Grammaticography

ചുരുക്കം

‍സംസ്കൃത-തമിഴ്-യൂറോപ്യന്‍ വ്യാകരണ പാരമ്പര്യങ്ങളിലേക്കെല്ലാം കേരളപാണിനീയത്തിന് ആഴത്തിലുള്ള വേരോട്ടമുണ്ട്. വൈവിധ്യമാര്ന്ന  വ്യാകരണ സങ്കല്പ്ന സങ്കേതങ്ങളുടെ സമ്യക്കായ  സമന്വയമാണ് കേരളപാണിനീയത്തിന്റെസ തടിത്തണ്ടിനെ ശക്തി. വാദങ്ങളുടെയും, അപവാദങ്ങളുടെയും  കണാവുന്നതും, പിടിച്ചു കുലുക്കാവുന്നതും, വലിഞ്ഞു കയറാവുന്നതുമായ ഏറെ വള്ളികളുണ്ട് കേരളപാണിനീയത്തില്‍. വിവരണത്തേക്കാളേറി നില്ക്കു ന്ന വിശദീകരണങ്ങളുടെ എത്തിപിടിക്കാവുന്ന ഏറെ ശാഖകളും. അങ്ങനെ മലയാളത്തിന്റൊ നടുമുറ്റത്ത് ഒരു നൂറ്റാണ്ടായി വളര്ന്ന്ക നിറഞ്ഞ് ഭാഷാപഠനത്തിന് തണല്‍ നല്കിു  അനസ്യൂതമായ ഇലയിളക്കത്തോടെ പടര്ന്ന്് നില്ക്കു ന്ന ഒരു ആല്മഏരം പോലെയാണ് കേരളപാണിനീയം. സംസ്കൃതത്തിന് അഷ്ടാധ്യായി പോലെയും, തമിഴിന് തൊല്ക്കാ പ്പിയം പോലെയും ആണ് മലയാളത്തിന് കേരളപാണിനിയം. ഒരു നൂറ്റാണ്ടിന് ശേഷവും  കേരളപാണിനീയത്തെ മലയാളത്തിന്റെൂ പ്രഥമവ്യാകരണം ആക്കുന്നത് അതിന്റെ് ഉപയോഗമൂല്യമല്ല (extrinsic value), മറിച്ച് അതിന്റെ  നൈസര്ഗ്ഗി കതയാണ് (intrinsic value). ആ നൈസര്ഗ്ഗിeകതയുടെ പ്രത്യേകതകളെ അന്വേഷിക്കേണ്ടത് മലയാള വ്യാകരണപാരമ്പര്യത്തിലാണ്. അതിനുള്ള ഒരു  രു എളിയ ശ്രമമാണ്  ഈ ലേഖനം.

Al poligrafo seicentesco Pietro de' Sebastiani, «cittadino romano» e «professore di favella toscana in Roma», si deve fra l'altro un breve manuale, o piuttosto un Nuovo metodo, come il docente-autore lo intitola in ossequio alla grammatica italiana del portorealista Lancelot, destinato agli stranieri (le «nationi oltramontane») per [far loro] acquistare brievemente la lingua toscana romana (Roma, 1677).
Roma era infatti nel secondo Seicento uno dei principali centri europei per l'insegnamento dell'italiano sia come L1, grazie al costituirsi di un capillare sistema scolastico e alla precoce legislazione in materia di alfabetizzazione (con riflessi anche sull'italianizzazione del romanesco), sia come L2 per il volume di forestieri e la quantità di precettori che vi svolgevano la propria attività. Nello stesso torno di tempo il modello romano di italiano conobbe l'acmè della sua fortuna sia in Italia (ad esempio si ha testimonianza della tendenza nell'alta società fiorentina dell'epoca ad arieggiarne snobisticamente la pronuncia), sia soprattutto all'estero dalla Spagna alla Francia, all'Inghilterra, fino in Svezia, dove circolavano grammatiche in cui si faceva esplicito riferimento all'uso romano dell'italiano a fini normativi.
Dopo aver tracciato il profilo bio-bibliografico dell’autore, ci si propone di analizzare comparativamente il Nuovo metodo con i manuali e le grammatiche di italiano allora circolanti in Italia e all’estero. Informato da istanze moderatamente moderniste, il modello linguistico proposto da de' Sebastiani si caratterizza per una forte attenzione all'uso denunciata fin dalla scelta del glottonimo adottato nel titolo: «lingua toscana romana» e ribadita poi, fra l'altro, dall'autorità riconosciuta agli «ultimi scrittori»; la Crusca costituisce un modello, ma non sempre vincolante. Fra le scelte più innovative si segnala la prescrizione esclusiva delle desinenze  amo, -emo,  imo per la prima persona plurale del presente indicativo. Al contrario lui, lei, loro in funzione di soggetto sono censurati come volgari e l'unico morfema possibile per marcare la prima persona dell’imperfetto è il tradizionale -a. Nel complesso le scelte grammaticali di de' Sebastiani costituiscono  una fonte di notevole interesse per lo studio dell'italiano regionale romano preunitario e per meglio comprenderne l'incidenza in ambito normativo e negli strumenti didattici in uso nel secondo Seicento.

Autorizzazione del Tribunale di Roma n. 229 del 9.5.1996 Il volume viene stampato con un contributo del CNR Tutti i diritti riservati -All rights reserved Copyright © 2002 by Salerno Editrice S.r.l., Roma. Sono rigorosamente vietati la riproduzione, la traduzione, l'adattamento, anche parziale o per estratti, per qualsiasi uso e con qualsiasi mezzo effettuati, compresi la copia fotostatica, il microfilm, la memorizzazione elettronica, ecc., senza la preventiva autorizzazione scritta della Salerno Editrice S.r.l. Ogni abuso sarà perseguito a norma di legge.

Zaključak 277 Prilozi 285 1. O autorima i priređivačima gramatika 287 2. Odnosi zastupljenosti gramatičkih cjelina u gramatikama 293 3. Osnovni pojmovi valencijske teorije 301 4. Uzorak valencijskog rječnika 309 Popis tablica i slika 315 Popis građe i upotrijebljene literature 317 Sažetak 335 Summary 336 Životopis kandidata 337 Tumač kratica Ablablativ Accakuzativ Agagens Asasocijat Atatribucija Panonske nizine. O važnosti pouke latinskoga u franjevačkim gramatičkim školama 18. stoljeća (nazivanima i ''latinskim'') i o načinu djelovanja tih škola v. npr. za Provinciju Presvetoga Otkupitelja BRKAN (1984: 10-23) i BEZINA (1989: 56).

Autorizzazione del Tribunale di Roma n. 229 del 9.5.1996 Il volume viene stampato con un contributo del CNR Tutti i diritti riservati -All rights reserved Copyright © 2002 by Salerno Editrice S.r.l., Roma. Sono rigorosamente vietati la riproduzione, la traduzione, l'adattamento, anche parziale o per estratti, per qualsiasi uso e con qualsiasi mezzo effettuati, compresi la copia fotostatica, il microfilm, la memorizzazione elettronica, ecc., senza la preventiva autorizzazione scritta della Salerno Editrice S.r.l. Ogni abuso sarà perseguito a norma di legge.

The grammar of a language generally prescribes or describes the essential and the observable system of the language. The art and craft of writing and the scientific studies on grammar is known as grammaticography. For a decade, grammaticography has been emerging as a major field in linguistics (Lehmann  and  Maslova  2004; Ameka,  Dench  et  al.  2006; Payne and Weber 2006; Nordhoff 2012). Reflecting upon the new trends in grammaticography, an attempt has been made in this paper to review the grammaticography of Malayalam based on Kēraḷa Pāṇiṉīyam (henceforth KP). KP is the longstanding monolingual grammar of Malayalam written by A. R. Rajarajavarma (1863-1918). It is prescriptive in objective, descriptive in method. It is a synthesis of Indian grammatical tradition and western linguistics (Rajarajavarma 2005 [1896, 1917], Ezhuthachan 2008). The goal of KP is pedagogic, written in kārika-vṛǝtti style for the native speaker specifically for graduate students. In addition to the prescription of the right and wrongs in the usage of Malayalam, KP describes the structure of Malayalam in reference to the then available knowledge of Sanskrit and Tamil grammatical tradition and modern linguistics. This paper observes that in addition to the description of standard Malayalam KP is progressively forwarding towards the linguistic explanation which seldom observed in grammar. The first part of the paper discusses the typology of prescription, description and explanation of language in relation to Malayalam grammaticography. Descriptive nature of KP is discussed in second part followed by the discussion on the main argument of the explanatory nature of KP. By accounting and discussing the selected linguistic explanations in KP, the paper argues that KP has exceptionally enhanced from the art and craft of grammaticography towards the scientific terrain of explanatory linguistic.
Selected References
Ameka, Felix, Alan Dench and Nicholas Evans, Eds. (2006). Catching Language: The Standing  Challenge of Grammar-Writing. Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter.
Ezhuthachan, K. N. 2008. The History of the Grammatical Theories in Malayalam. Thiruvananthapuram: International School of Dravidian Linguistics. 
Lehmann,  Christian  and  Elena  Maslova  (2004).  'Grammaticography.'  In  Geert  Booij,  Christian Lehmann,  Joachim  Mugdan  and  Stavros  Skopeteas,  Eds.  Morphology:  An  International Handbook on Inflection and Word-Formation. Berlin, Walter de Gruyter: 1857-1882.
Nordhoff,  Sebastian,  Ed.  (2012).  Electronic  Grammaticography.  Language  Documentation  and  Conservation Special Publication No. 4.
Payne, Thomas E. and David J. Weber, Eds. (2006). Perspectives on Grammar Writing,  Studies  in Language 30.2
Rajaraja Varma, A. R.  2005 [1896, 1917]. Kēraḷa Pāṇiṉīyam. Kottayam: DC Books.

In the Spanish grammatical tradition, some characterizations of parts of speech do not fulfill the criteria of the theoretical frame where they were conceived. According to this framework, categories have clear boundaries and all members of a category have equal or similar status.
The aim of this paper is analyzing the description of the conjunction in a corpus of around eighty grammars published between 1492 and 1901, and tracking for those linguistic facts that don’t agree with the classical theory of categorization. In particular, we will be focusing on those related to the units that seem to be the conjunctions “par excellence”, "que" and "y".

A pesar de lo ambicioso y sugerente del título, este trabajo no pasa -ni podría pasar-de ser una aproximación al tratamiento de la conjunción en un corpus dado de gramáticas del español publicadas entre 1700 y 1835. Son dos los factores por los que no se puede hablar de un estudio exhaustivo: por un lado, por la propia naturaleza, selectiva, del corpus (por ejemplo: se han quedado excluidos los textos destinados a la enseñanza de español para extranjeros 1 ). De las gramáticas restantes, se ha escogido un número ciertamente representativo, en el que se incluyen, en algunos casos, dos ediciones de una misma gramática con el fin de observar posibles influencias de otros textos en su tratamiento. El resultado de esta selección, corpus en el que están representadas gramáticas de corte tradicional, gramáticas escolares y gramáticas en las que comienza a verse la huella de la corriente filosófica francesa, es el siguiente: Martínez

Sono rigorosamente vietati la riproduzione, la traduzione, l'adattamento, anche parziale o per estratti, per qualsiasi uso e con qualsiasi mezzo effettuati, compresi la copia fotostatica, il microfilm, la memorizzazione elettronica, ecc., senza la preventiva autorizzazione scritta della Salerno Editrice S.r.l. Ogni abuso sarà perseguito a norma di legge. Direttore responsabile Luca Serianni Redazione Paola Manni, Nicoletta Maraschio, Giuseppe Patota, Pietro Trifone Segretario di Redazione Luigi Matt Comitato scientifico Aldo Menichetti (Friburgo), Michael Metzeltin (Vienna), Max Pfister (Saarbrücken), Edgar Radtke (Heidelberg), Serge Vanvolsem (Lovanio)

No es la primera vez que se ha escrito sobre ideas modernas en Bello. Las interpretaciones que hacen los estudiosos de sus textos son de lo más variopintas: si bien, para unos, se encuentran en nuestro autor semillas-especialmente en el ámbito de la gramática-de las que florecen algunas corrientes modernas, para otros, no se debe interpretar en las innovaciones del gramático nada que no se explique como desarrollo de sus amplios conocimientos y su singular ingenio. Dos trabajos representativos que defienden la primera postura son los de Velleman (1978) «Structuralist Theory in Bello's Gramática» y Pérez Hernández, diez años más tarde, con su estudio «Teoría de la gramática y concepción pre-estructuralista en la Gramática de la lengua castellana de Andrés bello». Para ellos, como se comprueba en los títulos de ambos trabajos, se encuentra en la obra gramatical de Bello el germen de conceptos lingüísticos «modernos», que se desarrollarían posteriormente en el seno de la lingüística estructural. Velleman, en este sentido, confiesa (1978: 64):

The aim of this paper is to analyze the treatment of the terminology associated with particles —understood as invariable parts of speech; that is: adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection— in a selection of grammatical texts belonging to the first three centuries of the Spanish grammatical tradition: Nebrija, Villalón, Jiménez Patón, Correas, Villar, Gómez Gayoso, Benito de San Pedro, GRAE-1771 and GRAE-1796. The study is structured in the following way: (i) presentation and explanation of the grammars selected for the corpus; (ii) analysis of the (possible) meta-class of the particles; (iii) the main body of the study: analysis of the adverb, the preposition, the conjunction and the interjection, with a special focus on the following aspects: term, definition and typologies; and (iv) main ideas and general conclusions.

Cilj ovog rada jeste prikaz stanja u savremenoj italijanskoj gramatikografiji tj. analiza gramatičkih modela (tradicionalnog, generativnog i dependencijalnog) na kojima se zasnivaju gramatički priručnici različite namene. Dijahronijskom i sinhronijskom analizom gramatičkih priručnika ispitaćemo i pokazati u kojoj meri su zadržane tradicionalne teorije i terminologija, odnosno u kojoj meri su prisutne generativna gramatika i teorija valentnosti. Istraživanje će se ticati, pre svega, postavke gramatičkih priručnika, obrađenih tema, norme i vrste primera kao i terminologije, a rezultati će pokazati da je nemoguće odbaciti u potpunosti tradicionalni model (iako je takvih pokušaja bilo), ali i da je prisustvo novih teorija vrlo značajno te da se može govoriti o jednom novom heterogenom modelu.

This study explores the increasing bibliography dealing with the history of the grammatical inquiry of the Spanish Royal Academy. Based on the six texts which are considered models –that is, editions that include significant changes, not simple re-editions– among the many versions of the GRAE, the following pages present the development of the grammatical theory in the Spanish academy for the part of speech known as conjunction.

El presente trabajo abunda en la cada vez mayor bibliografía que centra su atención en historia de la labor gramatical de la Real Academia Española. Tomando como base los seis textos que, de entre las numerosas apariciones que conoció la GRAE, constituyen modelos –es decir, ediciones que incluyen modificaciones notables y de cierto calado, y no meras reediciones–), las siguientes páginas presentan un recorrido por la doctrina gramatical que para la clase de palabras conjunción se elaboró dentro de dicha tradición académica.

Nel 1666 il lettore d’italiano dell’Università di Uppsala Ambrosio Frediani (Lucca ca 1610 - Uppsala 1670) diede alle stampe la prima grammatica d’italiano pubblicata in Scandinavia: era la riedizione, ampiamente rielaborata nella metalingua, nei contenuti e nella struttura, di un manualetto per germanofoni ch’egli aveva pubblicato a Greifswald nel 1660. Dopo aver tracciato il profilo bio-bibliografico dell’autore, ci si propone di analizzare comparativamente le due edizioni fra loro e con le grammatiche di italiano allora circolanti in Italia e all’estero. Informato da istanze moderniste, il modello linguistico proposto da Frediani si caratterizza per una forte attenzione all’uso, denunciata fin dalla scelta del glottonimo adottato nel titolo di entrambe le edizioni: «lingua toscana in bocca romana». Fra le scelte più innovative si segnalano l’accoglimento di lui in funzione di soggetto e l’elevazione di -o al rango di unico morfema possibile per marcare la prima persona dell’imperfetto, nonché la prescrizione del romano 'famo' al posto dell’atteso 'facciamo'. Notevoli inoltre alcuni passi polemici in cui Frediani critica i metodi espositivi di altri autori di grammatiche d’italiano per stranieri.

The talks take a closer look on philosophical explanation on linguistic questions. It asks for the philosophical classifications of part of speechs and the order of syntax. The talk give gramaticographical overview to philosophical explanations and discusses those acceses to language in a discourse analytical perspective and asks for the epistemology behind those explanations. It pleas for an philosophical approach to language and don't understand philosophy of language as discpline that describes what language should do.

This  paper  analyses  the  exemplary  apparatus  of  the  "Gramatica  spagnuola  e  italiana"  by  M.  Chirchmair,  published  in  1709  in  Florence,  considering  the  lexical  content  used  for  the  teaching/learning  process  of  Spanish  as  foreign  language to Italian-speaking learners.As the critical bibliography states (Carreras i Goicoechea 2005; Sáez Rivera 2009;  Lombardini  and  San  Vicente  2015;  San  Vicente  2018),  this  grammar  is so inspired by Franciosini’s treatise published in 1638, a fundamental piece of work in Spanish-learning in Italy until the 18th century, that it is almost a copy.  Without  entering  the  complex  question  of  the  sources  relationship  between norm, use and auctoritates, which led to discordant positions among the theorists  of  Spanish  grammar  in  its  golden  age  (Pozuelo  Yvancos  1986),  it  is  assumed  that  a  grammar  should  not  present  random  examples  as  the  understanding and learning of a grammatical phenomenon largely depends on the exemplification that is given in the text, as well as its description and analysis (De Kock, 1990: 41).This study presents a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the lexical exemplification  of  the  Gramatica  first  edition  to  observe  the  author’s  grammaticographic  and  didactical  methodology.  Moreover,  it  examines  its  language  models: whether the examples are taken from linguistic authorities or current language.The  aim  is  to  investigate  the  hitherto  limited  knowledge  of  Chirchmair’s  grammar, that has received only marginal attention in the field of studies on Spanish-teaching  to  Italian-speaking  learners,  by  providing  new  information  on its role and place in the grammatical tradition of Spanish in Italy.

No other written grammar in the grammatical tradition of Dravidian languages has given special attention to gender as Kēraḷa Pāṇiṉīyam (henceforth KPM) by A. R. Rajarajavarma. No other grammatical categories in Malayalam has widely discussed in Kēraḷa Pāṇiṉīyam as much as gender had been discussed. Why is gender a much privileged grammatical category in KPM? This paper addresses this question of the privileged status of gender in KPM. The paper lists, indexes and discusses all the references of gender in KPM. The first part of the paper briefly presents gender system of Dravidian languages with special references to Malayalam. The second part reviews the treatment of gender in the first grammatical treatises of Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam. All the kaarika and vrithi directly and indirectly deal the gender have been presented in the third part. Based on the discussion, the paper is answering the question of why is gender a privileged grammatical category in KPM.

En 1540 se publica la Gramática da língua portuguesa, de João de Barros; la segunda gramática del vernáculo portugués después de la de Fernão de Oliveira, publicada cuatro años antes. Es sabido que la gramática de Barros se nutre exhaustivamente de la Gramática de la lengua castellana de Nebrija, pero la tradición de la filología portuguesa ha insistido también en el valor original de la obra de Barros.
El presente trabajo se basa en un cotejo sistemático inédito de ambas obras realizado por Eugenio Coseriu hace algunas décadas. Se presenta una tabla de comparación y se dan unos ejemplos de la relación entre las obras. El resultado lo formula el propio Eugenio Coseriu: “Casi todo lo que trata Barros está tratado en Nebrija. Mucho de lo que trata Nebrija no se encuentra en Barros.” Aun así, la originalidad de Barros reside en el hecho de haber introducido los principios gramaticales en el portugués y de haber defendido la lengua portuguesa frente al latín.

Palabras clave: João de Barros, gramática portuguesa, gramaticografía s. XVI, Nebrija, tradiciones gramaticales.


In 1540, En 1540 João de Barros’ Gramática da língua portuguesa is published, the second grammar of the Portuguese vernacular after the publication of Fernão de Oliveira’s grammar four years before. It is a well-known fact that Barros is strongly influenced by Nebrija’s Gramática de la lengua castellana, but the tradition of Portuguese philology has always insisted in the originality of Barros’ work.
The present paper is based on a yet unpublished systematic collation of both grammars carried out by Eugenio Coseriu some decades ago. We present Coseriu’s complete comparison in a table and offer some examples in order to give insights into the relationship between both grammars. The result was formulated by Coseriu himself, who notes: “Casi todo lo que trata Barros está tratado en Nebrija. Mucho de lo que trata Nebrija no se encuentra en Barros.” (‘Almost everything treated by Barros is also treated by Nebrija; a lot of what is treated by Nebrija cannot be found in Barros’ work.’)
However, the originality of Barros is given by the merit of having introduced Nebrija’s grammatical principles into Portuguese and by having defended the Portuguese language against the Latin dominance.

Keywords: João de Barros, Portuguese grammar, 16th century grammaticography, Nebrija, traditions of grammar.

This paper analyses Peter Fredericks Strawsons theory of reference and predication. It asks for the grammatical implications in a grammaticographical perspective. In a first step the text explains the connection between historic philosophical theories and their approach to the question, which order is founded in the logic of syntax. While the approach is mostly metaphysical motivated and not based on linguistic focus, the paper understands Strawsons theory as a closer view of the structure of language. In a second step Strawsons grammatical and categorial approach to the order of syntax is discussed. The paper shows that Strawsons theory is ontological motivated and is based on grammatical norms and does not explain the order of sentences.

The aim of this article is to examine the principle ideas on Basque grammar from the earliest grammar works until those of the early 20th century. First of all, I shall sketch out a panorama of the situation of Basque historiographic research in an aim to pinpoint our current knowledge of former Basque grammaticography (Section 2). Subsequently, I shall outline some ideas presented in the first Basque grammar works from the 17th and 18th centuries based on the Greco-Latin model (Section 3). Then I shall examine the main trends in Basque grammaticography in the 19th century: the innovative works of Astarloa and Humboldt (Section 4.1), the influence of rationalism (Section 4.2) and the disputes between foreign Bascologists (Section 4.3). Lastly, I shall start with the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a time when Basque studies flourished and slowly started to incorporate the standards of contemporary linguistics (Section 5).

Este trabajo reúne una serie de reflexiones de corte metahistoriográfico surgidas a partir de una investigación sobre la categoría conjunción en la tradición gramatical española (1492-1917). La compleja idiosincrasia de esta partícula junto con la perspectiva que proporciona cotejar las descripciones de diferentes siglos, revelaron la necesidad de atender a dos pautas metodológicas que no se suelen tener en cuenta de forma sistemática en los estudios historiográficos: la contextualización gramaticográfica de la terminología con la que se describe el objeto de estudio, por un lado; y, por el otro, la ubicación de la teoría objeto del análisis en la gramática.

This work collects a series of meta-historiographical reflections raised by a research on the word class "conjunction" in the Spanish grammatical tradition (1492-1917). The complex nature of this particle, together with the comparison of the different descriptions of this word class given throughout the centuries, showed the need to consider two methodological guidelines that are normally not taken into account systematically in historiographical studies: the grammaticographical contextualization of the terminology used to describe the object of study, on the one hand; and the location of the object of the analysis in the grammar, on the other.

The article describes the design of a diachronic terminological database of Slovenian linguistic terminology. The multilingual terminological database will include extensive information about linguistic terms (standardized written form, attested forms, pronunciation, synonyms, attested definition, idealized definition, detailed information on the concept, information on the grammar and the author of the grammar, bibliographic data). The article also contains a sample term record of the designed Diachronic Database of Slovenian Linguistic Terminology, i.e. the term ime 'noun' from Valentin Vodnik's grammar Piſmenoſt ali Gramatika sa Perve Shole (1811).

ദ്രാവിഡ ഭാഷകളിലെ ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതല്‍ ലിംഗവിചാര പ്രധാനമായൊരു വ്യാകരണമാണ് കേരളപാണിനീയം. എന്തുകൊണ്ടാണ് കേരളപാണിനീയം ഒരു ലിംഗവിചാര പ്രധാനമായ വ്യാകരണം ആകുന്നതെന്ന് അന്വേഷിക്കുകയാണ് ഈ ലേഖനം. മലയാളഭാഷയിലെ ലിംഗവ്യവസ്ഥയുടെ ചരിത്രപരമായ വ്യതിരക്തതയും, സമ്പര്ക്കവപരമായ പരിണാമ പ്രത്യേകതകളും (contact induced changes), ടൈപ്പോളിജിക്കൽ പ്രത്യേകതകളായ പ്രതിരൂപാത്മകതയും (iconicity), മിതത്വവും (economy) ആണ് കേരളപാണിനീയത്തിലെ ലിംഗവിചാര പ്രാധാന്യത്തിന് കാരണം.

The grammar of a language generally prescribes or describes the essential and the observable system of the language. The art and craft of writing and the scientific studies on grammar is known as grammaticography. For a decade, grammaticography has been emerging as a major field in linguistics (Lehmann  and  Maslova  2004; Ameka,  Dench  et  al.  2006; Payne and Weber 2006; Nordhoff 2012). Reflecting upon the new trends in grammaticography, an attempt has been made in this paper to review the grammaticography of Malayalam based on Kēraḷa Pāṇiṉīyam (henceforth KP). KP is the longstanding monolingual grammar of Malayalam written by A. R. Rajarajavarma (1863-1918). It is prescriptive in objective, descriptive in method. It is a synthesis of Indian grammatical tradition and western linguistics (Rajarajavarma 2005 [1896, 1917], Ezhuthachan 2008). The goal of KP is pedagogic, written in sūtra-kārika style for the native speaker specifically for graduate students. In addition to the prescription of the right and wrongs in the usage of Malayalam, KP describes the structure of Malayalam in reference to the then available knowledge of Sanskrit and Tamil grammatical tradition and modern linguistics. This paper observes that in addition to the description of standard Malayalam KP is progressively forwarding towards the linguistic explanation which seldom observed in grammar. The first part of the paper discusses the typology of prescription, description and explanation of language in relation to Malayalam grammaticography. Descriptive nature of KP is discussed in second part followed by the discussion on the main argument of the explanatory nature of KP. By accounting and discussing the selected linguistic explanations in KP, the paper argues that KP has exceptionally enhanced from the art and craft of grammaticography towards the scientific terrain of explanatory linguistic.

The Ik language (Icé-tód), spoken in northeast Uganda, forms the Kuliak (Rub) subgroup along with Soo/Tepeth and Nyang'i. These latter two lects have already succumbed to assimilative pressures from neighboring Nilotic pastoralists like the Karimojong, Turkana, and Pokot. Despite similar sociolinguistic circumstances, Ik has so far held up and still remains vital as the mother-tongue of hundreds of young children. Since Ik is the last member of a waning subgroup, its documentation and description may provide key pieces to the puzzle of East African linguistic and ethnic prehistory. The complexity of this prehistory is embodied in Ik grammar which shows many traits shared with languages in both Afroasiatic and Nilo-Saharan language families. And so a full grammatical treatment of Ik can shed some needed light on the classification of other language groups.

To that end, this study offers a comprehensive but balanced grammatical analysis of Ik. It covers the basics of the Ik sociolinguistic milieu, genetic classification, phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon. Of particular typological interest are Ik's unusual systems of vowel harmony, tone, and case, as well as the syntax of subordinate clauses, the grammaticalization of case in the verbal system, and sequential and simultaneous clause chains. Other fascinating topics include pre-pause devoicing, frozen prefixes, tensed modifiers, non-canonical passives, and an irrealis-realis modal distinction. Lastly, between the grammar and lexicon is provided a collection of five culturally relevant Ik texts as holistic examples of Ik in its natural context.