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IP Networks and Addressing

1. Identifying Subnet Membership

For each given IPv4 network prefix, let's determine which addresses belong to the same subnet:

(a). 10.0.130.0/23:

 Subnet range: 10.0.130.0 to 10.0.131.255


 Addresses:
o 10.0.130.23 - Belongs to the subnet
o 10.0.129.1 - Does not belong to the subnet
o 10.0.131.12 - Belongs to the subnet
o 10.0.132.7 - Does not belong to the subnet

(b). 10.0.132.0/22:

 Subnet range: 10.0.132.0 to 10.0.135.255


 Addresses:
o 10.0.130.23 - Does not belong to the subnet
o 10.0.135.1 - Belongs to the subnet
o 10.0.134.12 - Belongs to the subnet
o 10.0.136.7 - Does not belong to the subnet

(c). 10.0.64.0/18:

 Subnet range: 10.0.64.0 to 10.0.127.255


 Addresses:
o 10.0.65.13 - Belongs to the subnet
o 10.0.32.4 - Does not belong to the subnet
o 10.0.127.3 - Belongs to the subnet
o 10.0.128.4 - Does not belong to the subnet

(d). 10.0.168.0/21:

 Subnet range: 10.0.168.0 to 10.0.175.255


 Addresses:
o 10.0.166.1 - Does not belong to the subnet
o 10.0.170.3 - Belongs to the subnet
o 10.0.174.5 - Belongs to the subnet
o 10.0.177.7 - Does not belong to the subnet

(e). 10.0.0.64/26:

 Subnet range: 10.0.0.64 to 10.0.0.127


 Addresses:
o 10.0.0.125 - Belongs to the subnet
o 10.0.0.66 - Belongs to the subnet
o 10.0.0.130 - Does not belong to the subnet
o 10.0.0.62 - Does not belong to the subnet

2. Converting Subnet Masks

Let's convert the given subnet masks to /k notation and vice-versa:

(a). 255.255.240.0

 /k notation: /20

(b). 255.255.248.0

 /k notation: /21

(c). 255.255.255.192

 /k notation: /26

(d). /20

 Subnet mask: 255.255.240.0

(e). /22

 Subnet mask: 255.255.252.0

(f). /27

 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.224

3. Packet Size Comparison

For each given IPv4 network prefix, let's determine which addresses belong to the same subnet::

 IPv4 header: 20 bytes


 TCP header: 20 bytes
 Total IPv4 packet size: 40 bytes

The Ethernet minimum packet size is 64 bytes, so the IPv4 packet, at 40 bytes, is 24 bytes
smaller:

 64 bytes - 40 bytes = 24 bytes


For an IPv6 packet with no extension headers:

 IPv6 header: 40 bytes


 TCP header: 20 bytes
 Total IPv6 packet size: 60 bytes

The IPv6 packet (60 bytes) is also smaller than the Ethernet minimum packet size by:

 64 bytes - 60 bytes = 4 bytes

4. ARP Query Behavior

In newer implementations, ARP queries that time out are first sent as unicast to reduce broadcast
traffic. For a repeated unicast query to fail while a follow-up broadcast query succeeds, the
following could happen:

 The target IP address may have been reassigned to a different device with a new MAC
address, and the ARP cache entry is stale.
 The device with the target IP may be in a low-power mode or asleep, ignoring unicast
ARP requests but waking up for broadcast ARP requests.
 Network configuration issues or transient connectivity problems may cause the unicast
ARP to fail, but the broader broadcast query reaches the target device successfully.

References

Dordal, P. L. (2014). An Introduction to Computer Networks (2nd ed.).


https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/353

Purdue Online Writing Lab. (n.d.). APA style introduction. Purdue University.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_style_introduction.html

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