SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &

TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
Accredited by National Board of Accreditation (N.B.A), A.I.C.T.E.,
New Delhi Affiliated to J.N.T.A. University, Anantapur

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Workshop Lab

NAME OF STUDENT : ………………………………………

ROLL NO : ………………………………………

CLASS AND YEAR : …………………………………….

 SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
R.V.S NAGAR, CHITTOOR, (AP)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE VISION:
To carve the youth as dynamic, competent, valued and knowledgeable
professionals who shall lead the Nation to a better future and to mould the
institution into a Center of Academic Excellence and advanced Research.
INSTITUTE MISSION:
 To provide quality education, student-centered teaching-learning
processes and state-of-art infrastructure for professional aspirants hailing
from both rural and urban areas.
 To impart technical education that encourages independent thinking,
develops strong domain of knowledge, contemporary skills and positive
attitudes towards holistic growth of young minds.
DEPARTMENT VISION:
 To be recognized as a center of excellence to produce competent and
ethical Electrical Engineers capable of finding solutions to problems
related to society, environment and industry using innovative
technologies.
DEPARTMENT MISION:
 M1: To establish suitable forums and state-of-the art resources to
enhance the faculty members creative and innovative endeavours in
teaching and research in Electrical Engineering and allied fields
 M2: To deliver knowledge among students through contemporary
curriculum and modern pedagogical methods in the areas of electrical
engineering and interdisciplinary areas
 M3: To enable students, develop skills in solving complex engineering
problems of current times and also provide a framework for promoting
collaborative and multidisciplinary activities
 M4: To nurture the personality traits among the students in different
dimensions emphasis the ethical values and to address needs of the
nation.
PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES:
PEO 1: Excel in professional career and/or higher education by acquiring
knowledge in Mathematics and Basic Electrical Sciences, Power Systems,
Power Electronics and Electrical Drives.
PEO 2: Identify the problems in society and design Electrical systems
appropriate to its solutions through starting companies, producing
economically feasible and socially acceptable.
PEO 3. Exhibit professionalism, ethical attitude, communication skills, team
work in their profession and adapt to current trends in technology by
engaging in continuous professional development.
PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES:
PSO1: Identify, formulate and investigate various problems of electrical and
electronic circuits, power electronics and power systems by applying the
fundamental knowledge of mathematics, science and engineering.
PSO2: Design, develop and implement multidisciplinary projects in the field
of electrical power and energy using state-of-the-art technologies and
modern software tools.
PSO3: Design and develop sustainable models in the fields of Generation,
Transmission, Distribution, Control systems and Renewable Energy Systems
 SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
R.V.S NAGAR, CHITTOOR, (AP)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

PROGRAM OUTCOMES (PO’S) :

1. Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals,
and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
2. Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering
problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and
engineering sciences.
3. Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design
system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the
public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.
6. The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal,
health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional
engineering practice.
7. Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in
societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.
8. Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.
9. Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse
teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and
design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
11. Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering
and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
 SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
RVS Nagar, CHITTOOR – 517 127, A.P.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DO’s
1. Avoid contact with energized electrical circuit.
2. While handling any equipment, be sure that hands are dry and when
possible wear nonconductive gloves and shoes with insulated soles.
3. If water or any chemical is spilled on to equipment, shut off power at the
main switch or MCB and unplug the equipment.
4. If an individual comes in contact with a live electrical conductor, do not
touch the equipment, wire or person. Shut off power at the main switch or
MCB.
5. Select proper range of meters and type (AC, DC) of the supply.
6. Be sure you understand the function and wiring of an instrument before
using it in the circuit.
7. Students should carry notes and records completed in all aspects and get
it verified by the teacher.
8. The connections done should be checked by the teacher in charge/
technical assistant before switching ON the supply.
9. All patch cords and stools should be put back to proper position after
completion of the experiment.
10.After completion of the experiment, components must be submitted
properly to the lab in-charge.
11. Always wear shoes without any conducting material.
12. Be punctual, maintain discipline & silence.
13. After completion of Experiment, return the bread board, trainer kits, wires,
CRO probes and other components to lab in-charge.
14. Note the working range of electrical parameters of the machine and
concern equipments /measuring device.
SRI VENKATESWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
(AUTONOMOUS)
RVS Nagar, CHITTOOR – 517 127, A.P.

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DONT’s
1. Don’t exceed the permissible values of Current, Voltages and /or speed of
any machines, apparatus, load etc.
2. Don’t make circuit changes or perform any wiring when power is on.
3. Don’t switch ON the supply without verifying by the Staff Member.
4. Don’t leave the lab without the permission of the Lab In-Charge. 5. Don’t
use any machine if there is a smoke, spark.
 LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Completion
S. No Date Name of the Experiments Marks Signature
Date

Magnetization Characteristics of DC shunt

1.
Generator

2. Verification of KCL and KVL

3. Verification of Superposition theorem

Measurement of Power and Power factor

4.
using Single-phase wattmeter

Measurement of Resistance using Wheat

5.
stone bridge

Measurement of Earth Resistance using

6. Megger

Staff in charge
 1. MAGNETIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SHUNT GENERATOR
Expt No:
Date:

AIM:
To determine the OCC characteristic of separately excited DC generator and to find the
critical field resistance and critical speed.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No. Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity
1. Voltmeter (0-300)V MC 02
2. Ammeter (0-2)A MC 1
3. Rheostat 360Ω/1.2A Wire Wound 02
4. Tachometer 0-3000 r.p.m. Digital 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

EXE
VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER SPEED WINDING
CURRENT
Shunt
220V 10A 2.2 kW 1500rpm 0.6A
(Motor)
Shunt
220V 10A 2.2 kW 1500rpm 0.6A
(Generator)
PRECAUTIONS:
 Motor field rheostat must be kept in minimum resistance position.
 Potential divider must be kept in minimum potential position.
 Starter arm must be in ‘OFF’ position
PROCEDURE:
1) Connect the circuit as shown in the diagram.
2) Close the DPST Switch and switch ‘ON’ 220V DC supply, taking all the necessary
Precautions.
3) Start the Motor-Generator set with the help of starter
4) Adjust the speed of motor to a rated value by adjusting field rheostat and maintain the
speed constant throughout the experiment.
5) Increase the excitation of the generator in steps by adjusting the potential divider and note
down the corresponding voltmeter readings.
6) Take the readings up to a value little higher than the rated voltage of the generator.
7) Again decrease the excitation in the same steps till field current is zero by adjusting the
potential divider noting down the corresponding voltmeter readings.
8) Taking all the necessary precautions switch OFF the supply.

MODEL GRAPH:
TABULATION:

Eg (V) Eg (V)
S. NO. If (A) Rsh (Ω)
(Increasing) (Decreasing)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

RESULT:
The Open Circuit Characteristics (OCC) of the separately excited DC generator is plotted
and the values of Critical field resistance and Critical speed are determined.
 2. VERIFICATION OF KCL AND KVL
Expt No:
Date:

AIM: To verify the Kirchhoff’s voltage law and Kirchhoff’s current law for the given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

1 RPS 0-30V - 1N0
2 Voltmeter 0-30 V Digital 4 NO
3 Ammeter 0-100mA Digital 4 NO
4 Bread board - - 1 NO
5 Connecting wires - - Required number
470 Ω 2 NO
6 Resistors 1kΩ 1 NO
680Ω 1 NO

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS: GIVEN CIRCUIT:

1. KVL:
PRACTICAL CIRCUIT:
2. KCL:

PRACTICAL CIRCUIT:
 THEORY:
1. Kirchhoff’s Voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the voltage around any closed
path in a given circuit is always zero. In any circuit, voltage drops across the resistors
always have polarities opposite to the source polarity. When the current passes through
the resistor, there is a loss in energy and therefore a voltage drop. In any element, the
current flows from a higher potential to lower potential. Consider the fig (1a) shown
above in which there are 3 resistors are in series. According to kickoff’s voltage law….
V = V1 + V2 + V3

2. Kirchhoff’s current law states that the sum of the currents entering a node equal to the
sum of the currents leaving the same node. Consider the fig(1b) shown above in which
there are 3 parallel paths. According to Kirchhoff’s current law...

I = I1 + I2 + I3
PROCEDURE:
i. Kirchhoff’s Voltage law:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (2a).
2. Measure the voltages across the resistors.
3. Observe that the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed loop is zero.
ii. Kirchhoff’s current law:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (2b).
2. Measure the currents through the resistors.
3. Observe that the algebraic sum of the currents at a node is zero.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections.
2. Keep all the knobs in minimum position while switch on and off
of the supply.
OBSERVATION

TABLE: KVL:
S.NO VOLTAGE ACCROSS THEORETICAL PRACTICAL
KCL:

S.NO CURRENT THROUGH THEORETICAL PRACTICAL

RESULT:

Thus the KVL and KCL was verified by the test.

 3. VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM
Expt
No:
Date:

AIM: To Verification of Superposition theorem

APPARATUS
S.NO NAME OF THE APPARATUS RANGE QUANTITY

1. Regulated Power Supply (0-30)V 01

2. Resistors (100 Ω- 470Ω) 03

3. Ammeter (0-100) mA 01

4. Bread Board - 01

5. Connecting wires - -

THEORY:
SUPERPOSITION THEOREM STATEMENT
In any linear bilateral network containing two or more energy sources the response at any
element is equivalent to the algebraic sum of the responses caused by the individual
sources. i.e. While considering the effect of individual sources, the other ideal voltage
sources and ideal current AIM: Verification of Superposition theorem and To experimentally
determine the RMS value of a complex wave. Sources in the network are replaced by short
circuit and open circuit across the terminals. This theorem is valid only for linear systems.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (1)
2. Current through load resistor is noted as IX by applying both the Voltages V1 and V2
through RPS.
3. Make the supply voltage V2 short circuited and apply V1 as shown in fig (2) and note down
the current through load resistor as IY.
4. Make the supply voltage V1 short circuited and apply V2 as shown in fig (3) and note

down the current through load resistor as IZ.

5. Now verify that IX = IY + IZ theoretically and practically which proves Superposition

Theorem
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid making loose connections.
2. Readings should be taken carefully without parallax error.
3. Avoid series connection of voltmeters and parallel connection ammeters.
VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION
BOTH SOURCES ARE ACTING

VS1 ACTING ALONE

VS2 ACTING ALONE

TABULAR COLOUMN
Response to V1 and V2

S.NO V1 V2 I=I1+I2 (practical) Theoretical

Response to V1

S.NO V1 V2 I=I1+I2 (practical) Theoretical

Response to V2

S.NO V1 V2 I=I1+I2 (practical) Theoretical

RESULT:
Thus the Superposition theorem was verified.
 4. MEASUREMENT OF POWER AND POWER FACTOR USING SINGLE-
PHASE WATTMETER
Expt No:
Date :

AIM: Measurement of power and power factor in a three phase ac power using single phase
wattmeter.
Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Name Specification Quantity

1 Voltmeter (0-600)V, MI 1 Nos.

2 Watt-meter (0-600V-10A)W,UPF 1 Nos.

3 Ammeter (0-10)A, MI 1 Nos.

Circuit Diagram:

Theory: –
In R-L series AC circuit a resistor of resistance
R ohm, and Inductor of inductance
L henry are connected across Three phase ac supply of V LIL volts as shown in above fig.
Power consumed by the Inductive load is given by
P=√3 VLIL Cosϕ
Power factor(Cosϕ)=(P/√3 VLIL)
where,
P is active power in watt,
VL is supplied voltage in volts,
IL is current flowing through the circuit elements in Amp.
Thus, by using above formula the power consumed by the load and power factor can be
determined.
Procedures:
1. Connect all the instruments as per circuit diagram given above.
2. Before switch on the main power supply Star / Delta starter knobe is at zero position.
3. Switch ON the Star / Delta starter and run the squirrel cage induction motor.
4. Take all the corresponding readings of the connected instruments in the circuit as per
observation table.
5. Now calculate Power & Power factor Cosɸ as per formula given in observation table.
Precaution:
1. Don’t switch on power supply without verifying the connections.
2. Star / Delta starter must be kept at Start position before switch on the experiment.
Observation Table:
P (in
Sl. No. VL (in volts.) IL (in Amp.) Wattmeter Cos ɸ= {P/(√3 VL*IL)}
watts.)
1
2
3
4
5

Results:

Thus the three phase Power and Power factor was measured by conducting the test.
 5. MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE USING WHEAT STONE BRIDGE
Expt No:
Date:

AIM: To measure medium resistance using wheat stone bridge.

Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Name Specification Quantity

1 Resistor 1K 02

2 Decade Box 0-1000K 02

3 Bread Board - 1

Circuit Diagram:

Tabulation:
Position Position Position Position
S. of Knob of Knob of Knob of Knob Multiplyin Calculated Observed % %
No Value X Value X Value X Value X g Factor value Value Error Correction
1 10 100 1000
1

Specimen Calculation:
Calculated Resistance =(Value X 1000 + Value X 100 + Value X 10 + Value X 1)
X Multiplying Factor
= (8 X 1000 + 3 X 100 + 0 X 10 + 4 X 1) X 0.01
= 83.04
Observed Resistance = 81.7

Observed value-Calculated value

X 100
% Error = Calculated value
81 .7−83 . 04
X 100
% Error = 83 . 04 = -1.6136
% Correction = - % Error = 1.6136

Results:

Thus the medium resistance was measure using wheat stone bridge.
 6. MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTANCE USING MEGGER
Expt No:
Date:

AIM:
To measure earth resistance using megger
Apparatus Required:
Sl. No. Name Specification Quantity

1 Electrodes - 04

2 Megger (0 - 10Ω) 01

3 Galvanometer - 1

Theory:

Effective earthing is essential for the safe operation of every electrical system and
the only way to ensure that earthing installations are effective and that they remain so, is to
test them rigorously and regularly.

The vast majority of power distribution systems are designed so that, if an insulation
failure or similar fault occurs, the resulting fault current is diverted to earth. This prevents
exposed conductive parts from rising to a dangerous potential, while allowing the fault
current to flow for long enough and at a high enough level for protective devices to operate
and isolate the fault. It is clear from this description that a reliable, effective earth
connection is essential for safe operation of the systems, and that if the earthing system
fails or becomes inefficient, at best safety will be compromised and at worst there may well
be a significant risk to life and property.

The essential function of every earthing system is to provide a dependable, low

resistance connection with the bulk of the earth using one or more earth electrodes, which
typically take the form of rods or mats. All earthing systems are designed to achieve this,
bearing in mind the requirements of the application, such as the level of prospective earth
fault current they may be required to handle.

Nevertheless, the efficiency of earth systems is affected by so many hard-to-control

variables, such as soil type and moisture content, that it is always essential for the
performance of new systems to be verified by rigorous testing during commissioning and
the requirement for testing doesn’t end with the commissioning tests, as many factors can
degrade the performance of earthing systems over time. For example, the moisture content
of the soil may change. A good design should have taken into account seasonal variations,
but other developments, like a change in level of the local water table, are harder to make
allowances for. Electrodes and the connections to them may also be affected by corrosion,
and it’s by no means unknown for earthing systems to sustain physical damage, either
accidentally, as might occur during nearby building operations, or deliberately, in the form
of theft and vandalism.

All of this indicates that there can be no certainty that an earthing system, even
though its initial performance was entirely satisfactory, will maintain satisfactory
performance over time. Once again, the only way to be sure is to test it and, given the vital
safety role of earthing systems, regular routine testing must be seen as essential rather
than optional.

It is strongly recommended that testing take the form of a comprehensive structured

earthing survey comprising seven key steps. The first of these is a close visual inspection of
the earthing installation. This should look for any signs of damage, for earthing conductors
that have been broken, cut or have otherwise become disconnected, and for signs of
corrosion, not only to the electrodes themselves but also at the connections between the
electrodes and the earth conductors. All faults will need to be remedied before proceeding
with the subsequent testing steps, but it should always be kept in mind that an earthing
conductor that has become disconnected may be live, and it is essential to check for this
before touching or handling it.

The second step is to measure leakage currents in the earth conductors. Ideally,
there should be no current at all flowing in these conductors but filters and similar devices
used in modern electronic equipment often produce a small leakage current even when
operating correctly. Of more concern, however, is electrical equipment which develops a
fault that allows it to continue operating apparently without problems, but nevertheless
results in current flowing to earth. Such equipment may continue in use for long periods,
with the operator being unaware of the problem but it is clearly essential to detect such
leakage current before carrying out further tests on the earthing system, and the most
convenient way to do this is usually to use a clamp meter capable of measuring currents in
the milliamp range. If significant current is detected in the earthing conductor the source
must be traced and the problem rectified before proceeding further with testing.

A final preparatory test is to electrically test the continuity of the earth conductors to
confirm the integrity assessment made during the visual inspection of the system. The
purpose of this test is to detect and locate high resistance joints, which are a typical result
of corrosion in exposed conductor systems. It is important to bear in mind that, in this
context, “high resistance” means anything from a hundred micro-ohms or so upward.
Resistance values of this order cannot be measured with an ordinary multimeter, so it is
essential to use a low-resistance ohmmeter (also known as a micro-ohmmeter) for this test.
 After the visual inspection of the earthing system has been completed, the absence
of leakage confirmed and the continuity of the conductors verified, it is necessary – for a full
earthing survey – to disconnect the earth electrodes. Under no circumstances must earth
connections be broken until the safety implications have been fully evaluated and the
appropriate steps taken to minimise risks. This will typically involve de-energising and
locking out the equipment, which is to be disconnected from earth, but it is also essential to
consider the potential hazards of induced voltages, which may be present in unearthed
equipment even when it is not energised.

As an aside, it is worth noting that there are techniques for measuring earth
resistance without disconnecting the earth electrodes. These include, for example, ART
(attached rod technique) and stake less testing with clamp-on testers. These techniques are
useful, but all have limitations and is universally accepted that testing by the fall-of-
potential method, which necessarily involves disconnecting the electrode or electrodes
under test, delivers the most accurate and reliable results. For definitive earth resistance
surveys, therefore, the fall-of-potential test method should be used.

This test is performed with an earth resistance test set that essentially comprises
two circuits, as shown in Figure 1 above. The first circuit includes a voltage source and an
ammeter, and it is brought out to the instrument’s current terminals. The second circuit
includes only a voltmeter, and is brought out to the instrument’s voltage terminals. One of
the current terminals and one of the voltage terminals are connected to the electrode under
test. The other current terminal is connected to a temporary earth spike that is inserted into
the earth a considerable distance away from the electrode (the current spike), while the
other voltage terminal is connected to another temporary earth spike (the voltage spike).

The voltage spike is inserted into the soil at various distances along the straight line
between the electrode under test and the current spike and, at each distance, the voltage
reading is noted. Since the current is also known, it is then possible to use Ohm’s law to
calculate a resistance value for each location of the voltage spike. If the resistances are
plotted against distance, the curve should show an almost flat region (see Figure 2 below).
The resistance value in this region is the resistance of the earth electrode.

The procedure is necessarily more complex for systems with multiple electrodes or
with earthing grids but helpful information covering these situations, and explaining earth
testing in much more detail can be found in the publication “Getting Down to Earth”, which
is available as a free download from the Megger website.
As part of a comprehensive earthing survey, it is also important to carry out tests to
determine touch and step potentials, touch potential being the potential difference a person
might experience if they were standing on an earth surface and touched an earthed
conductive object while a fault was producing a current flow to earth. Step potential is the
potential difference a person would experience between their feet over ground in which a
fault current existed.
Touch potential is determined by first measuring the resistance to earth of the object
in question, using techniques similar to those used to measure the resistance of an earth
electrode. When this resistance is known, along with the maximum prospective fault
current, Ohm’s law can be used to calculate the worst-case touch potential with a
reasonable margin of accuracy. Step potential is evaluated in a similar way, but when the
earth resistance measurement is performed, the voltage spikes are hammered into the
ground about 1 metre apart, as this is the approximate length of the average person’s step.

The procedures outlined so far provide invaluable data about the condition and
performance of an earthing system, but it is often also useful to know about the properties
of the soil in which the earthing system is located. Some of this information is obtained by
inspecting and examianing the soil to determine its type, but it is also important to carry out
earth resistivity measurements. Note that these measurements relate only to the intrinsic
resistivity of the soil, whereas the earth resistance measurements discussed earlier relate
to the resistance of a specific earth electrode (or electrodes).
 Earth resistivity testing can usually be carried out using the same instrument used
for earth resistance testing, with one proviso: the instrument must be a four-terminal type
with the voltage and current connections brought out to separate terminals. Three terminal
instruments are not suitable for earth resistivity testing.

Earth resistivity is usually measured using the Wenner method, which involves the
use of four temporary earth spikes. The spikes do not need to be moved as part of the
testing procedure however – their location and spacing is determined by the depth at which
it is required to determine the earth resistivity.

Earthing is a fundamental requirement for the safety of electrical installations but all
too often the effectiveness of earthing systems receives scant attention, especially after
initial performance has been verified. This is dangerous and unnecessary. As we have seen,
the performance of earth systems can be reliably evaluated by adopted structured, step-by-
step approach and, while it can be argued that the procedures involved are time consuming
and, to a certain extent disruptive, surely this is a small price to pay for protecting human
life?
Tabulation:
Position Position Position Position
S. of of of of Galvanometer Insulation
Megger
No Electro Electrod Electrod Electrod Resistance
de (1) e (2) e (3) e (4)
1

Results:
Thus the insulation resistance was measured by using megger.