Chinese

Abstract
China has achieved remarkable economic growth since the early 1990s, especially between 2000 and 2020. Its economic development in the post-Cold War period has been characterized by extraordinary and sustained expansion driven by well-planned reforms and strategic policies. After the Cold War, China adopted a new foreign policy approach towards the Middle East region. This change has been influenced by various factors, primarily the dynamics of the arms market among Middle Eastern countries, the repercussions of the Arab Spring, the increasing energy needs caused by China's rapid economic expansion, and the emergence of a problematic political personality in China. China's policy vis-à-vis the United States has significantly impacted economic, political, and social areas, positioning China as a critical partner for the countries in the region. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of China's Middle East foreign policy from cultural, economic, and political perspectives over the
last two decades. To achieve this, a thorough review of the existing literature was conducted, incorporating insights from a wide range of sources, including observations of Chinese diplomacy and the status quo in the region. This multi-faceted approach ensures a robust and
nuanced understanding of China's foreign policy in the Middle East.

Keywords: Chinese Diplomacy, China, Africa, Middle East, USA

This study explored the grammatical morpheme acquisition patterns of Saudi EFL
learners, focusing on their alignment with Krashen's Natural Order Hypothesis
(NOH). Conducted in a private primary school in Saudi Arabia, the study involved
11 randomly selected fifth-grade students who wrote essays to elicit morpheme
usage. Using a qualitative approach, the analysis revealed high accuracy in
progressive -ing and plural -s, supporting NOH predictions. However, third-person
singular and possessive -s posed challenges, likely influenced by the learners’ first
language (L1, Arabic). These findings underscore the interplay between L1
transfer and second language acquisition, highlighting areas where instructional
strategies can support learner development. Despite the small sample size, the
study offers valuable, context-specific insights into the interplay between L1
transfer and second language acquisition, providing a foundation for targeted
teaching strategies. Future research with larger and more diverse samples could
validate these patterns and deepen understanding of L1's role in morpheme
acquisition. This study contributes to the field by offering insights to inform
curriculum design and targeted teaching interventions for young EFL learners.

Age-related reading difficulty is well established for alphabetic languages. Compared to young adults (18-30 years), older adults (65+ years) read more slowly, make more and longer fixations, make more regressions, and produce larger word-frequency effects. However, whether similar effects are observed for nonalphabetic languages like Chinese remains to be determined. In particular, recent research has suggested Chinese readers experience age-related reading difficulty but do not produce age differences in the word-frequency effect. This might represent an important qualitative difference in aging effects, so we investigated this further by presenting young and older adult Chinese readers with sentences that included high- or low-frequency target words. Additionally, to test theories that suggest reductions in text-stimulus quality differentially affect lexical processing by adult age groups, we presented either the target words (Experiment 1) or all characters in sentences (Experim...

說亞西西方濟是和平締造者，相信沒有多少人會反對，但方濟一生是如何締造和平的？他在生時有成功止戰嗎？今年是方濟印五傷八百周年，明年是方濟寫《萬物讚頌歌》八百周年，後年是方濟逾越八百周年；這與方濟推動和平又會有甚麼關係？
方濟反戰大概始於1202年亞西西平民與亞西西及佩魯賈貴族交戰，亞西西的平民軍遭屠殺，而方濟就戰敗被俘時。當時殘酷的景像，相信對他帶來極深的影響，清楚明白戰爭不同請客吃飯，尤關人命。
英雄騎士的事跡，會否有助原來十分討厭痲瘋病人的方濟，在皈依天主的路上踏出擁抱痲瘋病人的第一步，徹底地服從天主去做天主宣揚和平的騎士？
方濟和平馴服的性格，令方濟能在追求和平時，祇會尋找保留和平精神的空間，一切以服從於教廷為前題，堅持在《會規》中寫下小兄弟的不擁有、不爭吵精神，在實際反戰上，方濟以有別於十字軍的方式，去接觸伊斯蘭教國家。
方濟以不擁有為本的和平精神，既不為教會主流，特別是教廷的認同，也不為大部份追隨者所理解，致方濟身心俱傷疲；但就得到身印五傷，完全明白耶穌基督在十字架上的感受，領悟到真正完美喜樂的真諦。今天的小兄弟而言，方濟那份至死不休的和平精神，正好鼓勵我們，不論成敗得失，仍要繼續為人與人、人與萬物的修和而努力。

Chinese is a logographic writing system that drastically differs from alphabetic scripts in many important aspects. Thus, the nature of parafoveal processing in reading Chinese may be different from that in reading alphabetic languages. Here, four eye-tracking experiments using the boundary display change paradigm (Rayner, 1975) were conducted to explore the role of high level information, like semantic and plausibility information, in the parafovea for Chinese readers. Experiments 1 and 2 used two-character words that can have the order of their component characters reversed, and still be lexical units as target words. Readers received a parafoveal preview of a target word that was either (1) identical to the target word, (2) a reversed word that was the target word with the order of its characters reversed, or (3) a control word. The results indicated that fixation durations on the target words were comparable in the identical and the reverse preview condition when the reversed pr...

Chinese is a logographic writing system that drastically differs from alphabetic scripts in many important aspects. Thus, the nature of parafoveal processing in reading Chinese may be different from that in reading alphabetic languages. Here, four eyetracking experiments using the boundary display change paradigm were conducted to explore the role of high level information, like semantic and plausibility information, in the parafovea for Chinese readers. Experiments 1 and 2 used two-character words that can have the order of their component characters reversed, and still be lexical units as target words. Readers received a parafoveal preview of a target word that was either (1) identical to the target word, (2) a reversed word that was the target word with the order of its characters reversed, or (3) a control word. The results indicated that fixation durations on the target words were comparable in the identical and the reverse preview condition when the reversed preview word was plausible; however, fixation durations were longer in the reverse than the identical preview condition when the reverse preview word was vii implausible. This plausibility preview effect was independent of whether the reverse preview word shared the meaning with the target word or not. Moreover, a plausible reverse preview word provided more facilitation to the processing of the target word than a plausible control preview word, since the former one had orthographic overlap with the target word. Experiment 3 tested whether plausible preview words would yield a semantic preview benefit. That is, the question was whether a semantically related & plausible preview word would provide more benefit than a semantically unrelated & plausible preview word to the processing of the target word. However, such semantic preview effect was only marginally significant by participants. In addition, a plausibility preview effect was revealed in Experiment 3. Furthermore, Experiment 4 found that contextual information could affect word recognition in the parafovea: Chinese readers were more likely to encode a plausible preview word than an implausible preview word. Collectively, these experiments indicated that the plausibility of a preview word has an important role in reading Chinese.

The present study examined the relationship among physical abuse, psychological abuse, perceived family functioning and adolescent suicidal ideation in Shanghai, China. Perceived family functioning was investigated as a possible moderator between physical abuse, psychological abuse and suicidal ideation. A cross sectional survey using convenience sampling was conducted. A total of 560 valid self-administered questionnaires were completed by the students aged from 12 to 17 in Shanghai. Descriptive statistical analyses, Pearson correlations analyses, and hierarchical regression analyses were adopted as methods of data analyses. Results indicated that physical abuse was significantly associated with greater adolescent suicidal ideation, while a higher level of perceived family functioning was significantly associated with lower suicidal ideation. However, psychological abuse was not associated with suicidal ideation. Perceived family functioning was shown to be a moderator between physical abuse and suicidal ideation. Specifically, mutuality and family communication moderated the relationship between physical abuse and suicidal ideation. To decrease adolescent suicidal ideation, measures are suggested to prevent physical abuse and enhance family functioning. First, it is important to increase the parents' awareness of the meaning and boundaries of physical abuse, as well as the role it plays in contributing to adolescent suicidal ideation. Second, parents should be taught appropriate parenting skills and knowledge and be guided to treat the children as individuals with their unique personality, rights and privileges. Third, it is important to promote family harmony, effective communication as well as mutual trust, concern and understanding among family members.

This article discusses the continuity between cosmopolitan collaboration and wartime collaborationism from 1932–1941 by exploring the Chinese Maritime Customs Service (CMCS) and its international staff. The CMCS managed China’s international trade and directed the custom houses in northern China before 1937, and in occupied China and free China from 1937–1941. The customs revenues generated by this international trade were pledged to service China’s international obligations. This article argues that both Chinese and Japanese staff members’ activities to maintain the status quo could be considered as wartime collaborationism from the perspectives of Japan, Manchukuo, and the Collaborationist and Chongqing governments, but all parties tolerated their activities until the outbreak of the Pacific War. The reason for this was that all parties benefitted from the CMCS’s management of international trade and
its implementation of international obligations which had existed since the mid-nineteenth century. This article situates wartime collaborationism within the long-existing institutional network that was welcomed as cosmopolitan collaboration in the prewar, wartime, and postwar
periods, rather than treating it as a unique wartime setup and ideology. Such a view also illuminates the postwar exchange of personnel and cooperation among former enemies, which grew out of prewar collaboration and wartime collaborationism.

В статье на примере Восточного отделения внешних сношений Факультета общественных наук Иркутского государственного университета, существовавшего в 1921–1924 гг., рассматривается забытая, а, может быть, попросту игнорируемая отечественной историографией попытка строительства в раннесоветский период в отечественной науке и образовании дисциплинарной области международных отношений. Исследование сосредоточено на рассмотрении формы, которую международные отношения приняли как область изучения и преподавания под влиянием как социальных, объясняющих историю ее становления, так и интеллектуальных факторов, определяющих и отражающих внутреннюю динамику формирующейся дисциплинарной области. Последняя в рассматриваемом в статье случае складывалась в процессе взаимодействия международного права и истории международных отношений с востоковедением, задававшим объект изучения — взаимодействия стран Дальнего Востока (Северо-Восточной Азии) с ведущими державами мира и / или друг с другом. Дисциплинарная идентичность (предметность, специализация) области обеспечивалась опорой на общие для входивших в нее дисциплин марксистские политико-экономические методологические основания, а также теоретический концепт империализма / колониализма (международную политическую экономию). Начавшиеся уже со второй половины 1920-х гг. радикальные трансформации в области изучения и преподавания общественных наук резко оборвали не просто институционализацию международных отношений как перспективной области социального знания, но и в целом линию по его строительству на основе творческого, академического марксизма, породив бесплодие, каковым оно страдает до сих пор / The article on the example of the Eastern Department of External Relations of the Faculty of Social Sciences of Irkutsk State University, which existed in 1921– 1924, considers a forgotten, and perhaps simply ignored by Russian historiography, attempt to build in the early Soviet period in domestic science and the formation of the disciplinary field of international relations. The study focuses on considering the form that international relations have taken as a field of study and teaching, influenced both by social, explaining the history of its formation, and by intellectual factors that define and reflect the internal dynamics of the emerging disciplinary field. The latter in the case considered in the article developed in the process of interaction between international law and the history of international relations with oriental studies, which set the object of study - the interaction of the countries of the Far East (Northeast Asia) with the leading powers of the world and/or with each other. Disciplinary identity (objectivity, specialization) of the field was ensured by relying on Marxist political and economic methodological foundations common to its disciplines, as well as the theoretical concept of imperialism/colonialism (international political economy). Beginning in the second half of the 1920s. radical transformations in the study and teaching of social sciences sharply cut short not only the institutionalization of international relations as a promising area of social knowledge, but also the whole line for its construction on the basis of creative, academic Marxism, giving rise to infertility, which it still suffers.

Lawrence K. Wang 王抗曝 and Mu-Hao Sung Wang 宋慕浩 (2024). “A Comparison Between Zhuyin (Bopomofo) System and Pinyin System 《注音系統（ㄅㄆㄇㄈ）與拼音系統的比較》”.  In: "Global Humanities and Liberal Arts" series, Volume 2024, Number 12, 2024 (12),  December 18, 2024,  19 pages.  Lenox Institute Press, Massachusetts, USA. Lenox.Institute@gmail.com ; https://works.hcommons.org/records/fkf89-7dv76;  DOI: 10.17613/fkf89-7dv76      ....    ABSTRACT:  This study compares mainland China's Pinyin system and Taiwan's Zhuyin (Bopomofo) system in the education of Mandarin Chinese. The Pinyin system, developed in the 1950s, utilizes the Latin alphabet and diacritic marks to represent Mandarin sounds and tones, making it widely recognized and utilized globally. Conversely, the Zhuyin system, with its roots in the early 20th century, employs unique symbols derived from Chinese characters, coupled with tone marks, and is predominantly used in Taiwan for language instruction. This comparison highlights the strengths and applications of both systems, considering factors such as ease of learning, usage in digital input methods, and their roles in preserving linguistic heritage. Ultimately, the study underscores how each system contributes to Mandarin Chinese education, catering to different learning needs and cultural contexts.  本研究比較了中國大陸的拼音系統和台灣的注音（ㄅㄆㄇㄈ）系統在中文教育中的應用。拼音系統於1950年代開發，使用拉丁字母和音調符號來表示普通話的發音和音調，全球廣泛認可並使用。相反，注音系統源於20世紀初，使用源自漢字的獨特符號和音調符號，主要在台灣用於語言教學。這一比較強調了兩個系統的優勢和應用，考慮了學習難易度、數字輸入法中的使用以及在保護語言遺產方面的作用。研究最終強調了每個系統在普通話教育中的貢獻，以滿足不同的學習需求和文化背景。

A modified molecular structural mechanics method, based on molecular mechanics and similar to the finite element method, was developed. The energy of a system was expressed by the force field functions of the molecular mechanics. Under the small deformation assumption and by the principle of minimum potential energy, the system function was established. The properties of tension and bending of single-walled carbon nanotubes were analyzed. The Young's modulus is about 0.36 TPa nm, which agrees perfectly with the results of previous analysis by other researchers. It is found, for the first time, that the Young's moduli, for Zigzag nanotubes, are different from each other when the system energy was expressed as the sum of two or three individual energy terms in molecular mechanics. Whereas, the Young's moduli were the same for the Armchair nanotubes. It is found, when simulating the bending, that the deflections are closer to the theoretical ones, of the classical elasticit...

Coal 2012 marks the start of amalgamation of both surface and underground operations under a common umbralla of Coal Operators" Conference. It is an apportune time for the amalgamation because of; the increasing expansion of the coal industry activities in both operations, with significant movements of technological knowhow and expertise across the defining line; the engagement of many consulting services in both operations, with many of their members being regular contributors to the Coal Operator"s Conference; the recent mergers of equipment manufacturers with interests in both surface and underground operations. All these make a sensible strategy for better positioning of the conference in the coal mining scene. This year also marks the inauguration of an annual award to indiviuals recognised for their outstaning contributions to the industry, the scince and technology of mining and the Coal Operatorss Conference. The Coal Operators" Conference is growing in acceptance by the industry. The online papers are increasingly accessed from different corners of the world, thanks to the University of Wollongong research online initiative http://ro.uow.edu.au/coal. This pioneeering online access initiative has now being followed by several other mining conferences.

Instructions: Complete the following sentences by circling the correct word in the parentheses 1. The lonely grandfather made_____(himself/herself) a cup of coffee. 2. The overweight cowboy denied____(himself/herself) a hamburger. 3. The successful man congratulated_____(herself/himself) on the promotion. 4. The gracious wife introduced_____(himself/herself) to the guests. 5. The infamous princess looked at _______(himself/herself) in the mirror. 6. The landlady worked_____(himself/herself) into a frenzy. 7. The careless pedestrians found _____(themselves/himself) covered with mud. 8. The famous actresses prepared____ (themselves/herself) to face the crowd. 9. The dirty soldiers cleaned_____(themselves/himself) before going to bed. 10. The mother amused the father because____(he/she) told funny jokes. 11. The congressman disappointed the chairwoman because _____(he/she) lost the election. 12. The brother annoyed the sister because ______ (he/she) kept lying to people. 13. The widow envied the bachelor because _____ (he/she) won the national lottery. 14. The actress praised the actor because ______ (he/she) had given a good presentation. 15. The grandfather congratulated the granddaughter because_____ (he/she) won the reading competition.

Ｄｉａｇｎｏｓｔｉｃ ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ ｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ ｐｏｓｅ ｎｏｖｅｌ ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｓ ｏｎ ｔｈｅ ｌｅｖｅｌ ｏｆ ａｔｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｌｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｉｎ
ｃａｓｅｓ ｗｈｅｒｅ ｔｈｅ ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｔ ｄｅｖｉｃｅ ｍａｋｅｓ ａｎ ｅｒｒｏｎｅｏｕｓ ａｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔ ｆｒｏｍ ｗｈｉｃｈ ｈａｒｍ ｒｅｓｕｌｔｓ. Ｈａｖｉｎｇ ｖｅｒｉｆｉｅｄ ｔｈｅ
ｖａｌｕｅ ａｓ ｇｕｉｄｅｌｉｎｅｓ ｏｒ ｇｏｏｄ ｐｒａｃｔｉｃｅｓ ｏｆ ａｌｇｏｒｉｔｈｍｉｃ ｐｒｅｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎｓ ｂｏｔｈ ｔｈｅ ｐｒｏｆｉｌｅ ｏｆ ｉｎｆｏｒｍｅｄ ｃｏｎｓｅｎｔ ａｎｄ ｔｈｅ
ｐｈｙｓｉｃｉａｎ'ｓ ｐａｒｔｉｃｉｐａｔｉｏｎ ｃｏｎｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ ａｓｓｅｓｓｅｄ ｕｎｄｅｒ Ａｒｔｉｃｌｅ ２２３６ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ｃｉｖｉｌ Ｃｏｄｅ ａｒｅ ｓｕｂｊｅｃｔ ｔｏ ｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎ.
Ａｎ ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅ ａｐｐｒｏａｃｈ ｉｓ ｏｆｆｅｒｅｄ ｂｙ ｔｈｅ Ｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄ Ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｏｎ Ａｒｔｉｆｉｃｉａｌ Ｉｎｔｅｌｌｉｇｅｎｃｅ Ｌｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙ ｃａｐａｂｌｅ ｏｆ ｐｒｏｖｉ￣
ｄｉｎｇ ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈ ｔｈｅ ｕｓｅ ｏｆ ｒｅｌａｔｉｖｅ ｐｒｅｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎｓ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅ ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ ｆｏｒ ｔｈｅ ｐａｔｉｅｎｔ ｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ ｕｎｄｕｌｙ ｐｅｎａｌｉｚｉｎｇ ｔｈｅ
ｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｉｏｎａｌ

Children under 3½ years of age or so are often thought to produce the same types of scribbles for writing and drawing. We tested this idea by asking Chinese 2-to 6-year-olds to write and draw four targets. In Study 1, Chinese adults judged the status of the productions as writings or drawings. The adults performed significantly above the level expected by chance even with the productions of 2-to 2½-year-olds. In Study 2, we examined specific characteristics of the children's writings and drawings. Although the younger children's scribbles bore little resemblance to the correct characters, they tended to be smaller, sparser, and more angular than their artwork, with less filling in. Differences were also found in paper use and implement use. Children did not appear to distinguish writing from drawing for their own names before they did so for other targets.

The narrative thinking in Chinese literature has an undeniable value and has a certain inspiration for the study of character studies. This article aimed to compare narrative ideas from the perspective of Chinese and Western literature. This article explored China's two different temporal and spatial characteristics and of the West, one by one, and summarized the commonalities and differences of narrative thinking and methods of time and space through the analysis of different regions, different literature, different religions and different philosophical factors. This article explored the author's concepts, narrative thinking, and narrative strategies in Chinese and Western narrative thoughts. Through research, people can discover the laws of narrative behavior in different literature and deepen general understanding of novels. Focusing on "characters" can not only deepen the understanding of the differences between the two narrative methods in China and the West, but also compare these methods to better understand and compare the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western narrative methods, thereby better promoting the overall development of character theory. This article explored the narrative thinking of Chinese and Western classical literature and grasped literary characteristics, which would enhance the vitality of traditional Chinese narrative creation and play a positive role in promoting the development of human narrative thinking in a diversified theoretical context.

1Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Okuku Campus, Nigeria. 2Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Okuku Campus, Nigeria. 3Department of Anatomy and Forensic Anthropology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Okuku Campus, Nigeria.

A simple, new, and sensitive spectrophotometric technique for the determination of methyldopa was presented in this research article. The suggested technique includes reacting metoclopramide with NaNO2 in the presence of hydrochloric acid to produce diazonium salt, and then the drug methyldopa reacts with the diazonium salt to produce a yellow azo dye. The maximum wavelength of the dye was 458 nm. This method is effectively used for the determination of methyldopa in different pharmaceutical formulations. It has been found that there are no significant interactions between common excipients and pure methyldopa. The results were processed statistically, and compared with those obtained from officially approved methods, they were found to be reasonable.

This volume gathers seven Warring States-period manuscripts with stories about Springs and Autumns period affairs from Zheng 鄭, Qin 秦, Jin 晋, and Chu 楚. Originally published in volumes 6 and 7 of the Tsinghua Manuscripts, these were brought together in the Collated Interpretations (Jiaoshi 校釋) and the present volume because of their topical and material proximity. The sequence chosen reflects the chronological order and geographical division amongst the texts, and where relevant, the similarity of the writing support:

1. *Zheng Wu Furen gui ruzi 鄭武夫人規孺子 (Zheng, events ca. 744 BCE)
2. *Zheng Wen Gong wen Tai Bo A 鄭文公問太伯（甲） (Zheng, events ca. 672 BCE)
3. *Zheng Wen Gong wen Tai Bo B 鄭文公問太伯（乙） (same as above)
4. Zi Fan Zi Yu 子犯子餘 (Qin, Jin, events ca. 637–636 BCE)
5. *Jin Wen Gong ru yu Jin 晋文公入於晋 (Qin, Jin, events ca. 636– 628 BCE)
6. *Zi Yi 子儀 (Qin, events ca. 621 BCE)
7. *Zhao Jianzi 趙簡子 (Jin, events ca. 500? BCE)

The events narrated in these texts span well over two and a half centuries, involving well-known figures from Zheng, Qin, and Jin, as well as Chu history. The majority of these narratives present dialogues between famous rulers of the period and a varied cast of interlocutors, including foreign emissaries, ministers, generals, elders, and mothers. Except for the outlier *Jin Wen Gong ru yu Jin—likely a companion piece to the Zi Fan Zi Yu — which is a monologue, the texts are all dialogues that feature the rulers in an inferior position to their interlocutors. These rulers are either looking for goodwill or they receive advice — solicited or unsolicited — from their often more experienced counterparts. While the texts themselves do not have counterparts in received literature, this power dynamic between ruler and minister is familiar from the larger body of literature on the Springs and Autumns. In terms of style, this type of text has been compared especially to texts such as the Guo yu, and other unearthed texts such as the narratives on Springs and Autumns Chu from the Shanghai Museum manuscripts, and, of course, the Zuo Zhuan.
This volume is divided into two parts. The first part introduces the texts and studies their narrative form. I focus on the narrative structure of the texts, the types of narration and dialogue, the way the story’s characters are represented, and the use of image-based language. The second half of the study presents the texts line by line, followed by a presentation of the full text in Chinese and English.

An efficient synthesis of 2-substituted benzoxazoles through RuCl 3 •3H 2 O catalyzed, air oxidized tandem reactions of 2-aminophenols and aldehydes in [bmim]BF 4 was developed. This synthetic strategy has such advantages as mild reaction conditions, cost-free oxidant, readily available starting materials, and recyclable catalyst and solvent. As an application, it was successfully used in the synthesis of the unreported 5-(benzoxazol-2-yl)-2'-deoxyuridines with potential biological activities.

Chinese civilization has always been known as the civilization of rituals and music, with music playing a significant role throughout the dynasties. The development of Chinese traditional music cannot be separated from the injection of various philosophical ideas and social consciousness. Whether it is the ritual music system of the Zhou Dynasty, the Hundred Schools of Thought during the Warring States period, the metaphysical discussions of the Wei and Jin Dynasties, or the Buddhist philosophy of the Han and Tang Dynasties, each era has played an important catalytic role in the formation of the aesthetic theory of Chinese traditional music. This article summarizes the historical developmental process of Chinese traditional music culture. It also analyzes the construction process of the aesthetic philosophy of Chinese traditional music from the perspectives of the three major philosophical schools: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. These three schools have had the most profound impact on Chinese traditional music.

The quality of Portland cement clinker depends upon the quality of the raw materials (limestone, marl, clay... ) especially marls and clays. These materials are the proponents of the cement quality and the main controllers of the production cost. Bizerte Cement factory has carried out a complete study of the raw materials in which a variety of clays and marls have been selected from its quarries and prepared for different analyses (chemical analysis, atomic absorption, diffraction X, fluorescence X) in order to expand the range of existing materials and improve the quarries management.The results are used to calibrate an ARL 9900 spectrometer installed in the laboratory.

Much of the past research on Native Mandarin speakers\u27 acquisition of English consonants has focused on codas because of the constraint against stop phonemes as codas. Native Mandarin speakers face a range of challenges in the process of acquiring English because of the variation between the syllable structures of English and Mandarin, and the variation between the two phonological systems. Past research has investigated native Mandarin speakers\u27 perception, and production of English words. Based on the reviewed literature for this study, stop and liquid clusters in onset position which contrast according to voicing have not been the focus of past research. The following study focuses on Mandarin speakers\u27 perception and production of English stop and liquid clusters in onset position when the stops contrast according to voicing. In order to achieve this goal the following methodology was adopted to obtain experimental data. First, a recording for the auditory perception ta...

Introduction. The modern world makes high demands of the level of future specialists professional training,
who must have a wide range of competencies, including knowledge of foreign languages. Today, knowledge
of not only English, but also Chinese is becoming increasingly popular. The methodology of teaching foreign
languages has never stood still and is constantly evolving. Methodologists are constantly striving to find new
teaching methods that would help achieve the most effective results. Today, the introduction of information
technology into modern foreign language teaching, namely the use of computer games in the educational
process, is of particular interest.
The purpose of the study is to identify the linguodidactic potential of computer games in learning the English
and Chinese languages.
Materials and methods. To analyze the possibilities of using computer games in teaching foreign languages,
an analysis of scientific and methodological articles from periodicals, dissertation research and monographs of
Russian and foreign authors on this issue was carried out. As a material, we considered and analyzed one of the
most popular Chinese games among teenagers and youth, “Genshin Impact”.
Research results. The open-world multiplayer role-playing game “Genshin Impact” is analyzed. The linguistic
and cultural potential of this game has been revealed, which helps the player not only expand their vocabulary,
listening skills, but also knowledge about the culture and history of different countries. The main types of
vocabulary that are of interest are proper names and historicisms. Regional studies material can be divided
into real-life states and peoples that served as a source of inspiration for developers; prototypes of the game’s
geographic locations; references to real historical eras; references to real historical figures; cultural parallels;
references to legends, myths and religions of different nations.
Conclusion. The results obtained indicate that computer games not only have rich linguistic material, which
is perfect for learning a foreign language, but also extensive regional data. Thus, integrating computer games
into the educational process not only increases interest and motivation, but also broadens the horizons of its
players and instills in them an interest to study world history.

Lawrence K. Wang 王抗曝and Mu-Hao Sung Wang 宋慕浩 (2024). “Secret of Love《愛之秘密》”,  In: "Evolutionary Progress in Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics", Lawrence K. Wang 王抗曝 and Hung-ping Tsao 曹恆平 (editors).  Vol. 6, No. 12A,  December 4, 2024, 32 pages;  Lenox Institute Press, MA, USA; lenox.institute@gmail.com; ISBN 978-0-9890870-3-2; 10.17613/352sn-v7a75    ....  ABSTRACT:  This poem beautifully encapsulates the essence of love within a marriage. It emphasizes the importance of mutual respect and affection, where loving one's spouse is akin to loving oneself. The poem underscores the enduring nature of love, growing stronger with each passing day. It portrays the inseparable bond of a couple, who share joys and face challenges together, leaving positive impacts or enjoying the quiet blessings of a private life. Ultimately, it celebrates the profound fulfillment and eternal nature of true love.  The authors have composed the song lyrics for "Secret of Love" in English, Chinese, and German, accompanied by graphical illustrations. Musicians interested in setting these lyrics to music for global distribution of  "Secret of Love" should contact the authors directly at lenox.institute@gmail.com. 這首詩優雅地描繪了婚姻中愛的精髓。它強調了相互尊重和愛意的重要性，將愛伴侶比作愛自己。詩中強調了愛的持久性，隨著時光流逝而更加深厚。它展現了夫妻不可分割的情感聯繫，共同分享喜悅和面對挑戰，無論是留下積極的影響還是享受默默無聞的幸福生活。最終，它歌頌了真愛的深刻滿足感和永恆性。"作者已經創作了《愛的祕密》的英文、中文和德文歌詞，並配有圖解。對這些歌詞有興趣並希望將其譜曲以在全球發行《愛的祕密》的音樂家，請直接聯繫作者：lenox.institute@gmail.com。

Background: Since the introduction of the first radioimmunoassay, several improvements have been made in the design of immunoassays such as method of antibody production, labeling, automation and detection technology. We performed an analytical evaluation of the new electrochemiluminescent immunoassay (ECLIA) for serum TSH, FT4 and T3 in the Elecsys 2010 immunoassay system and compared the results of this method with those of radioimmunoassay ( RIA) [immunoradiometric (IRMA) for TSH] and Elisa. Methods: Fasting serum from 112 hypo, hyper and euthyroid patients were used to evaluate the minimum detectable concentration, intra- and inter-assay precisions for TSH, FT4, T3, linearity for TSH assay and method comparison study. Results: Within the analytical range tested, intra-assay coefficient of variation was < 2.3% for TSH, 2.3% for FT4 and 7.8% for T3. The inter-assay coefficient of variation was < 2.9% for TSH, 2.5% for FT4 and 12.3% for T3. The measurement of diluted sera indicated a desirable percentage of recovery for TSH. No correlation was found between Elecsys 2010 and Elisa /IRMA for TSH. The comparison of results of the Elecsys ECLIA assay with those of Elisa and RIA for T4 were: T4 (ECLIA) = -0.612+0.999, T4 (Elisa, r= 0.88) and T4 (ECLIA)=0.642+0.942 T4 (RIA, r=0.957), while ECLIA assay with Elisa and RIA for T3 were: T3 (ECLIA)= 0.242+0.908 T3 (Elisa, r=0.8) and T3 (ECLIA) = -0.029+1.01 T3 (RIA, r=0.957). Conclusion: The results show that Elecsys 2010 is an automated reliable, efficient and technically excellent instrument to use in the measurement of serum TSH, T4 and T3.

Building upon previous research on family language policy, this study explores the homescape, pertinent to the Chinese home literacy environment within Chinese transnational families. It categorizes various forms of Chinese literacy homescape and examines parental perspectives and agency in the design, creation, and adaptation of the homescape within their households. The study draws on ethnographic data from four Chinesespeaking families residing in France and Germany. Data includes sound recordings of family interactions, photographs, in-depth interviews and field notes from discussions with family members. Adopting the lens of ethnographic Linguistic Landscape, the study categorizes the Chinese literacy homescape into four sensory modalities: highly visible, semi-visible, soundscape, and digital and interactive. Findings reveal that parents employ highly strategic and agentic approaches when designing the Chinese literacy homescape, demonstrating their keen awareness of the unique characteristics of the Chinese writing system and the specific challenges their children face when learning to read Chinese.