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Chapter 14
Feedback and Oscillator Circuits
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Feedback Concepts
The effects of negative feedback on an amplifier:
Disadvantage
• Lower gain
Advantages
• Higher input impedance
• More stable gain
• Improved frequency response
• Lower output impedance
• Reduced noise
• More
M linear
li operation
ti
Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 2

Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky
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Feedback Connection Types
• Voltage-series feedback
• Voltage sh nt feedback
Voltage-shunt
• Current-series feedback
• Current-shunt feedback

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Voltage--Series Feedback
Voltage
For voltage-series
F lt i feedback,
f db k th the
output voltage is fed back in series
to the input.
The feedback gain is given by:
1 R1 + R 2
Af ≅ =
β R2

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Voltage--Shunt Feedback
Voltage
For a voltage-shunt feedback amplifier, the output voltage is fed back in
parallel with the input.
The feedback gain is given by

Ro
Af = −
Ri

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Current--Series Feedback
Current
For a current
current-series
series feedback
amplifier, a portion of the
output current is fed back in
series with the input.
To determine the feedback gain:
I A − h fe h ie − h fe
Af = o = = ≅
Vs 1 + βA ⎛ − h fe ⎞ h ie + h fe R E
1 + ( − R E )⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ h ie + R E ⎠

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Current--Shunt Feedback
Current
For a current-shunt feedback amplifier, a portion of the output
current is directed back in parallel with the input.
The feedback g
gain is
given by:
I
Af = o
Is

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Summary of Feedback Effects

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Frequency Distortion with Feedback
• If the feedback network is ppurely

y resistive,, then the ggain with
feedback will be less dependent on frequency variations. In some
cases the resistive feedback removes all dependence on frequency
variations.
• If the feedback includes frequency dependent components

(capacitors and inductors), then the frequency response of the
amplifier
ifi will
i be affected.
ff

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Noise and Nonlinear Distortion
• The feedback network reduces noise by cancellation.

cancellation The phase
of the feedback signal is often opposite the phase of the input
signal.
• Nonlinear distortion is also reduced simply because the gain is

reduced. The amplifier is operating in midrange and not at the
extremes.

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Bandwidth with Feedback

Feedback increases the bandwidth of an amplifier.

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Gain Stability with Feedback
Gain
G i calculations
l l ti with
ith feedback
f db k are often
ft based
b d on external
t l
resistive elements in the circuit. By removing gain calculations
from internal variations of β and gm, the gain becomes more
stable.
stable

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Phase and Frequency Considerations
At higher frequencies the feedback signal may no longer

be out of phase with the input. The feedback is thus
positive and the amplifier, itself, becomes unstable and
begins to

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Oscillator Operation
The feedback signal must be positive. The overall gain must equal one (unity
gain).
If the feedback signal is not
positive or the gain is less than If the overall gain is greater than
one, the oscillations dampens out. one, the oscillator eventually
saturates.

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Types of Oscillator Circuits
Phase-shift oscillator
Phase-
Wien bridge oscillator
Tuned oscillator circuits
Crystal oscillators
Unijunction oscillator

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Phase--Shift Oscillator
Phase
The amplifier must supply enough
gain to compensate for losses. The
overall gain must be unity.
unity
The RC networks provide the

necessary phase shift for a positive
feedback.
The values of the RC components

also determine the frequency of
oscillation:
1
f=
2πRC 6
more…

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Phase--Shift Oscillator
Phase
The amplifier must supply enough
gain to compensate for losses. The
overall gain must be unity.
unity
The RC networks provide the

necessary phase shift for a positive
feedback.
The values of the RC components

also determine the frequency of
oscillation:
1
f=
2π 6RC
more…

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Wien Bridge Oscillator
The amplifier must supply

enough gain to compensate
for losses. The overall gain
must be unity.
• The feedback resistors

are R3 and R4.
• The phase-shift
components are R1, C1
and R2, C2.

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Tuned Oscillator Circuits
Tuned oscillators use a parallel LC resonant circuit (LC tank) to

provide the oscillations.
There are two common types:
Colpitts—The resonant circuit is an inductor and two capacitors.

Colpitts
Hartley
Hartley—The resonant circuit is a tapped inductor or two
i d
inductors and
d one capacitor.
i

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Colpitts Oscillator Circuit
The frequency of oscillation is

determined by:
1
fo =
2π LC eq
where:
C1C 2
C eq =
C1 + C 2

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Hartley Oscillator Circuit
The frequency of oscillation is

determined by:
1
fo =
2π L eq C
where:
L eq = L 1 + L 2 + 2M

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Crystal Oscillators
The crystal appears as a resonant circuit.
The crystal has two resonant frequencies:

f i
Series resonant condition

• RLC determine the resonant frequency
q y
• The crystal has a low impedance
Parallel resonant condition

• RL and d CM determine
d t i th
the resonantt ffrequency
• The crystal has a high impedance
The series and p

parallel resonant frequencies
q are very
y
close, within 1% of each other.

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Series Resonant Crystal Oscillator
• RLC determine the resonant

frequency
• The crystal has a low impedance

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Parallel Resonant Crystal Oscillator

• RL and CM determine
the resonant frequency
• The crystal has a high

impedance

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Unijunction Oscillator
The output frequency is

determined by:
1
fo =
R T C T ln[1 (1 − η)]
Where η is a ratingg of
the unijunction
transistor with values
between 0.4 and 0.6.

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Unijunction Oscillator Waveforms

The unijunction oscillator (or
relaxation oscillator) produces a
sawtooth waveform.


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www.getmyuni.

The effects of negative feedback on an amplifier:

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 2

Feedback Connection Types

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 3

The feedback gain is given by:

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 4

The feedback gain is given by

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 5

To determine the feedback gain:

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 6

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 7

Summary of Feedback Effects

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 8

Frequency Distortion with Feedback

• If the feedback network is ppurely

• If the feedback includes frequency dependent components

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 9

Noise and Nonlinear Distortion

• The feedback network reduces noise by cancellation.

• Nonlinear distortion is also reduced simply because the gain is

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 10

Bandwidth with Feedback

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 11

Gain Stability with Feedback

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 12

Phase and Frequency Considerations

At higher frequencies the feedback signal may no longer

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 13

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 14

Types of Oscillator Circuits

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 15

The RC networks provide the

The values of the RC components

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 16

The RC networks provide the

The values of the RC components

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 17

Wien Bridge Oscillator

The amplifier must supply

• The feedback resistors

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 18

Tuned Oscillator Circuits

Tuned oscillators use a parallel LC resonant circuit (LC tank) to

There are two common types:

Colpitts—The resonant circuit is an inductor and two capacitors.

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 19

Colpitts Oscillator Circuit

The frequency of oscillation is

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 20

Hartley Oscillator Circuit

The frequency of oscillation is

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 21

The crystal has two resonant frequencies:

Series resonant condition

Parallel resonant condition

The series and p

Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 10/e 22

Series Resonant Crystal Oscillator