Cyber Stalking

La Violencia de Género es uno de los problemas sociales a los que, dada la gravedad y los resultados de muerte se le viene prestando, en la actualidad, mayor atención política, social y judicial. A raíz de la reforma del código penal español del año 2015, estudiaremos una nueva modalidad delictiva que combina el nuevo delito de acoso a través de medios digitales del artículo 172 ter, con la agravante del artículo 173.2  que hace referencia a la comisión del delito por las parejas o ex parejas. Con esta combinación de conceptos surge lo que podríamos denominar violencia de género digital y que se desarrolla fundamentalmente a través de las redes sociales y de los terminales móviles con aplicaciones de mensajería instantánea.

Knowledge of technology-facilitated abuse and stalking has increased in recent decades, but research on how children and young people are exposed to these behaviours by their parent is still lacking. This article examines how technology-facilitated parental stalking manifests in children’s and young people’s everyday lives in contexts where parents have separated and fathers/father-figures have stalked mothers as part of post-separation coercive control. The article analyses materials from 131 stalking cases dealt with by district courts in Finland from 2014 to 2017 in cases that involved a relationship (dating, cohabitation or marriage), separation/divorce, and one or more children. Analysis of these court decisions identified that children and young people were exposed to three manifestations of technology-facilitated parental stalking: (1) Threats of violence and death; (2) Intrusive and obsessive fatherhood; and (3) Disparaging and insulting motherhood/womanhood. These findings underline the following contextual factors that are important for professionals to consider in identifying and helping children and young people exposed to parental stalking: technology enabling constant coercive and controlling abuse, technology in maintaining abusive parenthood, and technology in magnifying gendered tactics of abuse. The article argues that children’s exposure to and vulnerability to technology-facilitated parental stalking must be more widely recognised.

The stalker profile involves multiple descriptions, definitions and dimensions. With the advent of the information and communications technology, cyber stalking has gradually grown to become a serious concern for law enforcement and anyone engaged in online activities.

Today, Cybercrime has caused lot of damages to individuals, organizations and even the Government. Cybercrime detection methods and classification methods have came up with varying levels of success for preventing and protecting data from such attacks. Several laws and methods have been introduced in order to prevent cybercrime and the penalties are laid down to the criminals. However, the study shows that there are many countries facing this problem even today and United States of America is leading with maximum damage due to the cybercrimes over the years. According to the recent survey carried out it was noticed that year 2013 saw the monetary damage of nearly 781.84 million U.S. dollars. This paper describes about the common areas where cybercrime usually occurs and the different types of cybercrimes that are committed today. The paper also shows the studies made on email related crimes as email is the most common medium through which the cybercrimes occur. In addition, some of the case studies related to cybercrimes are also laid down.

In an attempt to see if gangstalking is a real phenomenon or a mental disease being suffered en masse, we look towards and analyze the available information. After comparing the various and recent influx of personal accounts online, estimates of the number of victims, brain scans, historic and modern evidence of gangstalking, and historic and modern evidence of energy weapon abuse on citizens as well as looking at court testimony and legal documents it is most likely that gangstalking is a real phenomenon that is being perpetrated by a sect of the federal government with local criminals and local agents doing most of the work and to take the fall if it is ever exposed. Despite the growing number of personal accounts online, little to no exposure is being given in the mainstream media, especially on television channels. The author suggests a class action lawsuit against the government to bring awareness to the public at large.

Cyberstalking is practiced by Internet abusers to harass, victimize and to mock peers, teachers, co-workers, neighbors and others. While typically framed as an individual pursuit, we suggest that it can best be understood as a collective process, both as a result of internet users' reliance on platforms and third-party services, as well as their engagements with other internet users engaged in related data practices, including doxing. We discuss the Amy Boyer tragedy, a well-known case that led to changes in law designed to better protect individual privacy. Subsequently, the paper discusses the responsibility of data companies within the broad business dimension of Internet companies. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is suggested as a model to follow. Ethical leaders are people who care about the greater good of their employees, organization, and society rather than their own self-interests.

With the number of people who have access to computer and the internet continually growing, there has been an explosion in the use of the internet for the transfer of information and communication between users. However, the growth of the internet has also increase the resources available to criminals for illegal or bad purpose such as Cyberstalking. Conversely the internet has opened windows of previously unknown criminal opportunities that not only challenges, but also transcend all physical boundaries, borders, and limitations to detect, punish and diminish what appears to be a mounting problem of global proportion. This paper presents a glimpse of deviant behaviours of victims and offenders of Cyberstalking crimes.

How could be  human being used as evil's artificial intelligence? They first chipped me the evil China spy chipped me by Nano biosensor. I saw expert, Dr. Hildgarder Staninger who helped me to find a brain surgeon to removed my nano biosensor . but not even a one year, the evil China spy interpreted another nano biosensor I could not remove it. Evil already determined to use my body as their system and they need to use the big brain chips to hold some of their documents.

""This paper presentation is about the potential understanding of the development of defamation, Cyber Defamation respectively. The paper will further assess the development of defamation (origin, meaning, types of defamation, elements and the aspect of innuendo) from traditional defamation to modern means that is Cyber Defamation (Part II). A Detail Discussion on Whether Defamation Differs from Cyber Defamation (Part III) and personal assessment will conclude the work (Part Iv).
The main questions in this presentation will be;
Why users of the Internet are more likely than ordinary citizens to be found publishing comments which are actionable as defamatory, and;
What problems (or, looking at it from the other side of the fence, opportunities) arise if those who are the victims of defamatory comments on the net attempt to seek compensation by taking legal action .
The answers to these two questions will influence at large extent as to whether defamation differs from the cyber defamation.
""

The wide availability of the internet has brought massive changes in the ways by which
communication can be achieved and in many instances have replaced traditional methods of
correspondence. Increasingly popular is the use of social network sites which are one of the
many ways by which computer mediated communication can be achieved. The massive
growth of this sort of interaction has consequently attracted a large amount of media attention
particularly following incidents of criminal activity that came to light. The aim of this
dissertation is to explore the extent and nature of criminal activity of most popular social
networking site, Facebook, and to determine whether the risks and warnings highlighted in
the news and other media regarding the use of social network sites are justified. The main
approach adopted for this purpose is a combination of both qualitative and quantitative
collection.
The findings of this project indicate an increase in reporting offences which are in some way 
related to the social network site Facebook. The several factors which contribute to this 
increase, as well as the limitations of the data supplied by the police forces, illustrate the need 
to explore the nature of criminal activity which linked to the social network site. By doing so, 
it was found that more that 100 categories of crime were recorded by the police, in which 
Facebook was mentioned during the report. These offences varied significantly in severity 
and prevalence. 
This study has found that there is a definite need to enhance Facebook users’ awareness in
regards to the available security and privacy options the social network site provides. Many
of the offences reported to the police, could potentially be the result of individuals making
personal information available to online perpetrators who grasp the opportunity to commit an
offence. Although tackling online criminal activity is a challenging task, many of these
offences can be prevented, by enhancing the knowledge of individuals using the social
network as to the risks to which they may be exposing themselves in their extended public
self – presentation.

In today’s society, technology is a key influence in the ways we do business, interact with each other, date each other, etc. We have become more reliant on technology and it is a positive and negative influence on us all. With the increase in technology, comes the increase in cyber-crime. A small component of cyber-crime is cyber-stalking / harassment. They both consist of preying on an individual by means of electronically or technologically tracking and harassing a person or group. With this in mind, law enforcement has slowly progressed to proactively counter these threats, but they are not quite up to speed yet. In order for law enforcement to investigate and prosecute these cases, laws have to be enacted and training needs to be put in place. This research will hopefully describe the current outlook on cyber-bullying / harassment and what the law enforcement community has done so far to combat this threat.

Cyberstalking is a special form of stalking and involves the use of information and communication technologies as the means and the medium of harassment or intimidation. Cyberstalking can lead to significant and long lasting psychological, economic or even physical effects, and can be a platform for the commission of violent crimes. In the last decade, cyberstalking has received significant attention from researchers, lawmakers, policy officials, and law enforcement agencies. Yet, although there is a significant body of literature on the topic, which recognizes cyberstalking as a very serious and growing problem and discusses various aspects of it, we believe that the phenomenon is not sufficiently examined, particularly considering the rapidly evolving technologies, which give perpetrators unprecedented capabilities. In this paper, in an interdisciplinary approach, we review relevant research and look into the criminalization of cyberstalking. Our paper extends existing knowledge of the phenomenon by analyzing a number of recent real cases, obtained mainly through an online legal research service, to reveal the nature of cyberstalking. We outline the most important aspects and issues raised by this phenomenon and make a number of recommendations as possible solutions to mitigating the risk, from education and awareness to adequate technology and legal response.

As we all know that Cybercrime has been one of the common practices made by the computer expert. In this paper I have mentioned some of the impact of the cybercrime. Cybercrime is that activities made by the people for destroying organization network, stealing others valuable data, documents, hacking bank account and transferring money to their own and so on. My paper gives detailed information regarding cybercrime, its types, modes of cybercrime and security measures including prevention to deal effectively with cybercrime...Finally I will go for the research on the crime made by the misuse of cybercrime in some of the field and areas like in Financial crimes, Cyber pornography, Online gambling, Intellectual Property crimes, Forgery, Cyber Defamation, Cyber stalking, Email spoofing, Email bombing, Denial of Service attack, Salami attacks, Virus / worm attacks, Web jacking, Data diddling etc. and also try to find which type of cybercrime is most practice in the world and finally I will get the main objective of my term paper. Like this my term paper will be completed.

Kriti Singh, having background in media and communication, opines that the menace of trolls seems to be here to stay, but the answer is to not take the bait, and, rather choose discourses and online acquaintances wisely, self-monitor the social media networks and digital conversations, using strong privacy settings, and ultimately using the very technology being misused.

Cyberstalking is an important issue which causes significant distress but which has been difficult to find a means of regulating, particularly through formal criminal systems. Yet proper regulation of cyberstalking behaviour could have substantial impact upon the wellbeing of many victims – from child to adult. In this article, I suggest that a different from of regulation is required: one based upon a virtual, community-based concept of regulation. Such a concept offers a novel approach based on three elements fundamental to the
discussion of regulation of cyberstalking: (1) the differences between physical stalking and cyberstalking; (2) the character of a virtual community and the effects of social interactions; and (3) the scope of experience and reality. This formulation is based on an expansive view of regulation and ‘normativity’ of a virtual community. The author advocates the formation of codes of conduct based on the ‘rights and responsibilities’
discourse, termed here as ‘protocols,’ which reflect optimal sociological conceptions. The philosophical underpinning of protocols recognises the value of community, essentially the connection between individuals and their community. As such, these protocols will assist in the formation of private laws that are practical and acceptable within the virtual community. The aim of this concept of regulation is to ensure that cyberspace remains a lawful and socially useful space.

The right to internet usage has now become a human right, as declared by the United Nations Human Rights Council in June 2016. Violence against women and girls knows no boundaries, cutting across borders, race, culture and income groups, profoundly harming victims, people around them, and society as a whole. The Cyber Era has produced internet technology and brought a new phenomenon in the area of mass media which also spawned new media that is commonly called social media. Readers might broadly agree that society's failure to address gender-based violence and crimes is symptomatic of a wider social failure to respect and honor each other regardless of sex, age, creed or race. "Culture is the sphere where we socialize ourselves-and the Internet-global in its reach, is a dimension of that sphere". The main aim of this research paper is to make users aware about cyber crimes like stalking, morphing, pornography specially the women. Work in this paper is towards Delhi Women (i.e., victims of cyber crime) and case laws are specially focused on women victimization of crime. Ms.Prerna Pratham Singh, a final year M.A.(Political Sc.) Delhi University student, posted the screenshot (May, 2015), on her Facebook page, of a lewd and abusive message posted to her by accused Raushan Kumar. With this screenshot, she posted a message too-which sent a straight message to not only the accused but to his alikes too. Within hours after Prerna posted this message on her timeline, the accused tried to escape the situation by declaring that his Facebook account has been hacked and has been used by somebody else to send offensive messages. Although Prerna took a brave step to teach lesson to the culprit, but does every women have this much courage to fight against "Cyber Crime".

Use of online social networking sites such as Facebook has burgeoned in the last 5 years. We examine these sites as facilitators of Online Obsessive Relational Intrusion (o-ORI)-a much-talked about, but relatively un-researched online phenomenon. We draw parallels between the types of behaviors conducted online and those identified in the literature on relational intrusion and its more extreme relative, stalking. We present a frequency analysis of students' behavior on Facebook and find evidence of relational intrusion from both offenders and targets. The behaviors can be classified into five different categories, including: primary contact attempts, secondary contact attempts (i.e., contacting others connected to the target), monitoring or surveillance, expressions, and invitations. We conclude that Facebook facilitates behaviors that are indicative of obsessive relational intrusion and that such behaviors have implications for users' privacy and security.

Cyberstalking is an important issue which causes significant distress but which has been difficult to find a means of regulating, particularly through formal criminal systems. Yet proper regulation of cyberstalking behaviour could have substantial impact upon the wellbeing of many victims – from child to adult. In this article, I suggest that a different from of regulation is required: one based upon a virtual, community-based concept of regulation. Such a concept offers a novel approach based on three elements fundamental to the discussion of regulation of cyberstalking: (1) the differences between physical stalking and cyberstalking; (2) the character of a virtual community and the effects of social interactions; and (3) the scope of experience and reality. This formulation is based on an expansive view of regulation and ‘normativity’ of a virtual community. The author advocates the formation of codes of conduct based on the ‘rights and responsibilities’ discourse, termed here as ...

As a forensic psychologist with expertise in theoretical criminology and abnormal psychology, this writer has formulated a psychological, and criminological construct for the growing dimension known as cyberspace. This paradigm he has termed iPredator and children and adolescents who engage in cyber bullying of other children using information and communications technology (ICT.) Within this writer's paradigm of iPredator, a significant percentage of those cyber bullies who are conscious of the harm they cause a target child are included.

On the Patriarchal Deconstruction of Women's Identity Through the Use of Illusions, False Beliefs, Fear and Psychology © (Sole author) Liba Kaucky, independent feminist research, June 2010 All Rights Reserved. The moral rights of this author have been asserted. Researcher ID: P-2484-2016 URL: https://publons.com/researcher/2202509/liba-kaucky/ ; ORCID ID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1598-0833

O artigo problematiza a tipificação, por meio da Lei 14.132/2021, do delito de perseguição no art. 147-A do Código Penal brasileiro, perquirindo sobre sua adequação ao princípio da legalidade penal, bem como sobre a necessidade de ratificação, pelo Brasil, da Convenção de Budapeste. O texto encontra-se estruturado em duas seções
que correspondem aos seus objetivos específicos: a) inicialmente, aborda-se, sob uma perspectiva crítica, a tipificação do delito de perseguição no Código Penal brasileiro; b) na sequência, o texto analisa uma das formas mais comuns da prática desse delito – a
perseguição por meio de tecnologias da informação e comunicação ou cyberstalking –, destacando a importância da adesão, pelo Brasil, à Convenção de Budapeste para uma persecução mais eficiente e coordenada aos ciberdelitos.

Cyberstalking is a specific form of stalking that involves the use of technology as the means and the medium to instigate psychological violence against another person. Cyberstalking represents a violation of the fundamental human rights to life, liberty, and security, and can amount to a very significant interference with the victims’ privacy, family, or property. Based on the study of about three hundred U.S. court cases, this article presents a comprehensive examination of the main perpetration and litigation aspects involved in cyberstalking cases. Part I, based on the study of cases brought to courts or reported in press releases, notes the essential perpetration aspects of the phenomenon. Part II explains the elements of the federal cyberstalking statute. Part III reports and discusses the main litigation aspects of cyberstalking charges in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2261A(2). Finally, this article discusses the implications for cyberstalking criminalization, research, and litigation.

Cyberstalking is an important issue which causes significant distress but which has been difficult to find a means of regulating, particularly through formal criminal systems. Yet proper regulation of cyberstalking behaviour could have substantial impact upon the wellbeing of many victims – from child to adult. In this article, I suggest that a different from of regulation is required: one based upon a virtual, community-based concept of regulation. Such a concept offers a novel approach based on three elements fundamental to the discussion of regulation of cyberstalking: (1) the differences between physical stalking and cyberstalking; (2) the character of a virtual community and the effects of social interactions; and (3) the scope of experience and reality. This formulation is based on an expansive view of regulation and 'normativity' of a virtual community. The author advocates the formation of codes of conduct based on the 'rights and responsibilities' discourse,...

In recent years there has been considerable attention to the adverse consequences that dating violence (DV) among young people has in different areas of development. The increasing use of information and communication technologies (ICTs), mostly among young people, has consequences in the individuals’ socialization process, therefore changing the victimization process. As a result, other forms of aggression have been adopted, leading to changes in the subjects’ risk profile and exposure to violence. Literature reports reciprocal violence as the most common pattern of violent interaction in young people’s intimate relationships, supporting an idea of parity regarding the participation of both genders in violent behaviour. This chapter intends to analyse the phenomenon of violence in young people’s intimate relationships and its close connection to a particular form of crime, known as cyberstalking, which has gained exposure and social visibility in the context of DV. Along with presented research data supporting the prevalence of the phenomenon, the dynamics associated with victimization in juvenile intimate relationships are characterized, and the strategies used by the victims are discussed. Finally, some proposals about prevention are presented, so that victims and non-victims are able to recognize the potential behaviours leading to these forms of violence.

Domestic violence (DV) or intimate partner violence (IPV) arises when there is violent, abusive, or intimidating behavior in a relationship in order to control the victim physically, psychologically, economically, and/or sexually. Furthermore, the digital environment and new technologies seem to favor and legitimize forms of violent communication‐action. A systemic perspective tries to frame the complexity of the phenomenon, considered a public health problem. The right of every person to live free from DV needs to be implemented for the victims, for society, for all humanity.

This essay aims at uncovering relations of power underlying the use of Facebook for ‘Facebook stalking’, defined partially by Marwick’s 2012 case study. I then proceed to describe the event using linguistic ethnography, mainly based on Rampton and Zimmerman’s frameworks. I focus on the setting, Facebook, and the constraints associated with it, as well as the different potential participants and goals of the event. I elaborate on incentives to stalk, different cases of stalking and finally, my view and history of Facebook stalking and being stalked. I use Foucault’s Panopticon as the starting point of my analysis to define Facebook’s ‘regime of visibility’, I then analyse the information asymmetry created by stalking, the governmentality and scale-sensitivity associated with donating content and finally, stalking as a strategy of struggle with Facebook as an institution.

iPredator: iPredator: iPredator: iPredator: A child, adult or group who engages in exploitation, abuse, victimization, stalking, theft or disparagement of others using information and communications technology (ICT.) iPredators are driven by deviant sexual fantasies, desires for power and control, retribution, religious fanaticism, political reprisal, psychiatric illness, perceptual distortions, peer acceptance or personal and financial gain. iPredators can be any age, either gender and not bound by socio-economic status or racial/national heritage. Whether the offender is a cyber bully, cyber stalker, cyber criminal, online sexual predator, Internet troll or cyber terrorist, they fall within the scope of iPredator.

The first legislative response to stalking within Australia was introduced in Queensland in 1993. Since then each state and territory has implemented their own legislation in response to the crime, with several amendments and criticisms still occurring to this day. The current definition of stalking is ambiguous, as each state and territory provide alternate definitions within their legislation. Purcell, Pathé & Mullen (2000) define stalking as " the offence [with] 2 or more such intrusions that are intended to, or actually, render the recipient fearful ". The lack of clear definition has hindered Australia's ability to effectively measure, and therefore combat, the crime of stalking. Legislative language has also hindered effective policing of the offence, as much debate enforced continual legislation change over the definition of harm and intent (Urbas, 2000) .Whilst law enforcement and judicial powers struggle to effectively combat the offence, there is a need to critically analyse the flaws in data collection and the criminal justice responses that can be implemented in response to accurate data. Definition and criminalisation of the offence

Stalking is a problem that many people especially women face in their real life.  Stalking refers to harassing or threatening behavior that an individual engages towards another person. The legal elements of stalking include a course of conduct like following, telephoning, sending emails, unsolicited virtual conduct, etc. Threat by the stalker and presence of mensrea are the requirements of stalking. The stalker also affects the immediate family or close members. Studies show that 80 percent of victims are “ordinary” people. When these problems occur on internet it is called as “cyberstalking”.  Stalker behavior has been grouped under four heads: simple obsessional, erotomanic, love obsessional and false victimization syndrome. The legal regime on cyberstalking are based on tort law and civil remedy of injunction under CPC (1908) and specific relief act, 1963. The criminal remedy is available under Offence Against Person Act, 1861, under section-153A, 268, 319-325, 349-351,354, 503-510 of IPC (1860), and under section-66A of IT act,2000. The researcher in this paper analyses the legislative provisions with regard to cyberstalking and criticizes the actual implementation and effectiveness of those legislative provisions. The researcher also attempts to make a suggestion for preventing stalking in the cyber world.                                                               
Keywords:
Cyberstalking
IPC
CPC
Section 66A of IT act
Effectiveness

Excerpt from Scott R. Stroud & Jonathan Henson, “Social Media, Online Sharing, and the Ethical Complexity of Consent in Revenge Porn,” Online Consumer Behavior: The Dark Side of Social Media, Angeline Close Scheinbaum (ed.), Routledge, forthcoming.

"True Crimes Online
presenta 16 historias, basadas en hechos de la vida real, de
crímenes cibernéticos que incluyen acecho, acoso, amenazas, intimidaciones, estafa
y violencia. Hitchtcock, reconocida internacionalmente como experta en crímenes
cibernéticos, expone al lector a
situaciones ocurridas desde el año 1997 hasta el
2012 en las que, además de mencionar los hechos, incluye datos relacionados con la
intervención y solución judicial. En esta obra, la autora pretende y logra comun
icar
situaciones para que tanto
los adulto
s como los niños puedan mantenerse a salvo de
este tipo de crimen.
"

This research paper focuses the importance of implementing the necessary and mandatory rules and regulations which are responsible for evaluation of the current threats which pose a major challenge towards the world of computers and fast multimedia services. The computer is becoming more important nowadays because of the rapidly growing technology and evolution of Internet and other Multimedia facilities. The human being is benefitted due to the facilities and services which are being provided by the Internet like
Social Networking sites such as Face book, Orkut, Twitter, WhatsApp etc.