Permanent: Mandibular Molars

PERMANENT
MANDIBULAR MOLARS
26.08.23
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
 DESCRIPTION OF INDIVIDUAL TEETH ALONG
WITH THEIR ENDODONTIC ANATOMY &
INCLUDE A NOTE ON THEIR CHRONOLOGY OF
DEVELOPMENT, DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
SIMILAR CLASS OF TEETH
 VARIATIONS AND ANOMALIES COMMONLY

SEEN IN INDIVIDUAL TEETH
 Largest and strongest
 First, second and third Molars
 Functionally similar but vary in form
 2 roots – Mesial and Distal
 Shorter height cervico occlusally
 MD measurements of all molars > MD measurements
of all Mand anteriors
 MD > BL Measurements
Perform the major work during mastication because of
 Bulk due to greater dimensions
 Anchorage due to multiple roots and bifurcated root
trunk
MANDIBULAR
FIRST MOLARS
(36 & 46)
BASIC MORPHOLOGY
BASIC MORPHOLOGY
CHRONOLOGY
MEASUREMENTS
NOMENCLATURE
5 ASPECTS
BUCCAL ASPECT
 Outline of crown
 Cusps
 Developmental grooves
 Buccal surface
 Roots
Crown Outline
Trapezoidal in shape with longer occlusal side
 MESIAL OUTLINE
 DISTAL OUTLINE
 CERVICAL LINE
MESIAL OUTLINE :
Concave at the cervical third of the
crown
Convex mesial contact area D M
DISTAL OUTLINE:
Straight above the cervical line
Convex distal contact area
CERVICAL LINE:
Regular dips apically towards root
bifurcation
MD 1.5 – 2 mm less than the contact
areas
CUSPS
 2 BUCCAL CUSPS
 BUCCAL PORTION OF DISTAL CUSP
 TIPS OF 2 LINGUAL CUSP
D MB
DB
CUSPS
SIZE OF CUSPS:
Mesiobuccal cusps : Widest
mesiodistally,less curvature of cusp
ridges
Distobuccal cusps as wide as MB CUSP
with greater curvature of cusp ridges
Distal cusps: smallest of all cusps and
pointed
Buccal cusps are worn considerably to

become flat showing buccal cusp
ridges at the same level.
DEVELOPMENTAL GROOVES
2 GROOVES BUCCALLY
Mesiobuccal DG
Distobuccal DG
BUCCAL SURFACE OF FIRST MOLAR
 Convex and smooth
 2 developmental grooves
between the cusps
 Developmental depression at
the middle third of the buccal
surface (MD)
 Cervical ridge at the cervical
third of the crown.
ROOTS
 MESIAL ROOT
 DISTAL ROOT
 ROOT TRUNK
Roots – Mesial Root
 From cervical to middle third –
mesial curvature
 From middle third to apical
third – Distal curvature
 Tapered apex directly below
the mesio buccal cusp
Roots – Distal Root
 Pointed apex, curved mesially
or distally , below or distal to
the DCA of the crown
Roots - Root Bifurcation
 Located 3 mm below
the cervical line
 Deep developmental
depression progressing
cervically
 No develomental
grooves
T BEAM PRINCIPLE
From the buccal aspect,
 2 roots – mesial and distal – wider mesiodistally
 Developmental depressions are present on mesial and
distal sides – reduces the mesiodistal diameter of the roots
at these areas
 Roots are thicker at the lingual borders
LINGUAL ASPECTS
LINGUAL ASPECT
 Cusps
 Developmental grooves
 Lingual surface
 Roots
CROWN OUTLINE
MESIAL OUTLINE
 Convex from the cervical line
to the MMR
 Crest of contour is at a higher
level (MCA)
DISTAL OUTLINE
 Straight above the cervical
line
 Convex DCA (Distal surface
of the distal cusp)
 Junction of DL Cusp with the
DMR is sharp
CERVICAL LINE
Irregular
CUSPS
 Cusps seen – 2 lingual
cusps & lingual portion of
distal cusp
Lingual cusps
Pointed high cusp ridges
ML Higher , width ML = DL
Cusp ridges form obtuse
angles ( 100o ) at the cusp
tips
Distal Cusp
Lower level than the
Lingual surface
 Smooth and spheroidal on the lingual lobes
 Concave at the groove area
 Flat at the cervical region
 Part of the mesial and distal surfaces are due to
lingual convergence
ROOTS
 MESIAL AND DISTAL ROOTS
 Measure 1 mm longer than the buccal aspect
WHY??
ROOTS
Cusp ridges and the cervical line are placed at a
higher level than on the buccal surface of the
crown, increasing the distance from the root
bifurcation to the cervical line
ROOTS - Root bifurcation
 Starts approximately 4
mm below the cervical
line
 Deep developmental
depression present in
line with the lingual
groove on the crown.
MESIAL ASPECTS
Features seen from this aspect
 CROWN OUTLNE
 MESIAL MARGINAL RIDGE
 SURFACE
 ROOT
 COMPARISON WITH SECOND
PREMOLAR
MESIAL SURFACE
 2 cusps and 1 root
Mesiobuccal and mesiolingual
cusp
Mesial root
 Crown is rhomboidal in shape
 Entire crown has a lingual tilt
in relation to the root axis

 BL measurement of crown and
root is more than Distal aspect

CROWN OUTLINE
 Buccal outline
 Lingual outline
 Cervical line
Crown Outline
Buccal Outline
 Convex above the cervical line
 Buccal cervical ridge
 Above the ridge, it can be less
convex or concave or flat

 Mesio buccal cusp is placed
over the buccal third of the

mesial root .
Crown outline - lingual
 Straight from the cervical
to the middle third
 Pronounced li gual
curvature from the
middle third to the tip of
the mesiolingual cusp
 Tip of the ML Cusp is
placed above the lingual
third of the root
Crown outline
Cervical line
 Irregular
 Curves occlusally towards the
centre of the mesial surface
 Placed at a higher level
lingually than buccally when
tooth is posed vertically.
 When it is lingually tilted as
in the oral cavity, the cervical
line is in the same level
buccolingually
MESIAL MARGINAL RIDGE
 Mesial marginal ridge is
confluent with the mesial
ridges of he mesiobuccal and
mesiolingual cusp
 Placed about 1 mm below the
mesiobuccal and mesiolingual
cusp tips
MESIAL SURFACE OF THE CROWN
 Convex and smooth over the
mesiobuccal and mesiolingual
lobes
 Concavity at the center of the
mesial root
 Contact area – Centered
buccolingually on the mesial
surface, below the crest of the
marginal ridge
MESIAL ROOT
Buccal outline
 Straight from the cervical line
till the middle third curves
lingually from the middle third
to the apex
 Apex placed below the
mesiobuccal cusp
Lingual outline
 Slanted in buccal direction with
blunt tapered apex
Mesial surface is convex with
broad concavity in the middle
DISTAL ASPECTS
Features seen from this aspect
 CROWN OUTLNE
 DISTAL MARGINAL RIDGE
 SURFACE
 DEVELOPMENTAL GROOVE
 ROOT
FEATURES VIEWED
 Part of all 5 cusps
 Part of occlusal surface
 Distal marginal ridge
 Distal root
 Part of mesial surface of
crown and root
Distal Marginal ridge
Short ridge formed by the
distal cusp ridge of the
distal cusp and and
distal ridge of the
distolingual cusp
meeting at an obtuse
angle
A developmental groove
or depression crosses
the DMR
DISTAL SURFACE OF CROWN
 Distal cusps seen
 Convex , flattened by wear
 DCA:
Below the distal cusp ridge

Above the cervical line
Centered over the distal root,
Buccal to centre of DMR
Cervical line
 Straight or irregular
across
buccolingually
Developmental Groove
 The end of the
distobuccal
developmental groove is
located on the distal
surface
 Forms a concavity at the
cervical portion of the
distobuccal line angle
ROOT
 Flat surface till the apical
third
 Tapers to sharp apex
 Lingual border of the mesial
root seen
 Developmental depression
seen
OCCLUSAL ASPECTS
Features viewed
 Cuspal details
 Fossae
 Developmental groove
THANK YOU

Permanent: Mandibular Molars

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PERMANENT

 VARIATIONS AND ANOMALIES COMMONLY

 Anchorage due to multiple roots and bifurcated root

Buccal cusps are worn considerably to

 Entire crown has a lingual tilt

in relation to the root axis

root is more than Distal aspect

 Buccal cervical ridge

 Above the ridge, it can be less

convex or concave or flat

over the buccal third of the

Below the distal cusp ridge

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