKnight
Clerke, Agnes Mary Mitchell, Maria
Conon Möbius, August Ferdinand
Copernicus, Nicolaus Morrison, Richard James (Zadkiel)
Cunitz, Maria Mouchez, Amédée Ernest Barthélémy
Dee, John Newcomb, Simon
Delambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph Nostradamus
De la Rue, Warren Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias
Delisle, Joseph Nicolas Piazzi, Giuseppe
Dick, Thomas Pickering, Edward Charles
Donati, Giovanni Battista Pond, John
Dupuis, Charles François Pons, Jean Louis
Encke, Johann Franz Pritchard, Charles
Eratosthenes of Alexandria Proctor, Richard Anthony
Flamsteed, John Ptolemy (Claudius)
Galileo Galilei Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques
Gould, Benjamin Apthorp Ramsden, Jesse
Grant, Robert Regiomontanus
Halley, Edmund Reichenbach, Georg von
Hansen, Peter Andreas Repsold, Johann Georg
Hansteen, Christopher Rheticus or Rhaeticus
Herschel, Caroline Lucretia Rittenhouse, David
Herschel, Sir Frederick William Robinson, John Thomas Romney
Herschel, Sir John Frederick William Roemer, Ole
Hevelius, Johann Rosse, William Parsons, 3rd earl of
Hipparchus Rümker, Carl Ludwig Christian
Horrocks, Jeremiah Sabine, Sir Edward
Huggins, Sir William Sacro Bosco, Johannes de (John
Ideler, Christian Ludwig Holywood)
Inghirami, Giovanni Santini, Giovanni
Janssen, Pierre Jules César Schiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio
Kepler, Johann Schönfeld, Eduard
Lacaille, Nicolas Louis de Schröter, Johann Hieronymus

105
 Schumacher, Heinrich Christian Tisserand, François Félix
Schwabe, Samuel Heinrich Troughton, Edward
Secchi, Angelo Ulugh Beg
Smyth, Charles Piazzi Walker, Sears Cook
Somerville, Mary Walther, Bernhard
Sosigenes Zach, Franz Xaver, Baron von
Stone, Edward James Zöllner, Johann Karl Friedrich
Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm

Biology
General

Enzyme
Biology Evolution
Fermentation
Abiogenesis Habitat
Acclimatization Heredity
Acephalous Hybridism
Acuminate Life
Adaptation Longevity
Aestivation Mendelism
Albino Metabolism
Alveolate Microtomy
Anabolism Monotypic
Anastomosis Morphology
Aporose Oecology or Ecology
Auricle Osteology
Autogeny Parasitism
Bathybius Protoplasm
Biogenesis Reproduction
Bipartite Rhacis or Rachis
Catabolism Specis
Chemotaxis Telegony
Cilia Variation and Selection
Cytology
Embryology

Botany

General

Systematic

106
Natural History

Zoology

(for ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY see under MEDICAL SCIENCE)

General

Systematic

Invertebra

Vertebra

Natural History

Mammals

(for FARM ANIMALS see under INDUSTRIES § Agriculture)

Birds

Fishes

Insects

Reptiles

Batrachians

Other Invertebra

Palaentology

Biographies

107
Chemistry
General

Element
Chemistry Elixir
Alchemy Equivalent
Explosives
Affinity, Chemical Flame
Alembic Formula
Allotropy Gas
Amorphism Hydrolysis
Analysis Iatrochemistry
Assaying Indicator
Atmolysis Isomerism
Atom Matrass
Blowpipe Molecule
Catalysis Photochemistry
Chemical Action Pigments
Combustion Pyrophorus
Condenser Radioactivity
Crystallization Solution
Decolourizing Stereochemistry
Desiccation Stereo-isometrism
Dialysis Stoichiometry
Dissociation Thermochemistry
Distillation Valency
Electrochemistry
Electrolysis

Inorganic

Antimony
Acid Argon
Algaroth, Powder of Arsenic
Alkali Azoimide or Hydrazoic Acid
Alkali Manufacture Azoth
Alkaline Earths Barium
Alum Base
Aluminium Beryllium or Glucinum
Amalgam Bichromates and Chromates
Ammonia Bismuth

108
 Bittern Carborundum
Borax Caustic
Boric Acid or Boracic Acid Cerium
Boron Charcoal
Brimstone Chlorates
Bromine Chlorine
Cadmium Chromium
Caesium Cobalt
Calcium Colcothar
Calomel Columbium or Niobium
Carbide Copper
Carbon Copperas
Carbonates Corrosive Sublimate
Carbon Bisulphide
Carbonic Acid

Organic

Biographies

Crookes, Sir William

Abel, Sir Frederick A. Dalton, John
Achard, F. C. Daniell, John F.
Andrews, Thomas Davy, Sir Humphry
Baeyer, Adolf von Dewar, Sir James
Balard, Antoine J. Döbereiner, J. W.
Baumé, Antoine Dulong, Pierre Louis
Becher, J. J. Dumas, Jean Baptiste A.
Bell, Jacob Erdmann, Otto Linné
Bergman, Torbern Olof Fehling, Hermann von
Berthelot, M. P. E. Fischer, Emil
Berthollet, C. L. Fittig, Rudolf
Berzelius, J. J. Flamel, Nicolas
Black, Joseph Fourcroy, A. F., comte de
Boussingault, J. B. J. D. Frankland, Sir Edward
Brande, William Thomas Frémy, Edmond
Brown, S. M. Fresenius, Karl R.
Bunsen, R. W. v. Friedel, Charles
Calvert, F. Crace Fuchs, Johann N. von
Cannizzaro, Stanislao Gannal, J. N.
Cavendish, Henry Gay-Lussac, J. L.
Chevreul, M. E. Geber
Clark, Thomas Geoffroy, E. F.

109
 Gerhardt, Charles F. Pasteur, Louis
Gibbs, Oliver Wolcott Pelouze, T. Jules
Gilbert, Sir Joseph H. Perkin, Sir W. H.
Gladstone, John Hall Pettenkofer, Max J. von
Glaser, Christopher Plattner, K. F.
Glauber, Johann R. Priestley, Joseph
Gmelin (family) Proust, Joseph Louis
Graham, Thomas Prout, William
Guimet, Jean B. Ramsay, Sir William
Guyton de Morveau, baron Raoult, François M.
Harcourt, W. Vernon Regnault, H. V.
Helmont, Jean B. van Richter, J. B.
Henry, William Roebuck, John
Hofmann, A. W. von Roscoe, Sir H. E.
Homberg, Wilhelm Rose (family)
Kekulé, F. August Rouelle, G. F.
Klaproth, M. H. Sainte-Claire Deville, E. H.
Kolbe, A. W. Hermann Scheele, K. W.
Kopp, Hermann F. M. Schönbein, C. F.
Kunkel or Kunckel von Lowenstjern, J. Schützenberger, P.
Lavoisier, A. L. Silliman, Benjamin
Le Blanc, Nicolas Stahl, G. E.
Lemery, Nicolas Stas, J. S.
Liebig, J. von, baron Tennant, Charles
Lunge, Georg Tennant, Smithson
Magnus, H. G. Thénard, L. J.
Marggraf, Andreas S. Thomsen, Julius
Marignac, Jean C. G. de Thomson, Thomas
Mayow, John Van 't Hoff, J. H.
Mendeléeff, Dmitri I. Vauquelin, L. N.
Meyer, J. Lothar Weldon, Walter
Meyer, Victor Wenzel, K. F.
Mitscherlich, E. Williamson, A. W.
Mohr, K. Friedrich Wislicenus, J.
Moissan, Henri Wöhler, Friedrich
Mond, Ludwig Wollaston, W. H.
Murray, John Wurtz, C. A.
Muspratt, J. and J. S. Young, James
Newlands, John A. R.
Nobel, Alfred B.

Economics and Social Science

110
(See also the articles on countries for statistics of trade, etc.; also MEDICAL SCIENCE)

General

Camorra
Economics Census
Sociology Cess
Charity and Charities
Absenteeism Club
Actuary Collectivism
Ad valorem Combination
Advertisement Commerce
Advice Commercial Treaties
Agent-General Commissionaire
Aids Communism
Allotments and Small Holdings Concubinage
Almack's Consumption
Alnage or Aulnage Coolie
Anarchism Cooperage, or Coperage
Apprenticeship Co-operation
Arbitration and Conciliation Cooper Union
Artel Corn Laws
Baby-farming Corvée
Bachelor Crèche
Badger Crofter
Balance of Trade Demography
Bedlam, or Bethlehem Hospital Distribution
Beefsteak Club Dock Warrant
Beggar Drawback
B'nal B'rith (or Sons of the Covenant), Druids, Order of
Independent Order of/ Duel
Boarding-out System/ Emigration
Bondager Employers' Liability and Workmen's
Bonus Compensation
Book-keeping Engrossing
Bounty Eugenics
Bourse Excambion
Breaking Bulk Exhibition
Brook Farm Factory Acts
Brooks's Fair
Building Societies Famine
Burial Societies Farm
Butlerage and Prisage Fiars Prices

111
Fief Profit-sharing
Fire and Fire Extinction Proletariat, or Proletariate
Folkland Prostitution
Forestalling Protection
Foundling Hospitals Rebate
Franking Reciprocity
Fraternities, College Regrating
Freemansonry Roundsman System
Free Ports Salvage Corps
Free Trade Sample
Friendly Societies Anctuary
George Junior Republic, U.S.A. Serfdom
Gilds Slavery
Grain Trade Smuggling
Hooligan Social Contract
Housing Socialism
Illegitimacy Social Settlements
Immigration Stannaries
Internation, The Staple
Kit-Cat Club Statistics
Labour Exchange Statute Merchant and Statue Stample
Labour Legislation Steelyard, Merchants of the
Livery Companies Strikes and Lock-Outs
Mafia Subsidy
Mendicancy Suicide
Mercantile Agencies Sumptuary Laws
Mercantile System Sweating System
Mëtayage System Talukdar
Migration Tare and Tret
Monopoly Tariff
National Workshops Teetotalism
Oddfellows, Order of Title Guarantee Companies
Old-Age Pensions Trade Organization
Oneida Community Trade Unions
Owling Tramp
Pauperism Trusts
Pwanbroking Unemployment
Peonage Usury
Physiocratic School Vagrancy
Poor Law Value
Population Vill
Primage Village Communities
Production Villenage

112
 Wages Women
Wealth

Finance and Currency

Biographies

Education
(See also the educational sections in the articles on particular countries; also articles on
towns)

Subjects

Graduate
Education Gymnastics and Gymnasium
Harvard University
Academies Horn Book
Adolescence Hostel
Bachelor Industrial School
Barring Out Infant Schools
Battel Johns Hopkins University
Bejan Kindergarten
Blindness Leland Standford Jr. University
Bryn Mawr College Lowell Institute
Bursar Lyceum
California, University of Master
Chicago, University of Michigan, University of
Child Mount Holyoke College
Christ's Hospital Munshi, or Moonshi
Classics Museums of Science
Co-education Pegagogue
College Pennsylvania, University of
Columbia University Polytechnic
Cornell University Preceptor
Dartmouth College Princeton University
Deaf and Dumb Proctor
Doctor Professor
Encaenia Reformatory School
Examinations Research
Fagging Schools
Fellow Seminary
Gaudy Sizar

113
 Smith College Universities
Smithsonian Institution Vassar College, N.Y.
Sophomore Virginia, University of
Sorbonne Wisconsin, University of
Technical Education Yale University
Testamur
Tutor

Biographies

Engineering
(For electrical engineering see under PHYSICS)

General

Cantilever
Engineering Cash Register
Causeway
Abrasion Chain
Adjutage Chisel
Adze Chronograph
Air-engine Clock
Anvil Cofferdam
Aqueduct Conveyors
Archimedes, Screw of Copying Machines
Artesian Wells Cranes
Auger Crank
Autoclave Destructors
Awl Divers and Diving Apparatus
Axe Dock
Axle Dredge and Dredging
Barker's mill Dynamometer
Bearings Elevators, Lifts or Hoists
Bellows and Blowing Machines Embankment
Boiler Engine
Bradawl Felloe
Breakwater File
Bridges Filter
Bush Friction
Caisson Fuel
Caledonian Canal Gas Engine
Canal Gauge or Gage

114
 Gimlet Saw
Gouge Scissors
Hammer Screw
Harbour Sewerage
Harpoon Sewing Machines
Hatchet Shadoof
Horse Power Shears
Hose-pipe Shovel
Hydraulics Shuttle
Injector Sieve
Irrigation Signal
Jetty Siphon or Syphon
Joints Sleeper
Knife Smoke
Ladder Spade
Lamp Steam-Engine
Lathe Strength of Materials
Lock Suez Canal
Lubricants Syringe
Lubrication Tongs
Manchester Ship Canal Tool
Mill Tube
Oil-Engine Tunnel
Panama Canal Tweezers
Parallel Motion Typewriter
Pedometer Valve
Pier Voting Machines
Piston Wainscot
Pulley Watch
Pump Water Motors
Reclamation of Land Water Supply
Refrigerating and Ice-making Weir
River Engineering Well
Rivet Windmill
Roads and Streets

Building

Brickwork
Building Carpentry
Cement
Adobe Concrete
Brick Crystal Palace

115
 Dry Rot Random
Firebrick Roofs
Foundations Safes, Strong-rooms and Vaults
Glazing Scaffold, Scaffolding
Heating Scantling
Joinery Shoring
Joist Steel Construction
Lath Stone
Masonry Stove
Mortar Stucco
Mortise or Mortice Timber
Painter-work Ventilation
Plaster-work
Rafter

Locomotion

Coach
Aeronautics Coupé
Atmospheric Railway Curricle
Balloon Droshky
Barouche Flight and Flying
Bath-chair/ Jaunting Car
Berlin (carriage) Litter
Bicycle Motors, Electric
Bogie Motor Vehicles
Brake Palanquin
Britzska Parachute
Brougham Pneumatic Despatch
Buggy Railways
Cab Sedan-chair
Car Sleigh, Sled or Sledge
Caravan Tire
Caravanserai Traction
Caravel or Carvel Tramway
Carriage Tricycle
Cart Wagon or Waggon
Chaise
Char-à-banc

Shipping

Shipping

116
 Anchor Mast
Ballast Navigation
Barge Oar
Belay Pilot
Berth Pinnace
Bilge Pirogue or Piragua
Binnacle Polacca
Boat Poop
Bowline Pram
Bumboat Proa
Buoy Punt
Burgee Quarterdeck
Cable Quay
Cabotage Random
Caïque Rigging
Canoe Rowlock
Capstan Rudder
Catamaran Sail
Cleat Sailcloth
Cobic Sampan
Coracle (Corwgl)/ Schooner
Dahabeah Seamanship
Dhow Semaphore
Dinghy, dingey/ Ship
Felucca Shipbuilding
Gimbal Sloop
Hawser Smack
Holystone Starboard
Junk Steamship Lines
Kayak or Cayak Tonnage
Keel Trinity House, Corporation of
Lateen Turbine
Life-boat and life-saving service Wharf
Lighthouse Yawl
Log

Mining and Metallurgy

Annealing, Hardening and Tempering

Mining Anthracite
Metallurgy Banket
Biddery
Alloys Blasting

117
 Bloom German Siver or Nickel Silver
Boring Ingot
Brass Invar
Brazing and Soldering Iron and Steel
Bronze Kiln
Bronzing Lutten
Coal Metal
Damascening or Damaskcening Metallography
Damask Steel or Damascus Steel Ore-dressing
Electrum Pewter
Flume Quarrying
Flux Rolling Mill
Forging Safety-lamp
Fossick Shaft-sinking
Founding Solder
Fuel Tin-plate and Terne-plate
Furnace Welding
Fusible Metal
Galvanized Iron

Biographies

Camus, F. J. des
Arkwright, Sir Richard Carnegie, Andrew
Armstrong, 1st Baron/ Cartwright, Edmund
Baird, James Cautley, Sir Proby Thomas
Baker, Sir Benjamin Chappe, Claude
Bazalgette, Sir Joseph William Chubb, Charles
Bell, Henry Clark, Josiah Latimer
Berthon, Edward Lyon Cockerill W. (and J.)
Berthoud, Ferdinand Congreve, Sir William, bart.
Bessemer, Sir Henry Coode, Sir John
Bidder, George Parker Corning, Erastus
Boulton, Matthew Coxwell, Henry Tracey
Bramah, Joseph Cramp, Charles Henry
Brassey, Thomas Crompton, Samuel
Bridgewater, 3rd Duke of Cubitt, Thomas
Bright, Sir Charles Cubitt, Sir William
Brindley, James Cunard, Sir Samuel
Brown, Sir John Currie, Sir Donald
Brunel, I. K. Drummond, Thomas
Brunel, Sir Marc Dupuy de Lomo, S. C. H. L.
Burns, Sir George, bart. Eads, James Buchanan

118
 Edison, Thomas Alva Murdock, William
Ericsson, John Myddelton, Sir Hugh
Evans, Oliver Nasmyth, James
Fairbairn, Sir William Newcomen, Thomas
Ferguson, James Nixon, John
Finlay, Sir George Noble, Sir Andrew
Firth, Mark Palmer, Sir Charles Mark
Fitch, John Perkins, Jacob
Fowler, Sir John Pole, William
Fowler, John Prony, G. C. F. M. R. de
Fulton, Robert Rankine, W. J. M.
Gatling, Richard Jordan Rawlinson, Sir Robert
Girard, Philippe Henri de Reid, Sir Robert G.
Gooch, Sir Daniel, bart. Rennie, John
Goodyear, Charles Roebling, J. A.
Greathead, James Henry Schichau, Ferdinand
Grimthorp, 1st Baron Seppings, Sir Robert
Harrison, John Siemans, Sir William (Karl Wilhelm)
Hartley, Sir Charles Augustus Smeaton, John
Hawkshaw, Sir John Starley, James
Hawksley, Thomas Stephenson, George
Heathcoat, John Stephenson, Robert
Hodgkinson, Eaton Stevenson, Robert
Holden, Sir Isaac, bart. Strutt, Jedediah
Ismay, Thomas Henry Tangye, Sir Richard
Jacquard, Joseph Marie Telford, Thomas
Jenkin, H. C. F. Thomas, Sidney Gilchrist
Kingsford, W. Tregold, Thomas
Krupp, Alfred Trevithick, Richard
Lindley, William Watt, James
McAdam, John Loudon White, Sir William H.
McCormick, Cyrus Hall Whitney, Eli
Marquand, Henry G. Whitworth, Sir Joseph, bart.
Masham, Baron Wilkinson, John
Maxim, Sir Hirem

Geography
General Subjects and Cartography

Antarctic
Geography Antipodes
Map Arctic

119
 Bench-mark Isogonic Lines
British Empire Latitude
Chart Longitude
Contour, Contour-line Loxodrome
Earth, Figure of the Meridian
Geodesy Surveying
Geoid Tacheometry
Great Circle Theodolite
Hachure Topography
Hydrography World
Isoclinic Lines Zone
Isodynamic Lines

Gromatici
Antilia Isles of the Blest
Antonini Itinerarium Itinerarium
Aquae Ophir
Atlantis Thule
Brazil (isl.)
El Dorado

Physical Features and Oceanography

Sahel
Aiguille Sargasso Sea
Alp Savanna
Archipelago Sea
... Seiche
TODO Sounding
... Steppe
Plateau Sudd
Plain Swallow-hole
Playa Tarn
Polder Thlweg
Pond Tundra
Prairie Volcano
Quagmi Wadi
Rand Waterfall
Ras Watershed
Reef
River

Meteorology

120
Europe (Continental)

Physical features

Lakes

Mountains

Rivers

Miscellaneous

Countries

Austria-Hungary

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Belgium

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Bulgaria

Denmark

France

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Germany

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Greece

Divisions, etc.

Towns, etc.

121
Holland

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Italy

Divisions

Towns, etc. (modern names)

Towns, etc. (ancient names)

Luxemburg, Grand Duchy of

Mediterranean Islands, etc.

Montenegro

Norway

Portugal

Rumania

Russia in Europe

Divisions

(Including Transcaucasia)

Towns, etc.

Servia

Spain

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Sweden

Switzerland

Divisions

Towns, etc.

122
Turkey in Europe

Ancient geography

(Excluding towns in Greece and Italy, q.v.)

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

Physical features

Lakes

Mountains and Hills

Rivers

Miscellaneous

Divisions and Towns

England and Wales

Divisions

Islands

Towns, etc.

Scotland

Divisions

Islands

Towns, etc.

Ireland

Divisions

Islands

Towns, etc.

Ancient Names

Asia

123
Physical Features

Lakes

Mountains

Rivers

Miscellaneous

Countries

Afghanistan

Baluchistan

Burma

Ceylon

Chinese Empire

Divisions

Towns. etc.

India (with lesser Frontier States)

Territorial Divisions, etc.

(See also ASIA: Mountains, above). Where a district and town have the same name the
article will be found under the list of towns.)

Towns, etc.

Indo-China, French

Japan

Korea

Malay Archipelago

Malay Peninsula

Persia

124
Divisions

Towns, etc.

Russia in Asia

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Siam

Turkey in Asia

Divisions

Towns, etc.

(see also ASIA: Ancient, below)

Ancient Names

Africa

Physical features

Deserts

Sahara
Kalahari

Lakes

Mweru
Albert Edward Nyanza Ngami
Albert Nyanza Nyasa
Bangweulu Naivasha
Baringo Rudolf
Chad Rukwa
Chilwa Stefanie
Hannington Tanganyika
Kivu Tsana
Leopold II. Victoria Nyanza
Mareotis
Moeris, Lake of

125
Mountains

Livingstone Mountains
Atlas Majuba
Drakensberg Mfumbiro
Elgon Ruwenzori
Isandhlwana Spion Kop
Kenya Table Mountain
Kilimanjaro

Rivers

Ogowé
Atbara Orange
Bahr-el-Ghazal Rovuma
Benue Rufiji
Chobe Sabaki
Congo Senegal
Cross Shari
Gambia Shiré
Isly Sobat
Juba Tana
Kagera Tugela
Kasai Ubangi
Komati Vaal
Kunene Volta
Kwanza Zaire
Limpopo Zambezi
Niger
Nile

Miscellaneous

Saldanha Bay
Algoa Bay Victoria Falls
Delagoa Bay
Karroo

Countries

Abyssinia

Algeria

East Africa

126
(Eritrea to Portuguese E. Africa)

Egypt

Morocco

South Africa (British)

Kimberley
Aliwal North King William's Town
Barberton Klerksdorp
Barkly East Kokstad
Barkly West Kroonstad
Barotse Krugersdorp
Basutoland Kuruman
Beaconsfield Ladybrand
Beaufort West Ladysmith
Bechuanaland Laing's Nek
Blantyre Lovedale
Bloemfontein Lydenburg
Boksburg Mafeking
Bulawayo Maseru
Caledon Middelburg
Cape Colony Mossel Bay
Cape Town Natal
Colenso Nylstroom
Constantia Orange Free State
Cradock Paarl
Cullinan Pietermaritzburg
Durban Pietersburg
East London Port Elizabeth
Ermelo Potchefstroom
Ficksburg Pretoria
Germiston Queenstown
Glen Grey Rhodesia
Graaff Reinet Robben Island
Graham's Town Rustenburg
Griqualand East Shoshong
Griqualand West Simon's Town
Harrismith Standerton
Heidelberg Stellenbosch
Jagersfontein Swaziland
Johannesburg Swellendam
Kaffraria Tati

127
 Transkei Wepener
Transvaal Winburg
Uitenhage Worcester
Ulundi Zeerust
Utrecht Zimbabwe
Volksrust Zoutpansberg
Vryheid Zululand
Wakkerstroom
Walfish Bay

Sudan

Tripoli and Tunisia

West Africa

(French West Africa to German South-West Africa)

Ancient Names

America

Physical features

Lakes

Mountains

Rivers

Miscellaneous

Countries

Canada and Newfoundland

Divisions

Towns, etc.

United States

States, etc.

Towns, etc.

128
British Honduras

Costa Rica

Guatemala

Honduras

Mexico

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Nicaragua

Panama

Salvador

West Indies

Argentina

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Bolivia

Brazil

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Chile

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Colombia

Equador

Guiana

Paraguay

129
Peru

Divisions

Towns, etc.

Uruguay

Venezuela

Divisions

Towns

Australasia

Physical Features

Australia

Divisions

Towns, etc.

New Zealand

Oceans, Seas and Oceanic Islands

Oceans, Seas, etc.

Atlantic Ocean

Islands, etc.

Indian Ocean

Islands, etc.

Pacific Ocean

Islands, etc.

Polar regions

Islands, etc.

130
Biographies

Geology
General

Fold
Geology Fumarole
Geyser
Assise Joints
Basin Mineral deposits
Bed Mofetta
Bomb Neck
Cave Puy
Crater Seismometer
Drift Soffioni
Earth pillar/ Solfatara
Earthquake Veins
Esker Volcano
Fall-line
Fault

Stratigraphy

Mineralogy and Crystallography

Petrology

Biographies

131
History
(For historians see the literature of the various countries)

General

Empire
History Feudalism
Government
Abdication Governor
Agrarian Laws Hellenism
Alliance Homage
Annals Mercantile System
Arbitration, International Monarchy
Archive Oligarchy
Aristocracy Parliament
Balance of Power Peace
British Empire Piracy
Cabinet Privateer
Capitulations Record
Chronicle Republic
City Serfdom
Civilization Slavery
Colony Sovereignty
Concordat State
Confederation State Rights
Conference Sultan
Convention Suzerainty
Corsair Treaties
Democracy Village Communities
Despot War
Diplomacy
Diplomatic
Dynasty

Heraldry, Titles, and Offices

(See further under the separate countries)

Europe

General

132
Wars

Battles

Austria-Hungary

Subjects

(See further under HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE)

Biographies

Balkan Peninsula

Subjects and Biographies

Belgium

(See NETHERLANDS)

France

(See further under FRANKS)

Subjects

Biographies

Franks

(See further under FRANCE and GERMANY)

Subjects and Biographies (to A.D. 843)

Germany

Subjects

(See also FRANKS and HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE)

Biographies

Greece

133
Subjects

(See also ASIA and TURKEY)

Biographies (ancient)

Biographies (modern)

Holland

(See NETHERLANDS)

Holy Roman Empire

Subjects

Biographies

Italy

Subjects

(See also PAPACY, ROME and ROMAN EMPIRE, LATER)

Biographies

Macedonia

(See under GREECE, ASIA and TURKEY)

Netherlands

Subjects

Biographies

Papacy

Subjects and Biographies

Poland

Subjects and Biographies

134
Portugal

Subjects and Biographies

Rome (to A.D. 476)

Subjects

Biographies

Roman Empire, Later

Subjects and Biographies

Rumania

Subjects and Biographies

Russia

Subjects

Biographies

Scandanavia

Subjects

Biographies

Sicily

Subjects and Biographies

Spain

Subjects

Biographies

Switzerland

Subjects

Biographies

135
Turkey

Subjects

Biographies

United Kingdom

Subjects

Biographies

Asia

Biographies (see also Persia)

Asia minor

Subjects and Biographies

Babylonia and Assyria

Biographies

Caliphate (Eastern)

Subjects and Biographies

China

Subjects and Biographies

Crusades

Subjects and Biographies

India (with Afghanistan)

Subjects

Biographies

Japan

136
Subjects and Biographies

Jews

(See further under LITERATURE, § Hebrew, and RELIGION, §§ Bible and Judaism)

Subjects and Biographies

Macedonian Empire

Subjects and Biographies

Persia

Subjects and Biographies

Africa

Biographies

Africa, Ancient

Subjects and Biographies

Egypt

Subjects and Biographies

South Africa

Subjects

Biographies

America

Biographies

Canada

Subjects

Biographies

137
United States

General

Wars and Battles

Biographies

Australasia

Biographies

Industries, Manufactures and Occupations

General

Copra
Commerce Coral
Cutlery
Air-gun Dyeing
Ambergris Eau de Cologne
Asphalt or Asphaltum Elemi
Attar or Otto of Roses Extract
Baking Fat Feather
Barbed Wire Fireworks
Basket Fisheries
Bead Flour and Flour manufacture
Bergamot, Oil of Flowers, Artificial
Bodkin Foil
Bottle Folio
Briquette Foolscap
Brush Fur
Button Gas
Candle Gem, Artificial
Carmine Glair
Catechu or Cutch Glass
Catgut Glue
Chafing-dish Gluten
Cigar Goldbeating
Coke Grain Trade
Colza Oil Granaries
Comb Hodden
Cooperage Horn

138
Horse-shoes Plumbing
Ink Process
Isinglass Putty
Ivory Quaich or Quaigh
Jananning Quarto
Lapolin Quire
Lapidary Rape Oil
Laundry Ream
Leather Resin
Leather, Artificial Rice Paper
Linseed Rope and Rope-making
Liquorice Saddlery and Harness
Lithography Seal-fisheries
Logwood Sealing-wax
Mastic Seine
Match Sepia
Maulstick Shagreen
Mirror Sheffield Plate
Mucilage Shoe
Musk Soap
Nail Spermaceti
Natural Gas Starch
Needle Stationery
Oakum Stirrup
Octavo Straw, and Straw Manufactures
Oils Tailor
Oven Tallow
Paper Thimble
Papier Mache Thread
Paraffin Tortoiseshell
Parchment Trade
Pearl Trawling, Seining and Netting of Fish
Peat Turpentine
Pen Typography
Pencil Umbrella
Perfumery Vacuum Cleaner
Petroleun Varnish
Pickle Vaseline
Pigments Veneer
Pin Vinegar
Pipe Wafer
Pisciculture Wax
Plated Ware Whalebone

139
 Whale Oil Wire
Whale-fishery or Whaling

Textiles

Agriculture

(For Cereals, Trees and Fruits see BOTANY.)

Foods and Beverages

Occupations

Biographies

Language and Writing

General

Cyrillic
Language D
Philology Dative
Dialect
A Dictionary
Abbreviation E
Ablative Etymology
Accent F
Accidence G
Accusative Glagolitic
Adjective Grammar
Alphabet H
Ampersand Hieratic
Ampliative Hieroglyphics
Aorist Homonym
Apostrophe I
Article Ideograph
Augment Idiom
B Infinite
C Inscriptions
Colon Italic
Comma J
Cryptography Jargon
Cuneiform

140
 K Runes, Runic Language and
L Inscriptions
Lexicon S
M Shorthand
N Significs
O Slang
Onomatopoeia Stenography
P T
Palaeography U
Parenthesis Universal Languages
Patois V
Phonetics W
Pidgin English Writing
Pronunciation X
Punctuation Y
Q Z
R

Languages

(For information under Ethnographical and Geographical headings see vol. XXI. pp. 437–
438.)

Biographies

(See also under LITERATURE, § Classics.)

Law and Political Science

(See also the legal sections of articles on Countries.)

General

Crime and Punishment

Biographies

Literature
(For Literature not included in the following list, see the articles BULGARIA, CANADA,
CHINA, JAPAN, SANSKRIT, SERVIA, etc.)

141
(For Breton, Cornish, Gaelic, Irish, Manx and Welsh, see the article CELT)

General Subjects

(See also CLASSICS)

Paraphrase
Literature ...
Poetry
Alcaics ...
... Prose
Allegory Prosody
... ...
Epilogue Sermon
... ...
Fable Style
... ...
Irony Verse
... ...
Palindrome Text
... ...
Parable
Paradox

Arabia

Austria-Hungary

Austria

Hungary

Belgium and Flanders

British Empire

142
Author Birth Year Britannica Page
A) à Beckett, Gilbert Abbott 1811 À Beckett, Gilbert Abbott
Aberigh-Mackay, George Robert 1848 Aberigh-Mackay, George Robert
Acton, J. E. E. D., baron 1834 Acton, J. E. E. D., baron
Addison, Joseph 1672 Addison, Joseph
Adolphus, John Leycester 1768 Adolphus, John Leycester
Ae)Ælfric 955 Ælfric
Aguilar, Grace 1816 Aguilar, Grace
Aikin, John 1672 Aiken, John
Ainger, Alfred 1837 Ainger, Alfred
Ainsworth, Robert 1660 Ainsworth, Robert
Ainsworth, William Harrison 1805 Ainsworth, William Harrison
Aird, Thomas 1802 Aird, Thomas
Akenside, Mark 1805 Akenside, Mark
Alabaster, William 1567 Alabaster, William
Albery, James 1838 Albery, James
Aldhelm 639 Aldhelm
Alison, Archibald 1757 Archibald Alison
Alison, Archibald, Sir 1792 Archibald Alison
Allen, Grant 1848 Allen, Grant
Allingham, William 1824 Allingham, William
Almon, John 1737 Almon, John
Alredus, of Beverley 1100 c. Alredus, of Beverley
Ames, Joseph 1689 Ames, Joseph
Amhurst, Nicholas 1697 Amhurst, Nicholas
Amory, Thomas 1691? Amory, Thomas
Anderson, James 1825 Anderson, James
Anderson, Robert 1750 Anderson, Robert
Andrews, James Pettit 1737 Andrews, James Pettit
Aneurin 600 c. Aneurin
Anstey, Christopher 1724 Anstey, Christopher
Arber, Edward 1836 Arber, Edward
Arbuthnot, Alexander 1822 Arbuthnot, Alexander
Arbuthnot, John 1667 Arbuthnot, John
Archer, William 1856 Archer, William
Armstrong, John 1709 Armstrong, John

143
Arnold, Sir Edwin 1832 Arnold, Sir Edwin
Arnold, Matthew 1822 Arnold, Matthew
Asgill, John 1659 Asgill, John
Asser 850 c. Asser
Aubrey, John 1626 Aubrey, John
Aungervyle, Richard 1287 Aungervyle, Richard
Austen, Jane 1775 Austen, Jane
Austin, Alfred 1835 Austin, Alfred
Austin, Sarah 1793 Austin, Sarah
Ayscough, Samuel 1745 Ayscough, Samuel
Aytoun, Sir Robert 1570 Aytoun, Sir Robert
Aytoun, William Edmonstoune 1813 Aytoun, William Edmonstoune
Babington, Churchill 1821 Babington, Churchill
Badham, Charles 1813 Badham, Charles
Bailey, Nathan or Nathaniel 1675 c. Bailey, Nathan
Bailey, Philip James 1816 Bailey, Philip James
Bailey, Lady Grizel 1665 Baillie, Lady Grizel
Baillie, Joanna 1762 Baillie, Joanna
Baines, Edward 1774 Baines, Edward
Baker, Sir Richard 1568 Baker, Sir Richard
Balderic 1000 c. Balderic
Bale, John 1495 Bale, John
Bales, Peter 1547 Bales, Peter
Ballantyne, Robert Michael 1825 Ballantyne, Robert Michael
Banim, John 1798 Banim, John
Banks, George Linnaeus 1821 Banks, George Linnaeus
Bannatyne, George 1545 Bannatyne, George
Barbauld, Anna Letitia 1743 Barbauld, Anna Letitia
Barbour, John 1395 Barbour, John
Barclay, Alexander 1476 c. Barclay, Alexander
Barclay, John 1582 Barclay, John
Barham, Richard Harris 1788 Barham, Richard Harris
Baring-Gould, Sabine 1834 Baring-Gould, Sabine

[Authors beginning with A with no Wikisource Author: page and once originated can be
given an EB1911 link: George Robert Aberigh-Mackay, Robert Ainsworth, William
Alabaster, James Albery, John Almon, Alredus, of Beverly, Joseph Ames, James
Anderson, Robert Anderson, James Pettit Andrews, Asser, Samuel Ayscough.

144
Churchill Babington, Charles Badham (classicist), Philip James Bailey, Lady Grizel
Baillie, Joanna Baillie, Edward Baines, Balderic, John Bale, George Linnaeus Banks,
George Bannatyne, Alexander Barclay, John Barclay]

Classics

Legendary figures

(See further RELIGION § Comparative.)

Subjects

(See further LANGUAGE; LITERATURE, General Subjects.)

Biographies

Greek

Byzantine

Latin

Scholars

Denmark

France

Germany

Hebrew, Armenian and Syriac Literature

(See also under LANGUAGE, PHILOSOPHY, RELIGION.)

Holland

Iceland

India

Italy

145
Norway

Persia

Poland

Portugal

Russia

Spain

Sweden

Switzerland

United States

Miscellaneous

Mathematics
Pure

Circle
Mathematics Cissoid
Combinatorial Analysis
Abscissa Conchoid
Algebra Cone
Algebraic Forms Conic Section
Aliquot Conoid
Amicable Numbers Continued Fractions
Angle Cube
Argument Curve
Arithmetic Cycloid
Axis Cylinder
Bessel Function Determinant
Binomial Diagonal
Biquadratic Diameter
Bisectrix Differences, Calculus of
Cardioid Differential Equation
Catenary Dimension

146
 Dodecahedron Numbers, Partition, of
Ellipse Numeral
Ellipsoid Octahedron
Epicycloid Ordinate
Equation Oval
Figurate Numbers Parabola
Focus Perspective
Folium Polygon
Fourier's Series Polygonal Numbers
Frustum Polyhedral Numbers
Function Polyhedron
Geometrical Continuity Porism
Geometry Prism
Gnomon Probability
Graphical Methods Projection
Groups, Theory of Quadratrix
Harmonic Quaternions
Harmonic Analysis Roulette
Hyperbola Series
Icosahedron Serpentine
Infinite Sphere
Infinitesimal Calculus Spherical Harmonics
Interpolation Spheroid
Inversion Spiral
Involution Surface
Lemniscate Table, Mathematical
Limacon Tetrahedron
Line Triangle
Locus Trigonometry
Logarithm Trisectrix
Logocyclic Curve, Strophoid or Foliate Variations, Calculus of
Magic Square Vector Analysis
Maxima and Minima Witch of Agnesi
Mensuration Zero
Number

Applied

Ballistics
Mechanics Brachistochrone
Hydromechanics Calculating Machines
Diagram
Acceleration Dynamics

147
 Elasticity Motion, Laws of
Gyroscope and Gyrostat Pantograph
Hodograph Statics
Hydrodynamics Tide
Hydrostatics Units, Dimensions of
Kinematics Wave
Kinetics Zero
Knot
Lever

Biographies

Cocker, Edward
Abel, Niels Henrik Colburn, Zerah
Agnesi, Maria Gaetana Cotes, Roger
Aguillon (Aguilonius), François D' Cremona, Luigi
Allen or Alleyn, Thomas Demoivre, Abraham
Anderson, Alexander De Morgan, Augustus
Anthemius Diophantus of Alexandria
Apollonius of Perga Ditton, Humphry
Archimedes Emerson, William
Autolycus of Pitane Euclid
Babbage, Charles Euler, Leonhard
Baldi, Bernardino Fermat, Pierre de
Barlow, Peter Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph
Barrow, Isaac Frisi, Paolo
Bernoulli (family) Galloway, Thomas
Boole, George Galois, Évariste
Borda, Jean Charles Gauss, Karl Friedrich
Boscovich, Roger Joseph Greaves, John
Bouguer, Pierre Gregory (family)
Bowditch, Nathaniel Gregory, Olinthus Gilbert
Briggs, Henry Gunter, Edmund
Buxton, Jedediah Hachette, Jean Nicolas Pierre
Camus, Charles Étienne Louis Hamilton, Sir William Rowan
Cardan, Girolamo Harriot or Harriot, Thomas
Castel, Louis Bertrand Hero of Alexandria
Cauchy, Augustin Louis Hutton, Charles
Cayley, Arthur Huygens, Christiaan
Charles, Jacques Alexandre César Inaudi, Jacques
Chebichev, Pafnutiy Lvovich Ivory, Sir James
Clairault, or Clairaut, Alexis Claude Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jacob
Clifford, William Kingdon Kircher, Athanasius

148
 Kovalevsky, Sophie Recorde, Robert
Lagrange, Joseph Louis Riccati, Jacopo Francesco, Count
Landen, John Riemann, Georg Friedrich Bernhard
Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de Roberval, Gilles Personne de
Lardner, Dionysius Robins, Benjamin
Legendre, Adrien Marie Routh, Edward John
Leonardo of Pisa Russell, John Scott
Leslie, Sir John Salmon, George
Lie, Marius Sophus Saunderson, or Sanderson, Nicholas
Lobachevskiy, Nicolas Ivanovich Serenus of Antissa
MacCullagh, James Simpson, Thomas
Maclaurin, Colin Simson, Robert
Mascheroni, Lorenzo Smith, Henry John Stephen
Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de Smith, Robert
Mersenne, Marin Snell, Willebrord
Monge, Gaspard Spottiswoode, William
Montucla, Jean Étienne Steiner, Jakob
Murphy, Robert Stevinus, Simon
Napier, John Stirling, James
Newton, Sir Isaac Stokes, Sir George Gabriel
Nichomachus (of Gerass) Sturm, Jacques Charles François
Oughtred, William Sylvester, James Joseph
Pappus of Alexandria Tartaglia, Niccolò
Peacock, George Taylor, Brook
Peirce, Benjamin Theodosius of Tripolis
Pell, John Thompson, Thomas Peronnet
Pfaff, Johann Friedrich Todhunter, Isaac
Playfair, John Vernier, Pierre
Plücker, Julius Vieta (or Viète), François
Poinsot, Louis Wallace, William
Poisson, Siméon Denis Wallis, John
Poncelet, Jean Victor
Price, Bartholomew

Medical Science
General

Medical Jurisprudence
Medicine
Medical Education

Anatomy and Physiology

149
 Gall
Anatomy Hand
Physiology Head
Heart
Abdomen Heel
Adam's Apple Hip
Ala Hunger and Thirst
Alimentary Canal Intestine
Animal Heat Jaw
Ankle Knee
Apnoea Leg
Aponeurosis Ligament
Apophysis Lip
Arm Liver
Arteries Lobe
Articulation Lung
Arytenoid Lymph and Lymph Formation
Bladder Lymphatic System
Blood Mannary Gland
Bone Matrix
Brain Mouth and Salivary Glands
Breast Muscle and Nerve
Cartilage Muscular System
Caul Navel
Climacteric Nerve
Coelom and Serous Membranes Nervous System
Colo Nose
Connective Tissues Olfactory System
Diaphragm Palate
Digestive Organs Pancreas
Ductless Glands Pelvis
Ear Perspiration
Elbow Pharynx
Epithelial, Endothelial and Glandular Phrenology
Tissues Placenta
Equilibrium Puberty
Excretion Pulse
Eye Reproductive System
Face Respiratory System
Fauces Scalp
Fibrin Shoulder
Finger Sinew
Foot Skeleton

150
 Skin and Exoskeleton Throat
Skull Tongue
Sleep Urinary System
Spinal Cord Varicose Veins
Spleen Vascular System
Stomach Veins
Sweetbread Voice
Sympathetic System Windpipe
Teeth Wrist
Thorax

Pathology, Therapeutics and Surgery

Aphemia
Pathology Apoplexy
Therapeutics Appendicitis
Surgery Apyrexia
Arthritis
Abortion Ascites
Abscess Asphyxia
Abscission Asthma
Acne Athetosis
Acromegaly Atrophy
Actinomycosis (Streptotrichosis) Auscultation
Acupressure Autopsy
Acupuncture Bacteriology
Addison's Disease Baldness
Adenoids Balneotherapeutics
Aerotherapeutics Bedsore
Ague Beri-beri
Albuminuria Bilharziosis
Alienist Blackwater Fever
Amaurosis Bladder and Prostate Diseases
Amuck, Running Blindness
Anaemia Blister
Anaesthesia and Anaesthetics Blood-letting/
Aneurysm, or Aneurism Boil
Angina Pectoris Bow-leg
Ankylosis, or Anchylosis Bright's Disease
Ankylostomiasis or Anchylostomiasis Bronchiectasis
Anodyne Bronchitis
Antiseptics Bronchotomy
Aphasia Bunion

151
Burns and Scalds Emphysema
Caesarean Section Empyema
Caisson Disease Enteritis
Cancer or Carcinoma Epilepsy
Carbuncle Epistaxis
Catalepsy Erysipelas
Catarrh Favus
Chicken-pox Fever
Chilblains Filariasis
Chirurgeon Fistula
Cholera Food
Cleft Palate and Hare-Lip Frostbite
Clinic Gangrene
Club-foot Gastric Ulcer
Colic Gastritis
Coma Goitre
Constipation Gout
Convulsions Guinea-worm
Corn Gynaecology
Corpulence or Obesity Haematocele
Cramp Haemophilia
Cretinism Haemorrhage
Croup Haemorrhoids
Cupping Hammer-toe
Delirium Hay Fever or Summer Catarrh
Dengue Hernia
Dentistry Herpes
Diabetes Homoeopathy
Diaphoretics Hydrocele
Diarrhoea Hydrocephalus
Dietetics Hydropathy
Dilatation Dydrophobia or Rabies
Diphtheria Hypertrophy
Dipsomania Hypnotism
Diuretics Hypochondriasis
Dropsy Hysteria
Drunkenness Icthyosis or Xeroderma
Dysentery Imbecile
Dyspepsia Infancy
Eczema Influenza
Electrotherapeutics Insanity
Elephantiasis Insomnia
Emetics Intestinal Obstruction

152
Intoxication Paranoia
Jaundice Parasitic Diseases
Joints Pediculosis or Phthiriasis
Kala-Azar Pellagra
Kidney Diseases Pemphigus
Laryngitis Peritonitis
Lead Poisoning Phagocytosis
Leontiasis Ossea Pharyngitis
Leprosy Phlebitis
Lethargy Phthisis
Lichen Pinto
Locomotor Ataxia Pityriasis Versicolor
Lumbago Plague
Lupus Pleurisy or Pleuritis
Malaria Pneumonia
Malta (or Mediterranean) Fever Poison
Massago Polypus
Measles Poultice
Meniere Disease Prognosis
Meningitis Pruritus
Metabolic Diseases Psoriasis
Mineral Waters Psorospemiasis
Mortification Ptomaine Poisoning
Mumps Puerperal Fever
Myelitis Purpura
Myxoedema Quinsy
Naevus Raynaud's Disease
Narcotics Relapsing Fever
Necrosis Rheumatism
Nettlerash or Urticaria Rheumatoid Arthritis
Neuralgia Rickets
Neurasthenia Ringworm
Neuritis St Vitus' Dance or Chorea
Neuropathology Scabies or Itch
Nosology Scarlet Fever or Scarlatina
Nostalgia Sciatica
Nursing Scrofula or Scorbutus
Nutrition Sea-Sickness
Obstetrics Seborrhoea
Ophthalmology Sepsis
Ovariotomy Shock or Collapse
Pain Skin Diseases
Paralysis or Palsy Sleeping-sickness

153
 Smallpox Tumour
Sneezing Typhoid Fever
Somnambulism Typhus Fever
Sprue Ulcer
Stammering or Stutteting Vegetarianism
Starvation Venereal Diseases
Stethoscope Vivisection
Sunstroke Wart
Surgical Instruments and Appliance Whitlow
Sweating-sickness Whooping-Cough
Syncope Wound
Tetanus Wry-neck
Tonsillitis X Ray Treatment
Toxicology Yaws
Tracheotomy Yellow Fever
Trachoma Zymotic Diseases
Trichinosis or Trichiniasis
Tuberculosis

Pharmacology

(See also under CHEMISTRY.)

Public Health

Veterinary Science

Biographies

Military and Naval

(For Campaigns, Battles and Biographies of Commanders see HISTORY.)

General

Military Writers and Engineers

154
Philosophy and Psychology
General

Logic
Philosophy Metaphysics
Aesthetics Psychology
Ethics Science
Evolution

Subjects

Attention
Philosophy Automorphism
Psychology Axiom
Cambridge Platonists
Absolute Cardinal Virtues
Absolutism Cartesianism
Abstraction Casuistry
Academy, Greek Category
Acatalepsy Causation
Accident Chaos
Accidentalism Circulus in Probando
Affection Classification
Aetiology Cognition
A Fortiori Conation
Agglutination Concept
Agnoiology Conceptualism
Agnosticism Concrete
Alethiology Condition
Alexandrists Connotation
Altruism Conscience
Amphibology Contradiction, Principle of
Analogy Conversion
Analysis Cosmogony
Antinomy Cynics
Apodictic Cyrenaics
Apperception Deduction
Apprehension Definition
A Priori Denotation
Arabian Philosophy Determinism
Association of Ideas Dialectic

155
Dichotomy Intellect
Dilemma Introspection
Division Intuition
Dream Ionian School of Philosophy
Dualism Instinct
Duty Laughter
Dysteleology Libertarianism
Eclecticism Logos
Ecstasy Materialism
Egoism Megarian School of Philosophy
Eleatic School Meliorism
Elis, Philosophical School of Metempsychosis
Emanation Microcosm
Empiricism Mnemonics
Enthymeme Monad
Epistemology Monism
Eretrian School of Philosophy Motive
Esoteric Mysticism
Eudaemonism Naturalism
Extension Necessity
Fallacy (logic) Neoplatonism
Fancy Neo-Pythagoreanism
Fatalism Noümenon
Form Object and Subject
Golden Rule Objectivism
Gymnosophists Occasionalism
Hearing Ontology
Hedonism Opinion
Heteronomy Organon
Humanism Oversoul
Hylozoism Palingenesis
Hypothesis Panentheism
Hysteron-proteron Panpsychism
Idea Parallelism, Psychophysical
Idealism Parsimony, Law of
Idiosyncrasy Perception
Imagination Peripatetics
Imitation Personality
Immanence Pessimism
Immortality Petitio Principii
Individualism Phenomenon
Induction Physiognomy
Infinite Platonic Love

156
 Pleasure Societies, Learned
Pluralism Solipsism
Positivism Sophists
Pragmatism Space and Time
Predicables Spheres, Music of the
Predication Stoics
Pre-existence, Doctrine of Subjectivism
Presentationism Sublime
Probabilism Summum Bonum
Psychophysics Syllogism
Punishment Syncretism
Quintessence Synderesis
Rationalism Synechism
Realism Synthesis
Reason Taoism
Recept Taste
Relativity of Knowledge Teleology
Reminiscence Touch
Retro-cognition Transcendentalism
Rigorism Trilemma
Royal Society, The Trivium
Scepticism Utilitarianism
Scholasticism Vision
Secularism Weber's Law
Self Will
Sensationalism
Smell

Biographies

Alcinous
Abauzit, Firmin Alembert, Jean le Rond d'
Abelard, Peter Alexander of Aphrodisias
Abraham Ibn Daud Alexander of Hales
Achillini, Alessandro Algarotti, Francesco, Count
Adamson, Robert Ammonius Hermiae
Adelard (or Æthelard) Ammonius Saccas
Aedesius Anacharsis
Aenesidemus Anatoli, Jacob
Aeschines Anaxagoras
Agricola, Rodolphus Anaxarchus
Agrippa
Albertus Magnus

157
Psychical Research and Occultism

Subjects

Medium
Psychical Research Odylic Force
Palmistry
Apparitions Poltergeist
Automatic Writing Premonition
Automatism Rosicrucianism
Bibliomancy Second Sight
Chiromancy Spiritualism
Clairvoyance Subliminal Self
Cock Lane Ghost Suggestion
Crystal-gazing Table-turning
Death-warning Telepathy
Fire-walking Trance
Hallucination
Hauntings

Biographies

Cagliostro, Alessandro, Count

Alexander the Paphlagonian Home, Daniel Dunglas
Artemidorus
Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna

Physics
General

Energetics
Science Energy
Gravitation
Adhesion Hydrometer
Aether, or Ether Manometer
Aggregation Matter
Barometer Model
Barometric Light Molecule
Capillary Action Perpetual Motion, or Perpetuum
Density Mobile
Diffusion Pneumatics
Dimension Polarity

158
 Spherometer
Units, Physical

Sound

Hearing
Sound Phonograph
Acoustics Trumpet, Speaking and Hearing
Gramophone

Light

Lantern
Light Lens
Optics Magneto-Optics
Microscope
Aberration Mirror
Absorption of Light Objective or Object Glass
Achromatism Phosphorescence
Actinometer Photography
Aperture Photometry
Binocular Instrument Polarization of Light
Calorescence Reflection of Light
Camera Lucida Refraction
Camera Obscura Shadow
Caustic Sky
Cinematograph Spectacles
Colour Spectroscopy
Diffraction of Light Speculum
Dispersion Stereoscope
Fluorescence Sun Copying or Photo Copying
Heliostat Vision
Illumination
Interference of Light
Kaleidoscope

Heat

Condensation of Gases
Heat Conduction of Heat
Fusion
Calorimetry Hypsometer
Cold Liquid Gases

159
 Pyrometer Thermometry
Radiation, Theory of Vaporization
Radiometer
Thermodynamics

Magnetism

Inclinometer
Magnetism Magnetograph
Magnetism, Terrestrial Magnetometer
Permeability, Magnetic
Agonic Lines Permeameter
Compass
Diamagnetism
Hysteresis

Electricity

Electrotyping
Electricity Fuze or Fuse
Atmospheric Electricity Galvanometer
Induction Coil
Accumulator Leyden Jar, or Condenser
Amperemeter or Ammeter Lighting
Armature Lightning
Battery Lightning Conductors
Conduction, Electric Meter, Electric
Dielectric Motors, Electric
Dynamo Ohmmeter
Earth Currents Oscillograph
Electrical or Electrostatic Machine Potentiometer
Electricity Supply Power Transmission
Electric Waves Röntgen Rays
Electrochemistry Telegraph
Electrokinetics Telephone
Electrolysis Thermoelectricity
Electromagnetism Transformers
Electrometallurgy Vacuum Tube
Electrometer Voltmeter
Electron Wattmeter
Electrophorus Wheatstone's Bridge
Electroplating
Electroscope
Electrostatics

160
Weights and Measures

Gallon
Weights and Measures Graduation
Hogshead
Acre Hour-glass
As Inch
Auncel Metric System
Avoirdupois, or Averdupois Morgen
Balance Ounce
Barley-corn Peck
Barrel Pint
Bushel Pood
Calibration Pound
Carat Rod
Carucate Standard
Cyclometer Talent
Demijohn Weighing Machine
Fathom
Furlong

Biographies

Brewster, Sir David

Aepinus, Franz Ulrich Theodor Cagniard de la Tour, Charles
Aldini, Giovanni Canton, John
Alhazen Carnot, Sadi Nicolas Léonhard
Amontons, Guillaume Cavallo, Tiberius
Ampère, André Marie Claudet, Antoine François Jean
Anderson, John Clausius, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel
Angström, Anders Jonas Cornu, Marie Alfred
Arago, Dominique François Jean Coulomb, Charles Augustin
Arnaldus de Villa Nova Curie, Pierre
Arrhenius, Svante August Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mandé
Atwood, George Dallmeyer, John Henry
Avogadro, Amedeo, Conte di Quaregna De la Rive, Auguste Arthur
Ayrton, William Edward Della Porta, Giovanni Battista
Bache, Alexander Dallas Dollond, John
Baker, Henry Duhamel, Jean Baptiste
Beccaria, Giovanni Battista Erman, Paul
Becquerel (family) Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel
Bell, Alexander Graham Fizeau, Armand Hippolyte Louis
Biot, Jean Baptiste Forbes, James David
Boyle, Robert

161
 Forman, Simon Michell, John
Foucault, Jean Bernard Léon Morse, Samuel Finley Breese
Fraunhofer, Joseph von Musschenbroek, Pieter van
Fresnel, Augustin Jean Neckam, Alexander
Geissler, Heinrich Nicholson, William
Gibbs, Josiah Willard Nicol, William
Gilbert, William Niepce, Joseph Nicéphore
Glaisher, James Nobili, Leopoldo
Gray, Elisha Nollet, Jean Antoine
Grove, Sir William Robert Ohm, Georg Simon
Guericke, Otto von Olmsted, Denison
Harris, Sir William Snow Papin, Denis
Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Peltier, Jean Charles Athanase
Ferdinand von Plateau, Joseph Antoine Ferdinand
Henry, Joseph Poggendorff, Johann Christian
Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf Prévost, Pierre
Hooke, Robert Rayleigh, John William Strutt, 3rd
Hughes, David Edward Baron
Jablochkov, Paul Röntgen, Wilhelm Konrad
Joule, James Prescott Rowland, Henry Augustus
Kater, Henry Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count
Kelvin, William Thomson, Baron Saussure, Horace Bénédict de
Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert Siemens, Ernst Werner von
König, Karl Rudolph Stewart, Balfour
Kundt, August Adolph Eduard Swan, Sir Joseph Wilson
Eberhard Tait, Peter Guthrie
Lambert, Johann Heinrich Talbot, William Henry Fox
Langley, Samuel Pierpont Thomson, James
Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph Torricelli, Evangelista
Lodge, Sir Oliver Joseph Tyndall, John
Malus, Étienne Louis Volta, Alessandro
Mariotte, Edme Weber, Wilhelm Eduard
Marum, Martin van Wheatstone, Sir Charles
Matteucci, Carlo Wiedemann, Gustav Heinrich
Maxwell, James Clerk Young, Thomas
Mayer, Julius Robert
Melloni, Macedonio

Religion and Theology

General

Religion

162
 Theology Eschatology
Inspiration
Agnosticism Immortality
Apologetics Miracle
Apotheosis Missions
Anthropomorphism Mysticism
Asceticism Mythology
Atheism Pantheism
Deism Theism
Devil Theosophy
Dogma
Dogmatic Theology

Doctrines and Terms

General

Conversion
Absolution Creatianism and Traducianism
Amen Creeds
Anathema Diocese
Antichrist Enthusiasm
Antitype Establishment
Apostasy Eucharist
Atonement Excommunication
Attrition Extreme Unction
Autocephalous Fasting
Baptism Glory
Benediction Grace
Catechism Hermeneutics
Catechumen Hermit
Catholic Holy
Celibacy Homiletics
Chapel Homily
Chiliasm Hospice
Church Interim
Churching of Women Myrtyr
Commendation Millenium
Confession Mortuary
Confirmation Necrology
Confirmation of Bishops Order, Holy
Congregation Pastoral Letter
Convent Patron

163
 Prayers for the Dead Secular
Preaching See
Predestination Sin
Procession Sponsor
Recusant Syncellus
Regular Synod
Relics Theocrary
Reverend Tonsure
Sacerdotalism Venerable
Sacrament Worship
Sect

History of Christianity

Church History to the Council of Trent

Subjects

(See also REFORMATION)

Heresies

Saints

(For Apostles see § Bible)

Christian Documents

Religious Orders

Biographies (see also § Saints)

Roman Catholic Church

Subjects

Biographies

Eastern Churches

Subjects

Biographies

Reformation

164
Subjects

Biographies

Church of England

(Including the Episcopal Church of Scotland)

Subjects

Biographies

Modern Continental Churches (Reformed)

Subjects

Biographies

Free Churches

(British Empire and United States, including the Established Church of Scotland)

Subjects

Biographies

Ecclesiastical Offices

Ecclesiology

(Liturgy, Ritual and Vestments)

(See also ART § Architecture)

Ecclesiastical Seasons

Bible and Biblical Criticism

Subjects

(See also GEOGRAPHY § Palestine)

Critics

165
Judaism

(See also HISTORY, § Jews, BIBLE AND BIBLICAL CRITICISM, and LITERATURE, § Hebrew)

Biographies

Mahommedan Religion

Biographies

Comparative Religion and Folklore

(See also ANTHROPOLOGY and ETHNOLOGY, and the sections on religion in the articles CHINA,
EGYPT, INDIA, JAPAN, etc.)

General

Greek and Roman

Chimaera
Greek Religion Chiron
Roman Religion Cocytus
Concordia
Abaris Consus
Abundantia Corybantes
Acheron Cupid
Actaeon Cybele
Adytum Cyclopes
Aeacus Danae
Aegis Danaus
Artemis Daphnephoria
Arval Brothers Delia
Atlas Delphinia
Augeas Demeter
Bacchanalia Demetria
Cabeiri Deucalion
Callisto Diana
Camillus and Camilla Dione
Carnea Dionysia
Castor and Pollux Dionysus
Ceres Dirce
Charon Dryades

166
Echo Hestia
Egeria Hippocrene
Elysium Horae
Epimenides Hyacinthus
Epona Hydra
Erebus Hygieia
Erechtheus Hylas
Erigone Hymen
Erinyes Hyperion
Eris Iapetus
Eros Idas
Eumenides Io
Eumolpus Iris
Europa Ixion
Eurydice Janus
Fama Juno
Fate Jupiter
Fauna Juturna
Faunus Juventas
Flora Lamia
Fortuna Lapithae
Furies Lares
Ganymede Latona
Genius Laverna
Geryon Lectisternium
Glaucus Lethe
Gorgon Liber and Libera
Graces, The Libertina
Harmonia Linus
Harpies Lucina
Harpocrates Lupercalia
Haruspices Lycaon
Hebe Maenads
Hecate Mala
Hecatomb Mānes
Hephaestus Mars
Hera Marsyas
Hercules Mater Matuta
Hermae Medea
Hermaphroditus Melampus
Hermes Melicertes
Hesperides Memnon
Hesperus Mercury

167
Minerva Prometheus
Minos Proserpine
Minotaur Proteus
Mopsus Psyche
Morpheus Pyanepsia
Muses, The Python
Mystery Quirinus
Narcissus Rhadamanthus
Necessitas Rhea
Nectar Sabazius
Nemensis Salii
Nemorensis Lacus Salmoneus
Neptune Salus
Nikë Saturn
Nymphs Satyrs
Oceanus Scylla and Charybdis
Olen Secular Games
Onomacritus Selēnē
Orion Semele
Orpheus Sēmbō Sancus
Oscilla Sibyls
Pacan Silenus
Pales Silvanus
Palladium Sirens
Pan Sisyphus
Panathenaca Somnes
Pandora Spes
Pegasus Styx
Penates Summānus
Phaëthon Tages
Pherecydes of Leros Tantalus
Phorcys Tartarus
Picus Terminus
Pietas Thargelia
Pleiades Themis
Pluto Theseus
Plutus Thesmorphoria
Pomona Thetis
Pontifex Thyrsus
Portunus Titans
Tithonus
Poseidon Triptolemus
Priapus Triton

168
 Typhon Virbius
Uranus Vulcan
Venus Zephyrus
Vertumnus Zeus
Vesta

Asia, Asia Minor and Egypt

Brahma Samaj
Abhidhamma Brihaspati
Adad Bubastis
Adonis Buddha
Agni Buddhaghosa
Ahriman Buddhism
Ammon Buto
Ananda Confucius
Anu Criobolium
Anubis Curetes
Apis Dagon
Apsaras Deva
Arjuna Devadatta
Arya Samaj Dhammapāla
Asmodeus Draupadi
Assur Druses
Astarte Durga or Devi
Asvins Dusserah
Atargatis Ea
Atharva Veda Eabani
Attis Egbo
Avadana Ereshkigal
Avatar Fakir
Baal Fum
Babylonian and Assyrian Religion Gahanbar
Baetylus Gandharva
Barlaam and Josaphat Ganesa
Bel Genna
Bes or Bēsas Gilgamesh, Epic of
Bhima Granth
Bonze Great Mother of the Gods
Bo-tree Gula
Brahman Hadad
Brāhmana Hanuman
Brahmanism Harischandra

169
Hermes Trismegistus Nikāya
Hinduism Ninib
Horus Nirvana
Indra Nusku
Ishtar Oannes
Isis Ormazd
Jains Osiris
Jātaka Parsees
Jinn Peepul
Joss Phoenix
Jugernaut Praying-Wheel
Juju Rawendis
Jumala Re
Kabir Rudra
Kali Sadhu
Kama or Kamadeva Sankara Acharya
Karma Sarasuarti
Kartikeya Sargon
Keshub Chunder Sen Sariputta
Kilin or Ch‘-i-lin Sāsana Vamsa
Krishna Serapis
Kshattriya Shamanism
Kubera Shamash
Lakshmi Sikhism
Lamaism Sin (moon-god)
Lao-Tsze Siva
Lilith Soma
Lingayat Sphinx
Lumbini Suttee
Lung (dragon) Taurobolium
Mahayana Thoth
Maitreya Usas
Manetho Varuna
Manu Vishnu
Marduk Yama
Maruts Yezidis
Medhankara Yogi
Mencius Zalmoxis
Mithras Zend-Avesta
Nagarjuna Zoroaster
Nebo
Nergal

170
European and American

Gnomes
Avalon Hallowe’en
Balder Heimdal
Banshee Hel, or Hela
Barghest Herne the Hunter
Befana Hertha or Herthus
Belit Hiawatha
Beltane Huitzilopochtli
Berchta Hulda
Berserker Idun or Iduna
Bifrost Irmin
Bragi Kraken
Builders' Rites Lorelei
Buri Need-Fire
Druidism Nixie
Eden Hall, Luck of Norns
Elf Oberon
Erlkönig Odin
Fafnir Ogre
Fairy Smohalla
Fenrir Thor
Flying Dutchman Tyr
Frey Valhalla
Freyia Valkyries
Frigg Warlock
Gabriel Hounds Wayland the Smith
Ghost Dance Woden
Gimli Yggdrasil
Gjallar
Gladsheim

Sports and Pastimes

Amateur
Athletic Sports Ambigu
Anagram
Ace Angling
Acrobat Apperley, Charles James
Acrostic Archery
All Fours Athlete
All-Round Athletics Auction Pitch

171
Aunt Sally Cards, Playing
Automatism Casino
Baccarat Catch the Ten
Backgammon Charade
Badminton Checkers
Bagatelle Chess
Ball Children’s Games
Bank Circus
Barley-Break Coasting
Barnum, Phineas Taylor Cock-fighting
Baseball Commerce
Basketball Conjuring
Basset or Bassette Consolation
Battledore and Shuttlecock Conundrum
Battue Cottabus
Bear-Baiting and Bull-Baiting Coursing
Beggar-my-Neighbour Crambo
Bet and Betting Cribbage
Bézique Cricket
Billiards Croquet
Birdsnesting Curling
Biribi Cycling
Bisque Decoy
Blind Hookey Deuce
Blindman’s-buff Diabolo
Blondin Dice
Blow-gun Discus
Bolas Doll
Boston Dominoes
Botori Dover, Robert
Bouillotte Draughts
Bowling Driving
Bowls Écarté
Boxing Epée-de-combat
Brag Euchre
Bridge Falconry
Bull-fighting Fantan
Caber Tossing Faro
Caestus Fast and Loose
Calabresella Fencing
Camping Out Fives
Cane-fencing Foil-Fencing
Canoe Football

172
Game Loo
Game Laws Lotto
Games, Classical Marbles
Gaming and wagering Matador
Gladiators Matrimony
Go or Go-bang Milo
Golf Model-Yachting
Goose, Game of Mora or Morra.
Gordon-Cumming, R. G. Morphy, Paul Charles
Grace, William Gilbert Mountaineering
Guide Mummers
Gully, John Napoleon
Gymkhana Naumachia
Gymnastics and Gymnasium Nine Men’s Morris
Halma Old Maid
Hammer Throwing Ombre
Handicap Pachisi
Hazard Palaestra
Hearts Pall-Mall
Hockey Pallone
Hop-scotch Patience
Horsemanship Petola
Horse-Racing Petits-Chavaux
Hoyle, Edmund or Edmond Philately
Hunting Philidor, François André Danican
Hurdle Racing Pigeon-Flying
Ice-yachting Pigeon-shooting
Jockey Pig-Sticking or Hog-Hunting
Jones, Henry (“Cavendish”) Ping-Pong or Table Tennis
Jugler Pinochle or Penuchle
Ju-jutsu or Jiu-jitsu Piquet
Jumping Poker
Katterfelto Pole-Vaulting
Keddah Polo
Kite-flying Ponte
Knucklebones Pope-Joan
Lacrosse Popinjay
La Grâce Post and Pair
Lansquenet Potato-Race
Lasso Prestidigitation
Lawn-Tennis Primero
Legerdemain Prisoners’ Base
Long Fives Pugilism

173
Pushball Sport
Putting the Shot (or Weight) Sports, The Book of
Puzzle Squails
Quarter-staff Stadium
Quintain Steeple-Chase
Quoits Stické
Racquets Stilts
Raffle Stool-Ball
Rebus Swimming
Riddles Switchback
Riding Tamburello
Ringgoal Tarok
Roller-skating Teetotum
Rope-Walking Tennis
Roulette Tip-cat
Rounders Tobogganing
Rowing Top
Running Toreador
Sabre-Fencing Tournament
St John, Charles William George Toy
Salta Trap
Sanger, John Trap-Ball or Knur and Spell
Sayers, Tom Trapeze or Trapese
Scull Trente et Quarante
Shikar Tug-of-War
Shio-ghi Tussaud, Marie
Shooting Ventriloquism
Shuffle-board Vingt-et-Un
Single-stick Vint
Skat Walking-races
Skating Walsh, John Henry
Ski Wapenshaw
Skittles Water Polo
Snip Snap Snorum Webb, Matthew
Solotaire Weight-Throwing
Solo or Solo whist Whist
Speculation Wrestling
Spelling Bee Yachting
Spillikins
Spoil-Five

174
Miscellaneous
Chronology

Chronology

Ab
Aeon
Almanac
April
August
Bissext
Calendar
Centenary
Century
Day
Decade
December
Dial and Dialling
Fasti
February
Friday
Hejira or Hegira
Hindu Chronology
Hour
Intercalary

175
 January
July
June
Lady Day
Leap Year
March
May
Monday
Month
Morning
Night
Noon
November
October
Olympiad
Saros
Season
September
Scothic Period
Sunday or the Lord’s Day
Time, Measurement of
Week
Yule

Costume and Toilet

Costume

176
Toilet

Aigrette
Aiguillette
Apron
Backscratcher
Baldric
Bandana, or Bandanna
Beard
Beaver
Blouse
Bonnet
Braid
Brummell, G. B. (Beau)
Burnous
Buskin
Caftan
Chape
Chatelaine
Cravat
Crinoline
Cuff
Cummerbund
Depilatory
Dolman
D’Orsay, Count
Doublet
Dress
Farthingale
177
Frock
Gaberdine or Gabardine
Girdle
Glove
Golosh or Gaslosh
Gown
Haik
Hat
Hood
Hose
Jerkin
Kaross
Kilt
Kohl
Mantle
Mitten
Mocassin
Moustache
Muff
Nash, R. (Beau)
Parasol
Patten
Pelisse
Peruke
Petticoat
Plaid
Pomade
Pomander
Poncho
178
 Puttee or Puttie
Queue
Robes
Sandal
Scarf
Shampoo
Shirt
Sleeve
Snow-Shoes
Sombrero
Sporran
Stocking
Tabard
Tarbrush
Towel
Trousers
Tunic
Turban
Veil
Whisker
Wig

Manners and Customs

Abraham-men
Alme, or Almai
Applause

179
April Fools’ Day or All Fools’ Day
Arvals, Arvels or Arthels
Ass, Feast of the
Banners, Feast of
Bartholomew Fair
Bauble
Bazaar
Beacon
Bean-feast
Bear-leader
Bedesman or Beadsman
Betrothal
Blackball
Blood-money
Bluestocking
Bonfire
Booth
Bounds, Beating the
Boy-Bishop
Bravo
Bride
Cadger
Calumet
Cannibalism
Catafalque
Cateran
Cenotaph
Champion
Chapelle Ardente
180
Chaperon
Charivari
Cheering
Chibouque or Chibouk
Chopsticks
Cicisbeo
Coffin
Cogers Hall
Commemoration
Commers
Coronach
Cramp-rings
Cross-Roads, Burial at
Curfew
Dandy
Dinner
Dole
Ducking and Cucking Stools
Duenna
Embalming
First-foot
Fools, Feast of
Geisha
Handfasting
Handsel
Hari-Kiri
Harvest
Health
Hearse
181
Heart-burial
Henchman
Hock-tide
Hodening
Hogmanay
Honeymoon
Hookah
Horn Dance
Jester
Kief, Kef or Keif
Kiss
Kowtow or Koton
Lammas
Levee
Lich-Gate
Lord Mayor’s Day
Luncheon
Mascot
Matachines
Misrule, Lord of
Month’s Mind
Motley
Morning
Mummy
Nargile or Nargilch
Nautch
Odalisque
Pall
Picnic
182
Posey
Potlatch
Pujah or Pooja
Purdah
Retinue
Salaam
Salutations
Scalping
Slogan
Snuff
Symposium
Tarring and Feathering
Tent
Tomahawk
Vendetta
Visiting Cards
Waits
Wake
Wampum
Wassail
Wayzgoose
Wedding
Wigwam
Wreath

183
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CONTRIBUTORS TO

THE ENCYCLOPAEDIA BRITANNICA

(11TH EDITION)

AND THE PRINCIPAL ARTICLES SIGNED BY THEM

The Initials in brackets indicate the Signature adopted to distinguish the

Contributor.

A
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

ABBE, CLEVELAND, A.M., LL.D. (C. A.)

METEOROLOGY.

ABBOTT, LAURENCE. (L. A.*)

ROOSEVELT, THEODORE.

ABBOTT, REV. LYMAN, D.D. (L. A.)

184
 BEECHER, HENRY WARD.

ABNEY, SIR WILLIAM DE WIVELESLIE, K.C.B.,

D.C.L., D.Sc., F.R.S. (W. de W. A.)

PHOTOGRAPHY.

ABRAHAMS, ISRAEL, M.A. (I. A.)

JEWS, Dispersion to Modern Times; and articles on

Jewish Subjects, Scholars, &c.

ADAMS, BRAMAN BLANCHARD. (B. B. A.)

RAILWAYS, Accident Statistics; SIGNAL, Army Signalling

(in part), and Railway Signalling (in part).

ADAMS, PROF. FRANK DAWSON, D.Sc., Ph.D.,

F.R.S. (F. D. A.)

BRITISH COLUMBIA (in part); QUEBEC (in part); QUEEN

CHARLOTTE ISLANDS; VANCOUVER ISLAND.

ADAMS, PROF. GEORGE BURTON, A.M., B.D.,

Ph.D., Litt.D. (G. B. A.)

FEUDALISM.

ADAMSON, ROBERT, M.A., LL.D. (R. AD.)

185
 BACON, FRANCIS; BACON, ROGER; BERKELEY, BISHOP;
BUTLER, BISHOP (in part); CATEGORY (in part); FICHTE;
HUME, DAVID (in part); KANT (in part); &c.

ADDIS, REV. WILLIAM E., M.A. (W. E. A.)

ORDER, HOLY.

ADDISON, REV. DANIEL DULANY. (D. D. A.)

PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH.

AIRY, OSMUND, M.A., LL.D. (O. A.)

PENN, WILLIAM: Russell Lord William; Shaftesbury. 1st

earl of; Sidney, Algernon; Somers, John, Lord.

AIRY, WILFRED, M.Inst.C.E. (W. AY.)

TACHEOMETRY; WEIGHING MACHINES.

AITKEN, JOHN, LL.D., F.R.S. (J. A.*)

DUST.

AKERS, CHARLES EDWARD. (C. E. A.)

Brazil, History (in part); Chile, History (in part); Peru,

History (in part).

186
ALABASTER, CHALONER GRENVILLE. (C. G.
ALA.)

Money-Lending.

ALCOCK, CHARLES WILLIAM. (C. W. A.)

Football, Association (in part).

ALEXANDER, REV. WILLIAM LINDSAY, D.D.,

LL.D. (W. L. A.)

Calvin (in part).

ALLBUTT, SIR THOMAS CLIFFORD, K.C.B., M.A..

M.D.. D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S. (T. C. A.)

Lister, 1st Baron; Medicine, Modern Progress;

Semmelweiss, Ignatz.

ALLEN, PERCY STAFFORD, M.A. (P. S. A.)

Erasmus (in part).

ALLEN, THOMAS WILLIAM, M.A. (T. W. A.)

Homer (in part).

ALLMAN, PROF. GEORGE JOHNSTON, M.A.,

LL.D.. D. Sc., F.R.S. (J. G. A.)

187
 Ptolemy (in part); Pythagoras, Geometry; Thales (in
part).

ALPHANDERY, PROF. PAUL DANIEL. (P. A.)

Albigenses; Apostolici; Auto-da-Fé; Flagellants;

Fraticelli; Inquisition, John XXII. (pope); &c.

ANCHEL, ROBERT. (R. A.*)

Boissy D'Anglas, F. A. de; Cambon, Pierre Joseph;

Convention. The National; Cordeliers, Club of the;
Hérault de Séchelles; Louis XVI.; &c.

ANDERSON, ADELAIDE MARY, M.A. (A. M. AN.)

Labour Legislation.

ANDERSON, JOHN GEORGE CLARK, M.A. (J. G. C.

A.)

Aneyra; Angora; Galatia; Gordium; Kastamuni;

Pontus; Sinope; &c.

ANDERSON, JOSEPH, LL.D. (J. AN.)

Barrow; Crannog; Lake Dwellings; Tumulus.

ANDERSON, WILLIAM, F.R.G.S. (W. AN.)

Japan, Japanese Art (in part).

188
ANDERSON, LIEUT.-COL. WILLIAM PATRICK,
M.Inst.C.E., F.R.G.S. (W. P. A.)

Erie, Lake; Great Lakes; Michigan, Lake; Ontario,

Lake, St Lawrence, River; Superior, Lake.

ANDREWS, PROF. HERBERT THOMAS. (H. T. A.)

Catechumen; Igntius; Logia; Missions (in part);

Polycarp; Presbyter.

ANTROBUS, SIR REGINALD LAURENCE, K.C.M.G.

(R. L. A.)

St Helena (in part).

ARBER, EDWARD, D.Litt., F.S.A. (E. A.)

Smith, John (1580-1631).

ARCHER, THOMAS ANDREW, M.A. (T. A. A.)

Salvian; Silvester II (pope); Templars (in part); Ursula,

St (in part) ; Vincent of Beauvais.

ARMITAGE, REV. ELKANAH, M.A. (E. AR.*)

Superintendent; Zwingli.

ARMSTRONG, EDWARD, M.A. (E. AR.)

189
 Charles V.

ARMSTRONG, PROF. HENRY EDWARD, Ph.D,

LL.D., F.R.S. (H. E. A.)

Valency.

ARMSTRONG, SIR WALTER. (W. AR.)

Orchardson, Sir W. Q.

ARNDT, WALTER TALLMADGE, A.M. (W. T. AR.)

New York (in part).

ARNOLD, CHANNING, M.A. (C. AR.)

Australia, Aborigines.

ARNOLD, MATTHEW. (M. A.)

Sainte-Beuve.

ASCOLI, PROF. GRAZIADIO I. (G. I. A.)

Italian language (in part).

ASHBY, THOMAS, M.A., D.Litt., F.S.A. (T. As.)

Italy, Geography and Statistics; and articles on Italian

Topography and Archaeology.

190
ASHWORTH, PHILIP A., M.A., D.Juris. (P. A. A.)

Alace-Lorraine : Bavaria, Statistics; Berlin; Germany,

Geography; Gneist; Simson, Martin E. von; &c.

ATHERTON, GERTRUDE FRANKLIN. (G. A.*)

Rézanov.

ATKINSON, CAPTAIN CHARLES FRANCIS. (C. F.

A.)

American Civil War; Arms and Armour, Firearms;

Army; Artillery; France, Army; French, Revolutionary
Wars, Military operations; Great Rebellion; Infantry;
Uniforms; &c.

ATKINSON, JOSEPH BEAVINGTON. (J. B. A.)

Kaulbach; Overbeck, Schadow.

ATWATER, WILBUR OLIN, Ph.D. (W. O. A.)

Dietetics (in part).

ATWOOD, REV. ISAAC MORGAN, M.A.,D.D, LL.D.

(I.M.A.)

Universalist Church.

AUSTEN, ERNEST E. (E. E. A.)

191
 Diptera; Flea; Mosquito; Tetse-fly.

AXON, WILLIAM EDMUND ARMYTAGE, LL.D.

(W.E.A.A.)

Manchester; Roscoe, William; Salford.

B
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

BADELON, PROF. ERNEST CHARLES FRANCOIS.

(E. B.*)

Africa, Roman; Carthage, Ancient; Hadrumentum;

Leptis

BABER, EDWARD CRESSWELL, M.A. (E. C. B.*)

Ear, Diseases.

BACHER, PROF. WILLIAM, Ph.D. (W. BA.)

Abenera; Elias Levita: Gamaliel; Hillel; Jonah, Rabbi;

Kimhi; Rabbi; Shammai.

BACON, REV. BENJAMIN WISNER, A.M., D.D.,

Litt.D., LI.D. (B. W. B.)

James, Epistle of; Jude, The General Epistle of.

192
BADEN-POWELL, MAJOR BADEN F. S., F.R.A.S.,
F.R.Met.S. (B. F. S. B.-P.)

Kite-flying.

BAGWELL, RICHARD M.A., LL.D. (R. BA.)

Ireland, Modern History.

BAILEY, CYRIL, M.A. (C. BA.)

Roman Religion.

BAILEY, JOHN EGLINTON. (J. E. B.)

Cryptography.

BAILEY, LIBERTY HYDE, LL.D. (L. H. B.)

Horticulture, American (in part).

BAIN, ROBERT NISBET. (R. N. B.)

Hungary, History (in part); Poland, History (in part);

Philippine Islands, Sweden,History (in part); and
Hungarian, Polish, Russian and Swedish biographies.

BAINES, SIR JERVOISE ATHELSTANE, C.S.I. (J. A.

B.)

Census; Population.
193
BAIRD, SPENCER FULLERTON, LL.D. (S. F. B.)

Henry, Joseph.

BAIRD, WILLIAM RAIMOND, LL.D. (W. R. B.*)

Fraternities, College.

BAKER, HENRY FREDERICK, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (H.

F. BA.)

Differential Equation; Function, Functions of Complex

Variables.

BAKER, JULIAN LEVETT, F.I.C. (J. L. B.)

Fermentation

BALCARRES, LORD, M.P., F.S.A. (B.)

Art Galleries; Museums of Art.

BALDRY, ALFRED LYS. (A. L. B.)

Fortuny.

BALDWIN, HON. SIMEON EBEN, M.A., LL.D. (S. E.

B.)

American Law; Conveyancing, United States;

Extradition, United States.
194
BALE, EDWIN, R.L.(E. BA.)

Process.

BALFOUR, PROF. ISAAC BAYLEY, M. D., F.R.S. (I.

B. B.)

Angiosperms (in part).

BALL, REV. CHARLES JAMES, M.A. (C. J. B.*)

Lamentations.

BALL, SIR ROBERT STAWELL, LL.D., F.R.S. (R. S.

B.)

Nebular Theory.

BALLANTYNE, ROBERT MICHAEL. (R. M. B.)

Life-boat, British (in part).

BALLIN, JACOB SAMUEL. (J. S. B.)

Apprenticeship.

BALZANI, COUNT UGO, Litt.D. (U. B.)

Villani, Giovanni.

BARCLAY, SIR THOMAS. (T. BA.)

195
 International Law ; Neutrality; Peace: and articles on
other subjects connected with International Law.

BARING, THE HON. MAURICE. (M. BA.)

Taine.

BARKER, PROF. ALDRED FARRER, M.Sc. (A. F. B.)

Alpaca; Felt; Wool, Worsted and Woollen

Manufactures.

BARKER, ERNEST, M.A. (E. BR.)

Crusades; Diet; Emperor: Empire ; Peter the Hermit:

Tancred ; Teutonic Order; &c.

BARLOW, SIR HILARO WILLIAM WELLESLEY,

BART. (H. W. B.)

Sword, Modern Military (in part).

BARNABEI, FELICE, Litt.D. (F. B.)

Herculaneum.

BARNES, REV. WILLIAN EMERY, M.A., D.D. (W. F.

B.)

Ecclesiasticus.

196
BARRATT, J. ARTHUR, LL.B. (J. A. BA.)

Admiralty jurisdiction, United States.

BARRON, OSWALD, F.S.A. (O. BA.)

Arms and Armour, English; Butler, Family; Costume,

Medieval and Modern European; Genealogy, Modern;
Heraldry; Howard, Family; Russell, Family; &c.

BARTLET, PROF. JAMES VERNON, M.A., D.D. (J. V.

B.)

Acts of the Apostles; Apostle; Congregationalism;

Hebrews, Epistle to the; Matthew, St; Luke, St; Paul
the Apostle ; &c.

BARTLETT, JAMES. (J. BT.)

Building; Carpentry; Heating; Masonry; Roofs;

Sewerage: Timber; Ventilation; &c.

BARTLEY, SIR GEORGE CHRISTOPHER TROUT,

K.C.B. (G. C. T. B.)

Savings Banks (in part).

BARTOLI, ADOLFO. (A. BA.)

Italian Literature (in part).

197
BARWICK, GEORGE FREDERICK. (G. F. B.)

Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg; Alice, Grand-Duchess

of Hesse: Dhuleep Singh; Lavigeric; Midhat Pasha.

BASTABLE, PROF. CHARLES FRANCIS, M.A.,LL.D.

(C .F .B.)

Bimetallism; Decimal Coinage; English Finance;

Finance; Monetary Conferences; Money; Seigniorage;
Token Money.

BATESON, MISS MARY. (M. BAT.)

Borough, English.

BATHER, FRANCIS ARTHUR, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (F.

A. B.)

Echinederma; Starfish.

BAUERMANN, HILARY, F.G.S. (H. B.)

Anthracite: Coal (in part); Coke; Fuel, Solid; Safety-

lamp.

BAXENDALE, WALTER. (W. B.)

Dog (in part).

BEALBY, JOHN T. (J. T. BE.)

198
 Russia, Geography and Statistics, (in part); Caucasia;
St Petersburg (in part); and other articles on Russian
topography.

BEARE,THOMAS HUDSON, M.Inst.C.E., M.Inst.M.E.

(T. H. B.)

Water Motors.

BEAZLEY, PROF. CHARLES RAYMOND, m.A.,

D.Litt, F.R.G.S., F.R.Hist.S. (C. R. B.)

Columbus, Christopher; Cook, Captain; Hakluyt (in

part); Henry the Navigator; Mercator; Polo, Marco (in
part); Ptolemy (in part) ; Sindbad the Sailor, Voyages
of; &c.

BECK, FREDERICK GEORGE MEESON, M.A. (F. G.

M. B.)

Germany, Ethnography and Early History; Sweden,

Early History; Ætheired; Deira: Goths (in part);
Lombards (in part); Mercia; Northumbria; Saxons;
Wessex; &c.

BECKE, ARCHIBALD FRANK. (A. F. B.*)

Waterloo Campaign.

BEDDARD, FRANK EVERS, M.A., F.R.S. (F. E. B.)

199
 Earth-worm; Leech, Nernatoda (in part).

BELL,, HON. ARCHIBALD GRAEME, M.Inst.C.B.

(A.G.B.*)

Georgetown (British Guiana); Guiana

BELL, CHARLES PREDERIC MOBERLY. (C. F. M.

B.)

Nubar Pasha.

BELL, GERTRUDE MARGARET LOTHIAN. (G. BE.)

Druse. (in part).

BELL, LOUIS, Ph.D. (L. BL.)

Motors, Electric. Power Transmission, Electrical.

BELL, MALCOLM. (M. BE.)

Pewter; Sheffield Plate; Watts, George Frederick.

BEMONT, CHARLES, D. ès L., D.LItt. (C. B.*)

France, Bibliography of History: Annals: Béarn:

Chronicle; Commines; Gascony; Sorel, Albert; Thou.
Jacques do; &c.

BENEDITE, PROF. LEONCE. (L. BE.)

200
 Painting, Modern French; Sculpture, Modern French.

BENNETT, REV. WILLIAM HENRY, M.A., D.D.,

D.Litt. (W. H. BE.)

Angel; Atonement: Balaam: Beelzebub; Gomer; Ham;

Japhet, Lamech; Nimrod; Noah; Seth.

BENSON, ARTHUR CHRISTOPHER, C.V.O., M.A. (A.

C. BE.)

Church, Dean.

BERNARD, VERY REV. JOHN HENRY, M.A., D.D.,

D.C.L (J. H. BE)

Ireland, Church of.

BERNSTEIN, EDUARD. (E. BN.)

Marx.

BERRY, GEORGE ANDREAS, M.B., F. R. C. S., F. R.

S, (Edin.) (G. A. BE.)

Eye, Diseases.

BESANT, SIR WALTER. (W. BE.)

Froissart; Jefferies.

201
BETHELL, LIEUT.-COL. HENRY ARTHUR. (H. A.
B.)

Ordnance, Field Artillery Equipment.

BEVAN, EDWYN ROBERT, M.A. (E. R. B.)

Alexander the Great; Demetricis of Macedonia;

Hellenism; Macedonian Empire; Lysimachus;
Perdiccas; Philip I, II, and V. of Macedonia; Ptolemics;
Selcucid Dynasty.

BHOWNAGGREE, SIR MANCHERJEE

MERWANJEE, K. C. I. E. (M. M. BH)

Aga Khan; Jeejeebhoy; Patel; Readymoney, Sir C. J.;

Takhtsingji.

BIDWELL,SHELFORD, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. (S.BI.)

Magnetism.

BIGG, REV. CHARLES, M.A., D.D. (G BI.)

Clement of Alexandria (in part) ; Philo (in part)

BIGGAR, C. R. W., M.A., K.C. (C. R. W. B.)

Mowat, Sir Oliver.

BIGGAR, HENRY PERCIVAL. (H. P. B.)

202
 Cabot, John: Cartier, Jacques.

BILSON, JOHN. (J. BN.)

Architecture, Romanesque and Gothic (in England).

BINGHAM, PROF. HIRAM, A. M., Ph.D. (H. BI.)

Philippine Islands, History.

BINYON, LAURENCE. (L. B.)

Burne-Jones, Sir E.; China, Chinese Art,. Lawson,

Cecil Gordon.

BIRDWOOD, SIR GEORGE CHRISTOPHER

MOLESWORTH, K.C.I.E. (G. B.)

Incense.

BISHOP, ISABELLA L. (I. L. B.)

Korea (in part).

BLACK, C. E. D. (C. E. D. B.)

Kashgar (in part).

BLACK, JOHN A. (J. A. BL.)

Proof-reading (in part).

203
BLACK, REV. JOHN SUTHERLAND, MA., LL.D. (J.
S. BL.)

Fasting: Feasts and Festivals: Free Church of Scotland

(in part) Huss, John; Kashgar (in part); Mary the
mother of Jesus (in part); Mazzini; Missal; Nestorius
(in part).

BLACKMAN, PROF. VERNON HERBERT, M.A.,

D.Sc. (V. H. B.)

Bacteriology, Botany; Fungi (in part); Lichens (in

part).

BLAIN, WILLIAN, C.B. (W. BL.)

National Debt, Conversions (in part).

BLAIR, ANDREW ALEXANDER. (A. A. B.)

Assaying

BLONDAL, SIGFUS. (S. BL.)

Hallgrimsson; Iceland, Recent Literature; Sigurdsson,

Jón; Thomsen, Grimur; Thoroddsen, Jón.

BLOUNT, BERTRAM, F.C.S., F.I.C. (B. BL.)

Cement

204
BLOWITZ, HENRI S. A. de. (DE. B.)

Lesseps, Ferdinand de; Paris, History (in part).

BLUNT, CHARLES JASPER, A.O.D. (C. J. B.)

Mohmand Campaign; Tirah Campaign.

BLUNT, HERBERT WILLIAM, M.A. (H. W. B.*)

Logic, History.

BLYTH, JAMBS, M.A, LLD. (J. BL.)

Graduation.

BODLEY, JOHN EDWARD COURTENAY, M.A. (J. E.

C. B.)

France, History, 1870-1910.

BOLTZMANN, LUDWIG. (L. BO.)

Model.

BONAR, JAMES, M.A., LL.D. (J. B.)

Socialism

BORLEY, JAMBS OLIVER, M.A. (J. O. B.)

205
 Dredge and Dredging, Marine; Trawling, Seining and
Netting.

BOSANQUET, ROBERT HOLFORD MACDOWALL,

M.A., F.R.S., ,F.R.A.S. (R. H. M. B.)

Organ, Modern.

BOTSFORD, PROF. GEORGE WILLIS, A.M., Ph.D.

(G. W. B.)

Amphictyony; Areopagus.

BOUDINHON, PROF. AUGUSTE, D.D., D.C.L. (A.

BO.*)

Canon Law, General; Cardinal; Conclave; Concordat;

Consistory; Curia Roniana; Decretals; Index Librorum
Prohibitorum; Infallibility; Pope; Syllabus.

BOULENGER, GEORGE A., Ph.D., D.Se., F.R.S. (G. A.

B.)

Axolol; Batrachia; Carp; Cat-fish; Cod; Flat-fish;

lchthiology (in part); Salmon and Salenidae; Trout;
&c.

BOULGER, DEMETRIUS CHARLES. (D. C. B.)

206
 Belgium, Geography and Statistics; Antwerp; Bruges;
Brussels; Raffles, Sir Stamford; Tournai.

BOURCHIER, JAMBS DAVID, M.A., F.R.G.S. (J. D.

B.)

Athens; Balkan Peninsula: Bulgaria; Crete, Geography

and Statistics and Modern History; Greece, Geography
and Modern History; Greek Literature, (III.) Modern;
Macedonia; Montenego; &c.

BOURNE, PROF. GILBERT CHARLES, M.A., D.Sc.,

F.L.S., F.R.S. (G. C. B.)

Anthotoa; Coral-reefs.

BOUSSET, PROF. WILHELM. (W. BO.)

Antichrist; Basilides; Gnosticism; Valentinus and the

Valentinians.

BOUTELL, REV. CHARLES, M.A. (C. B.)

Effigies (in part).

BOWER, PROF. FREDERICK ORPEN, D.Sc., F.R.S.

(F. O. B.)

Hofmeister; Mohl, Hugo von.

207
BOX, REV. GEORGE HERBERT, M.A. (G. H. BO.)

John the Baptist; Joseph (New Testamen); Jubilee, Year

of (in part) ; Nahum; Phylactery (in part) ; Shekinah;
Teraphim (in part); Urim and Thummim.

BOYLE, VERY REV. GEORGE DAVID, M.A., D.D. (G.

D. B.)

Coleridge, S. T. (in part).

BRABROOK, SIR EDWARD WILLIAM, C.B., F.S.A.

(E. W. B.)

Building Societies, United Kingdom: Friendly

Societies.

BRADFORD, PROF. JOHN ROSE, M.D., D.Sc.,

F.R.C.P., F.R.S. (J. R. B.)

Kidney Diseases (in part).

BRADLEY, VERY REV. GEORGE GRANVILLE,

M.A., D.D. (G. G. B.)

Stanley, Dean.

BRADLEY, HENRY, KA,, Ph.D. (H. BR.)

208
 English Literature (I.); Beowulf; Cædmon; Cynewlf;
Heliand; Orm; Riddles; Slang.

BRAEKSTAD, HANS LIEN. (H. L. B.)

Norway, History, 1814-1907.

BRAMWELL, EDWIN, .F.R.C.P., F.R.S.(Edin.). (E.

BRA.)

Hysteria (in part).

BRANDIN, PROF. LOUIS MAURICE, M.A. (L. M. BR.)

Anglo-Norman Literature.

BRANDIS, SIR DIETRICH,K. C. I. E., F.R.S. (D. BR.)

Teak (in part).

BRANNER, PROF. JOHN CASPER, Ph.D., LL.D. (J. C.

BR.)

South America.

BRAUN, JOSEPH, S.J. (J. BRA.)

Pastoral Staff; Rochet (in part); Stole; Surplice (in

part)

BRAYSHAW, ALFRED NEAVE, LLB. (A. N. B.)

209
 Friends, Society of.

BRECK, EDWARD, N.A., Ph.D. (E. B.)

Base-ball; Foil-fencing; Football, American (in part);

Kite-flying (in part) ; Sabre-fencing.

BRETT, MICHAEL. (M. BT.)

Salvage, Military.

BRICKWOOD, EDWIN DAMPIER. (E. D. B.)

Horse, History; Horse-racing (in part).

BRIDGE, ADMIRAL SIR CYPRIAN ARTHUR

GEORGE, G.C.B. (C. A. G. B.)

Sea, Command of the; Sea-Power; Signal, Marine

Signalling (in part).

BRIGHTMAN, REV. FRANK EDWARD, M.A., Ph.D.,

D. Litt.,(F. E. BR.)

Serapion.

BRILIANT, OSCAR. (O. BR.)

Austria, Statistics; Austria-Hungary, Statistics;

Bohemia, Geography and Statistics; Hungary,

210
 Geography and Statistics; Budapest; Carpathian
Mountains (in part).

BRINKLEY, CAPTAIN FRANK, R. N. (F.BY.)

Bonin Islands; Japan.

BROADBENT, SIR JOHN FRANCIS HARPIN, BART.,

M.A, M.D., F.R.C.P., M.R.C.S. (J. F. H. B.)

Heart Heart Disease; Rheumatizm.

BRODIE, PROF. THOMAS GREGOR, M.D., F.R.S. (T.

G. BR.)

Blood, Anatomy and Physiology. Connective Tissues;

Epithelial, Endothelial and Glandular Tissues; Lymph
and Lymph Formation; Phagocytosis.

BRODRIBB, REV. WILLIAM JACKSON;. M.A. (W. J.

B.)

Tacitus (in part).

BROOKS, F. VINCENT. (F. V. B.)

Lithography ; Sun Copying.

BROOME, LADY (Mary Anne Broome). (M. A. B.)

Western Australia, History.

211
BROWN, PROF. GERARD BALDWIN, M.A. (G. B. B.)

Basilica, (in part); Painting.

BROWN, HORATIO ROBERT FORBES, LL.D. (H. F.

B.)

Milan (in part); Padua; Venice.

BROWN, JAMES DUFF. (J. D. B.)

Libraries (in part).

BROWN, J. TAYLOR. (J. T. B.*)

Leighton, Robert (in part)

BROWN, THOMAS. (T. B.*)

Hosiery.

BROWN, LIEUT-COL. W. BAKER, R.E. (W. B. B.)

Coast Defence; Submarine Mines.

BROWNE, PROP. EDWARD GRANVILLE, M.A.,

M.R.C.S.,M.R.A.S. (E. G. B.)

Bábiism.

BROWNE, MONTAGU. (M. B.)

212
 Taxidermy.

BROWNLOW, RT. REV. WILLIAM ROBERT, M.A.,

D.D. (W. R. B.)

Catacomb (in part)

BRUCE, LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.D, F.R.C.P. (L. C. B.)

Insanity, Medical (in part),.

BRUNTON, SIR THOMAS LAUDER, BART., M.D.,

D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S. (T. L. B.)

Therapeutics

BRYAN, PROF. GEORGE HARTLEY, M.A., D.Sc.,

F.R.S.(G. H. BR.)

Diffusion

BRYANT, MARGARET. (M. BR.)

Alexander the Great, Legends ; Caesar, Medieval

Legends; Chapman, George (in part) : Charlemagne,
Legends; Dryden (in part); Dumas: Louis VIII. and
XVII. of France; Pope,Alexander (in part); Virgil, The
Virgil Legend; &c.

213
BRYCE, REV. GEORGE, M.A., D.D., LL.D., F.R.S.
(Can.). (G.BR.)

Alberta; Manitoba (in part).

BRYCE, RT. HON. JAMES, D.C L., D.Litt. (J. BR.)

Justinian; Theodora; Tribonian: Unated States,

Constitution and Government.

BRYDON, J. M. (J. M. BY.)

Nesfield.

BUCKLAND, REV. AUGUSTUS ROBERT, M.A. (A. R.

B.)

Tract, Tract Societies.

BUCKLEY, JAMES MONROE, D.D., LLD. (J. M. BU.)

Methodism, United States.

BULLEN, ARTHUR HENRY. (A. H. B.)

Burton, Robert.

BUNBURY, SIR EDWARD H., BART., F.R.G.S. (E. H.

B.)

214
 Geography (in part); Bithynia (in part); Cappadocia
(in part); Ionia (in part); Pompeii (in part); Ptolemy
(in part); Pytheas (in part); Rhodes (in part); &c.

BURDETT, SIR HENRY, K.C.B., K.C.V.O. (H. BT.)

Hospital.

BURGESS, JAMES, C.I.E., LL.D., F.R.S.(Edin.). (J. BS.)

Indian Architecture.

BURKITT, PROF. FRANCIS CRAWFORD.M.A., D.D.

(F.C.B.)

Bible, New Testament, Higher Criticism; Thomas, St

(in part).

BURLINGAME, EDWARD LIVERMORE, A.M., Ph.D.

(E.L.B.)

Brook Farm. Ripley, George.

BURN, REV. ANDREW EWBANK, N.A., D.D. (A.E.B.)

Church; Creeds.

BURNSIDE, PROF. WILLIAM, M.A., D.Se., LL.D.,

F.R.S. (W. BU.)

Groups, Theory of.

215
BURPEE, LAWRENCE JOHNSTON (sic). (L. J. B.)
Note: the correct spelling is JOHNSTONE.

Canada, Literature, English-Canadian: Ottawa.

BURROUGHS, JOHN. (J. BU.)

Whitman, Walt.

BURROWS, VEN. WINFRID OLDFIELD, M.A. (W. O.

B.)

Absolution; Confession, Religion; Confirmation.

Prayers for the Dead.

BURTON, JOSEPH. (J. B.*)

Brick (in part); Firebrick (in part).

BURTON, WILLIAM, M.A., F.C.S. (W. B.*)

Brick (in part); Ceramics (in part); Dells, Robbia (in

part); Firebrick (in part) : Kashi (in part) ; Palissy ;
Terra-cotta (in part); Tile; Wedgwood, Josiah.

BURY, PROF. JOHN BAGNELI, D.Litt., LL.D., D.C.L.

(J. B. B.)

Alexius I, II and III ; Baldwin I. and II; Basil I. and II;

Belisarius; Gibbon, Edward; Roman Empire, Later.

216
BUTLER, ALFRED JOSHUA, M.A., D.Litt, (A. J. B.)

Abyssinian Church; Copts, The Coptic Church.

BUTLER, ARTHUR JOHN, M.A. (A. J. B.*)

Dante.

BUTLER, RIGHT REV. EDWARD CUTHRERT,

O.S.B., M.A., D.Litt. (E. C. B.)

Anthony, Saint; Benedictines; Carthusians; Dominic,

Saint; Domenicans: Francis of Assisi, St.; Franciscans;
Monasticism; Simeon Stylites, St; &c.

BUTLER, EDWARD DUNDAS. (E. D. BU.)

Hungary, Literature (in part).

BUTLER, FRANCIS HENRY, M.A. (F. H. B.)

Compass (in part); Frankincense; Galls; Honey;

Hunter, John; Hunter,William.

BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY. (N. M. B.)

Education, United States.

217
 Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

CABLE, GEORGE WASHINGTON. (G. W. CA.)

Bryant, William Cullen.

CAILLARD, SIR VINCENT HENRY PENALVER. (V.

C.)

Turkey, Geography and Statistics.

CAIRD, EDWARD, D.C.L.. D.Litt. (E. C.)

Cartesianism.

CALLENDAR, PROP. HUGH LONGBOURNE, LL.D.,

F.R.S. (H. L. C.)

Calibration: Calorimetry; Conduction of Heat; Fusion:

Heat; Thermodynamics; Thermoelectricity;
Thermometry; Vaporization.

CALMAN, WILLIAM THOMAS, D.Sc., F. Z. S. (W. T.

CA.)

Barnacle; Crab; Crayfish; Crustacca: Lobster; Shrimp.

Water-flea; Wood-louse.

CAMP, WALTER, A.M. (W. CA.)

Football, American (in part).

218
CAMPBELL, SIR FRANCIS J, LL.D., F.R.G.S., F.S.A.
(F. J. C.)

Blindness.

CAMPBELL, REV. LEWIS, D.C.L., LL.D. (L. C.)

Jowett; Plato; Sophocles.

CANA, FRANK R. (F. R. C.)

Africa (in part) ; Egypt (in part) ; Niger; Nile (in

part); Senussi; South Africa (in part); Tlemgen;
Victoria Falls; &c.

CANNEY, MAURICE ARTHUR, M.A. (M. A. C.)

Baur; Daub, Karl; Dorner; Schenkel, Daniel.

CANTOR, PROP. MORITZ, Ph.D. (M. CA.)

Lconardo of Pisa; Stevinus, Simon; Victa,

Fra&ced;ois.

CARLYLE, EDWARD IRVING, M.A., F.R.Hist.S. (E. I.

C.)

Dost Mahommed Khan.

CAROE, WILLIAM DOUGLAS, M.A, F.S.A.,

F.R.I.B.A. (W. D. C.)
219
 Pearson, John Loughborough.

CARPENTER, PROF. GEORGE HERBERT (G. H. C.)

Ant; Bee; Coleoptera; Entomology; Hemiptera; Insect;

Orthoptera; &c.

CARPENTER, REV. JOSEPH ESTLIN, M.A., D.Litt,

D.D. D.Th. (J. E. C.)

Religion

CARR, W. BROUGHTON. (W. B. CA.)

Bee, Bee-keeping.

CARRUTHERS, ROBERT, LI.D. (R. CA.)

Garrick, David (in part).

CARSON, HOWARD ADAXS, A.M. (H. A. C)

Tunnel.

CARTER, ALBERT CHARLES ROBINSON. (A. C. R.

C.)

Art Societies.

CARVER, THOMAS G., N.A., K.C. (T. G. C.)

220
 Average; Salvage.

CASE, TROMAS, M.A. (T. CA.)

Aristotle; Logic: Metaphysics.

CASPARI, MAXIMILIAN OTTO BISMARCK, N.A.

(M. 0. B. C.)

Greece, History: 146 S.C-1800 A.D.; Achaean League;

Argos, History; Athens (in part); Corinth (in part);
Hannibal; Leo I.-V. (Emperors of the East); Pericles;
Punic Wars; &c.

CASTLE, EGERTON, M.A., F.S.A. (E. CA.)

Book Plates; Fencing.

GATES, WILLIAM1IEST READWIN. (W. L. R. C.)

Boscovich, Chronology (in part).

CATHCART, E. P., M.D. (E. P. C.)

Nutrition (in part).

CAYLEY, PROF. ARTHUR, LL.D., P.R.S. (A. CA.)

Curve (in part); Determinant: Equation; Gauss, K. F.;

Monge,Gaspard; Numbers, Partition of; Surface (in
part).
221
CHADWICK, HECTOR MUNRO, M.A. (H. M. C.)

Anglo-Saxons: Britain, Anglo-Saxon; Goths, Gothic

Language; Jutes; Odin; Teutonic Languages; Teutonic
Peoples; Thor~ Wodin; &c.

CHALMERS, SIR MACKENZIE DALZELL, K.C.B.,

C.S.I. (M. D. CH.)

Bill of Exchange; Sale of Goods.

CHAMBERLAIN, PROP. ALEXANDER FRANCIS,

A.M., Ph.D. (A. F. C.)

Indians, North American.

CHAMBERLIN, PROF. THOMAS CHROWDER,

A.M., Ph.D.,LL.D., D.Sc. (T. C. C.)

United States, Geology (in part).

CHAMBERS, EDMUND KERCHEVER.(E. K. C.)

Clough, A. H.; Shakespeare; Vaughan, Thomas.

CHANEY, HENRY JAMES, I.S.O. (H. J. C.)

Weights and Measures, Scientific and Commercial.

CHANNING, PROF. EDWARD, Ph.D. (E. CH.)

222
 Adams, John; Adams, John Quincy; Adams, Samuel.

CHAPMAN ALFRED, M.Inst.C.E. (A. CH.)

Sugar, Sugar Manufacture (in part).

CHAPMAN, PROP. SYDNEY JOHN, M.A. (S. J. C.)

Cotton, Marketing and Supply ; Cotton Manufacture.

CHAPMAN, VALENTINE WALBRAN. (V. W. CH.)

Sugar, Sugar Manunfacture (in part).

CHARLES, ` REV. ROBERT HENRY, MA,' D.D.,

D.LITT. (R. H. C)

Apocalyptic Literature; Apocryphal Literature; Enoch,

Book of; Jeremy, Epistle of. Jubilees, Book of; Moses,
Assumption of; Revelation,Book of; Solomon, The
Psalms of; &c.

CHARTERIS, THE HON. EDWARD EVAN. (EV. C.*)

Fair (in part).

CHATWOOD, A.B; M.I.E.E. (A. B. CH)

Lock; Safes, SWng-rooms and Vaults.

223
CHEYNE, REV. THOMAS KELLY, D.D., B.LITT.,
LL.D. (T. K. C.)

Adam; Canaan; Cannanites; Cosmogony; Deluge, The;

Eden; Esther; Isiah; Jeremiah; Paradise; Seraphim; &c.

CHIROL, VALENTINE. (V. CH)

China,History,(in part).

CHISHOLM, GEORGE GOUDIE, M.A. (G. G. C.)

Europe, Geography and Statistics; Sicily, Geography

and Statistics (in part).

CHISHOLM, HUGH, M.A. (H. CM)

Asquith; Balfour; Chamberlain; Rosebery; Iron Mask;

Parliament; Representation; &c.

CHREE, CHARLES, M.A., D.Sc., LI.D. F.R.S. (C. CH.)

Atmospheric Electricity. Aurora Polaris; Earth

Currents; Magnetism, Terrestrial.

CHRISTIE, RICHARD COPLEY. (R. C. C.)

Scaliger (in part).

CHRYSTAL, PROF. GEORGE, M.A., LLD. (G. CH.)

224
 Pascal (in part); Perpetual Motion; Riemann, Georg.

CHUBB, G. C, (G. C. C.)

Cytology.

CHUBB, LAURENCE WENSLEY. (L. W. CH.)

Smoke (in part.

CHURCH, SIR ARTHUR BERBERT, MA., D.5c.,

F.R.S.(A. H. C.)

Pigments.

CHURCH, COLONEL GEORGE EARL. (G. E. C.)

Amazon; Orinoco; Plata, Rio de la.

CHURCH, THE VERY REV. ROBERT WILLIAM,

M.A., D.D.(R. W. C.)

Lombards, The Kingdom of Italy

CLARK, ALBERT CURTIS, M.A. (A. C. C.)

Cicero; Theocritus.

CLARK, CASPAR STANLEY. (C. S. C.)

Kashi (in part).

225
CLARKE, COL. ALEXANDER ROSS, R.E., C.B.,
F.R.S.(A. R. C.)

Earth, Figure of the (in part) ; Geodesy (in part) ;

Map, Projections (in part).

CLARKE, ERNEST, M.D., F.R.C.S. (E. C.*)

Vision, Errors of Refraction.

CLARKE, SIR GEORGE SYDENHAM, G.C.M.G.,

G.C.I.E., F.R.S.(G. S. C.)

Coaling - stations; Egypt, Military Operations, 1882-

1885; Greco-Turkish War, 1897.

CLARKE, JOHN ALGERNON. (J. A. CL.)

Conjuring (in part).

CLAY, AGNES MURIEL (Mm Edward Wilde).' (A. M.

CL.)

Agrarian laws (in part); Centumviri; Curia; Decurio;

Municipium; Patron and Client (in part); Senate; &C.

CLAYDEN, ARTHUR WILLIAM, M.A. (A. W, C.)

Cloud.

CLAYDEN, PETER WILLIAM. (P. W. C.)

226
 Bright, John.

CLERK, DUGALD, M.Inst. C.E., F.R.S. (D. C.)

Gas Engine; Oil Engine.

CLERKE, AGNES MARY. (A. M. C.)

Astronomy, History; Brahe, Tycho; Copernicus;

Flamsteed: Halley; Huygens; Kepler; Zodiac; &c.

CLIFFORD, SIR HUGH CHARLES, K.C.M.G. (H. CL.)

Borneo; Malacca; Malay Peninsula; Malays; Malay

States,Federated; Singapore ; Straits Settlements; &c.

CLODD, EDWARD. (E. CL.)

Baer.

CLOSE, LIEUT.-COL. CHARLES FREDERICIC.

R.E., C.M.G.(C. F. CL.)

Map, Projections (in part)

COCKBURN, SIR JOHN ALEXANDER, K.C.M.G.,

M.D. (J. A. CO.)

Australia, History.

COGHLAN, TIMOTHY AUGUSTINE, I.S.0. (T. A. C.)

227
 Australia: New South Wales, Geography and
Statistics: Queensland, Geography and Statistics;
South Australia,Geography and Statistics; Victoria,
Geography and Statistics; &c.

COKER, PROF. ERNEST GEORGE, M.A., D.Ss.,

F.R.S.(Edin.),M.I.Mech.E. (E. G. C.)

Pulley.

COLE, ALAN SUMMERLY, C.B. (A. S. C.)

Brocade; Carpet; Embroidery (in part); Gold and

Silver Thread; Lace; Tapestry; Textile-Printing, Art
and Archaeology; Weaving, Archaeology and Art.

COLE, PROF. GRENVILLE ARTHUR JAMES. (G. A.

J, C.)

Ireland, Geology.

COLEMAN, PROF. ARTHUR PHILEMON. M.A.,

Ph.D., F.R.S. (A. P. C.)

Canada, Geography; Labrador (in part), Yukon

Territory.

COLERIDGE, ERNEST HARTLEY, M.A. (E. H. C.)

Byron.

228
COLLIER, PROF. THEODORE FREYLINGHUYSEN,
Ph.D., F.R.S. (T. F. C)

Carthage, Synods of; Ephesus, Council of; Clement

VIII.-XIV, (popes); Gregory XIII.-XV. (popes);
Innocent IX.-XIII. (popes) Paul III.-V., (popes); Pius
III.-V., (popes); Urban, VII and VIII (popes), &c

COLLINS, RIGHT REV. WILLIAM EDWARD, M.A,

D.D. (W. E. CO.)

Apostollcal Constitutions; Cyprus, Church of;

Establishment; Eucharist, Reservation; Libellatici;
Tait, Archbishop; Testamentum Domini.

COLOMB, SIR JOHN CHARLES READY, K.C.M.G.

(J. C. R. C.)

Marines.

COLVIN, SIR SIDNEY, M.A., LL.D., D.Litt. (S. C.)

Art; Botticelli; Fine Arts; F1axman; Giotto; Leonardo

da Vinci; Michelangelo; &c.

COLYAR, HENRY ANSELM DE, K.C. (H. A. de C)

Guarantee.

COMYNS-CARR, J. W. (J. C. C.)

229
 Blake, William.

CONANT, CHARLES ARTHUR. (C. A. C.)

Bank and Banking, American; Trust Company.

CONDER, COL. CLAUDE REGNIER, R.E., LLD. (C.

R. C.)

Galilee (in part); Galilee, Sea of (in part).

CONWAY, PROP. ROBERT SEYMOUR, M.A., D.Litt.

(R. S. C.)

Etruria, Language; Italy, History (A): Latin Language

(in part); Liguria, Archaeology and Philology;
Pompeii, Oscan Inscriptions; Rome, Ancient History
(in part); Sabini; Volsci; &c

CONWAY, SIR W. MARTIN. (W. M. C.)

Mountaineering; Messapii.

CONYBEARE, PREDERICK CORNWALLIS, M.A.,

D.Th. (F. C. C.)

Anabaptists; Ancestor-Worship; Anointing; Armenian

Church; Armenian Language and Literature; Baptism;
Chnstmas; Funeral Rites; Sacrament; &c; Moses of
Chorene

230
COOK, STANLEY ARTHUR, M.A. (S. A. C.)

Chronicles, Books of (in part) , Costume, ;;Ancient

Oriental; Exodus, The; Genealogy, Biblical; Jews, Old
Testament History; Kings, Books of; Palestine, Old
Testament History;S amuel, Books of; biographies of
Biblical characters; &c.

COOKE, CHARLES WALLWYN RADCLIFFE. J.P.

(C. W. R. C.)

Cider.

COOKE, PROF. GEORGE ALBERT, M.A., D.R. (G. A.

C.)

Odaenathus: Palmyra; Petra; Phoenicia; Sidon; Tyre

(in part); Zenobia.

COOKE, REV. GEORGE WILLIS. (G. W. C.*)

Unitarianism, United states.

COOLIDGE, REV. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

BREVOORT, M.A., F.R.G.S., Ph.D. (W. A. B. C.)

Switzerland, Geography, History and Literature; Tell,

William; articles on Swiss History and Topography,
and biographies of Swiss statesmen, scholars, soldiers,
&c.

231
COORE, GEORGE BARNARD MILBANK. (G. B. M.
C.)

Education, National Systems.

COOTE, CHARLES H. (C. H. C.)

Hakluyt (in part).

COPEMAN, SYDNEY MONCKTON, M. A., M.D.,

F.R.C.P., M.R.C.S.' F.R.S. (S. M. C.)

Vaccination.

CORBIN, WILLIAM LEE, A. M. (W. L. C.*)

Mather, Cotton; Sparks, Jared.

COTTER, JOSEPH ROGERSON, M.A. (J. R. C.)

Absorption of Light; Calorescence; Colour;

Dispersion; Fluorescence; Phosphorescence.

COTTON, JAMES SUTHERLAND, M. A. (J. S. CO.)

India, Geography and Statistics (in part) and History

(in part); Hastings, Warren; Indore: Maharattas (in
part); Omichund; Orme.

COULTON, GEORGE CORDON, M.A. (G. G. CO.)

232
 Celibacy; Concubinage; Indulgence; Knighthood and
Chivalry.

COURTAULD, LOUIS,.M.A., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. (L.

C.*)

Tumour.

COURTNEY, WILLIAM PRIDEAUX. (W. P. C.)

Bath W. Pulteney, Marquess of; Marlhorough, Duke

of; Orford, Earl of (Sir Robert Walpole); Oxford, IST
Earl of; Peterborough and Monmouth, Earl of;
Rosslyn, Earl of; Russell, Earl; Tooke, John Horne;
Walpole, Horatio; Wilkes, John.

COWLEY, ARTHUR ERNEST, M.A., D.Litt. (A. CY)

Hebrew Language; Hebrew literature; Ibn Gabirol;

Inscriptions, Semitic; Samaritans; Seadiah.

COX, PROF. ISAAC JOSLIN, Ph.D. (I. J. C.)

Taylor, Zachary; Wilkinson, James.

CRACKANTHORPE, MONTAGUE HUGUES, M.A.,

K.C., D.C.L (M. H. C.)

"Alabama Arbitration"; Arbitration, International;

Bering Sea Arbitration; Herschell, Lord; Mediation.

233
CRAIES, WILLIAM FEILDEN, M.A. (W. F. C.)

Capital Punishment; Criminal Law; Game Laws;

Homicide; Jury; Pleading; Trade Marks (in part);
Treason; Trial; &c.

CRAIGIE, MRS ("John Oliver Hobbes"). (P. M. T. C.)

Eliot, George.

CRALLAN,FRANKLYN ARDEN.---(F. A. C.)

Wood-Carving.

CRANE, WALTER. (W. CR.)

Arts and Crafts; Art Teaching; Mural Decoration (in

part).

CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION. (M. CR.)

Rome, The Modern City.

CREAK, CAPT. ETTRICK WILLIAM, R.N., C.B.,

F.R.S. (E. W. C.)

Compass (in part).

CREIGHTON, CHARLES, M.A., M.D.(C. C.)

Monster (in part) ; Morgagni; Surgery, History.

234
CREIGHTON, RT. REV. MANDELL D.C.L, LL.D. (M.
C.)

Waldenses.

CREWE, THE RT. HON. THE EARL OF. K.G. (C.)

Banville; Cherbuliez; Laprade.

CRITCHELL, JAMES TROUBRIDGE. (J. T. CR.)

Queensland, History.

CROMBIE, REV. JAMESM. (J. M. C.)

Lichens (in part).

CROOKES, SIR WILLIAM, O.M., F.R.S. (W. C.)

Gem, Artificial.

CROSS, C. F., F.C.S., F.I.C. (C. F. C.)

Cellulose; Fibres.

CROUCH, HERBERT CHALLICE, M.R.C.S. (H. C. C.)

Anaesthesia.

CROWE, LIEUT.-COL JOHN HENRY VERRINDER,

R.A. (J. H. V. C.)

235
 Plevna; Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878; Shipka Pass.

CROWE, SIR JOSEPH ARCHER, K.C.M.G. (J. A. C.)

Cranah; Cuyp; Eyck, Van: Hobbema; Holbein;

Memlinc(in part); Neer, Van der (in part) ; Ostade (in
part).

CRUMP, CHARLES GEORGE, M.A. (C. G. CR.)

Manor (in England); Record.

CUNNINGHAM, JOSEPH THOMAS, M.A., F.Z.S. (J.

T. C.)

.Anchovy; Cephalopoda: Eel; Herring: Octopus; Pearl;

Pilchard; Whitebait; &c.

CUNNINGHAM, THE VEN-WILLIAM, M.A., D.D. (W.

C.)

Free Trade.

CUNYNGHAME, SIR HENRY HARDINGE, K.C.B.

(H. H. C.)

Clock; Watch (in part).

CURTIS, EDMUND, M.A. (E. CU.)

236
 Roger Guiscard; Roger I. and II. of Sicily; William I.
and II. of Sicily.

D
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

DALBY, PROF. WILLIAM ERNEST, M.A.,

M.Inst.C.E., M.I.Mech.E. (W. E. D.)

Bearings; Dynamometer; Friction (in part);

Mechanics, Applied (in part); Power Transmission,
Introductory and Mechanical; Railways, Locomotive
Power.

DALE, THOMAS R, M.A. (T. F. D.)

Polo.

DALLAS, 3. M. M. (j. M. M. D.)

Draughts (in part).

DALTON, ORMONDE MADDOCK, M.A., F.S.A.. (O.

M. D.)

Catacomb (in part).

DANNREUTHER, EDWARD GEORM (E. DA.)

237
 Liszt.

DARLOW, REV. THOMAS HERBERT, M.A. (T. H. D.)

Bible Societies.

DARWIN, SIR GEORGE HOWARD, K.C.B, D.Sc.,

LL.D., F.R.S. (G. H. D.)

Tide

DAVENPORT, CYRIL J. H., F.S.A. (C. D.)

Bookbinding.

DAVIDS, PROF. THOMAS WILLIAM RHYS, LL.D..

Ph.D. (T. W. R. D.)

Buddha; Buddhism; Jains; Lamaism: Lumbini; Pali;

Piprawa; Sanchi; &c.

DAVIDSON, REV. ANDREW B., M.A., D.D. (A. B. D.)

Job (in part).

DAVIDSON, REV. SAMUEL, D.D. (S. D.)

Canon, Scriptures.

DAVIDSON, THOMAS, LL.D. (T. DA.)

238
 Longfellow.

DAVIDSON, PROF. WILLIAM LESLIE, M.A.. LL.D.

(W. L. D.)

Bain, Alexander.

DAVIES, ARTHUR LLEWELLYN. (A. LL. D.)

Negligence.

DAVIS, HENRY WILLIAM CARLESS, M.A. (H. W. C.

D.)

Beeket; Grosseteste; Henry I, II. and III.; Henry of

Huntingdon: John (king); Lanfranc; Langton, Stephen;
Matthew of Paris; Montfort, Simon de; Richard I;
Stephen (king); William I. and II.; &c.

DAVIS, REV. JAMES, M.A. (J. DA.)

Hesiod (in part).

DAVIS, ROBERT HENRY. (R. H. D.*)

Divers and Diving Apparatus.

DAVIS, PROF. WILLIAM MORRIS, D.Sc., Ph.D. (W.

M. D.)

239
 America, Physical Geography; North America. United
States, Physical Geography and Climate.

DAWKINS, PROF. WILLIAM BOYD, D.Sc., F.R.S. (W.

B. D.)

Cave.

DAWSON, GEORGE MERCER, LL.D., F.R.S. (G. M.

D.)

British Columbia (in part).

DAY, LEWIS FOREMAN, F.S.A. (L. F. D.)

Glass, Stained; Ornament

DEACON, GEORGE FREDERICK, LL.D, M.Inst.M.E.

(G.F.D.)

Water Supply.

DEELEY, RICHARD MOUNTFORD, M.Inst.C.E.,

M.I.Mech.E, F.G.S. (R. M. D.)

Lubricants.

DELEHAYE, REV. HIPPOLYTE, S.J. (H. DE.)

Bollandists; Canonization; Hagiology; januarius, St;

Lawrence, St; Margaret, St; Martyrology; Saint; &c.
240
DENDY, PROF. ARTHUR. D.Sc.,F.R.S., F.Z.S., F. L. S.
(A. DE.)

Sponges.

DENNING, WILLIAM FREDERICK, F.R.A.S. (W. F.

D,)

Jupiter; Meteor.

DENT, EDWARD JOSEPH, M.A., Mus.Bac. (E. J. D.)

Duninte, Francesco; Galuppi. Leo, Leonardo;

Pergolesi; Scarlatti, Alessandro.

DEWAR, SIR JAMES, LLD., F.R.S. (J. DR.)

Liquid Gases.

DIBDIN, CHARLES, F.R.G.S. (C. DR.)

Life-boat, British.

DIBDIN, SIR LEWIS TONNA, M.A., D.C.L., F.S.A. (L.

T. D.)

Incense, Ritual Use; Lincoln Judgment.

DICKSEE, LAWRENCE ROBERT, M.Com., F.C.A. (L.

R. D.)

241
 Book-keeping.

DICKSON, PROF. HENRY NEWTON, M.A., D.Sc.,

F.R.S.(Edin.), F.R.G.S. (H. N. D.)

Atlantic Ocean ; Baltic Sea; Desert; Indian Ocean;

Mediterrancan Sea; Mexico, Gull of, North Sea;
Norwegian Sea; Pacific Ocean (in part); Red Sea.

DICKSON, SIR J. FREDERICK, K.C.M.G, (J. F. D.)

Ceylon (in part).'

DILKE, LADY. (E. F. S. D.)

Greuze : Ingres, Millet, J. F.

DINES, WILLIAM HENRY, F.R.S. (W. H. DI.)

Anemometer; Kite-flying (in part).

DIONNE, NARCISSE EUTROPE, M.D., LL.D, F.R.S.

(Can.). (N. E. D.)

Champlain, Samuel de.

DIXON, PROF. FRANK HAIGH, Ph.D., A. M. (F. H.

D.*)

Railways, American Railway Legislation.

242
DIXON, CAPTAIN J. WHITLY, R.N. (j. W. D.)

Anchor; Buoy; Cable; Capstan; Log; Pilot (in part).

DOBSON, AUSTIN, LL.D. (A. D.)

Addison (in part); Chesterfield, Earl of; Fielding,

Henry; Hogarth; Kauffmann, Angelica; Locker-
Lampson, F.; Prior,Matthew; Richardson, Samuel;
Steele, Sir Richard (in part) Sterne, Lawence (in part).

DOBSON, GEORGE. (G. D.)

Saltykov, Michael.

DOBSON, SURGEON-MAJOR GEORGE EDWARD,

M.A, M.B., F.Z.S., F.R.S. (G. E. D.)

Mole (in part); Shrew; Vampire.

DODD, COLONEL JOHN RICHARD, R.A.M.C., M.D,

F.R.C.S. (J. R. D.)

Ambulance.

DODS, REV. MARCUS, D.D. (M. D.)

Pelagius.

DONALDSON, SIR JAMES. (J. D.)

243
 Clement of Alexandria (in part).

DOUGHTY, ARTHUR GEORGE, M.A., D.Litt.,

F.R.Hist.S., F.R.S.(Can.).(A. G. D.)

Dorion, Sir A. A.; Froutenac et Palluau; Joly de

Lotbiniere. Lafontaine; McGee, T. A.; Mercier,
Honoré; Papineau.

DOUGLAS, SIR ROBERT KENNAWAY, M.Inst.C.E.,

M.I.M.E.(R. K. D.)

Alcock, Sir R.; Canton (China), History, (in part);

Hsuan Tsang (in part); Jenghiz Khan; Julien S.; Li
Hung Chang, Manchuria; Mongols; Parkes, Sir H. S.;
Peking; Tseng Kuo-fan; Wade, Sir Thomas F.

DOUGLASS, WILLIAM--- TREGARTHEN,

M.Inst.C.E., MI.M.L (W. T. D.)

lighthouse (in part).

*DREYER, JOHN LOUIS EMIL. (J. L. E. D.)

Observatory; Time, Measurement of; Transit Circle.

DRIESCH, HANS A. E., Ph.D., LL.D. (H. A. E. D.)

Embryology, Physiology of Development.

244
DRIVER, REV. SAMUEL ROLLES, M.A., D.D., D.Litt.
(S. R. D.)

Bible, Old Testament, Canon and Chronology.

DRUMMOND, FRANCIS, M.D. (F. DR.)

Precedence (in part).

DUCHESNE, LOUIS MARIE OLIVIER. (L. D.*)

Papacy, History to 1087; and biographies of the popes

of the period.

DUCKWORTH, WYNFRID LAWRENCE HENRY,

M.A., M.D., D.Se. (W. L. H. D.)

Cramometry.

DUCLAUX, AGNES MARY FRANCES. (A. M. F. D.)

Renan.

DUDDEN, REV. PREDERICK HOMES, M.A., D.D. (F.

H. D.)

Gregory I. (pope).

DUFF, RT. HON. SIR MOUNTSTUART

ELPHINSTONE GRANT, G.C.S.l., F.R.S. (M. G. D.)

245
 Ampthill, Lord: Coleridge, Lord. Derby, 15th Earl
Of.Oliphant, Laurence.

'DUFFlELD, WILLIAM BARTLETr, M.A. (W. B. Du.)

Chartered Companies.

DUKRATH, OSKAR RENRIK, Ph.D. (0. H. D.)

Sweden, History (in part).

DUNCAN, LOUIS, Ph.D., M.AM.Inst.E.E. (L. Du.)

Traction.

DUNNING, PROF. WILLIAM ARCHMALD, Ph.D,

LLD. (W. A. D.)

Sherman, John.

DUNSTAN, WYNDHAM ROWLAND, M.A., LL.D.,

P.R.S., F.C.S. (W. R. D.)

Gutta-Percha; Rubber.

DUTHIE, GEORGE, N.A., F.R.S.(Edin.) (G. Du.)

Rhodesia, Geography and Statistics.

DUTT, ROMESH CHUNDER, C.I.E. (R. C. D.)

246
 Vidyasagar, Ismar Chandra.

DYKE, PROF. HENRY VAN, AM, D.D., LL.D. (H. VAN

D.)

Emerson.

DYKE, PROF. JOHN CHARLES VAN. (j. C. VAN D.)

Inness, George; Painting, United States.

E
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

EARDLEY-WILMOT, SIR SYDNEY MAROW. (S. M.

E.-W.)

Torpedo.

EASTLAKE, LADY. (E. E.)

Gibson, John.

EATON, FRED. A. (F. A. E.)

Academy, Royal.

EDDINGTON, ARTHUR STAWLEY, M.A., M.Se.,

F.R.A.S.(A. S. E.)

247
 lleb2: Star.

EDGEWORTH, PROF. FRANCIS YSIDRO, M.A.,

D.C.L (F. Y. E,)

Probability.

EDMUNDSON, REV. GEORGE, M.A., F.R.Hist.S. (G.

E.)

Argentina, History; Belgium, History; Brazil, History

(in part); Colombia, History; Flanders; Holland,
History., Netherlands,, Orange, House of; Williarn the
Silent. &c.

EDWARDS, MAJOR WILLIAM EGERTON.. (W. E. E.)

Armour Plates.

EGGELING, PROF. H. JULIUS, Ph.D. (J. E.)

Brahman. Brahmana; Brahmanism; Hinduism;

Sanskrit

ELIOT, SIR CHARLES NORTON EDGECUMBE,

K.C.M.G., LLD., D.C.L. (C. EL.)

Asia, History; Esthonia (in part); Hungary, Language;

Huns; Kashgar (in part); Elazars (in part);
Mordvinians; Tatars (in part); Turks; &c.

248
ELIOT, CHARLES WILLIAM, LL.D. (C. W. E.)

Gray, Asa.

ELLINGTON, EDWARD B. (E. B. E.)

Power Transmission, Hydraulic.

ELLIOTT, PROF. EDWIN BAILEY, M.A., F.R.S. (E. B.

EL.)

Curve (in part) ; Geometry (IV.).

ELLIS, ROBERT GEOFFREY. (G. E.*)

Peerage; Privy Council.

ELTONp PROF. OLIVER, M.A. (0. E*)

English Titerature (III., IV.).

EPPENSTEIN, 5. OTTO, Ph.D. (0. E.)

Aberration.

ESMEIN, PROP. JEAN PAUL H. E. ADHEMAR. (j. P.

E.).

France, Law and Institutions: Bailiff, Bailli; Code

Napoleon.. Intendant, Lettres de Cachet: Parlement;
Prefect. States. General, France, Taille, &c.
249
ESMONIN, EDMOND. (E. ES.)

Bombenes, Marquis do; Demarets.

ETHE, PROF. KARL HERMANN, M.A., Ph.D. (H. E.)

Persia Literature, Mirkhond; Nasir Khosau. Nizámi;

Omar Khayyam (its part); Rumi; Sa'di.

EVANS, ARTHUR JOHN, M.A., D.LItt., LLD., F.R.S.,

F.S.A. (A. J. E.)

Crete, Archaeology and Ancient History.

EVERETT, COMMANDER ALLEN F, R.M. (A. F. E.)

Signal, Marine Signalling (in part).

WERITT, CRARLES, M.Ao F.C.L, F.G.B., F.R.AJ. (C.

E.*)

Algebra History; Chemistry; Constellation; Density;

Distillation; Geometry, History; Light, Introduction
and History; &c.

EWART. PROF. JAMES COSSAR, M.D., F.R.S. (J. C.

E.)

Telegony.

250
EWING, PROF. JAMES ALFRED, C.B., LL.D., F.R.S.,
M.Inst.C.E.(J. A. E.)

Air-Engine; Siemens, Sit William; Steam Engine.

Strength of Materials; WaTt, James.

F
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

G
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Alfred von Gutschmid,

Moses of Chorene.

H
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

HUBNER, EMIL. (E. HU.)

Inscriptions, Latin (in part).

HUBRECHT, PROF. AMBROSIUS ARNOLD

WILLEM, LL.D., D.Sc., Ph.D. (A. A. W. H.)

251
 Nemertina (in part).

HUEFFER, FRANCIS, Ph.D. (F. H.)

Boccaccio

HUGEL, BARON FRIEDRICH VON. (F. v. H.)

John, the Apostle; John, Gospel of St.; Loisy.

HUGGINS, LADY. (M. L. H.)

Armilla; Astrolabe.

HUGHAN, WILLIAM JAMES. (W. J. H.*)

Banker-Marks, Builders' Rites, Freemasonry,

Rosicrucianism.

HULL, CAPTAIN THOMAS A., R.N. (T. A. H.)

Chart.

HUMMEL, J. J., F.I.C. (J. J. H.)

Dyeing (in part).

HUNT, REV. WILLIAM, M.A., D.Litt. (W. HU.) *

England, Church of; Freeman, Edward A. , Froude, J.

A. , Gardiner, S. R. , Green, J. R. Seeley, Sir. J R. ,

252
 Stubbs, William.

HUNTER, SIR ROBERT, C.B., M.A. (R H *)

Commons.

HUNTER, WALTER. M.I.C.E., M.I.M.E., F.G.S. (W

H.*)

Dredge and Dredging, Hydraulic Engineering

HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON, K.C.S.I. (W W.

H.)

India, History (in part) and Geography and Statistics

(in part).

HUTCHINSON, HORATIO GORDON. (H. G. H.)

Golf.

HUTCHISON, A. F., M.A. (A. F. H.)

Wallace, Sir William.

HUTTON, REV. ARTHUR WOLLASTON, M.A. (A W.

HU.)

Leo XIII. (pope) ; Manning, Cardinal; Newman,

Cardinal, Wiseman, Cardinal.

253
HUTTON, REV. JOSEPH EDMUND, M.A. (J. E. H.)

Moravian Brethren.

HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY, F.R.S. (T. H. H.)

Amphibia (in part) ; Biology (in part).

HYMANS, HENRI SIMON, Ph.D. (H. H.)

Rubens (in part) ; Teniers (in part) , Van Dyck (in

part).

I
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

ILBERT, SIR COURTENAY PEREGRINE, K.C.B.,

K.C.S.I. (C. P. I.)

Evidence.

INGRAM, JOHN KELLS, M.A., LL.D. (J. K I.)

Leslie, Thomas E. C. , Say, J. B. , Senior, Nassau ;

Slavery (in part) ; Smith, Adam (in part) ; Sumptuary
Laws[1]

INGRAM, THOMAS ALLAN, M.A., LL.D. (T A. I.)

254
 England, Local Government, X (in part) , Assignats ;
Chiltern Hundreds , Clearing House Holliday ,
Illegitimacy , Insurance (in part) , London, Finance ,
Post and Postal Service , Unemployment , Vagrancy
&c[2]

INNES, ALEXANDER TAYLOR, M.A., LL.D. (A T I.)

Knox, John; Pilate, Pontius.

IRVINE, WILLIAM FERGUSSON, M.A. (W F. I)

Liverpool.

ISAAC, PROF. JULES. (J. I.)

Amboise, G. d'; Anne of France Du Bellay, Guillaume

and Jean, Francis I.; Louis XII

1. ↑ Also: Sir Willliam Petty, according to the

Bibliography of Ingram (Wikisource-ed.).
2. ↑ Bailiff (in part), Convocation (in part), Corn Laws
(in part), Coroner, Cruelty, Day, Desertion,
Explosives, Name, Law, Octroi, Patents (in part),
Payment, Payment of Members.

J
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

255
JACKSON, BENJAMIN DAYDON, Ph.D. (B. D J.)

Linnaeus.

JACKSON, PROF. HENRY, O.M., D.Litt., LL.D. (H. JA)

Parmenides of Elea; Socrates; 1911 Encyclopædia

Britannica/Sophists; Speusippus; Thalos, ; Xenocrates;
Xenophanes of Colophon, Zeno of Elea.

JACKSON, LIEUT.-COLONEL LOUIS CHARLES,

B.E., C.M.G. (L. J.)

Fortification and Siegecraft

JACOBI, CHARLES T. (C. T. J.)

Printing.

JACOBS, PROF. JOSEPH, D.Litt. (J. JA.)

Jew, The Wandering ; Nethinim ; Passover ; Purim ;

Tabernacles, Feast of.

JAMES, EDMUND JANES, A.M., Ph.D., LL.D. (E. J. J.)

Protection.

JAMES, LIONEL, F.R.G.S. (L. J.*)

Transvaal, History (in part)

256
JAMES, WILLIAM PRICE. (W. P. J.)

Barrie, J. M. ; Henley, W E. ; Kipling, Rudyard ;

Watson, William (.

JAMIESON, GEORGE, C.M.G., M.A. (G. J.)

China (in part) ; Hwang Ho; Yangtsze-Kiang.

JASTROW, PROF. MORRIS, Ph.D. (M. JA.)

Astrology ; Babylonia and Assyria, Proper Names ;

Babylonian and Assyrian Religion ; Bel ; Gilgamesh,
Epic of ; Gula ; Omen ; Sin ( ; &c.[1]

JAYNE, KINGSLEY GARLAND. (K. G. J.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Croatia-Slavonia , Goa ;

Malay Archipelago, History, Portugal, Geography and
History ; Spain, Geography and Statistics ; &c.[2]

JEANS, JAMES HOPWOOD, M.A., F.R.S. (J. H. JE.)

Molecule.

JEBB, SIR RICHARD CLAVERHOUSE, LL.D., D.C.L.

(R. C. J.)

Aristophanes; Bacchylides , Demosthenes ; Euripides ;

Greek Literature, f. Ancient ; Isaeus ; Isocrates ; Lysias

257
 (in part) ; Olympia (in part) ; Pindar (in part) ;
Rhetoric , Thucydides (in part) , Troy and Troad (in
part).

JEFFERSON, JOSEPH. (J. J.*)

Booth, Edwin

JENKINS, REV. D. E. (D. E. J.)

Calvinistic Methodists Charles, Thomas.

JENKS, JEREMIAH WHIPPLE. (J. W. J.)

Trusts

JERVIS-SMITH, REV. FREDERICK JOHN, M.A.,

F.R.A.S., F.R.S.

Chronograph.

JEVONS, WILLIAM STANLEY, LL.D. (W. S. J.)

Boole, George ; De Morgan, A.

JOCELYN, COL. JULIAN ROBERT JOHN. (J. R. J. J.)

Fireworks, History; Ordnance, Heavy Field and Siege

Equipments; Garrison Mountings.

258
JOHNS, REV. CLAUDE HERMANN WALTER, M.A.,
D.Litt. (C. H. W. J.)

Babylonian Law ; Sabbath, .

JOHNSON, CHARLES, M.A. (C. J.)

Exchequer (in part).

JOHNSON, CHARLES PIERPOINT. (C. P. J.)

Pine.

JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER. (A. J.)

United States, History (in part).

JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER KEITH. (K. J.)

Brazil, History (in part).

JOHNSTON, SIR HENRY HAMILTON, G.C.M.G.,

K.C.B. (H. H. J.)

Bantu Languages, British Central Africa ; Liberia ;

Tunisia ; Uganda ; Unyoro.

JOHNSTON, HENRY PHELPS. (H. P. J.*)

American War of Independence, Land Operations.

259
JOLLIFFE, ARTHUR ERNEST, M.A. (A. E. J.)

Continued Fractions ; Maxima and Minima ; Series.

JOLY, CHARLES JASPER, F.R.S., F.R.A.S. (C. J. J.)

Camera Lucida ; Camera Obscura (in part) ;

Kaleidoscope.

JONES, E. ALFRED. (E. A. J.)

Cellini, Benvenuto (in part) ; Golden Rose (in part) ;

Mace ; Plate (in part) ; Quaich.

JONES, HENRY LEWIS, M.A., M.D., M.R.C.S.,

F.R.C.P. (H. L. J.)

X-Ray Treatment.

JONES, HENRY STUART, M.A. (H. S. J.)

Rome, Ancient City (in part), Christian Rome (in part)

and Ancient History (in part); Costume, Aegean,
Greek, Etruscan and Roman; Roman Art; Theatre,
Ancient (in part) ; Caesar, Julius, &c.[3]

JONES, JOHN MORRIS, M.A. (J. M. J.)

Wales, Language.

JORDAN, RICHARD. (R. J.)

260
 Draughts (in part).

1. ↑ Adad, Ea, Eabani, Shamash.

2. ↑ British Honduras.
3. ↑ Amphitheatre; Mosaic, .

K
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

L
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

M
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

M’LENNAN, JOHN FERGUSSON. (J. F. M’L.)

Werwolf (in part).

N
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

O
261
 Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

P
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

POLLARD, PROF. ALBERT FREDERICK, M.A.,

F.R.Hist.S. (A. F. P.)

English History, VII. and XIII. (Bibliography) ;

Elizabeth, Queen ; Henry VIII. ; Edward VI. ;
Burghley, Lord ; Cranmer ; Cromwell, Thomas ;
Parker, Matthew ; Somerset, Duke of ; Wolsey,
Cardinal, and other biographies of the period.

Q
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

R
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

RUSSELL, HON. BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM,

M.A., F.R.S. (B.A.W.R.)

Geometry, VI. (in part).

262
S
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

SAINTSBURY, GEORGE EDWARD BATEMAN,

LL.D., D.Litt., D.C.L. (G. SA.)

French Literature; Romance; Balzac; Corneille;

Joinville; Lamartine; Michelet; Montaigne; Rabelais;
Racine; Rousseau; Villon; Voltaire; &c.

T
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

TAIT, PETER GUTHRIE, LL.D. (P. G. T.)

Hamilton, Sir William Rowan; Knot; Maxwell, James

Clerk; Quaternions (in part)

THOMAS, NORTHCOTE WHITRIDGE, M.A. (N. W.

T.)

Animal Worship, Cannibalism; Clairvoyance.

Divination, Dreams, Fetishism; Folklore; Magic;
Telepathy; Witchcraft; &c.

263
 Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

V
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

W
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

WRONG, PROF. GEORGE McKINNON, M.A., F.R.S.

(Canada). (G. M. W.)

CANADA, History to Federation.

WYATT, J. W., A.M.Inst.C.E. (J. W. W.)

PAPER, Manufacture.

WYLIE, MAJOR-GENERAL HENRY, C.S.I. (H. WY.)

NEPAL (in part).

Y
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

YORKE, LIEUT.-COL. HORATIO ARTHUR, C.B. (H.

A. Y.)
264
 RAILWAYS, British Railway Legislation.

YORKE, PHILIP CHESNEY, M.A. (P. C. Y.)

GUNPOWDER PLOT; ANNE, QUEEN; ARGYLL, EARLS AND

DUKES OF; BOLEYN, ANNE; BOLINGBROKE; CATHERINE OF
ARAGON; CHARLES I. and II.; CLARENDON, 1ST EARL OF;
CROMWELL, OLIVER (in part); FALKLAND, LORD; LAUD,
ARCHBISHOP; STRAFFORD; VANE, SIR H., and other
English biographies of the 17th and 18th centuries.

YOUNG, ALEXANDER BELL FILSON. (A. B. F. Y.)

DANCE (in part).

YOUNG, REV. WILLIAM. (W. Y.)

PRESBYTERIANISM.

YULE, SIR HENRY, C.B. (H. Y.)

AFGHANISTAN, History; CHINA, History (in part); KUBLAI

KHAN; LHASA (in part); POLO, MARCO (in part); PRESTER
JOHN; RAMUSIO; RICCI, MATTEO; &c.

Z
Contents: Top · A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

ZIMMER, G. F., A.M.Inst.C.E., F.Z.S. (G. F. Z.)

265
 BISCUIT; BREAD; CONVEYORS; FLOUR AND FLOUR
MANUFACTURE; GRANARIES.

ZIMMERN, ALICE. (A. Z.)

CARPENTER, MARY.

The Initials in brackets indicate the Signature adopted to distinguish the

Contributor.

Notes

266
Encyclopædia Navigation

Volume 1
Prefatory
A — Afr Afr — All All — And
Material

Title page A — Afranius — Alliaria

Copyright Abencerrages Agrigentum Officinalis
notice Abendana — Agrimony — Alsace-
Dedications Abu Hamed — Aix Lorraine
Prefatory Abu Ḥanīfa Aix-la- Alsatia —
Note — Acheron Chapelle — Amber
Prefatory Achiacharus Albert I. Amber —
Note to the — Adams Albert — Amontons
"Handy Adams — Ad Aldine 'Amora —
Volume" valorem Press Anastasius
edition Advancement Aldini — I
(1915) — Afranius Algaroth Anastasius
Editorial Algarotti II —
Introduction — Alliance Andronicus
Table of of Cyrrhus
contributors Andronicus
—
Androphagi

267
Encyclopædia Navigation
←Previous Volume 2 Next→
And — Apo Apo — Arm Arm — Ast Ast — Aus

Table of Apolda — Army — Astraea —

contributors Appia Art Attempt
Andros — Apuré — Galleries Attention —
Anne of Arch Arthritis Augustusbad
Brittany Archaeology — Asia Auk —
Anne of — Argostoli Asia — Austria
Cleves — Argosy — Astoria
Anti- Armstrong
Masonic
Party
Antimony
—
Apodictic

268
Encyclopædia Navigation

←Previous Volume 3 Next→

Aus — Bal Bal — Bas Bas — Ben Ben — Bis

Table of Balearic Bastide — Benzaldehyde

contributors Islands — Bavai — Bernburg
Austria — Band Bavaria — Berners —
Axminster Banda — Beauvais Beugnot
Axolotl — Barbary Ape Beauvillier Beulé —
Backscratcher Barbary — Beit Bigot
Back's River Pirates — Beja — Big Rapids
— Bailey Barnes Belper — Biscay
Bailiff — Barnes — Belsham Biscay —
Bale Bartholomew — Ben Bisectrix
Bartholomew Venue
— Bastide

269
Encyclopædia Navigation

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Bis — Bon Bon — Bri Bri — Bur Bur — Cal

Table of Bonney — Bridewell Burgos —

contributors Bosa — Brizo Bute
Bishārīn – Bosboom- Broach — Bute —
Blake Toussaint Brown, Cadalso
Blakelock — Jacob Vazquez
— Blue- Bourgeois Brown, Cadamosto
Book Bourges — John — — Calais
Bluestocking Braddock Brydges Calais —
— Braddon Bryennius Calgary
Boisguilbert — —
Boisrobert Braunsberg Bukhārī
— Bravo — Bukovina
Bonneville Bride — Burgos

270
Encyclopædia Navigation

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Cal — Can Can — Cas Cas — Cen Cen — Cha

Table of Candlemas Casemate — Cenomani

contributors — Cap Castro —
Calhoun — Haitien Castrogiovanni Chafing-
Camden Capillary — Caussin de dish
Camden — Action — Perceval Chagos —
Candle Cardinal Caustic — Changeling
Virtues Cenobites Changos
Carding — Charles
— Carp IX.
Carpaccio Charles X.
— Case —
Chatelaine

271
Encyclopædia Navigation

Volume 6
Cha — Cho Cho — Clo Clo — Col Col — Con

Table of Chorley Cloister — Columbani

contributors — Churn Cockatrice —
Châtelet — Chusan Cockburn Comparetti
Cherusci — — Cole Compass
Cheselden Ciudad Colebrooke —
— Chiloé Porfirio — Congress
Chilon — Diaz Columban Congreve
Chorley Ciudad —
Real — Constantine
Clay
Cross
Claymore
—
Clogher

272
Encyclopædia Navigation

Volume 7
Con — Cos Cos — Cro Cro — Dan Dap — Dem

Table of Cosmati — Crow Daphla

contributors Courtois Indians Hills —
Constantine Courtrai — — Davison
Pavlovich — Craniometry Cunard Davis
Coote Crank — Cunas Strait —
Copaiba — Creutz — Degas
Cormontaingne Creuzer — Cuyp De Geer
Cormorant — Crowe Cuza —
Cosmas — Demidov
Dalberg
Dale —
Danzig

273
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Dem — Die Die — Dov Dov — Dup Dup — Edw

Table of Dielectric — Dover — Duperron,

contributors Dionysius Dropsy Jacques
Demijohn Halicarnassensis Dropwort Davy —
— Dionysius — Dynamite
Desborough, Periegetes — Duhamel, Dynamo
John Döbrentei, Jean — Écarté
Descartes, Gabor Baptiste Ecbatana
René — De Dobritch — Duhamel —
Witt, John Donatists du Edward
Dewlap — Donatus, Aelius Monceau, (Prince of
Diekirch — Dover, Henri Wales)
Robert Louis —
Dupanloup,
Félix
Antoine
Philibert

274
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Edw — Ell Ell — Epa Epa — Ess Eug — Eva

Table of Elliston — Eparch Essenes —

contributors Emporium — Eugenius
Edwardes Empson — Ericht Eugenol —
— Eleatic Epaminondas Ericsson Evangelical
School —
Elecampane Essen
— Ellis

275
Encyclopædia Navigation

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Eva — Fat Fau — Fin Fin — Fon Fon — Fra

Table of Faubourg Finch — Font —

contributors — Fitzwalter Forster
Evangelical Fenians Fitzwilliam Forster
Church Fennel — — Flood —
Conference Fessenden Flood Plain Foxglove
— Ezra Fessler — — Fonseca Fox
Ezra — Finance Indians
Falkland —
Falkland Francis
Islands — Joseph I.
Fatimites

276
Encyclopædia Navigation
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Fra — Fri Fri — Gal Gal — Geo Gep — Gib

Table of Friedrichroda Galvanometer Gephyrea

contributors — Fuller — Gartok — Ghent
Franciscans Fuller — Gary — Ghetto
— Gaetulia Gelati —
Frederick Gage — Gelatin — Gibson
William III. Galvanized Georgswalde
Frederick Iron
William IV.
—
Friedrich

277
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Gic - Goo Goo - Gre Gre - Had Had - Har

Table of Good Grenville Haddington

contributors Friday — — Ground —
Gichtel — Gottschall Rent Halfpenny
Girard Gottsched Groundsel Half-timber
Girard — — — Guérin Work —
Glinka Grampians Guérin du Hamilton
Glinka — Grampound Cayla — Hamilton
Goes — Grays Guntram — Harcourt
Goes — Thurrock Guntur — Hardanger
Good Graz — Haddington Fjord —
Grenville Harmonium

278
Encyclopædia Navigation

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Ha He - Hi Ho – Hr Hu

Table of Hedon — Hicks — Horn —

contributors Helvetii Hingham Hounslow
Harmony Helvétius Hinrichs Hour — Hugh
— — — Hoe de Puiset
Haslemere Henwood Hoefnagel Hugh of St
Haslingden Henzada — Home Cher —
— — Heroic Home — Hunyadi
Hawkshaw Romances Hormuz Hunza and
Hawksley Heroic Nagar —
— Hedges Verse — Hurstmonceaux
and Fences Hickory

279
Encyclopædia Navigation

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Hus — Hyp Hyp — Inc Inc — Ion Ion — Ita

Table of Hypertrophy Incorporation Ionian

contributors — — Injector School
Husband — Idomeneus Injunction — —
Hypersthene Idria — Ionians Island
Income Tax Islay
—
Italic

280
Encyclopædia Navigation

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Ita — Joh Joh — Kar Kar — Kin Kin — Kys

Table of John II. Karateghin Kingston-

contributors of — Keble upon-
Italy — Castile Kecskemét Hull —
Jahn — — Kerch Knave
Jahrum — Jonson Kerckhoven Knebel
Jātaka Joplin — Kidd — Kopp
Jath — — Kidd — Koprülü
Jesup Jumna Kingston- —
Jesus Christ Jumping on-Thames Kuenen
— John I. — Kuen-lun
of Castile Kaithal —
Kakapo Kyshtym
—
Karasu-
Bazar

281
Encyclopædia Navigation
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L — Lan Lan — Lei Lei — Lin Lin — Lor

Table of Langlois Leiria — Linseed —

contributors — Larra Leopold II. Lizard
L — Larsa — Leotychides Point
Laestrygones Lavagna — Levy Ljunggren
Laetus — Laval — Levy — — Logan
Lambert of Le Lightning Logansport
Hersfeld Chapelier Conductor — Lord
Lambessa — Lechler Lights — Advocate
Langley — Linsang
Leipzig

282
Encyclopædia Navigation

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Lyc — Mal
Lor — Lyc Mal — Mar Mar — Mec
(includes Mc)

Table of Lyceum — Malcolm — Marlitt —

contributors M'Crie Manchester Martin
Lord MacCullagh Ship Canal Martin —
Chamberlain — Macquarie Manchuria Master and
— Louisiade Macrauchenia — Mantegna Servant
Archipelago — Mantell — Master of the
Louisiana — Maheshwar Maremma Horse —
Lucullus Mahi — Marengo — Maxentius
Lucus Malchin Marlborough Maxim —
Feroniae — Mecklenburg
Lycaonia

283
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Med — Met Met — Mof Mog — Mor Mor — Mum

Table of Metaphysics Mogador Morphology

contributors — Michelet — Money- — Mouflon
Medal — Michelet — Lending Mould —
Melloni Miller Monforte Mülheim-
Melodrama Miller — — am-Rhein
— Mirande Montefiore Mülheim-
Mercator Mirandola Montefrio an-der-Ruhr
Mercenary — Moffat — Moors — Mumps
— Moose —
Metaphor Morphine

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Mun — Nar Nar — Nic Nic — Nos Nos — Odd

Table of Narva — Nicephorus Nostrum —

contributors Nearchus Patriarcha Nye
Mun — Neath — — Nilgai Nyezhin —
Musgrave Nerve Nilgiris — Odaenathus
Mush — Nervi — Nora Odalisque
Naga Hills Newcastle Norba — —
Nagar — Newcastle- Nostradamus Oddfellows
Narthex under-
Lyme —
Nicephorus

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Ode — Ore Ore — Pac Pac — Par Par — Pay

Table of Orense — Pachisi — Parclose —

contributors Ortnit Pale Partonopeus
Ode — Olaus Ortolan Paleario de Blois
Magnus — Otto — Partridge —
Olbers — of Pandora Paul
Onomatopoeia Freising Pandua — Paul I. —
Onondaga — Otto of Parchment Payment of
Orendel Nordheim Members
—
Pacheco

286
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Pay — Peo Peo — Phi Phi — Pis Pis — Pol

Table of People Philip Pisciculture

contributors — IV. — — Platon
Payn — Perry Phrantza Platonic
Pelham Perry Phraortes Love —
Pelham — — — Podophyllin
Peonage Petrie Pilaster Poe —
Petrie Pilate — Polka
— Pisces
Philip
III.

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Pol — Pot Pot — Pub Pub — Ram Ram — Ree

Table of Potlatch — Publilius Rameau —

contributors Precession Syrus — Ratibor
Poll — of the Puttkammer Rationalism
Pontecorvo Equinoxes Putty — — Recorde
Pontécoulant Precinct — Quatrefoil Recorder
— Porter Prince Quatremère — Reeves
Porter — Edward — Rabelais
Poti Island Rabener —
Princes' Rambouillet
Islands —
Propyl
Alcohols
Prorogation
— Public
House

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Ref — Ric Ric — Rog Rog — Ruh Rui — Sai

Table of Ricciarelli Rogers — Ruiz —

contributors — Riley Rosamond Ryot
Refectory Rimbaud Rosario Ryswick
— — — —
Renaissance Robert- Roulette Saginaw
Renaix — Fleury Roulette Sagitta
Reuss Roberts — —
Reuter — — Rogers Ruhrort Sainte-
Ricci Beuve

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Sai — San San — Sch Sch — Ser Ser — Shu

Table of Sancti Schleswig- Serampur

contributors Spiritus Holstein — —
Sainte- — Santals Schwetzingen Sewerage
Claire Santa Schwiebus — Sewing
Deville — Maria do Seal- Machines
St Monte — Fisheries — Shed
Petersburg Sarzana Sealing Wax Shedd —
Saint-Pierre Sāsana — Selborne Shirley
— Vaṃsa — Selby — Shirley
Salmasius Scafell Serajevo —
Salmeron y Scaffold Shuttle
Alfonso — —
Sanctis Schleswig

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Shu — Sli Slo — Sph Sph — Ste Ste — Sub

Table of Sloane — Sphere Stevedore —

contributors Snell — Stone
Shuválov Snell — Squinch Stone —
— Silius Somerset Squint Strontium
Italicus Somersetshire — Strophanthus
Silk — — Southerne Stations —
Siricius Southey — of the Subliminal
Sirkar — Sphenodon Cross Self
Sliven Statistics
—
Steuco

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Sub — Sys Syz — Ten Ten — Thr Thr — Tom

Table of Syzrañ Tennis Threnody

contributors — — —
Submarine Talukdar Thales of Tillodontia
Mines — Talus — Miletus Tillotson
Sunbury Tarpeia Thallium —
Sunbury- Tarquinii — Tlaxcala
on-Thames — Teak Thévenot Tlaxcala
— Teal — Thiazines — Tom-
Swanwick Tenniel — Three Tom
Swartz — Rivers
Systyle

292
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Ton — Tra Tra — Tur Tur — Val Val — Ves

Table of Traveller's Turkestan Valencia

contributors Tree — — —
Tonalite — Trim Tyumeñ Varchi
Toulouse Trimmer Tzetzes Vardanes
Toulouse — Truss — Ur —
— Trave Trust Ural- Venice
Company Altaic — Venison
— Turin Valence —
Vesuvius

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Vet — Wal Wal — Whi Whi — Wou Wra — Zym

Table of Walker — White — Wraith —

contributors Ward Wilkinson Yamagata
Vetch — Ward — Wilkinson Yamboli
Villaret de Waterloo — Wind —
Joyeuse Campaign Windau — Yucatan
Villari — Waterloo- Woking Yucca —
Vitriol with- Wokingham Zieten
Vitruvius Seaforth — Zimbabwe
— Vouet — Weeks Wouwerman —
Voussoir — Weenix Zymotic
Walker — Diseases
Westbury
Westbury
— White

294
Please add orphan pages here, pending proper listing

Copyright notice (expired) p. ii

Title Page p. iii
Preface pp. v–viii
Rules and Abbreviations pp. 1–2
Index to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
pp. 3–878
Classified Table of Contents — Introduction pp. 879–
880
Classified Table of Contents pp. 881–882
Classified List of Articles pp. 883–947
Contributors Not paginated in printed version

295
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