The document discusses sound waves, including their properties as longitudinal waves and pressure waves, and provides equations related to sound wave behavior. It covers the effects of various factors such as temperature, pressure, and humidity on sound velocity, as well as intensity and loudness in decibels. Additionally, it addresses interference of sound waves, vibrations in air columns, and resonance in organ pipes, along with several questions for practical understanding.
The document discusses sound waves, including their properties as longitudinal waves and pressure waves, and provides equations related to sound wave behavior. It covers the effects of various factors such as temperature, pressure, and humidity on sound velocity, as well as intensity and loudness in decibels. Additionally, it addresses interference of sound waves, vibrations in air columns, and resonance in organ pipes, along with several questions for practical understanding.
The document discusses sound waves, including their properties as longitudinal waves and pressure waves, and provides equations related to sound wave behavior. It covers the effects of various factors such as temperature, pressure, and humidity on sound velocity, as well as intensity and loudness in decibels. Additionally, it addresses interference of sound waves, vibrations in air columns, and resonance in organ pipes, along with several questions for practical understanding.
The document discusses sound waves, including their properties as longitudinal waves and pressure waves, and provides equations related to sound wave behavior. It covers the effects of various factors such as temperature, pressure, and humidity on sound velocity, as well as intensity and loudness in decibels. Additionally, it addresses interference of sound waves, vibrations in air columns, and resonance in organ pipes, along with several questions for practical understanding.
Sound Waves Example of longitudinal waves where oscillation of medium particles are along the direction of propagation of the wave. • Distance between 2 consecutive compression or rarefaction is equal is wavelength 𝜆. 𝜆 • Distance between a compression and next rarefaction is 2 . • Pressure increases at compression positions and decreases at rarefaction positions Sound wave in terms of displacement wave Sound wave as Pressure wave S = Sosin(ωt − kx + Фሻ Question: Equation of a sound wave is given as S = (5µmሻsin(1200t − 4xሻ Bair = 1.4 × 105 N/m2 Find :- i. Pressure amplitude ii. Equation of sound wave in terms of pressure wave. Velocity of sound wave in different medium Newton’s Formula for velocity of Sound in Gases Laplace Correction Effect of various quantities on velocity of sound
Effect of Temperature Effect of Pressure Effect of Humidity Intensity in sound Waves Question: If power of sound source is 314 W , density of air is 1.225 kg/m3 and velocity of sound in air is 340 m/s then find I. Intensity at A II. Pressure amplitude at point A
point source A 5m Variation in intensity of sound due to point source with distance Question: Find the intensity, displacement amplitude and pressure amplitude at B and C in following diagram if intensity, displacement amplitude and pressure amplitude at A is Io , So and Po respectively.
point A r source B 2r C 3r Question: Find intensity at A If an eardrum of area 20mm2 is placed normally to propagation of sound at A then find power incident on eardrum.
point source A P = 40 W 4m Variation in intensity of sound due to line source with distance Question: Find the intensity, displacement amplitude and pressure amplitude at B and C in following diagram if intensity, displacement amplitude and pressure amplitude at A is Io , So and Po respectively. A r B Infinite line source 2r C 3r Loudness of Sound :- (for humans) Loudness is a human phenomenon of Sound energy Unit used is deciBell (dB).
I Io = 10-12 W/m2 (Io - reference intensity at which loudness is zero)
B = 10 log I is the intensity at which loudness has to be calculated Io
loudness is decibel Remember this is log(𝑥ሻ function not ln(𝑥ሻ Humans can only sense or hear Sound or intensity > I0 (i.e. 10-12 w/m2.) Question: Loudness for the following intensities:-
• I = 10-12 W/m2
• I = 10-11 W/m2
• I = 10-10 W/m2
• I = 10-9 W/m2
• I = 10-8 W/m2
• I = 10-7 W/m2 Question:
If a source of sound increases its power such that displacement amplitude at
observer becomes twice. If initially observer was perceiving loudness of 50 dB then find new loudness. Question:
If a source of sound increases its power such that pressure amplitude at
observer becomes 4 times of initial. If initially observer was perceiving loudness of 50 dB then find new loudness. Question:
A point source of sound has loudness of 50 dB at a particular point . Now if
1 th intensity is mode then find the new loudness is deciBell? 10 Question: An observer is hearing loudness of 40 dB initially at a distance of 100 m from source of sound. If observer started running towards source at a speed of 2 m/s then find time after which he will hear loudness of 60 dB. Question: The ratio of intensities between two coherent sound sources is 4 : 1. The difference of loudness in dB between maximum and minimum intensities when they interfere in the space is (1) 20log10(3) (2) 10 log10(2) (3) 20 log10 (2) (4) 10 log10(3) Interference of sound wave Interference of two waves travelling in same direction having same frequency:
Displacement waves S1 = A1 sin (wt – kx) S2 = A2 sin (wt – kx + ϕ) Sres = (S1 + S2) By principle of Super position Pressure waves P1 = P1 sin(wt – kx) P2 = P2 sin(wt – kx + f) Constructive and destructive interference Question: If pressure amplitudes due to two waves are 2 N/m2 and 1 N/m2 at a point 𝟐𝝅 and phase difference between two waves is , then find out resultant 𝟑 pressure due to interference of waves. Question: If intensity due to two waves are 0.4 W/m2 and 0.3 W/m2 at a point and 𝝅 phase difference between two waves is , then find out resultant intensity 𝟑 due to interference of waves. 10 cm Question: 10 cm 10 cm
Find the frequency of tuning fork (source S) for which detector will detect a) maximum intensity b) minimum intensity Question: V = 342 m/s r = 10 cm Find frequency of tuning fork (source S) for which observer will hear a) maximum intensity. b) minimum intensity. Question: Given f of each sources is 680 Hz. And V = 340 m/s. find whether at point D, sound has max or min intensity? A 3m D A, B two sources in phase
4m
B Vibrations of air columns / organ pipes :- Musical wind instruments (like flute) are based on the principle of vibrations of air columns. Due to the superposition of the incident wave and the reflected wave, longitudinal stationary waves are formed in the pipe.
Organ pipes are musical instruments which are used to produce musical sound by blowing air into the pipe. Resonance of sound in organ pipe Closed Organ Pipe Fundamental (first) mode of oscillation 2nd mode of oscillation 3rd mode of oscillation nth mode of oscillation Open Organ Pipe Fundamental (first) mode of oscillation 2nd mode of oscillation 3rd mode of oscillation nth mode of oscillation Question: A closed pipe of length 10 cm has its fundamental frequency half that of the second overtone of an open pipe. The length of the open pipe (1) 10 cm (2) 20 cm (3) 30 cm (4) 40 cm Question: In a closed organ pipe of length 105 cm, standing waves are set up corresponding to third overtone. What distance from the closed end, a pressure node is formed? (1) 5 cm (2) 15cm (3) 25 cm (4) 30 cm Question: The second overtone of an open organ pipe has same frequency as the first overtone of a closed pipe L metre long. The length of the open pipe will be (1) L (2) 2L (3) L/2 (4) 4L Beats
V I I X 10 Log (I/I I P/4 R V F V F ML 2L/n, 2L/n, F nv/2L N 1,2,3,... For A Tube Open at Both Ends. 4L/n, F nv/4L N 1,3,5,... For A Tube Open at Only One End
V I I X 10 Log (I/I I P/4 R V F V F ML 2L/n, 2L/n, F nv/2L N 1,2,3,... For A Tube Open at Both Ends. 4L/n, F nv/4L N 1,3,5,... For A Tube Open at Only One End
