Trial Exam 2

1) A salt is formed from anion (Z) of monoprotic unstable acid, conc. H 2SO4 is
added to it where a colorless gas is formed which is easy to be oxidized in
air. What is anion (Z)?
a) Nitrite, which removes the color of acidified potassium permanganate
solution
b) Nitrite, which doesn’t remove the color of acidified potassium
permanganate solution
c) Nitrate, which removes the color of acidified potassium permanganate
solution
d) Nitrate, which doesn’t remove the color of acidified potassium
permanganate solution

2) Anion (W) for intermediate stable acid (HW) is oxidized partially by the
effect of concentrated sulphuric acid and gives vapors which turn a paper
wet by starch into yellow. What is anion (W)?
a) Iodide, in which its salt solution forms a yellow ppt. with silver nitrate
solution
b) Iodide, in which its salt solution forms a yellowish white ppt. with silver
nitrate solution
c) Bromide, in which its salt solution forms a yellow ppt. with silver nitrate
solution
d) Bromide, in which its salt solution forms a yellowish white ppt. with silver
nitrate solution
3) From the following table:
The added indicator / The salt: The salt Na2X The salt NaY

HCl(aq) + The solid salt A(g) evolves A(g) evolve

AgNO3(aq) + The saltsolution Gives Ag2X(s) GivesAgY(aq)

The correct statement which can describe the anions X and Y is ……………………
a) The anion (X) may be sulphite while the anion (Y) may be sulphide
b) The anion (X) may be sulphide while the anion (Y) may be sulphite
c) The anion (X) may be bicarbonate while the anion (Y) may be carbonate
d) The anion (X) may be carbonate while the anion (Y) may be bicarbonate

4) In one of the experiments, 0.5M barium chloride solution was used to

differentiate between two anions, so 1.98g of white precipitate that
dissolves in dilute hydrochloric acid were precipitated:
[Ba= 137, Cl=35.5, S=32, O=16, P=31]
Firstly: the symbol of the anion is …......
a) HCO3-
b) NO3-
c) SO4-2
d) PO43-
Secondly: the volume of barium chloride solution is …….
a) 1.98ml
b) 19.8ml
c) 9.8ml
d) 12ml

5) How can you differentiate practically between silver chloride and

potassium chloride (Without using chemical indicators)?

Choices Experiment Silver chloride Potassium chloride

a) By heating Dissociate giving ppt Dissociate without ppt.
b) By heating Dissociate without ppt. Dissociate giving ppt.
c) By adding water Dissolve Doesn’t dissolve
d) By adding water Doesn’t dissolve Dissolve
6) A salt solution of stable acid K2X to which a solution of barium chloride
was added to form a white ppt. of …………………...
a) BaX which dissolves in diluted hydrochloric acid
b) Ba2X which dissolves in diluted hydrochloric acid
c) BaX which doesn’t dissolve in diluted hydrochloric acid
d) Ba2X which doesn’t dissolve in diluted hydrochloric acid

7) Which of the following represent the addition

of concentrated ammonia solution to both
silver chloride and silver phosphate
precipitate?
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D

8) Anion (M) is derived from a stable triprotic acid, silver nitrate solution is
added to it so …………………... will be formed.
a) yellow ppt. soluble in ammonia solution
b) yellow ppt. insoluble in ammonia solution
c) Yellowish white ppt. slowly soluble in ammonia solution
d) White ppt. rapidly soluble in ammonia solution

9) The carbonate ion can be detected by adding a salt contains ……...….

a) Calcium ion
b) Sodium ion
c) Potassium ion
d) Ammonium ion
10) In the following equation carbon dioxide is passed for a long time
through the clear lime water:
Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2CO2  X
The product of the previous equation (X) is …………
a) A sparingly soluble compound in water that gives an aqueous solution on
heating
b) An aqueous solution that gives a sparingly soluble compound in water on
heating
c) An aqueous solution that doesn’t dissociate by heat
d) A sparingly soluble compound in water that doesn’t dissociate by heat

11) All the following gives black ppt. except …………………...

a) Reacting silver nitrate solution with potassium sulphide solution
b) Reacting lead II acetate solution with sodium sulphide solution
c) Heating silver sulphite salt
d) Reacting diluted hydrochloric acid with sodium bicarbonate solution

12) All of the following acid salts form a precipitate with silver nitrate
solution except the salts of ……………
a) Sulphurous acid
b) Hydrochloric acid
c) Phosphoric acid
d) Nitric acid
13) The following table shows the results of two experiments performed on
the aqueous solution of compound (X):
The experiment The observation
Adding ammonium hydroxide White ppt. is formed insoluble in
solution excess NH4OH
Adding silver nitrate White ppt. is formed soluble in
solution NH4OH
What is the compound (X):
a) Aluminum chloride
b) Iron III sulphate
c) Iron II phosphate
d) Sodium iodide

14) 2.84g of a mixture of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate are dissolved
in water and an excess amount of barium chloride is added to the solution,
so 2.33g is precipitated. Then the ratio of the mass of the first salt to the
second salt in the mixture is………………….
[Ba= 137, Cl=35.5, S=32, O=16, Na=23]
a) 1:1
b) 2:1
c) 7:3
d) 3:2

15) When K2Cr2O7 is added to iron II sulphate, then ammonia solution is

added, so a ……... precipitate is produced
a) greenish white
b) gelatinous white
c) reddish brown
d) white
16) Compound (X) is used in the purification of water. When this compound
is dissociated it gives ……………………
a) an element used as oxidizing agent
b) an anion that react with lead forming yellow ppt
c) an anion that is used in the confirmatory test of the fifth analytical group
d) all the previous

17) Two iron oxides both have black color, we can differentiate between
them by using …………………...
a) Conc. HCl solution, it can react only with one of them
b) Conc. H2SO4 solution, it can react only with one of them
c) Dil. HCl, it can react only with one of them
d) by using ammonia solution, it forms with the two oxides two different
precipitates

18) When iron II oxide is heated in air then concentrated sulphuric acid is
added to the resulting compound, the magnetic moment of the iron ion
during the two reactions includes the following changes:
a) Increases then decreases
b) Decreases then increases
c) Increases then does not change
d) Decreases then does not change
19) A salt of stable acid (A) is thermally decomposed and gives red solid
substance and two different gases (B) and (C),
(B)(g)  turns the color of a paper wetted with acidified potassium
dichromate from orange to green
(C)(g)  dissolves in water forming one of the most stable acids (D)
On comparing salt (A) with the red solid substance, which of the following
statements is correct?
Salt (A) can be prepared by …………………..
a) Reaction between dil. sulphuric acid and iron II oxide
b) Reaction between iron and dil. sulphuric acid
c) Reaction between iron III oxide and hot conc. Sulphuric acid
d) Both A and B are correct

20) The chemical formula of element (X) is located in group VIB by

combining with oxygen and repelling with magnet………………
a) XO
b) XO2
c) X2O3
d) XO3

21) Element (X) is used as a catalyst in the preparation of compound (Y):

When adding Compound (Y) to water, the resulted compound is used to
distinguish between silver phosphate and silver iodide, so:
a) compound (Y) has acidic properties
b) when adding (XS) to (Y) it gives green white ppt
c) compound (Y) reacts with hydrogen chloride forming white cloud fumes
d) element (X) is diamagnetic colorless
22) Seven moles of sodium hydroxide solution are added to two moles of
aluminum chloride solution which of the following is correct regarding the
mass of the formed precipitate overtime?
a) it increases then decreases slightly and becomes constant
b) it is always constant
c) it increases then becomes constant
d) it increases then decreases till it vanishes

23) Acid (A) neutralizes with base (B), If the volume of (A) is double that of
(B) and molarity of (B) is double that of (A), so (A) and (B) are ……………...

Choices Acid (A) Base(B)

a) HCl Ca(OH)2
b) H2SO4 KOH
c) HNO3 Mg(OH)2
d) H2SO4 Ca(OH)2

24) Hydrated iron III oxide its mass is 3.74 g and by roasting it losses 0.54 g.
Then the formula of the compound is …………………
(Fe=56, O=16, H=1)
a) Fe2O3.2H2O
b) Fe2O3.3H2O
c) 2Fe2O3.3H2O
d) 3Fe2O3.2H2O
25) Study the following figure, which of the following statements is correct?

a) Compound (B) is more stable than compound (A)

b) We can’t differentiate between compound (A) and compound (B) by using
ammonia solution
c) On reacting compound (A) with ammonia solution, the formed ppt. can’t
dissolve in acids
d) Compound (A) is more stable than compound (B)

26) The cations which form precipitates with sulphate anion are ………………
a) Na+ /Ba2+
b) Fe2+ / Al3+
c) Ba2+ / Ca2+
d) NH4+ / Ca2+

27) Both of sulphate and phosphate radicals are common in …………

a) Both of them form with BaCl 2 solution a white ppt. that dissolves in diluted
acids
b) Diluted hydrochloric acid is used to detect them
c) Both of them are divalent
d) Both of them are derived from more stable acids than hydrochloric acid
28) From the following reaction:
XCl3(aq) + 4NaOH(aq)  3NaCl(aq) + NaXO2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
What is the cation (X)?
a) Iron III, and the compound X(OH)3 is reddish brown ppt.
b) Iron III, and the compound X(OH)3 is gelatinous white ppt.
c) Aluminum, and the compound X(OH)3 is reddish brown ppt.
d) Aluminum, and the compound X(OH)3 is gelatinous white ppt

29) Deduce the name of the salt from the following experiment?
On adding diluted hydrochloric acid to it, a gas which changes paper wet
with lead II acetate to black is evolved, and when the dry salt is exposed to
Bunsen flame it changes to brick red.
a) Calcium sulphate
b) Copper sulphite
c) Calcium sulphide
d) Copper thiosulphate

30) All the following mixtures would represent the Y axis

(mass of ppt.) of this graph except:
a) AgCl & Al(OH)3
b) Ag3PO4 & Fe(OH)2
c) AgCl & AgI
d) Ag3PO4 & AgCl
31) According to the following diagram, what is salt (X)?

a) NaCl
b) NaBr
c) NaI
d) NaNO3

32) By adding calcium chloride to ammonium carbonate a ppt. is formed,

the ppt. will disappear by ……………...
1. Adding diluted sulphuric acid
2. Adding diluted hydrochloric acid
3. Adding water containing CO2 for long (Sufficient) time
4. Leaving the test tube exposed to air for sufficient time
a) 2 and 3
b) 1 and 3
c) 2 and 4
d) 3 and 4
33) Solution of salt (X) gives with NaOH a white gelatinous ppt. and also
gives with conc. sulphuric acid and FeSO4 a brown ring.
The salt (X) is …………...
a) Al(NO3)3
b) Fe(NO2)2
c) FeI
d) Fe(NO3)3

34) An unknown solution undergoes the following separate tests to

determine it:
1. By adding sodium hydroxide: A reddish brown ppt. is formed
2. By adding dil. Hydrochloric acid: No change is observed
3. By adding Conc. H2SO4: No change is observed
Choose the correct answer:
a) Iron II sulphide
b) Iron II sulphate
c) Iron III phosphate
d) Aluminum III chloride

35) Salt (X), we can identify both of its two radicals by one main reagent ……
a) Pb3(PO4)2
b) FeBr2
c) Pb(NO2)2
d) CuSO4

36) We can differentiate between all of the following pairs (without using
any chemical indicators) by using water, except ………………...
a) K2CO3 and CaCO3
b) Al(OH)3 and NaAlO2
c) BaCl2 and BaSO4
d) AgI and Ag3PO4
37) What is the volume of 0.1 M barium hydroxide solution required to
neutralize 25 mL of 0.1M nitric acid?
a) 0.0125 L
b) 0.025 L
c) 0.021 L
d) 0.9 L

38) Calculate the mass of copper II sulphate which reacts with reagent of
second analytical group, which form 1 g of precipitate.
(Cu=63.5, S=32, O=16, H=1)
a) 2.14 g
b) 6.21 g
c) 1.67 g
d) 3.8 g

39) 5g of impure barium chloride is dissolved in water and on adding excess

of lead II nitrate to it, a precipitate is formed its mass is 1g, so the percentage
of chloride anion in the sample equals …………………
(Cl=35.5, Ba=137, Pb=207)
a) 19.31%
b) 46.3%
c) 5.1%
d) 12.77%

40) By mixing 5ml of 3M H2SO4 with 6 mL of 3M NaOH, the color of litmus will
be ……………………...
a) Purple
b) Blue
c) Green
d) Red
41) Hydrated salt FeSO4.XH2O, 45.384% of its mass was lost after strong
heating till constant mass, Then the formula of the salt is ………….
(Fe=56, S=32, H=1, O=16)
a) FeSO4.5H2O
b) FeSO4.H2O
c) FeSO4.7H2O
d) FeSO4.3H2O

42) Washing soda crystals (Hydrated sodium carbonate) was strongly

heated given that the mass of hydrated crystals before heating is 5 grams,
and after strong heating & constant mass is 1.853 grams.
Choose the correct answer.
(Na=23, C=12, O=16, H=1)
Choices Salt formula % of H2O
a) Na2CO3.10H2O 62.94%
b) Na2CO3.10H2O 37.06%
c) Na2CO3.5H2O 62.94%
d) Na2CO3.H2O 62.94%

43) 14.3 g of hydrated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3.XH2O) on adding

hydrochloric acid to this sample 1.12L of CO2(g) evolves at STP, so the number
of moles of crystallization is ………………….
(Na=23, C=12, O=16)
a) 10 mole
b) 1 mole
c) 0.5 mole
d) 5 mole
44) 0.5 liter of a 0.20 molar HCl solution is mixed with sufficient amount of
AgNO3, what is the mass of the produced ppt.?
(Ag=108, N=14, O=16, Cl=35.5, H=1)
a) 14.35 grams
b) 0.20 grams
c) 10.2 grams
d) 8.9 grams

45) A 1.7 g of a mixture of solid substance containing potassium hydroxide

and potassium sulphate are titrated with 0.06M sulphuric acid, the
complete reaction takes place by consuming of 138 mL of the acid, Then the
percentage of potassium sulphate in the mixture equals …………
(K=39, O=16, H=1)
a) 54.5%
b) 45.4%
c) 20%
d) 78.6%

46) An impure sample of calcium hydroxide whose mass is 5g is titrated to

the end point with the solution of a monoprotic strong acid its volume is
25mL and its concentration is 0.5 M, then the percentage of calcium
hydroxide in the sample equals ……………………………………
(Ca=40, O=16, H=1)
a) 25%
b) 18.5%
c) 10.5%
d) 9.25%
Essay questions:

1) On heating iron II sulphate strongly, compound (A) is formed, and on

adding concentrated sulphuric acid to compound (A), salt (B) solution is
formed and by adding ammonium hydroxide solution to salt (B) solution,
precipitate (C) is formed
a. Identify the three compounds A, B and C color
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

2) Compare between the principle of detection nitrite anion by HCl reagent

and detection lead cation by HCl reagent
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
 Model answer
Question Answer Questions Answer
1 A 25 A
2 D 26 C
3 D 27 D
4 Firstly: D 28 D
Secondly: B
5 D 29 C
6 C 30 D
7 C 31 B
8 A 32 A
9 A 33 A
10 B 34 C
11 D 35 C
12 D 36 D
13 A 37 A
14 A 38 C
15 C 39 C
16 C 40 D
17 C 41 C
18 C 42 A
19 D 43 A
20 D 44 A
21 C 45 B
22 A 46 D
23 D
24 C
 Reasons
1) a
- Anion (Z) is derived from monoprotic unstable acid  monoprotic =
contains 1H  nitrous acid  anion is nitrite.
Hint: Unstable acids are carbonic acid “H2CO3”, Hydrosulphuric acid “H2S”,
Sulphurous acid “H2SO3”, Thiosulphuric acid “H2S2O3”, and nitrous acid “HNO2”,
the only monoprotic unstable acid is nitrous acid.

- Colorless gas is formed “NO”  easily oxidized in air into NO2

2NO(g) + O2(g)  2NO2(g)

(NO yetla3 yela2y eda eda air eda eda Oxygen y7sallo oxxxidatioon)

- It removes color of potassium permanganate (confirmatory test of nitrite

anion)
5NaNO2(aq) + 2KMnO4(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq)  5NaNO3(aq) + K2SO4(aq) + 2MnSO4(aq) +
3H2O(l)
(2al kadsh kader fel aloulo kamananaa)

So, choice A is correct.

- Choice B is wrong  Because nitrite removes color of potassium

permanganate solution as we’ve mentioned above.

- Choice C and D are wrong  Because anion is nitrite not nitrate because
nitrate anion is derived from nitric acid which is stable acid.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
2) d

- Vapors which turns a paper wet by starch into yellow

Br2 vapor → bromide anion.

2HBr(g) + H2SO4(l)  2H2O(l) + SO2(g) + Br2(v)

Br2 is orange vapor which turns a paper wet with starch into yellow.

So, choice D is correct.

- A, B are wrong  Because anion is bromide not iodide, As the vapors formed
from reacting salt containing iodide anion with conc. Sulphuric acid are violet
vapors which turns a paper wet with starch into blue not yellow.

- C is wrong  Because bromide anion forms yellowish-white precipitate with

silver nitrate not yellow

NaBr(aq) + AgNO3(aq)  NaNO3(aq) + AgBr(s)

----------------------------------------------------------------------
3) d
Na2X  Anion X should be divalent.

NaY  Anion Y should be monovalent.

- Choice D is correct because Carbonate anion (X) is divalent (CO 32-) while
bicarbonate anion (Y) is monovalent (HCO 3-) and on adding dil. HCl to both of
them, the same gas “Gas A” which is (CO 2 gas) evolves.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + CO2↑
NaHCO3 + HCl → NaCl + H2O + CO2↑

And on adding AgNO3 to both of them:

Na2CO3 + AgNO3 → 2NaNO3 + Ag2CO3 ↓ (Solid ppt. as we’ve a piece of
information that all Carbonate salts “Except sodium, potassium and
ammonium carbonates” are insoluble in water).

NaHCO3 + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgHCO3 (Aqueous solution as we’ve a piece of

information that most of bicarbonate salts are soluble in water)

- Both choices A and B are wrong  because both Anions are divalent “S 2- ,
SO32- “.

+ On adding HCl gas to both of them, H2S gas evolves with sulphide anion
Na2S + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2S↑
while SO2 gas evolves with sulphite anion Na2SO3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2O + SO2↑
which indicates that the evolved gases aren’t the same. “Another reason for
excluding both choice B and C “.

- Choice C is wrong  because anion X in this choice is monovalent and

anion Y is divalent
----------------------------------------------------------------------
4-
Firstly,
we want to know which anion that was used:
Anion which forms white ppt and dissolves in diluted hydrochloric acid is:
phosphate anion (PO43-)
As, it reacts with BaCl2 forming Ba3(PO4)2 which soluble in dil. HCl
(el phosphate folla fl dawban)

2Na3PO4(aq) + 3BaCl2(aq) → 6NaCl(aq) + Ba3(PO4)2(S)↓

So, Choice D is Correct.

Secondly,

2Na3PO4(aq) + 3BaCl2(aq) → 6NaCl(aq) + Ba3(PO4)2(S)↓

Molar mass of Ba3(PO4)2 = 3×137 + 2×31 + 8×16 = 601 grams

3BaCl2 → Ba3(PO4)2

3mole → (Molar Mass = 601 grams)

X mole → 1.98 gm
.
X moles = =9.88×10-3 moles

Since,
.
Concentration =

So,
.
Volume =

,Concentration of BaCl2 = 0.5M

. ¯³
V(L) = =0.0198L=19.8mL
.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
5) d

- Without using chemical indicators  By adding water.

- A, B are wrong  Because heating will not give a result in both cases.

By adding water on AgCl  will not dissolve  because it is a precipitate (1st

analytical group).
By adding water on KCl  will dissolve  because all potassium salts are
soluble.
C is wrong  Because AgCl will not dissolve in water and KCl will dissolve.

------------------------------------------------------------------

6) c

Stable acid  may be H2SO4 or H3PO4

K2X  anion should be divalent  SO42- Therefore, the mentioned stable acid
is H2SO4

Hint: By calculation the valency of element X2K + X =0

2(+1)+X =0

2+X=0
X=-2

Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)↓

BaSO4 is white ppt which doesn’t dissolve in dil. Acids so, choice c is correct.

- Choice A is wrong because BaSO4 doesn’t dissolve in acids.

- Choice B is wrong because chemical formula of barium sulphate is BaSO 4

(BaX not Ba2X) and it doesn’t dissolve in hydrochloric acid.

- D is wrong because chemical formula of barium sulphate is BaSO 4 (BaX not

Ba2X)

----------------------------------------------------------------------
7) c

We’ve studied before that silver chloride and silver phosphate precipitates
are soluble in concentrated ammonia solution.
(el phosphate folla el dwaban)

Mass of precipitate decreases  C

A, B are wrong  because it doesn’t increase.

(Line A represents formation of ppt. not dissolving of ppt., Also line B
represents formation of ppt. after time “Not instantaneously” so, they’re
excluded)
D is wrong  because it means that ammonia solution has no effect on silver
phosphate or silver chloride ppt. which is wrong because both of them
dissolve in ammonia solution.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

8) a
Stable triprotic acid  H3PO4
“Hint: Triprotic means that the acid has 3 replaceable hydrogen atoms”

Anion  PO43-

Na3PO4(aq) + 3AgNO3(aq)  3NaNO3(aq) + Ag3PO4(s)↓

Ag3PO4 is a yellow precipitate which is soluble in ammonia solution

(el phosphate folla fel dwaban)
B is wrong  because precipitate is soluble in ammonia solution.
C, D are wrong  because precipitate is yellow not white or yellowish white.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
9) a

To detect an anion or cation means that we need to form a ppt. or a

characteristic gas.
We’ve mentioned before that PAS salts (Potassium, ammonium, and sodium
salts are soluble in water)
So, Choice B, C & D are excluded.

- Therefore, to detect Formation of precipitate Ca 2+ Where CaCO3 is a white

ppt. which is soluble in dil. HCl and also in water containing CO 2

----------------------------------------------------------------------
10) b

Passing carbon dioxide through clear lime water for Long time  yields
bicarbonate.
Short time: CO2 + Ca(OH)2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ H2O + CaCO3(s) “Turbidity”

But the given equation represents passing carbon dioxide in clear lime water
for long time so,

product of the given equation: Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2CO2  Ca(HCO3)2

X is Ca(HCO3)2
So, passing carbon dioxide in clear lime water for long time gives calcium
bicarbonate which is aqueous solution, because we’ve mentioned before that
all bicarbonates are soluble in water.
By heating calcium bicarbonate, it turns into calcium carbonate which is
white ppt.

“Lma bs5n el bi btroo7 fl bye bye”

∆
Ca(HCO3)2(aq) → H2O + CO2 + CaCO3(s)

“We’ve studied the concept of this equation in the confirmatory

test of detecting bicarbonate anion.”

- A, D are wrong  Because bicarbonate is soluble (aqueous solution)

- C is wrong  because bicarbonate dissociates by heat giving a sparingly

soluble compound CaCO3(s)
----------------------------------------------------------------------
11) d

-As diluted hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate giving carbon
dioxide gas, water and sodium chloride which is aqueous solution.

NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) So, choice D is correct as no ppt.

is formed.

-Choice A is excluded because silver nitrate reacts with potassium sulphide

forming silver sulphide which is black ppt.

Na2S(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) → 2NaNO3(aq) + Ag2S(s)↓

- Choice B is excluded because lead acetate solution reacts with sodium

sulphide forming lead sulphide which is black ppt

H2S(g)+(CH3COO)2Pb(aq) → 2CH3COOH(aq) + PbS(s)

-Choice C is excluded because by heating silver sulphite which is white ppt it

turns to black ppt.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
12) d

-As salts of nitric acid are nitrates which don’t react with silver nitrate as they
have common anion so, choice d is correct.

-Choice A is excluded because salts of sulphurous acid are sulphite salts

which reacts with silver nitrate giving white ppt. of silver sulphite

Na2SO3(aq) + 2AgNO3(aq) → 2NaNO3(aq) + Ag2SO3(s)

-Choice B is excluded because salts of hydrochloric acid are chloride salts

which react with silver nitrate giving white ppt of sliver chloride which is
soluble in ammonia solution

NaCl(aq)+AgNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(S)

-Choice C is excluded because salts of phosphoric acid are phosphate salts

which react with silver nitrate forming yellow ppt of silver phosphate which is
soluble in ammonia solution
(el phosphate folla fl dwbaan)

Na3PO4(aq) + 3AgNO3(aq) → 3NaNO3(aq) + Ag3PO4(S)

----------------------------------------------------------------------
13) a

-As aluminum cation reacts with ammonium hydroxide forming white ppt. of
aluminum hydroxide which is insoluble in excess of ammonium hydroxide.
And chloride anion reacts with silver nitrate giving white ppt. of sliver chloride
which is soluble in ammonia solution.

AlCl3(aq) + 3NH4OH(aq) → 3NH4Cl(aq) + Al(OH)3(s)

NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(S)
So, choice A is correct.

-Choice B is excluded because iron III sulphate reacts with ammonium

hydroxide giving reddish brown ppt. of iron III hydroxide (not white ppt.)

FeCl3(aq)+3NH4OH(aq)→3NH4Cl(aq)+Fe(OH)3(s)

-Choice C is excluded because iron II phosphate reacts with ammonium

hydroxide giving white green ppt. of iron II hydroxide (Not white ppt.) & reacts
with silver nitrate forming yellow ppt. of silver phosphate which is soluble in
ammonia solution.
(el phosphate folla fl dwbaan)
FeCl2(aq) + 2NH4OH(aq) → 2NH4Cl(aq) + Fe(OH)2(s)
Na3PO4(aq) + 3AgNO3(aq) → 3NaNO3(aq) + Ag3PO4(S)

-Choice D is excluded because sodium iodide reacts with silver nitrate

forming yellow ppt. of silver iodide which is insoluble in ammonia solution.
KI(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → KNO3(aq)+AgI(s)

----------------------------------------------------------------------
14) a

Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + BaSO4(s)↓

Molar Mass of Na2SO4 = 2×23 + 32 + 4×16 = 142 grams
Molar Mass of BaSO4 = 137 + 32 + 4×16 = 233 grams

Na2SO4 → BaSO4

X gram → 2.33 gram

(Molar Mass = 142g) → (Molar Mass = 233g)

X gram = (142×2.33)/233=1.42grams

Since,
Mass of mixture = Mass of Na2SO4 + Mass of NaCl

So,

Mass of NaCl = 2.84 – 1.42 = 1.42 grams

So, Ratio Between NaCl : Na2SO4 is 1: 1

As, the both have the same mass = 1.42 grams

So, Choice A is correct.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
15) c

When potassium dichromate added to iron II sulphate,

It oxidized iron II sulphate to iron III sulphate; As potassium dichromate is
strong oxidizing agent.
So, when we add ammonia solution to iron III sulphate, a reddish brown ppt is
formed.
Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + 6NH4OH(aq) → 2Fe(OH)3(s)↓ + 3(NH4)2SO4(aq)
So, Choice C is correct.

Choice A is excluded;
As, iron II sulphate is oxidized to iron III sulphate
So, when we add ammonia solution it cannot form greenish white ppt

Choice B is excluded;
As, gelatinous white ppt is Al(OH)3

----------------------------------------------------------------------

16) C

Compound (X) which is used in purification of water is CuSO4

When it dissociates in water gives Cu2+ and SO42-
SO42- attached with H+ of water gives H2SO4(aq) and Cu2+ attached with OH-
gives Cu(OH)2
And H2SO4 used as reagent of confirmatory test of fifth analytical group (Ca 2+)
CaCl2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → 2HCl(aq) + CaSO4(S)↓
Which A White ppt is formed (CaSO 4).
So, Choice C is correct.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
17) c

-The two iron oxides which have black color are FeO and Fe 3O4
We can differentiate between them by using dil. Acid because FeO reacts with
dil. Acids but Fe3O4 reacts with conc. Acids only.

“Hint: Fe and FeO can react with dil. And conc. Acids while Fe 2O3 and Fe3O4 can
react with conc. Acids only”
FeO + HCl(aq) → FeCl2 + H2O
Fe3O4 + HCl(aq) → No reaction
So, choice C is correct.

-Choice A is excluded because conc. HCl can react with both oxides and no
observative product is produced.
.
FeO + 2HCl(l) ⎯⎯ FeCl2 + H2O
.
Fe3O4 + 8HCl(l) ⎯⎯ FeCl2 + 2FeCl3 + 4H2O

-Choice B is excluded because conc. H2SO4 can react with both oxides and no
observative product is produced.
.
FeO + H2SO4(l) ⎯⎯ FeSO4 + H2O
.
Fe3O4 + 4H2SO4(l) ⎯⎯ FeSO4 + Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O

- Choice D is excluded because we have not studied equations of reaction

iron oxide with ammonia solution (extra note: Iron oxides are basic oxides
which can’t react with bases like ammonia solution and NaOH)
18) c

1st step: heating iron II oxide (FeO) in air

2FeO + ½ O2 → Fe2O3

2nd step: Reacting the product (Fe2O3) with conc. Sulphuric acid
Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4(l)  Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H+O

So,

26 Fe :[18Ar], 4s2, 3d6

In the 1st step:

In case of FeO, the electronic configuration of (Fe +2): [18Ar], 4s0, 3d6
Magnetic moment = 4 “has 4 Unpaired electrons in 3d sublevel”
While in case of Fe2O3, The electronic configuration of Fe+3 :[18Ar], 4s0, 3d5
Magnetic moment = 5
So, magnetic moment increases during the 1st step.

In the 2nd step :

in case of Fe2O3, the electronic configuration of Fe+3: [18Ar], 4s0, 3d5

Magnetic moment = 5

Also, in case of Fe2(SO4)3 which contains Fe+3, magnetic moment = 5

So, magnetic moment doesn’t change during the 2nd step

So, choice C is correct.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
19) d

Red solid substance = Fe2O3

Salt of stable acid which decomposes giving Fe2O3 is FeSO4

“Iron Salt of sulphuric acid”

Salt (A) is FeSO4

2FeSO4 → Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g)↑ + SO3(g)↑

- Gas which turns the color of a paper wetted with acidified potassium
dichromate from orange to green is SO 2 gas

3SO2 + H2SO4 + K2Cr2O7 → K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + H2O

So, Gas (B) is SO2

Therefore, gas C is SO3 and it dissolves in water forming H2SO4

So, salt (A) “FeSO4” can be prepared by

Reacting FeO with dil. H2SO4 :

FeO + H2SO4(aq) → FeSO4 + H2O↑

So, choice A is correct

And also can be prepared by reacting Fe with dil. H 2SO4

Fe + H2SO4(aq) → FeSO4 + H2↑

So, both choice A and B are correct so, we’ll choose choice D.

-Choice C is excluded because Reaction between iron III oxide and hot conc.
Sulphuric acid yields iron III sulphate not iron II sulphate.
∆
Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4(l) → Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O

----------------------------------------------------------------------
20-d

Element X which locates in VIB group is Chromium.

Cr: [18Ar], 4s1, 3d5

24

Chromium compound which repels with magnet contain Cr +6 So, choice D is

correct because

XO3 = 0

X + 3O =0 X + 3(-2) = 0 X + (-6) =0

X = +6

-Choice A is excluded because oxidation state of element X = 2 XO = 0

X + O =0 X + (-2) = 0 X = +2

- Choice B is excluded because oxidation state of element X = 4 XO 2 = 0

X + 2O =0 X + 2(-2) = 0 X + (-4) =0

X = +4

-Choice C is excluded because oxidation state of element X = 3 X 2O3 = 0

2X + 3O =0
2 X + 3(-2) = 0
2X + (-6) =0
2X =+6
X = +3
----------------------------------------------------------------------
21) c

the compound which can be used to differentiate between silver sulphate

and silver phosphate is ammonia solution (NH4OH) so compound Y is NH3
the element X is iron (by Haber- Bosch method), so:

a) Is excluded because ammonia solution has basic effected (will be

discussed more in details later)
b) Is excluded because FeS + NH3  No reaction
c) Is correct because NH3 + HCl will give NH4Cl white clouds
d) Is excluded because iron is paramagnetic element with magnetic moment
=4
4s2 3d6

-Choice D is excluded as the element that has atomic no. 47 is located in

group IB in 5th period but it locates after Cu and has abnormality in its
electronic configuration but d-sublevel completely-filled not half-filled.

----------------------------------------------------------------------

22) a

3NaOH + AlCl3  3NaCl + Al(OH)3

According to the previous equation:
One mole of aluminum chloride required 3 moles of sodium hydroxide to form
aluminum hydroxide ppt
So, two moles of aluminum chloride need 6 moles of NaOH not seven (excess)
As we studied before the aluminum hydroxide dissolves in excess sodium
hydroxide
So, the formed ppt will increase at first then decrease forming sodium meta
aluminate then become constant.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
23) d

Since, Va = 2Vb
Let Va =2 and Vb = 1 Since, Mb = 2Ma
Let Mb = 2 and Ma = 1
× × × ×
= 

Therefore, 2nb = 2na na = nb

Let’s see each choice
-Choice a is excluded because na=2 and nb=1
2HCl + Ca(OH)2 → CaCl2 + 2H2O
-Choice B is excluded because na=1 and nb=2
H2SO4 + 2KOH → K2SO4 + 2H2O
-Choice C is excluded because na=2 and nb=1
2HNO3 + Mg(OH)2 → Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2O
-Choice D is correct because na= nb= 1

H2SO4 + Ca(OH)2 → CaSO4 + 2H2O

----------------------------------------------------------------------

24) c

Fe2O3.XH2O → Fe2O3 + XH2O

Mass of Fe2O3= Mass of hydrated salt – Mass of water Mass of Fe 2O3 = 3.74 –
0.54 = 3.2g
Molar mass of Fe2O3 = (2×56) + (3×16) = 160g Fe2O3 → XH2O
3.2g → 0.54g
160g → 18X
x= 1.5
1 mole of Fe2O3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1.5 mole of H2O
Therefore, formula is: 2Fe2O3.3H2O

----------------------------------------------------------------------
25) a

Since, 2FeSO4 → Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3

Compound A is FeSO4
Fe2O3 + 3H2SO4  Fe2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
Compound B is Fe2(SO4)3
The electronic configuration of FeSO 4
26 Fe → [18Ar] ,4S2, 3d6
Fe2+ → [18Ar], 3d6

The electronic configuration of Fe2O3 Fe3+ → [18Ar], 3d5

Since, compound B has half-filled 3d-sublevel
Therefore, it is more stable than compound A So, choice A is correct.

-Choice B is excluded as ammonia solution reacts with Fe 3+ forming Fe(OH)3

Which is reddish brown ppt.

While ammonia solution reacts with Fe2+ Formed Fe(OH)2 Which is white green
ppt.

So, we can differentiate between them 2FeCl 3 + 3NH4OH → Fe(OH)3 ↓ + 3NH4Cl

FeCl2 + 2NH4OH → Fe(OH)2↓ + 2NH4Cl

-Choice C is excluded because Both Fe(OH)2 and Fe(OH)3 are soluble in acids

-Choice D is excluded because Compound B “Fe 2(SO4)3 “Which has half-filled

3d-sublevel is more stable than compound A “FeSO 4”.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
26) c

-Choice A is excluded because Na2SO4 is aqueous solution while BaSO4 is

White ppt. ”It forms ppt. with one cation only”.
-Choice B is excluded because Fe2+ / Al3+ are found in the third analytical
group and they can form precipitate as hydroxides not sulphates. “It doesn’t
form ppt. with any cation of them”
-Choice C is correct because
Na2SO4 + BaCl2 → 2NaCl + BaSO4↓(white ppt.) CaCl2 + H2SO4 → 2HCl + CaSO4↓
(white ppt) “It forms ppt. with both of the 2 cations”
Choice D is excluded because (NH4)2SO4 is aqueous solution while CaSO4 is
white ppt.
”It forms ppt. with one cation only”.
Note: All PAS (sodium – potassium – ammonia) salts are soluble in water.
----------------------------------------------------------------------

27) d

-Choice A is excluded as both of them make white ppt. with BaCl 2

But Barium sulphate is insoluble in dil. HCl, while Barium phosphate is soluble
in dil. HCl.
-Choice B is excluded as sulphate anion is derived from sulphuric acid which
is more stable than HCl so, HCl can’t replace sulphuric acid from its salt
solutions (Can’t be used to detect sulphate anion). Also, phosphate anion is
derived from phosphoric acid which is more stable than HCl so, HCl can’t
replace phosphoric acid from its salt solutions (Can’t be used to detect
phosphate anion).
-Choice C is excluded because only sulphate anion is divalent, while
phosphate anion is trivalent.
-Choice D is correct as Hydrochloric acid is intermediate in stability while
Sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid are stable.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
28) d

From the given reaction, we can conclude that there was a ppt. which
dissolves in excess of NaOH giving NaXO 2 so,
AlCl3(aq) + 4NaOH(aq)  3NaCl(aq) + NaAlO2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
The cation which dissolves in excess of NaOH is Al 3+
So, choice D is corrects as Al(OH)3 is a gelatinous white ppt. which dissolves in
excess NaOH.

AALO 3leeh gelatinous white AALO 3leh bydob fel excess mn el NaOH

-So, choice C is excluded because Al(OH)3 is a gelatinous white ppt. not

reddish brown.
-Choice A is excluded as Fe(OH)3 is reddish brown ppt. and it

doesn’t dissolve in excess of NaOH.

-Choice B is excluded because Fe(OH)3 is reddish brown ppt. not white
gelatinous white, and it doesn’t dissolve in excess of NaOH

----------------------------------------------------------------------

29) c

A gas which changes paper wet with lead II acetate to black = H2S gas

H2S + (CH3COO)2Pb → 2CH3COOH + PbS (BLACK ppt)

Therefore, anion is sulphide. Na2S + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H2S↑

Exposing dry salt to Bunsen flame it changes to brick red → Salt contain
Calcium cation.

Therefore, salt is Calcium sulphide so, choice C is correct.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
30) d

this graph shows a slightly decrease in the mass of the ppt on adding
ammonia solution so the correct choice will be the mixture which has a
compound that dissolve in ammonia and the other doesn’t dissolve in
ammonia

a) AgCl (dissolve in ammonia), Al(OH)3 (doesn’t dissolve in ammonia)

b) Ag3PO4 (dissolve in ammonia), Fe(OH)2 (doesn’t dissolve in ammonia)

c) AgCl (dissolve in ammonia), AgI (doesn’t dissolve in ammonia)

d) Ag3PO4 (dissolve in ammonia), AgCl (dissolve in ammonia)

So the correct answer is D

----------------------------------------------------------------------

31) b

since : salt solution of X react with AgNO3 gives a ppt its color changed by
sunlight

therefore : anion of salt x may be Cl- (AgCl which turns violet by sunlight)

so choice c and d are excluded

since : adding H2SO4 on solid salt X gives colorful gas

therefore : Cl- is excluded as it forms colorless HCl fumes

then the correct choice is b

----------------------------------------------------------------------
32) A

CaCl2+(NH4)2CO3 ⟶ 2NH4Cl+CaCO3

So, ppt. is calcium carbonate.

- Number 1 is wrong as adding sulphuric acid to calcium salt will produce

CaSO4 which is a white ppt.
- Number 2 is correct information as all carbonates are soluble in dil.
acids.
- Number 3 is also correct as calcium carbonate dissolves when adding
water containing CO2 for long time due to formation of Calcium
bicarbonate.
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O → Ca(HCO3)2
- Number 4 is wrong because leaving the test tube exposed to air will not
affect the ppt.
So, choice a is correct “no. 2 and 3 are correct”.

--------------------------------------------------------------------

33-A

Since that solution (A) gives with NaOH a white gelatinous ppt, so the cation
of solution (A) must be Al3+

AlCl3+3NaOH→3NaCl+Al(OH)3(s)

as the third analytical group (as Al 3+ Fe2+ Fe3+) reacts with NaOH and NH4OH to
ppt as hydroxide

Since that solution (A) gives with FeSO4 and sulphuric acid brown ring so the
anion of solution (A) must be NO3-

2NaNO3+6FeSO4 + 4H2SO4  Na2SO4+ 3Fe2(SO4)3 +4H2O+ 2NO↑

FeSO4+NO→FeSO4.NO

Then solution (A) is Aluminum nitrate  so correct answer is A

----------------------------------------------------------------------
34) c

Since that solution gives with NaOH a reddish brown, so the cation of solution
must be Fe3+

FeCl3+3NaOH→3NaCl+Fe(OH)3(s)

as the third analytical group (as Al 3+ Fe2+ Fe3+) reacts with NaOH and NH4OH to
ppt as hydroxide

Since that solution gives no change with HCl or H 2SO4 so the anion of solution
must be from Barium chloride group so it will be either phosphate or sulphate
anion

Then solution can be Iron III sulphate or Iron III phosphate so correct answer
is C

----------------------------------------------------------------------
35) C

Anion and cation of salt X both has to be detected by the same main reagent
so by detecting each choice we find that:

Choice(c) is the correct choice as:

Cation: Pb2+ can be detected by using HCl, while anion: NO 2- can also be
detected by using HCl so this will be the correct answer

NaNO2+HCl  NaCl+HNO2
HNO2  HNO3+H2O+2NO
2NO+O2  2NO2↑

choice (A) is excluded as:

Cation: Pb2+ can be detected by using HCl, while anion: (PO 43-) can be
detected by barium chloride so choice a is excluded.

2Na3PO4+3BaCl2 →6NaCl+Ba3(PO4)2↓

Choice(B) is excluded as:

Cation: Fe2+ can be detected by using (NaOH or NH4OH), while anion: Br- can
be detected by using sulphuric acid

-FeCl2+ 2NH4OH→ 2NH4Cl+ Fe(OH)2↓

-2NaBr+H2SO4 → Na2SO4+2HBr↑
2HBr+H2SO4→2H2O+SO2↑+Br2↑

Choice (d) is excluded as:

Cation: Cu2+ can be detected by using H2S, while anion: SO42- can be detected
by using barium chloride

-CuSO4+ H2S ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ H2SO4+CuS↓

-Na2SO4+BaCl2→2NaCl+BaSO4↓

----------------------------------------------------------------------
36-D

The correct answer is (D) as it wants to differentiate between two compounds

by water only (solubility)  AgI and Ag3PO4 both of them are yellow ppt
insoluble in water resulted from reacting AgNO 3 with salt of each anion

-AgNO3+NaI→NaNO3+AgI(s)↓

-3AgNO3+Na3PO4→3NaNO3+Ag3PO4(s)↓

The first compound  insoluble in water. The second compound  insoluble in

water. Both can’t be differentiated by water Choice(a) is excluded as:

All carbonates are insoluble in water, except for compound that contain (PAS:
Na or K or NH3) they are soluble in water.

The first compound  soluble in water.

The second compound  insoluble in water. Choice(B) is excluded as:

The third analytical group (as Al 3+ Fe2+ Fe3+) reacts with NaOH and NH4OH to
ppt as hydroxide (insoluble in water)

By reacting Al salt with NaOH it gives Al(OH)3 is a PPT

AlCl3+3NaOH→3NaCl+Al(OH)3(s)↓

By passing excess of NaOH on Al(OH)3 it gives NaAlO2 which is soluble in water

Al(OH)3(s)+NaOH→NaAlO2+2H2O

The first compound  insoluble in water The second compound  soluble in

water Choice(C) is excluded as:

BaCl2 is (aq) water soluble while BaSO 4 is white ppt insoluble in water resulted
from reacting BaCl2 with sulphate salt

-Na2SO4+BaCl2(aq)→2NaCl+BaSO4(s)↓ The first compound  soluble in water.

The second compound  insoluble in water.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
37-A

Ba(OH)2 + 2HNO3  Ba(NO3)2 + 2H2O

(Ma Va)/ na= (Mb Vb)/ nb

(0.1) 25x10−3/2 =(0.1) (XL)/1

= 0.0125 L

--------------------------------------------------------------------

38-C

CuSO4+H2S ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ H2SO4+CuS↓

Molar mass of CuSO4 = 63.5 + 32 + (16x4) = 159.5 grams Molar mass of CuS =
63.5 + 32 = 95.5 grams

CuSO4  CuS
X gram  1 gm

Molar mass (159.5 grams)  Molar mass (95.5 grams) X gram (Mass of
CuSO4) = 1 X 159.5 = 1.67 gram

----------------------------------------------------------------------

39-C

BaCl2 + Pb (NO3)2  PbCl2(s) +Ba(NO3)2

Molar mass=278 g  2x35.5 =71 g

Molar mass of PbCl2 = 207 + (35.5x2) = 278 g

PbCl2  2Cl
1 g X g

278 g  71 g

Xg (Mass of Cl) = 1 X71 = 0.255

.
Mass of Cl Total mass= 𝑥100= 5.1%
----------------------------------------------------------------------

40-D

H2SO4 + 2NaOH  Na2SO4 + 2H2O

Acid (H2SO4) Base (NaOH)

Ma= 3M Mb= 3 M

Va= 5x10-3 L Vb= 6x10-3 L

na= 1 nb= 2

Ma Va : Mb Vb

0.015 >9x10-3

Solution is acidic

----------------------------------------------------------------------

41-C

FeSO4.XH2O  FeSO4 + XH2O

% of FeSO4 = 100- 45.384% = 54.616%

FeSO4  XH2O
54.616  45.384

Molar mass (152 gm)  X 18

X= (45.384 X 152)/(54.616 X 18) = 7

----------------------------------------------------------------------
42-A

Na2CO3.XH2O  Na2CO3 + XH2O

Mass of water = Mas of hydrated sample – Mass of anhydrous sample

Mass of water = 5 - 1.853 = 3.147 gm

Molar mass of Na2CO3 = (23x2) + (12) +(16x3) = 106 gm

Na2CO3.XH2O  Na2CO3 + XH2O

5 grams  1.853 + 3.147 gm

Na2CO3  XH2O

1.853  3.147 gm

Molar mass (106 gm)  X 18

X= (3.147 X 106)/(1.853 X 18)= 10

% of H2O =(Mass of H2O)/(Mass of hydrated salt) x100 = 62.94%

----------------------------------------------------------------------
43-A
STEPS:

Na2CO3 + 2HCl  2NaCl + H2O + CO2

Molar mass of Na2CO3 = (23X2) + 12 + (16X3) = 106 gm

Na2CO3  CO2

Molar mass (106 gm)  22.4 l

X gram  1.12 L
.
X gram (Mass of Na2CO3) = = 5.3 gram
.

Na2CO3.XH2O  Na2CO3 +XH2O

14.3 g  5.3+ 9

Mass of water = Mas of hydrated sample – Mass of anhydrous ample

Mass of water = 14.3 – 5.3 = 9 grams

Na2CO3  XH2O

5.3 g --> 9
Molar mass (106 gm)  X 18

X=(9 X106)/(5.3 X 18)=10

----------------------------------------------------------------------
44-A

HCl (aq)+ AgNO3(aq)  AgCl(s) + HNO3(aq)

For HCl:

No. of moles of HCl = Concentration x volume in liters

= 0.20x0.5 = 0.1 mole

HCl  AgCl

1 mole  molar mass (143.5 gm)

0.1 mole  X gram

Mass of AgCl = 143.5 X 0.1 = 14.35 grams

----------------------------------------------------------------------

45-B

2KOH + K2SO4 + H2SO4  K2SO4 + 2H2O

Acid (H2SO4) Base (KOH)

Ma= 0.06M Mb= X M
Va= 138x10-3 mL Vb= X L
na = 1 nb = 2

(Ma Va)/na = (No of moles)/nb

For KOH:

No. of moles = 0.06 X(138X10−3)(2) =0.01656 moles

1 mole  Molar mass (56 gm)

0.01656 moles  X g

X gram (Mass of KOH) = 56 X 0.01656 =0.92736 gm

%KOH = (Mass of KOH)/(Mass of sample)x100 = 0.92736 x100 = 54.5%

Then % of K2SO4 = 100 – 54.5=45.4%

----------------------------------------------------------------------

46-D

Ca(OH)2 + 2HX  CaX2 + 2H2O

Acid (HX) Base (Ca(OH)2)

Ma= 0.5 M Mb= X M

Va= 25x10-3 L Vb= X L

na = 2 nb= 1

(Ma Va/na) = No of moles/nb

((0.5) 25x10−3)/2 =No. of moles

No. of moles of base (Ca (OH)2) = (0.5 X 25X10−3 X1)/2 = 6.25x10-3 mole

For Ca(OH)2:

1 mole  Molar mass (74 gm)

6.25x10-3 mole  Xg

Xg (Mass of Ca (OH)2) = 74 x 6.25x10-3 = 0.4625 gm

% of Ca(OH)2= (Mass of Ca(OH)2)/(mass of impure sample)x100

% of Ca(OH)2 = (0.4625/5) x100 = 9.25%

Essay questions :

1)
By heating the Iron || sulphate strongly it will yield iron ||| oxide

And on adding conc. sulphuric acid it will yield iron ||| sulphate

And on adding ammonium hydroxide solution it will yield iron ||| hydroxide
Fe2(SO4)3 + NH4OH  Fe(OH)3 + (NH4)2SO4

So,
A  Hematite
B  Iron III sulphate
C  Iron III hydroxide

2)

Detection of anions depends on stability

- More stable acid replaces less stable acid anion, expelling less stable
acid in the form of a gas which could be detected by suitable indicators
Nitrite anion as an example:

Detection of cations depends on solubility

- Formation of water insoluble salts (precipitates) with certain colors that
can be detected
on using HCl to detect Lead cations it forms a lead chloride which is white ppt.
equation :
Pb(HCO3)2(aq.) + 2HCl  PbCl2(s) + H2CO3 “Carbonic acid will be decomposed
into H2O and CO2 as it is unstable acid”.