Contract Law

Disciplinary action is used within an organisation to remedy undesirable workplace behaviour and to redirect employee effort towards the achievement of organisational goals. However, to achieve this goal, principles of substantive and procedural fairness must be adhered to when implementing disciplinary action against any employee. The objective of this paper was to explore whether the state owned entity under study took into consideration the substantive and procedural elements in the application of its disciplinary action and how employees perceived these principles. To attain this objective, a qualitative research design was adopted in which semi-structured interviews were conducted with research participants. A total of 10 research participants, from every level of the organisation participated in the study. Results of the study demonstrated that research participants perceived disciplinary action to be in accordance with a fair procedure, but not always for a fair reason. It is...

In questo saggio, l’a., utilizzando esempi relativi al trattamento dei dati personali per lo sviluppo e l’uso di sistemi di intelligenza artificiale, espone il concetto di liceità sostanziale del trattamento dei dati personali, intesa nel senso del rispetto o non violazione delle norme dell’ordinamento che pongono direttamente o indirettamente divieti al trattamento dei dati personali, distinguendo questo concetto da quello della liceità in senso formale del trattamento dei dati personali, consistente nella ricorrenza di una base astrattamente idonea al trattamento ai sensi del GDPR.

Con riferimento alle vicende modificative ed estintive del rapporto obbligatorio, il contributo, tenendo conto dei diversi interessi che le parti possano avere in limine solutionis, ha ad oggetto l’analisi dell’assunzione del debito pro solvendo e di come tale tipo di modificazione del rapporto si presenta nell’ambito delle più ampie e complesse operazioni di ristrutturazione dei debiti.

Among these applications are smart contracts. Entries into the ledger may consist of computer code that executes the terms and conditions of a contract between parties. Such parties will usually be parties to contracts, private individuals, corporate entities, public institutions or other entities. The more sophisticated the code, the more automated, self-executing, and "smarter" the contract. Ultimately, we may see autonomous parties in the form of computerised agents, such as Internet of Things (IoT) devices, connected online, entering into smart contracts without human interference.

This chapter restates choice theory, which advances a liberal approach to contract law. First, we refine the concept of autonomy for contract. Then we address range, limit, and floor, three principles that together justify contract law in a liberal society. The first concerns the state’s obligation to be proactive in facilitating the availability of a multiplicity of contract types. The second refers to the respect contract law owes to the autonomy of a party’s future self, that is, to the ability to re-write the story of one’s life. The final principle concerns relational justice, the baseline for any legitimate use of the contract power. We conclude this restatement of choice theory by highlighting its most important jurisprudential payoff – how our account relates to and improves on the economic analysis of contract. Choice theory is the modest price that economic analysis must pay to account for individual freedom.

This concise landmark in law and jurisprudence offers the first coherent, liberal account of contract law. "The Choice Theory of Contracts" answers the field's most pressing questions: What is the “freedom” in “freedom of contract”? What core values animate contract law and how do those values interrelate? How must the state act when it shapes contract law? Hanoch Dagan and Michael Heller show exactly why and how freedom matters to contract. They start with the most appealing tenets of modern liberalism and end with their implications for contract law. This readable, engaging book gives contract scholars, teachers, and students a powerful normative vocabulary for understanding canonical cases, refining key doctrines, and solving long-standing puzzles in the law.

Appellant, Alvin B. White, moves this court to set the above matter as an oral argument. After consideration, we deny the motion. This matter continues to be set on the court’s March 21, 2025 docket as a non-oral argument. It is
SO ORDERED.
Panel: Jj. Maxa, Glasgow, Veljacic

Este artículo plantea la posibilidad de generalizar el remedio de rebaja del precio por incumplimiento contractual en el derecho chileno. Se sostiene que el sinalagma contractual y el principio de equivalencia de las prestaciones, que fundan la rebaja del precio por cumplimento imperfecto en una serie de supuestos legales específicos, concurren en términos idénticos en todo contrato bilateral, oneroso y conmutativo. Por ello, en esa clase de contratos el acreedor dispone siempre de este remedio. El derecho contractual chileno, se sostiene, tiene la suficiente flexibilidad para dar soporte legal a un remedio general de rebaja del precio, efectuándose propuestas concretas al respecto.

L’articolo riflette, a partire dal libro di Francesco Gambino, In sala con il diritto (2024), sul rilievo del problema della formatività dell’esperienza in relazione ai caratteri dello statuto del sapere normativo. Prendendo in considerazione di diverso modo di rappresentare i fatti sociali e normativi nella narrazione giuridica e letteraria e considerando la natura metalinguistica di queste, si interroga sul problema della verità del diritto e della storia.

Versão adaptada, em função das enchentes de abril e maio, da Conferência convidada ao V Congresso Internacional de Direito Amazônico : "Direito Amazônico e os Espaços Peculiares na Produção de Alimentos - Importância da Amazônica e do Povo Amazônida - Compreensão Jurídica à COP 30". Organizado pela Academia Brasileira de Letras Jurídicas Agrárias, em Belém do Pará, Brasil. Dias 10 a 13 de setembro de 2024. Publicada pela "Revista Disciplinarum Scientia – Sociais Aplicadas", vol. 20 n.º 1 (2024), pp. 175-192.

Versão original e integral da Conferência convidada ao V Congresso Internacional de Direito Amazônico : "Direito Amazônico e os Espaços Peculiares na Produção de Alimentos - Importância da Amazônica e do Provo Amazônida - Compreensão Jurídica à COP 30". Organizado pela Academia Brasileira de Letras Jurídicas Agrárias, em Belém do Pará, Brasil. Dias 10 a 13 de setembro de 2024. Publicada na "Revista de Direito da Responsabilidade", Ano 6, outubro de 2024, pp. 969-988.

Od početka čovječanstva ljudi su uvijek trgovali robom i drugim stvarima. U početku su to bili jednostavni oblici trgovine poput trampe i razmjena no protokom vremena javljaju se sve složeniji oblici trgovine i iz toga se razvija potreba za uvođenjem sve efikasnijih i uređenijih ugovora. Ugovor o kupoprodaji je danas jedan od gospodarski najvažnijih ugovora te se u današnje vrijeme život bez njega gotovo ne može ni zamisliti jer kupoprodajni ugovor predstavlja najčešću osnovu za stjecanje vlasništva. Temeljna obveza prodavatelja kod ugovora o kupoprodaji jest isporučiti kupcu kupljenu stvar u stanju koje je ugovoreno odnosno u stanju koje je uobičajeno u prometu. Međutim u praksi se nerijetko dešavaju slučajevi da prodavatelj isporučuje stvari koje kvalitativno ili kvantitativno ne odgovaraju onome što je dogovoreno i očekivano. U tom slučaju riječ je o materijalnim nedostacima stvari, odnosno neusklađenosti robe s ugovorom. Isporuka stvari s materijalnim nedostacima predstavlja pov...

Over the past thirty years, the Italian Banking Law Act (Testo Unico Bancario) has been amended to reflect the growing influence of the European Union on the Italian legal system, leading to the formation of a «regulatory private law». This law aims to create an internal
market and protect consumers, intertwining with public regulation. In competitive markets, private law promotes social order, while in less competitive markets, public regulatory interventions are necessary to protect market efficiency and consumer interests. The bank-client
relationship, now an integral part of competition and public interest, is governed by rules that often mimic the regulatory decisions of competent authorities, as seen in the principles of «responsible lending». The European Single Supervisory Mechanism impacts the governance
of banks and their contractual relationships, creating an osmosis between private and public law. This integrates private enforcement with public enforcement in business-to-consumer relationships. An example is the obligation to assess creditworthiness to prevent over-indebtedness
and ensure banking stability, where non-compliance can lead to contract nullity and liability for damages by the intermediary. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) systems are fundamental in protecting banking customers, integrating public supervision with private enforcement
mechanisms. These systems protect customer rights and influence the commercial practices of intermediaries, promoting more effective market regulation.

В статье анализируется роль судебной практики в регулировании социально-обеспечительных отношений. Автор сформулировал понятие судебной практики как совокупности унифицированных судебных решений по единообразным делам, характеризующей устоявшуюся линию в деятельности судебных органов. Механизм регулирующего воздействия судебной практики подобен действию правового обычая, поскольку она, как и обычай, требует легитимации. Однако эта легитимация может совершиться и путем умолчания. Автор делает вывод о том, что признание за судебной практикой регулирующего воздействия носит общеправовой характер. Регулирующее значение судебной практики для отношений по социальному обеспечению подтверждается анализом споров об исчислении стажа лечебной деятельности.В статье анализируется роль судебной практики в регулировании социально-обеспечительных отношений. Автор сформулировал понятие судебной практики как совокупности унифицированных судебных решений по единообразным делам, характеризующей устоявш...

The article researches the different approaches for regulation of the liability of the heirs for hereditable obligations. Historical and comparative researches were made. The European legislations can be divided in two big groups. The legislations form the first group set a separate liability of the heirs - each one of them owes only a part of the debt equal to his share of the estate. The legislations of France, Ukraine, Bulgaria, etc. are included in this group. The legislations from the second group govern joint and several liability for the heirs. A creditor of the estate has a right to demand an enforcement of the whole size of hereditable obligation from one of the heirs and this enforcement releases all of the heirs from their liability. This group includes the civil legislations of German, Switzerland, Spain, Russian federation, Macedonia, etc. The author position is that the separate liability is more proper for regulation of the heir’s liability for hereditable debts. Hist...

The study explores the dual relevance of acts of the concept of ‘procedimento giuridico’ in private autonomy, with a focus on the renegotiation clause. The analysis emphasises the importance of 'procedimento giuridico' as a dynamic element linking the formation and execution of negotiation acts, ensuring consistency with the parties' intent. The renegotiation clause is presented as a crucial tool for dealing with contingencies in term contracts, promoting a fair and sustainable adjustment of the contractual relationship. Particular attention is given to the relationship between renegotiation as a fair procedure and other forms of procedural justice as possible remedies, highlighting how, in the event of a failure of negotiations between the parties, recourse to judicial intervention or arbitration («arbitraggio») can guarantee an effective adjustment that respects the contractual balance. The clause, therefore, not only protects the balance between the opposing interests but, through participatory and integrative instruments, ensures the continuity of the contractual relationship and the effectiveness of private autonomy in a dynamic and collaborative legal system.

The paper explores the relationship between private autonomy, contractual procedures and procedural justice, proposing an innovative view of the contract as a ‘contractual process’. This approach considers the contract not just as a legal act but as a dynamic procedure, centred on participation and fairness. Drawing on classical theories and interdisciplinary contributions, the paper analyses the notion of pure procedural justice in John Rawls' theory, relates it to classical legal studies on legal procedure and process, and applies it to the contractual context, deducing that procedural compliance is essential to ensure contractual justice. The analysis extends to the application consequences of this approach, discussing issues such as protection against unfair trade practices and the control of procedural fairness as a parameter of contractual validity. The paper encourages reflection on the contract as an instrument of justice, enhancing private autonomy within the framework of a fair and dynamic legal system.

In Revista do Direito [Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito (Mestrado e Doutorado) da Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul], (71), 2023, 47-78; como pré-publicação de Capítulo do livro de Martins, Guilherme Magalhães e Longhi, João Victor Rozatti (Coord.),  com Mucelin, Guilherme (Org.). "Direito Digital : Direito Privado e Internet" (5.ª Ed.). Cotia SP: Editora Foco, 2024.

Le trasformazioni subite dal paesaggio giuridico – veicolando una visione ordinamentale orientata a realizzare una unità plurale (Grossi 2001, 66-67) – non possono essere soggette a forme di semplificazione o riduzionismo, il che delinea per l’interprete uno schema delle possibilità di significato da attribuire al testo che va ben oltre il riferimento al puro dato letterale. Le stesse disposi-zioni sono infatti soggette ad interpretazione in concreto, laddove «la conoscenza di un testo legale e la sua applicazione al caso giuridico concreto non sono due atti separati, ma un processo unico» (Gadamer 1990, 379).
In questa prospettiva il procedimento interpretativo si propone all’osservatore nella sua natura stratificata, fatta di procedure giuridiche (legislazione, giurisprudenza e dibattito dottrinale) che si connettono, in relazione ricorsiva, con lo strato sottostante declinabile nei concetti della cultura giuridica (valori, principi, regole, strutture argomentative e meccanismi interpretativi) che non appartengono all’oggetto dell’interpretazione, ma al contesto che ne compendia e arricchisce il contenuto.
I valori fondamentali delle nostre società, che emergono nelle controversie sulla libertà di parola, sull’aborto o sul fine vita, divengono oggetto di dibattito principalmente come questioni interpretative in grado di cogliere la complessità del dato giuridico e di dar forma ad un ordinamento concepito «più come esperienza che come norma» e ad un diritto vissuto «più come organizzazione che come legge» (Grossi 1968, VIII), abbandonando visioni rigide e mitologiche per ritrovare la realtà del diritto nella scansione naturale dell’esperienza sociale nel suo continuo divenire.
In tale  prospettiva, attraverso questo volume “corale”, intendiamo affrontare il tema dell’interpretazione giuridica anche, ma non solo, dal punto di vista della filosofia del diritto, ponendo domande e cercando di offrire risposte intorno al problema di quali siano lo statuto, i fini e le regole dell’interpretazione.
La pluralità dei contributi ed approcci ospitati nel volume ci restituiscono una immagine prismatica dell’interpretazione, in cui il diritto e la narrazione dei suoi significati sono inscindibilmente legati fra loro, fornendo le scelte ordinamentali di una storia e di un destino. Si prospetta in tal senso un impegno interpretativo che presuppone un’assunzione di responsabilità, dotata di una ragion pratica ed accompagnata dalla convinzione della comunità degli inter-preti di essere impegnati in un’attività dotata di valore (Cover 2008, 66).
Ci auguriamo con questo lavoro di poter offrire, come di fronte ad un mosaico che compone un’immagine armoniosa formata da migliaia di tasselli una prospettiva innovativa e integrante, caratterizzata dallo sforzo di delineare una visione interdisciplinare del nostro oggetto di ricerca. Tuttavia, data l’ampiezza e la profondità del problema, possiamo ragionevolmente ritenere di aver tracciato una rotta provvisoria, ma promettente, che, investendo su strumenti e risorse provenienti da campi affini del diritto, cerca di affrontare domande trasversali.

Las transformaciones que experimenta el panorama jurídico -transmisor de una visión sistémica jurídica orientada a la realización de una unidad plural (Grossi 2001, 66-67)- no pueden someterse a formas de simplificación o reduccionismo, lo que delinea para el intérprete un esquema de las posibilidades de significado que cabe atribuir al texto que va mucho más allá de la referencia al dato puramente literal. De hecho, las propias disposiciones son objeto de interpretación in concreto, donde «el conocimiento de un texto jurídico y su aplicación al caso jurídico concreto no son dos actos separados, sino un único proceso» (Gadamer 1990, 379).
En esta perspectiva, el procedimiento interpretativo se presenta al observador en su naturaleza estratificada, compuesta por procedimientos jurídicos (legislación, jurisprudencia y debate doctrinal) que están conectados, en una relación recursiva, con la capa subyacente de los conceptos de la cultura jurídica (valores, principios, normas, estructuras argumentativas y mecanismos interpretativos) que no pertenecen al objeto de interpretación, sino al contexto que resume y enriquece su contenido.
Los valores fundamentales de nuestras sociedades, que emergen en las controversias sobre la libertad de expresión, el aborto o el final de la vida, se convierten en objeto de debate principalmente como cuestiones interpretativas capaces de captar la complejidad del dato jurídico y de configurar un sistema concebido «más como experiencia que como norma» y un derecho experimentado «más como organización que como derecho» (Grossi 1968, VIII), abandonando visiones rígidas y mitológicas para redescubrir la realidad del derecho en el escaneo natural de la experiencia social en su continuo devenir.
En esta perspectiva, a través de este volumen «coral», pretendemos abordar el tema de la interpretación jurídica también, pero no sólo, desde el punto de vista de la filosofía del derecho, planteando preguntas e intentando ofrecer respuestas en torno al problema de cuáles son el estatuto, los fines y las reglas de interpretación.
La pluralidad de aportaciones y enfoques acogidos en el volumen nos ofrece una imagen prismática de la interpretación, en la que el derecho y la narración de sus significados están inseparablemente unidos, proporcionando las opciones ordinales de una historia y un destino. En este sentido, se concibe un compromiso interpretativo que presupone una asunción de responsabilidad, dotada de una razón práctica y acompañada por la convicción de la comunidad inter-preterritorial de que está comprometida en una actividad dotada de valor (Cover 2008, 66).
Esperamos con este trabajo poder ofrecer, como ante un mosaico que compone una imagen armoniosa formada por miles de piezas, una perspectiva innovadora e integral, caracterizada por el esfuerzo de esbozar una visión interdisciplinar de nuestro objeto de investigación. Sin embargo, dada la amplitud y la profundidad del problema, podemos creer razonablemente que hemos trazado un camino provisional pero prometedor, que, invirtiendo en herramientas y recursos procedentes de campos afines del Derecho, pretende abordar cuestiones transversales.

Stafne's declaration begins:

1.) My name is Scott Erik Stafne. I make this declaration under the penalty
of perjury. This declaration is based on personal knowledge. I make this
declaration in my capacity as an attorney licensed to practice law in the state of Washington since 1976. This declaration addresses allegations raised by Disciplinary Counsel regarding my professional conduct.

2.) As I understand it, the office of the Washington State Bar Association’s
Disciplinary Counsel is asking me to defend against Senior Judge Robart’s
accusation in two decisions that my presentations in the Carmen Bergeron
bankruptcy appeal are/were “frivolous.” See September 24, 2024, grievance
against me by disciplinary counsel. The two decisions, to which Disciplinary Counsel has instructed me to respond include one dated July 29, 2024, and another dated August 16, 2024. Those judicial decisions are part of the Disciplinary Counsel’s complaint and therefore already a part of the record. These accusations are central to ongoing legal debates regarding judicial independence and my role in advocating for constitutional principles.