One Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading

One dimensional Consolidation
Properties of Soils Using

Incremental Loading
One dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
Purpose and Scope
This standard describes procedures to measure soil consolidation when subjected to

incremental loading.
Primarily used for saturated, fine-grained soils
Tem como objetivo to determine:

• Settlement rate and magnitude under controlled-stress
• Compression and recompression behavior
One dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
Purpose and Scope
It is the process of compression over time (t) of a saturated soil

 caused by the expulsion of an amount of water equal to the reduction in the volume of
voids,
 as a result of the gradual transfer of excess pore pressure, generated by loading, to
effective stress
Only in one direction > only allows vertical variations > the area does not change, so we
will work with heights
Primarily used for saturated, fine-grained soils

One dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading – ASTM D2435
Test Methods Overview
• Method A:
24-hour load increment, measures primary and secondary consolidation
Calculates total deformation, load is doubled in each increment
• Method B:
Load applied until 100% primary consolidation, focusing on secondary compression
Method B:
Test Methods Overview - Time-deformation readings:
• Required for all load increments.
Method A:
- Constant load increment duration:
- Successive load increments:
• 24 hours or multiples.
• Applied after 100% primary
consolidation is reached.
- Time-deformation readings: • Or at constant time increments, as
• Required for a minimum of two load described in Test Method A.
increments.
- Results:
- Results: • Provides the compression curve with
explicit data.
• Provides only the compression curve of the
• Accounts for secondary compression.
specimen.
• Includes the coefficient of consolidation
• Combines primary consolidation and for saturated materials.
secondary compression deformations.
• Rate of secondary compression.
• Key Calculations:
Void Ratio: e = (H - Hs) / Hs
Axial Strain: ε = ΔH / Ho
• Pore pressure is assumed to be dissipated based on interpretation of

the time deformation under constant total stress. This interpretation
is founded on the assumption that the soil is 100% saturated.
Measurements are made of change in the specimen height and these
data are used to determine the relationship between the effective
axial stress and void ratio or strain. When time deformation readings
are taken throughout an increment, the rate of consolidation is
evaluated with the coefficient of consolidation.
Significance and Key Parameters
• Coefficient of Consolidation (Cv): Indicates consolidation rate

Cv = (T * (Hd)^2) / t
• Void Ratio (e):

e = (Vo - Vs) / Vs
• Height Adjustment:
Initial Height: Ho, Final Height: Hf
• Graphs and results assist in predicting settlement behavior crucial for construction safety.
Casagrande Method for Preconsolidation Stress
• Identify the point of maximum curvature on the e-log(σ) curve.

• Draw tangent at this point and horizontal line at the same stress level.
• Bisect the angle between these lines to locate the preconsolidation stress.
• Application:
• This method provides critical insight into past soil stress history, essential for foundation stability.
Comprehensive Procedure Overview
• Place soil in consolidometer and apply axial loads incrementally.

Record deformation over time to track pore pressure dissipation.
Apply load increments based on sample conditions, up to desired stress.
• Calculation Steps:
• 1. Measure initial height (Ho) and weight.
• 2. Calculate final height (Hf) after load application.
• 3. Calculate void ratio, consolidation coefficients (Cv), and strain (ε).
Sample Calculation Example
Initial Height (Ho) = 20 mm

Initial Void Ratio (e0) = 1.1
Final Height (Hf) after load = 18 mm
• Calculation:
Void Ratio Change, Δe = e0 - ef
Axial Strain, ε = (Ho - Hf) / Ho * 100%
Coefficient of Consolidation, Cv = (T * Hd^2) / t
Sample Calculation Example
Initial Height (Ho) = 20 mm

Initial Void Ratio (e0) = 1.1
Final Height (Hf) after load = 18 mm
• Calculation:
Void Ratio Change, Δe = e0 - ef
Axial Strain, ε = (Ho - Hf) / Ho * 100%
Coefficient of Consolidation, Cv = (T * Hd^2) / t

One Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading

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One dimensional Consolidation

Properties of Soils Using

Purpose and Scope

This standard describes procedures to measure soil consolidation when subjected to

Primarily used for saturated, fine-grained soils

Tem como objetivo to determine:

Purpose and Scope

It is the process of compression over time (t) of a saturated soil

Primarily used for saturated, fine-grained soils

Test Methods Overview

Test Methods Overview

Void Ratio: e = (H - Hs) / Hs

Test Methods Overview

• Pore pressure is assumed to be dissipated based on interpretation of

Significance and Key Parameters

• Coefficient of Consolidation (Cv): Indicates consolidation rate

• Void Ratio (e):

Casagrande Method for Preconsolidation Stress

• Identify the point of maximum curvature on the e-log(σ) curve.

Comprehensive Procedure Overview

• Place soil in consolidometer and apply axial loads incrementally.

Sample Calculation Example

Initial Height (Ho) = 20 mm

Sample Calculation Example

Initial Height (Ho) = 20 mm

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