Hepatobiliar System
Hepatobiliar System
Hepatobiliar System
Overview
Digestion of nutrients
Absorption of
nutrients and water
Principles of GI
regulation
GI secretion and
regulation
GI motility and
regulation
GI organization
Composed of the GI
tract, a tube running
from the esophagus
to the rectum
Accessory organs are
emptying secretions
into the tract.
Liver
Liver
Hepatocytes
Are liver cells
Adjust circulating levels of nutrients
Through selective absorption and secretion
Liver
Liver
Roles of the liver:
- Secretes bile
- Processes nutrients
- Remove wastes
from the body
(including old RBCs)
- Detoxify
- Secretes hormones
Liver Function
The Physiology of the Liver
1. Metabolic regulation
2. Hematological regulation
3. Bile production
Liver Function
Metabolic Regulation
The liver regulates:
1. Composition of circulating blood
2. Nutrient metabolism (carbohydrate, lipid & amino
acid)
3. Waste product removal
4. Vitamin Storage (A, D, E & K)
5. Nutrient storage (iron)
6. Drug inactivation
Liver Function
Composition of Circulating Blood
All blood leaving absorptive surfaces of digestive tract
Enters hepatic portal system
Flows into the liver
Liver Function
Hematological Regulation
Largest blood reservoir in the body
Liver Function
The Functions of Bile
Dietary lipids are not water soluble
Mechanical processing in stomach creates large
drops containing lipids
Pancreatic lipase is not lipid soluble
Interacts only at surface of lipid droplet
Liver (bile)
Pancreas
Lies posterior to stomach
From duodenum toward
spleen
2. Exocrine cells:
Pancreas
Pancreatic Enzymes
Pancreatic alpha-amylase
A carbohydrase
Breaks down starches
Similar to salivary amylase
Pancreatic lipase
Breaks down complex lipids
Releases products (e.g., fatty
acids) that are easily
absorbed
Pancreatic Enzymes
Nucleases
Break down nucleic acids
Proteolytic enzymes
Break certain proteins apart
Proteases break large protein
complexes
Peptidases break small
peptides into amino acids
70% of all pancreatic enzyme
production
Secreted as inactive
proenzymes
Activated after reaching small
intestine
Pancreas
- Trypsinogen trypsin
(enterokinase from duodenum).
- Chymotrypsinogen and
carboxypeptidase
chymotrypsin and active
carboxypeptidase).
Step 1 of protein digestion
- Pancreatic amylase Step 1
carbohydrate digestion
-
Figure 20.10
Absorptive state
Post-absorptive state
Control pathways
Gastric phase
Stimuli: presence of
food in the stomach
(both distention and
nutrients)
Stimulation of the
parasympathetic NS
and secretion of
gastrin (hormone)
Response: increased
motility and juice
secretion