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+ Lecture - 02 Basic concepts and system buses Computer Architecture 2
Computer Organization • Attributes of a system visible • Instruction set, number of to the programmer bits used to represent various • Have a direct impact on the data types, I/O mechanisms, logical execution of a techniques for addressing program memory
• Hardware details transparent • The operational units and
to the programmer, control their interconnections that signals, interfaces between realize the architectural the computer and specifications peripherals, memory technology used + 3
Structure and Function
Hierarchical system Structure Set of interrelated subsystems The way in which components Hierarchical nature of complex relate to each other systems is essential to both their Function design and their description The operation of individual Designer need only deal with a components as part of the particular level of the system at a structure time Concerned with structure and function at each level + Function
A computer can perform four
basic functions:
● Data processing ● Data storage ● Data movement ● Control + Operations
(a) Data movement + Operations
(b) Data storage +
Operations
(c) Data processing +
Operations
(d) Control 9
The Computer 10
Structure + CPU – controls the operation of the computer and performs its data There are four processing functions main structural components Main Memory – stores data of the computer: I/O – moves data between the computer and its external environment
System Interconnection – some
mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O + Control Unit CPU Controls the operation of the CPU and hence the computer Major structural Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) components: Performs the computer’s data processing function
Registers Provide storage internal to the CPU
CPU Interconnection Some mechanism that provides for communication among the control unit, ALU, and registers + 13
Computer Components Contemporary computer designs are based on concepts developed by John von Neumann at the Institute for Advanced Studies, Princeton
Referred to as the von Neumann architecture and is based on three
key concepts: Data and instructions are stored in a single read-write memory The contents of this memory are addressable by location, without regard to the type of data contained there Execution occurs in a sequential fashion (unless explicitly modified) from one instruction to the next
Hardwired program The result of the process of connecting the various components in the desired configuration 14
Structure of von Neumann Machine
+ Hardware and Software Approaches 16
Software • A sequence of codes or instructions Software • Part of the hardware interprets each instruction and generates control signals • Provide a new sequence of codes for each new program instead of rewiring the hardware Major components: • CPU I/O • Instruction interpreter Components • Module of general-purpose arithmetic and logic functions • I/O Components • + Input module • Contains basic components for accepting data and instructions and converting them into an internal form of signals usable by the system • Output module • Means of reporting results 17
Memory address Memory buffer MEMORY
register (MAR) register (MBR) • Specifies the address • Contains the data to in memory for the be written into next read or write memory or receives the data read from memory
MAR
I/O address I/O buffer register
register (I/OAR) (I/OBR) • Specifies a particular • Used for the exchange + I/O device of data between an I/O module and the CPU MBR 18
