German diaspora (Migration and Ethnicity)

Unserdeutsch, in der englischsprachigen Fachliteratur auch unter dem Namen Rabaul Creole German bekannt, ist die einzige deutsch relexifizierte Kreolsprache der Welt. Es ist um die Wende vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert unter mixed-race Kindern an der Missionsstation der Herz-Jesu-Missionare in Vunapope auf der Insel New Britain im damals vom Deutschen Reich als Kolonie verwalteten Bismarck-Archipel (Papua-Neuguinea) entstanden und wurde 1979 durch einen Zufall von Craig A. Volker für die linguistische Forschung entdeckt. Unserdeutsch wird heute nur noch von höchstens etwa 100 älteren Menschen gesprochen. Selbst die jüngsten aktiven Sprecher sind über 65, so dass die Sprache als stark gefährdet gilt und nach der zehnstufigen Gefährdungsskala von Ethnologue (Lewis et al. 2015) als nearly extinct (Stufe 8b) und nach der sechsstufigen Skala der UNESCO (Moseley 2010) als critically endangered einge-stuft werden muss. Aus diesen Gründen wird die hier beschriebene Dokumentation der Sprache in der näheren Zukunft nicht mehr möglich sein.

Seit Beginn der 1990er Jahre sind Menschen zwischen Deutschland und Osteuropa, Russland sowie Zentralasien in Bewegung. Die Beiträge dieses Bandes widmen sich diesen neuen post-sozialistischen Migrationen, Remigrationen und Verortungen in Eurasien und nehmen damit die im Vorgängerband »Zuhause fremd« (2006) begonnenen Debatten zu Fragen der Zugehörigkeit und Beheimatung wieder auf. Der Einbezug sowohl der Herkunfts- als auch der Ankunftsorte ermöglicht eine über reine Integrationsfragestellungen hinausgehende transnationale Perspektive, die insbesondere an der zahlenmäßig größten bundesdeutschen Einwanderergruppe der (Spät-)Aussiedler_innen entwickelt wird.

Eric J. Schmaltz.  “Los alemanes de Rusia (The Germans from Russia):  Other Immigrant Destinies in South America."  Heritage Review, Vol. 48, No. 2 (June 2018):  pp. 10-23. 

Revised and expanded article reprinted with permission from the American Historical Society of Germans from Russia (AHSGR):  Eric J. Schmaltz.  “Other Immigrant Destinies:  An Overview of South America’s Germans from Russia.”  Journal of the American Historical Society of Germans from Russia 39:1 (Spring 2016):  pp. 1-13.

alter Deininger era chaparro. Y sí, detrás de los cristales de sus lentes se atisbaba un par de ojos color azul. Pero, contradiciendo al cliché que se tiene de los alemanes -de rígidos y toscamente francos-, el carácter de Walter era flemático y bonachón. O así lo recuerda Héctor Navas, de 88 años.

Eric J. Schmaltz.  “Other Immigrant Destinies:  An Overview of South America’s Germans from Russia.”  Journal of the American Historical Society of Germans from Russia 39:1 (Spring 2016):  pp. 1-13

Many scholars are unaware of the resources available at the AHSGR.  See link to AHSGR Website for this and so many other fine research materials: 

https://ahsgr.site-ym.com/store/default.aspx?

Compiler's Note: I have translated some of the following entries directly from the German and Russian languages out of numerous academic and popular sources. For many of the translated entries, I have taken the liberty to make careful modifications of words and phrases or include corrections and additional pertinent information. I also have tracked down much new information on my own from diverse materials. Like an expanding coral reef, key historical dates, personalities, events, and developments continue to be collected, layer upon layer. Documentation of both our individual lives and family histories remains enmeshed by this accumulation of knowledge. Different versions of the historical timeline have already appeared in a number of significant publications: Eric

Resumo. Este trabalho pretende analisar as práticas mágicas que acompa-nham os principais ritos de passagem e as acusações de bruxaria que marcam o cotidiano dos imigrantes pomeranos, trabalhadores rurais de origem alemã vindos do Norte da Alemanha, que chegaram ao país no ano de 1870 e se localizam atualmente na região cenrtro-sul do Estado do Espírito Santo. Dentre os ritos de passagem, destaco as práticas mágicas que precedem o nascimento das crianças, o casamento e a importância das mulheres na condução das palavras e atos que marcam estes momentos da vida social de extrema importância para o grupo repensar a sua reprodução étnica e social. Cabe ressaltar a significação que as pomeranas possuem nos relatos de bruxaria expressos pela comunidade nos momentos "chave" para o entendimento das etapas de reorganização social e econômica desta par-cela do campesinato, tais como: divisão e transmissão da herança e do patrimônio entre os membros da família, períodos de intensa atividade econômica (colheitas de café) e a distribuição das tarefas no interior da "household". Abstract.

Die Auflage lautete, einen Abriss der siebenbürgisch-deutschen Literatur zu verfassen. Nach einigem Besinnen gaben wir uns Rechenschaft, dass ein solches Unterfangen schwerlich zu einem guten Ende zu bringen würde sein, jedenfalls nicht im Rahmen einer so schmalen Arbeit, denn ein halbes Jahrtausend Literatur lässt sich nicht in –zig Seiten zusammenfassen, es sei denn, man lässt sich auf die Gefahr ein, wichtige Teile dieses literarischen Werdegangs der Siebenbürger Sachsen unberücksichtigt zu lassen.

Da kam uns die Idee, unseren Standort, Wien, mit dem gestellten Thema in Verbindung zu bringen: Die siebenbürgisch-österreichischen Literaturbeziehungen könnten der rote Faden der vorliegenden Arbeit werden, und zwar in allen ihren Facetten; es würden die Schriftsteller zu berücksichtigen sein, die, in Siebenbürgen geboren, einen Teil ihres Lebens in Österreich verbracht und da geschrieben haben, dann diejenigen Autoren, die in Wien oder anderorts in Österreich studiert und daselbst wichtige Impulse für ihr Schaffen empfangen haben; umgekehrt, Autoren, die in Österreich geboren und in Siebenbürgen gelebt haben; es werden auch Einflüsse österreichischer Autoren auf siebenbürgische Schriftsteller untersucht und auch solche angeführt werden deren Werke in Wien oder der österreichischen Provinz erschienen sind.

Desgleichen finden Autoren Beachtung, die in den Mittelpunkt ihrer Werke Themen mit Bezügen zu Österreich stellen, z. B. die Novellen, in denen das Ringen um die Vorherrschaft in Siebenbürgen zwischen dem österreichischen Kaiser Ferdinand und dem Fürsten Zápolya geschildert wird. Natürlich hätte solch eine austrozentrierte Darstellung ihre Lücken und Einseitigkeiten, deshalb werden in zusammenfassenden Passagen immer auch Übersichten über das literarische Feld in seiner Gesamtheit aus den entsprechenden Perioden gegeben. Literatur entsteht nicht im leeren Raum, deshalb erschien es nötig, jeweils den sozio-kulturellen Hintergrund zu beleuchten.

In diesem ersten Band wird die Literatur der Siebenbürger Sachsen von ihren Anfängen bis zum Jahre 1890 untersucht werden. In einem nächsten Band wird dann eine Übersicht über die Periode von 1890 bis in die Gegenwart gegeben werden. Weshalb das Jahr 1890 als Einschnitt in der siebenbürgisch-deutschen Literatur gewählt wurde wird an entsprechender Stelle erklärt werden.

Wir haben kein einheitliches Zielpublikum vor Augen, dasselbe ist vielmehr äußerst heterogen, sowohl was das Alter, als auch was nationale und soziale Herkunft anbelangt. Wir möchten gleichermaßen weniger junge Siebenbürger Sachsen erreichen, die sich in Österreich niedergelassen haben, als auch (um nur ein Beispiel zu nennen) die in der alten Heimat verbliebenen jungen Studenten. Andererseits ist die Arbeit nicht ausschließlich für Siebenbürger Sachsen geschrieben worden. So kommt es, dass für einige Manches vielleicht schon bekannt war, während es für Andere vollkommenes Neuland darstellte.
Arbeiten, die teilweise dasselbe Thema zum Gegenstand haben, wurden erst nach Fertigstellung dieses Abrisses eingesehen, und haben unsere Untersuchungen nicht beeinflusst.

The migration of Romanian Germans was one of the most significant ethnic migrations from Romania. It was a population movement that was conducted in three distinctive waves: during and in the aftermath of the Second World War, during communism, and in the first two years after 1990. This paper analyzes these migration waves by looking at the political, social and economic causes of this mass migration of ethnic Germans, after hundreds of years of residence on the territory of today's Romania. It discusses the institutional arrangement that made these migratory waves possible, namely the negotiations conducted and the agreements between Romania, East and the West Germany which provided the institutional basis for this migration. Thus, analyzing the evolution of this migration over a longer-term period of time, and detailing institutional arrangements during communism, we aim at providing a nuanced view on how both states of origin and destination influence such politically motivated migratory waves.

Eric J. Schmaltz.  “Preface” (in English) in Samuel D. Sinner, The Open Wound:  The Genocide of German Ethnic Minorities in Russia and the Soviet Union, 1915-1949 and Beyond/Der Genozid an Russlanddeutschen 1915-1949.  Additional preface (in German) by Dr. Gerd Stricker.  Fargo, ND:  Germans from Russia Heritage Collection, North Dakota State University Libraries, 2000.  Pp. xi-xxiv.

Related links:

https://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/order/general/sinner.html

https://library.ndsu.edu/grhc/order/general/sinnerreview2.html

Mosaico. Palavra que melhor define o que representa as migrações no estado do Espírito Santo. Vários pequenos grupos, fluxos diferenciados e a importância dos italianos e alemães, como etnias expressivamente significativas, constituem parte da história da composição étnica, cultural, econômica e política do estado. Trataremos inicialmente da bibliografia disponível sobre os fluxos imigratórios e com particular atenção respectivamente para a imigração italiana e alemã. A historiografia sobre o estado do Espírito Santo é desigual, sendo tão diversificada quanto os fluxos migratórios que lá estiveram. Esta compreende desde poucos trabalhos de cunho acadêmico, descrições de folcloristas, romances como Canaã de Graça Aranha, trabalhos de pastores e arquivos pertencentes a igreja luterana, historiadores locais até alguns viajantes que estiveram na região. Dentre os trabalhos de maior expressão, temos a geografia, em menor grau os da história, da antropologia e da sociologia, e poucos possuem teor acadêmico. No caso da imigração alemã, a maior parte está produzida em alemão, editada na Alemanha e nas colônias, sendo localizadas em pequenas bibliotecas, nos arquivos da igreja luterana, em acervos particulares ou em Institutos, como por exemplo, o Instituto Hans Staden e o Instituto Histórico Geográfico do Estado do Espírito Santo. No âmbito dos estudos com maior ênfase nas correntes migratórias italianas e alemãs destaco a importância dos trabalhos pioneiros dos historiadores e geógrafos locais Abreu Cavatti (s/d) que mostram os aspectos da colonização no estado, muitos operavam com uma análise de cunho assimilacionista, enfatizavam aspectos climatológicos, morfológicos e demográficos das regiões de fluxos migratórios e também descreveram aspectos conflitivos presentes no histórico das colônias. * Doutora em Antropologia Social/PPGAS/Museu Nacional-Professora Adjunta da UERJ 57

O Prêmio Margarida Alves de Estudos Rurais e Gênero promovido pelo Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário, por meio do Programa de Promoção da Igualdade de Gênero, Raça e Etnia e do Núcleo de Estudos Agrário e Desenvolvimento Rural e seus/as parceiros/as integra essa estratégia de fortalecimento desa produção,pelo estímulo à realização de pesquisas e estudos acadêmicos no campo das ciências humanas e agrárias.
Os trabalhos que foram premiados e que ora vêm a público constituem uma importante ferramenta de reflexão para os gestores e gestoras públicas. Esta iniciativa somada a várias outras pesquisas realizadas por iniciativa do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário que abordam a presença das mulheres na reforma agrária e na agricultura familiar contribuem para a promoção da autonomia econômica das mulheres através da ampliação e qualifcação da presença das mulheres nas políticas públicas de desenvolvimento rural.

THe author has sent copies of tape recordings from his fieldwork with speakers of Rabaul Creole German to the Pacific Collection of the University of Hawai'i Hamilton Library and the Michael Somare Collection at the University of Papua New Guinea. This language is becoming extinct and these are the only recordings of the language. There is also a recording of an elderly Tolai man who was educate in German during the German colonial period. These tapes are copies of tapes lost by staff at the University of Queensland Library. The tapes are for use by scholars for further analysis.

Rabaul Creole German emerged among mixed-race children at an orphanage near Rabaul and has never been spoken by many people. Today most speakers live in Australia and use English with their children and grandchildren. There is great variation in the speech recorded, with some speakers  recorded using Standard German and others using a very creolised variety.

This text explains the participation of the German lieutenant Karl von Gagern during the Reform War, the French Invasion, and in the political life during the Restored Republic. As a cultured man he joined the “Sociedad de Geografía y Estadística de la República Mexicana” and he was a writer, a journalist and a politician. Due to his military and intellectual merits, he received Mexican citizenship. According to the consulted sources, he was a member of German, Mexican, and American Freemasonry.

This introduction to a special issue of Language and Linguistics in Melanesia about language contact in the German colonies is an attempt to correct the colonial amnesia prevalent in German academia by showing the magnitude of the linguistic changes brought about by German involvement in societies in Africa and the South Pacific.

Eric J. Schmaltz.  “What’s in a Name?:  Russian Germans, German Russians, or Germans from Russia, and the Challenges of Hybrid Identities.”  In Schriften des Bundesinstituts für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa.  Band 68:  Jenseits der “Volksgruppe”.  Neue Perspektiven auf die Russlanddeutschen zwischen Russland, Deutschland und Amerika.  Eds. Victor Dönninghaus, Hans-Christian Petersen, and Jannis Panagiotidis.  Berlin, Boston, and Oldenbourg:  De Gruyter Publishing, 2018.  Pp. 41-72.

The international conference on which the forthcoming compilation was based was entitled "Russian Germans in a Comparative Context:  New Research Perspectives" and took place on 17-18 November 2015 in Berlin, Germany. 

In 2018, the revised and expanded version of this article appeared in a published compilation of conference presentations anticipated by the Bundesinstitut für Kultur und Geschichte der Deutschen im östlichen Europa (Federal Institute for Culture and History of the Germans in Eastern Europe) in Oldenburg, Germany. 

See the conference link: 
https://networks.h-net.org/node/73374/announcements/90074/russian-germans-comparative-context-new-research-perspectives


CONFERENCE PAPER ABSTRACT

What’s in a name?  The seemingly odd juxtaposition of the words “German” and “Russian” in this significant German diaspora’s identity has long challenged officials, scholars, and observers about how multiple historical homelands, transnational attachments, competing state claims over the group, complex interactions between ascribed and prescribed group definitions, and a collective memory of triumph and tragedy over two centuries have formed a people who have made a tremendous cultural, demographic and economic impact on the former USSR, united Germany, and the Western Hemisphere.  Just what exactly, however, is a “Russian German,” “German Russian,” or “German from Russia?”  Following a cursory overview of the group’s evolving identity in Russia, the ex-USSR and Germany, the presentation traces the historical development behind the group’s generally accepted designation today of “German from Russia” or “German Russian” across North America, along with brief consideration of the diaspora in parts of South America.  Particularly for outsiders, the notion of immigrants “being German, but not Russian” despite coming from the Russian Empire sometimes generated in North America broad misconceptions, confusion and even negative stereotypes about these “other Germans.”  Besides the natural course of acculturation or assimilation after a few generations, the dark legacy of anti-German attitudes arising from the two world wars against Germany, as well as anti-Russian sentiments following the Communist takeover in 1917 and later the Cold War, created in North America a “double stigma” that compelled many of these “other Germans” to downplay their East European roots and connections.  Twentieth-century geopolitical developments only built upon earlier native stereotypes about these “other Germans” as “dumb Russians” or “inferior” East Europeans.  In time, a hybrid identity evolved out of these various experiences.  Determining a more suitable and accurate unifying name for this large diaspora community that settled primarily on the North American prairies was negotiated and only took shape in the late 1960s and early 1970s amid the broader “ethnic renaissance” (multiculturalism) phenomenon that emerged in both Canada and the United States.  At this time, it became more acceptable in this case to celebrate one’s ethnic heritage openly within mainstream political culture.

Este trabajo aborda el modo en que fueron producidas y utilizadas las fotografías presentadas por inmigrantes  entrevistados en el transcurso del trabajo de campo con la finalidad de obtener informaciones, siendo por lo tanto sus sentidos articulados con otros datos recogidos.

Rabaul Creole German or Unserdeutsch is a poorly documented language of East New Britain Province that has many grammatical similarities with Tok Pisin. It arose in an home for mixed-race children at the Vunapope Catholic Mission near Kokopo that was started in 1897. After 1903, a decision was made not to permit the children to have contact with their mothers’ communities, thus cutting them off from regular contact with their maternal language or Tok Pisin. At the school students were punished for not speaking German. In the dormitories they played with using German words in Tok Pisin sentences. New students learned this pidgin language from the older students. When the Australians took over the colony at the beginning of World War I, they intensified the forceful removal of mixed-race children and introduced English as the medium of instruction at the school. At this time, the first students were becoming adults, marrying each other, and starting families in which the main language of the household was Unserdeutsch.

Because of racism during the colonial period, the mixed-race community was isolated, but as Papua New Guinea independence approached in 1975, most were offered, and accepted, Australian citizenship and decided to move to Australia. In the more racially relaxed atmosphere there, the community became dispersed and many married outside the community. The result is that today very few children are raised with any knowledge of Rabaul Creole German.

While most pidgin languages arise because of the need for people speaking different language to communicate, Rabaul Creole German arose because of the need for an identity marker for the group. In this way it is similar to Pitcairn-Norfolk, which has been described as a cant, i.e., a deliberate creation to exclude outsiders linguistically. Now that their is no need for protective self-isolation, Rabaul Creole German is disappearing. This purpose of self-identification and self-isolation must be regarded as the reason for the genesis and survival of at least some pidgin languages.

Australia is a multicultural society in which over 300 different indigenous and migrant languages are spoken. While its cultural diversity is often celebrated, Australia's linguistic diversity is still at risk due to the inherent monolingual mindset (cf. Clyne 2005) of its population. In this paper, we use a cross-disciplinary approach, drawing on both historical and sociolin-guistic sources, to investigate some of the major causes of language shift among first-and subsequent generations of postwar German-speaking migrants in Australia. While historical and societal changes have provided greater opportunities for German to be maintained as a heritage language in Australia, these developments may have come too late or have not been effective in the face of English as the dominant language in Australia and as a global language. Our investigation indicates that Australians with German as a heritage language, like many other migrant groups, are still at a high risk of shift to English, despite recent opportunities for language maintenance provided by modern society.

Resumo: Diferentemente dos aspectos mais propriamente culturais que subja-zem a colonização rural teuto-brasileira dos séculos XIX e XX, os temas agrários e florestais permanecem estritamente localizados nas realidades ambientais e sociais do Brasil meridional. Vige como um discurso duradouro a impressão de que as práticas e conhecimentos agrícolas e silvestres dos colonizadores florestais teuto-brasileiros tivessem como origem as imposições da dimensão americana do processo migratório; logo, a ideia de ruptura dos sistemas agrários e de uso florestal se impôs sem maiores contestações. Neste artigo, objetivamos repensar estas suposições através do recurso ao conceito de transferências, embebido em uma roupagem de história ambiental e sob uma perspectiva particular da história do conhecimento, os conhecimentos de migrantes. Observa-se, assim, que o nascimento da agricultura florestal e ígnea teuto-brasileira também esteve associado aos saberes e práticas do mundo camponês alemão. Três vetores de transferência são com mais detalhes analisados: em primeiro lugar, o exercício de uma agricultura extensiva, carente de insumos de pecuária; segundamente, o recurso ao fogo como instrumento de conversão florestal e fertilização; e, por fim, a adoção de cultivares nativos pelas populações rurais teuto-brasileiras. Esses fluxos específicos permitem afirmar a mobilidade e conexão de conhecimentos e práticas silvestres e agrícolas entre Brasil e Alemanha. Assim, antes de ser um evento especificamente americano, a agricultura teuto-brasileira se revestiu de intensos hibridismos, marcados por fenômenos de transferência. Palavras-chave: Agricultura. Floresta. Colonização alemã. Transferência. Conhecimento. Abstract: Differently from the more cultural aspects that underlay German-Brazilian rural colonization in the 19 th and 20 th centuries, agrarian and silvan themes remain strictly placed in the social and environmental realities of southern Brazil. This discourse is still up to date and it reinforces the assumption that agricultural -silvan practices and knowledge carried by German-Brazilian rural society had their origins solely on the impositions of the south American side of the migration. Thus, the idea of rupture regarding agrarian systems and forest use imposed itself without further countercharges. In this paper, we aim at rethinking these assumptions through the concept of transfer, embedded into an environmental history approach and under a perspective of the history of knowledge, or better said, migrant knowledge. We claim that the birth of the German-Brazilian igneous and forest agriculture had been associated to the previous knowledge and practices of the German peasantry. Three vectors of transfers will be then analyzed: firstly, the management of extensive agriculture deprived from enough inputs of husbandry; second, the use of fire as a tool for land clearance and manuring; finally, the adoption of native crops by German-Brazilian rural society. These specific flows allow to argue the mobility and connections of knowledge and agricultural-silvan practices between Germany and Brazil. Therefore, before being an exclusively south American development, German-Brazilian agriculture was distinguished by hybridism, marked by transfer phenomena. A agricultura e floresta dos alemães no Brasil: mobilidade, conhecimentos e transfers no Urwald (século XIX) La agricultura y el bosque de los alemanes en Brasil: movilidad, conocimientos y transfers en el Urwald (siglo XIX) The agriculture and forests of the Germans in Brazil: mobility, knowledge and transfers in the Urwald (19th century) 1 Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (Unisinos), São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil.

The article, based on the field ethnographic research, held among German inhabitants of the Perm Krai, the Republic of Bashkortostan and Orenburg and Chelyabinsk Oblast, is devoted to the structural peculiarities of the calendar of the Ural Germans inhabitants (cycle of seasonalphenological changings and traditions of hagiolatry. Calendar fests and rites have been researched in comparison with the published materials of other Russian German groups and Germans of metropolis which allowed to specify regional, confessional and local aspects of traditions.

Book Review by Eric J. Schmaltz.  A Time for Reflection:  The First One Hundred Years (Reprint and Update of the Hundredth Anniversary of the Germans from Russia in Sheboygan, Wisconsin).  Pp. 44.  Sheboygan, WI:  Sheboygan County Historical Research Center, 2016.  In Yearbook of German American Studies, Vol. 52 (2017) (Society for German American Studies) (Lawrence, KS:  University of Kansas, 2018):  pp. 258-260.

The purpose of this study is to attempt to analyze and interpret an outbuilding located in Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, a town established by French settlers in the 1780s. First the functional activities associated with the outbuilding will be determined and examined to best understand where and how the structure fit within the larger property. The activities taking place within/outside the outbuilding—especially those linked to domestic chores—will theoretically paint a clearer picture of who was living and/or working within the structure and who was not. Since little work has been done within the French Mississippi River valley on outbuildings in general, and slaves/servants more specifically, and since much of the existing documentation concerns the main house families, this study will aid in filling some of the gaps in our knowledge about where domestically oriented outbuildings, and their residents, fit within the social structure of communities like Ste. Genevieve, Missouri. Questions focusing on three aspects of identity—class, gender, and ethnicity—will aide in better understanding the social dynamics between the community’s residents—for both the owners and the  “help” living on the Janis-Ziegler houselot. As will be discussed later in this study, the material culture recovered from the outbuilding and the property will show a connection to people other than the property owners and will answer the questions concerning the “help” and the social dynamics of those (both the owners and the owned/hired) living on the Janis-Ziegler property.

Sirkeci, Ibrahim and Zeyneloglu, Sinan (2014) Abwanderung aus Deutschland  in die Türkei: Eine Trendwende  im Migrationsgeschehen? In: Alscher and Kreienbrink (eds.) Abwanderung von  Türkeistämmigen  Wer verlässt Deutschland und warum?. BAMF. (http://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Publikationen/Beitragsreihe/beitrag-band-6-abwanderung-tuerkeistaemmiger.html?nn=4964056)

Unserdeutsch, also known as Rabaul Creole German, is the only known German-lexifier creole. This critically endangered language has its origins in an orphanage in German New Guinea for mixed-race children, where Standard German was taught by mission personnel. Unserdeutsch was creolised in one generation, and became the in-group language of a small mixed-race community. It is now spoken by around 100 elderly speakers, nearly all immigrants to Australia. The current project is only the second documentation based on actual fieldwork and has a specific focus on the use and vitality of the language as used by the last generation of speakers. It has the aim of producing an Unserdeutsch corpus that will facilitate both future linguistic research and contact with the language for the descendants of Unserdeutsch speakers. Preliminary findings show variation among speakers along a continuum from heavily creolised basilect to an almost European German acrolect. Most of the lexicon is derived from German, while a number of basilectal grammatical constructions are the result of the loss of marked features in German and possible imperfect second language learning as well as relexification of Tok Pisin, the presumed substrate language.

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Între anii 1913 si 1942 a apărut la Bucuresti cu anumite intreruperi revista catolică de limbă germană "Bukarester Katholisches Sonntagsblatt". Iniţiativa înfiintării acestei reviste a apartinut episcopului Raymund Netzhammer. La data de 10 februarie 1913, dupa cum se relatează in jurnalul episcopului (1) , acesta a discutat cu Monseniorul Karl Auner despre oportunitatea si necesitatea infiintării unei reviste catolice de limbă germană la Bucuresti. Revista urma să slujească in primul rand intereselor spirituale, in conformitate cu conceptia episcopului Netzhammer despre pastoratia in limba maternă a credinciosilor. Aricolul de fată isi propune să analizeze profilul revistei parohiale de limbă germană, in special in perioada 1913-1931. Contextul infiintării revistei de limbă germană. Incepand cu prima jumatate a secolului XIX, cele doua principate romane Tara Romaneasca si Moldova au fost zone de imigrare cu populatie venita din spatiul Europei Occidentale. Pe langa alte "elemente alogene" ce s-au asezat pe teritoriul acestor Principate in decursul timpurilor, cum ar fi evrei, armeni, bulgari, greci, albanezi si lipoveni, in secolul XIX odată cu inceperea procesului de modernizare si industrializare o mare parte din colonistii straini ce s-au asezat pe teritoriul acestor principate erau de origine germana sau austriaca, italiana, franceza sau maghiara. Un exemplu sugestiv este cazul orasului Turnu-Severin unde, odata cu infiintarea in anul 1860 a santierului naval de Agentia de navigatie austriacã (D.D.S.G.) au venit multi germani, austrieci, maghiari si italieni, împreunã cu familiile lor. Relatari asemanatoare exista pentru Craiova, Pitesti, Braila si evident Bucuresti. Pentru vorbitorii de limba germana, apare in 1880 la Bucuresti un cotidian de limba germana, "Bukarester Tagblatt", cu o aparitie neintrerupta pana la sfarsitul celui de al doilea razboi mondial. Limba germana era predata ca limba materna sau ca limba straina intr-o serie de scoli confesionale apartinand Bisericii Evanghelice A.B. sau Bisericii Romano-Catolice. Datele referitoare la populatie dupa origine etnica ("neam") nu sunt accesibile pentru zona Vechiului Regat mai devereme de anul 1930. (1) Raymund Netzhammer, "Bischof in Rumänien", volumul I, pag. 412