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    Human Development - Organogenesis

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    harys maulana
    1) Organogenesis occurs between the fourth and eighth weeks of development where all major external and internal structures are established. 2) Exposure to teratogens during this period can cause major congenital anomalies. 3) Causes of congenital anomalies include genetic factors, environmental factors, and multifactorial inheritance.

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    Human Development - Organogenesis

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    harys maulana
    27 views86 pages
    1) Organogenesis occurs between the fourth and eighth weeks of development where all major external and internal structures are established. 2) Exposure to teratogens during this period can cause major congenital anomalies. 3) Causes of congenital anomalies include genetic factors, environmental factors, and multifactorial inheritance.

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    1) Organogenesis occurs between the fourth and eighth weeks of development where all major external and internal structures are established. 2) Exposure to teratogens during this period can cause major congenital anomalies. 3) Causes of congenital anomalies include genetic factors, environmental factors, and multifactorial inheritance.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    27 views86 pages

    Human Development - Organogenesis

    Uploaded by

    harys maulana
    1) Organogenesis occurs between the fourth and eighth weeks of development where all major external and internal structures are established. 2) Exposure to teratogens during this period can cause major congenital anomalies. 3) Causes of congenital anomalies include genetic factors, environmental factors, and multifactorial inheritance.

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    Human Development

    (Later Embryonic Development)

    dr.Isabella Kurnia Liem, MBiomed, PA, PhD


    Deswaty Furqonita, MBiomed
    Department of Anatomy
    Aims
     Principles of development
     Later embryonic development
    (organogenesis)
     Congenital anatomic anomalies or human
    birth defects
    Principles of Development
    16 19 22

    24 26 28 32

    42 48 52 56
    How does a single cell-the fertilized egg-give
    rise to a multicellular organism?
    Five main developmental processes:
     Cleavage  the division of fertilize egg
     Pattern formation  the emergence of pattern
     Morphogenesis  change in form
     Cell differentiation  cells become structurally
    and functionally different
     Growth  the increase in size

    Controlled by the genes


    How do genes control the development?

     By controlling where and when proteins


    are synthesized

     Many thousands of genes are involved


    Some representative differentiated
    cell types of the vertebrate body
    Molecular model for the initiation of the limb
    bud in the chick

    Developmental Biology 8ed, Gilbert,2006


    Later embryonic development
    (Organogenesis)
    Term of position, direction and planes
    of the body
    Fetal period characterized by:
    rapid body growth and differentiation of tissues and organ systems
    Third Week:
    Formation of germ layer and early tissue and
    organ differentiation

    Characterized by:

     appearance of primitive streak

     development of notochord

     differentiation of three germ layer


    Gastrulation
    22 days
    Fourth to Eighth Weeks: Organogenetic Period

     All major external and internal structures are


    established.

     The function of most the organs are minimal,


    except for the cardiovascular system.

     Exposure of the embryos to teratogens may


    cause major congenital anomalies.

    Teratogens:
    Agents that produce or increase the incidence of congenital anomalies
    Mesoderm Derivatives
    The major lineages of the mesoderm
    median plane horizontal plane
    Embryo’s
    Folding
    Body Cavities, Mesenteries, and
    Diaphragm

    26 days

    28 days
    Three well-defined
    cavity during the
    fourth week:
    A pericardial cavity
     Two pericardioperitoneal
    canals
     A peritoneal cavity

    Beginning of the fifth week


    Subdivision of the primitive
    pericardial cavity
    Formation of the diaphragm

    6 weeks
    5 weeks
    12 weeks
    Anomaly of the Diaphragm
    Congenital
    Diaphragmatic
    Hernia
    (foramen of Bochdalek)

    Eventration
    of
    Diaphragm
    The major lineages of the mesoderm
    Development of the cardiovascular system

    18 days

    angioblast

    vasculogenesis

    hematogenesis
    Primordial cardiovascular system
    Heart Development

    22-35 days
    28 day

    32 day 35 day

    During the 4th -5th week

    8 week
    Partitioning of the Primordial Atrium
    Fetal vs Neonatal Circulation
    Partitioning of the bulbus cordis
    and truncus arteriosus
    Cardiac Malformation
    --- Tetralogy of Fallot ---
    The major lineages of the mesoderm
    Differentiation of the somites

    Note: The figure is the somites differentiation of the chick embryo


    Subdivision of somite mesoderm

    Note: The figure is illustration of the somites differentiation of the chick embryo
    Differentiation of the sclerotome
    Development of the ribs and sternum
    in the thoracic region

    somite

    Lateral plate
    mesoderm
    Recombining of the sclerotomes
    to form vertebrae
    Developing Skeletal System

    20 weeks human embryo-Alizarin Red Staining


    Differentiation of the Dermamyotome
    --- Body wall ---
    Differentiation of the Dermamyotome
    --- Limb ---
    Developing Muscular System
    Epaxial and Hypaxial Derivatives of
    the myotome
    Limb
    Development
    Limb Anomalies
    Amelia Polydactyly

    Cleft Hand Syndactyly


    Rotation of the limbs
    The major lineages of the mesoderm
    Kidney Development
    Trigone of the the bladder

    Extropy of the mesonephric ducts and ureters into the bladder


    wall, between week 4 and 6  trigone of the bladder
    Sex
    Determination
    Sex chomosome XX or XY

    Y-chromosome

    SRY gene for


    a testis-determining factor
    (TDF)

    Testes development

    Production of :
    Testosteron + AMH or MIS
    Internal Genitalia
    External Genetalia
    Endoderm Derivatives
    Development of the Internal Organ
    --- Lung Development ---
    Stage of Human Lung Development
     Embryonic (26 days-6 weeks)
     Foregut outpouching 
    bronchopulmonary segment
     Pseudoglandular (6-16 weeks)
     16 more generation branching 
    terminal bronchioles
     Canalicular (16-28 weeks)
     Terminal bronchioles  2 or more
    respiratory bronchioles
     Respiratory vasculature begins to
    develop
     Saccular (28-36 weeks)
     Respiratory bronchioles  terminal sacs
    (primitive alveoli)
     Alveolar (36 weeks – term)
     Mature alveoli
    Development of the Internal Organ
    --- The Digestive System ---
    Foregut
    --- Development and rotation of stomach ---
    Foregut
    --- Liver, biliary apparatus and pancreas ---
    Midgut

    Rotation of the midgut


    -- 6-12 weeks
    Intraperitoneal, Retroperitoneal, and
    Secondary Retroperitoneal
    Congenital Omphalocele
    Congenital Anatomic Anomalies
    (Human Birth Defects)
    Causes of Congenital Anatomic Anomalies
    Critical periods in human development
    Transfer across the placental membrane (barrier)
    Genetic Factors
    Klinefelter Syndrome Turner Syndrome
    (Trisomy of Sex Chromosome, XXY) (Monosomy X Chromosome)
    Down Syndrome
    (Trisomy autosome 21)
    Environmental Factors
    Summary
     To become a multiceluler organism, a fertilized
    egg undergoes a continuous developmental
    process, which is controlled by the genes.
     Fourth to eighth weeks is a period of the organs
    formation (organogenesis period). All major
    external and internal structure are established
    during this period. Therefore, exposure of
    embryo to teratogens may cause major
    congenital anomalies.
     Development during the fetal period (nine weeks
    to birth) is a period of growth and maturation of
    organ systems. Exposure of fetus to teratogens
    may cause functional defect and minor
    anomalies.
     The cause of congenital anomalies can be
    divided into: genetic factors, environmental
    factors, and multifactorial inheritance.
     Embryology
     Bridges the gap between prenatal development and
    obstetrics, perinatal medicine, pediatrics, and clinical
    anatomy.
     Develops knowledge concerning the beginings of
    humans life and the changes occurring during
    prenatal development.
     Is of practical value in helping to understand the
    causes of variations in human structure.
     Illuminates gross anatomy and explains how normal
    and abnormal relations develop.

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