The document addresses identifying IPv4 addresses within specified subnets, converting subnet masks to CIDR notation, and analyzing Ethernet packet sizes in relation to TCP acknowledgments. It also discusses the behavior of ARP queries in network environments, particularly when unicast queries fail due to MAC address changes, leading to successful broadcast queries. References include works by Dordal and Peterson & Davie on computer networks.
The document addresses identifying IPv4 addresses within specified subnets, converting subnet masks to CIDR notation, and analyzing Ethernet packet sizes in relation to TCP acknowledgments. It also discusses the behavior of ARP queries in network environments, particularly when unicast queries fail due to MAC address changes, leading to successful broadcast queries. References include works by Dordal and Peterson & Davie on computer networks.
The document addresses identifying IPv4 addresses within specified subnets, converting subnet masks to CIDR notation, and analyzing Ethernet packet sizes in relation to TCP acknowledgments. It also discusses the behavior of ARP queries in network environments, particularly when unicast queries fail due to MAC address changes, leading to successful broadcast queries. References include works by Dordal and Peterson & Davie on computer networks.
The document addresses identifying IPv4 addresses within specified subnets, converting subnet masks to CIDR notation, and analyzing Ethernet packet sizes in relation to TCP acknowledgments. It also discusses the behavior of ARP queries in network environments, particularly when unicast queries fail due to MAC address changes, leading to successful broadcast queries. References include works by Dordal and Peterson & Davie on computer networks.
1. For each IPv4 network prefix given (with length), identify which of the subsequent IPv4 addresses are part of the same subnet.
a. 10.0.130.0/23: 10.0.130.23, 10.0.129.1, 10.0.131.12, 10.0.132.7
b. 10.0.132.0/22: 10.0.130.23, 10.0.135.1, 10.0.134.12, 10.0.136.7 c. 10.0.64.0/18: 10.0.65.13, 10.0.32.4, 10.0.127.3, 10.0.128.4 d. 10.0.168.0/21: 10.0.166.1, 10.0.170.3, 10.0.174.5, 10.0.177.7 e. 10.0.0.64/26: 10.0.0.125, 10.0.0.66, 10.0.0.130, 10.0.0.62
Subnet Range Answer
a. 10.0.130.0/23 10.0.130.0 to 10.0.131.255 10.0.130.23 and 10.0.131.12 b. 10.0.132.0/22 10.0.132.0 to 10.0.135.255 10.0.134.12 c. 10.0.64.0/18 10.0.64.0 to 10.0.127.255 10.0.65.13 and 10.0.127.3 d. 10.0.168.0/21 10.0.168.0 to 10.0.175.255 10.0.170.3 and 10.0.174.5 e. 10.0.0.64/26 10.0.0.64 to 10.0.0.127 10.0.0.66
2. Convert the following subnet masks to /k notation, and vice-versa:
a. 255.255.240.0 ------------------- /20 b. 255.255.248.0 ------------------- /21 c. 255.255.255.192 ----------------- /26 d. /20 ------------------------------- 255.255.240.0 e. /22 ------------------------------- 255.255.252.0 f. /27 ------------------------------- 255.255.255.224
Sample solution for parts c and f:
Part C:
Step 1: Convert each octet of the subnet mask to binary:
Step 3: Count the number of consecutive 1’s from the left: There are 26 consecutive 1’s. The /k notation is /26. Part F:
Step 1: Create a string of 27 consecutive 1’s followed by enough 0’s to
make a total of 32 bits: 11111111111111111111111111100000
Step 2: Break the string into octets:
11111111 11111111 11111111 11100000
Step 3: Convert each octet from binary to decimal:
11111111 = 255 11111111 = 255 11111111 = 255 11100000 = 192 The subnet mask is 255.255.255.192.
3. Suppose an Ethernet packet represents a TCP acknowledgment; that is, the
packet contains an IPv4 header with no options and a 20-byte TCP header but nothing else. Is the IPv4 packet here smaller than the Ethernet minimum packet size, and, if so, by how much? What if the packet is IPv6 with no extension headers?
Assuming there is an Ethernet packet simulating a TCP acknowledgment. In this
scenario, the packet consists of an IPv4 header devoid of any options and a 20- byte TCP header, excluding any supplementary data.
The Ethernet frame imposes a minimum payload size of 46 bytes. In the case of an IPv4 packet with a TCP header but no accompanying data, the total size adds up to a mere 40 bytes (20 bytes for each header). This falls short of the Ethernet frame's minimum payload requirement, necessitating the inclusion of an additional 6 bytes as padding to reach compliance with the minimum size criterion.
Now, if the packet happens to be IPv6 and devoid of any extension headers, it still fails to meet the minimum Ethernet frame payload size. An IPv6 header consumes 40 bytes, and a TCP header occupies 20 bytes, resulting in a combined size of 60 bytes. While this size satisfies the minimum Ethernet frame payload requirement, no additional padding is required in this particular scenario.
4. In newer implementations, repeat ARP queries about a timed-out entry are first sent unicast, in order to reduce broadcast traffic. What would have to happen to create a situation where the repeated unicast query for a given IP address fails, but a follow-up broadcast query for that same IP address succeeds?
In newer setups, when ARP queries need to be repeated due to a timed-out entry, they are initially sent using unicast to reduce the overall broadcast traffic. A scenario where a repeated unicast ARP query for a specific IP address fails while a subsequent broadcast query for the same IP address succeeds can arise when the associated MAC address for that IP has changed. This change might occur if the IP address has been allocated to a different device or if the network interface card on the original device has been swapped out. In such a situation, the device initiating the ARP query might still possess the old MAC address in its ARP cache and thus directs the unicast query to that address. However, upon not receiving a response, it resorts to sending a broadcast query, which reaches all devices within the local network segment.
References: Dordal, P. (2019). An introduction to computer networks.
Peterson, L. L., & Davie, B. S. (2022). Computer Networks: A systems approach. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, an imprint of Elsevier.
