Translation Competence

Skrócony zapis panelu dyskusyjnego z udziałem Dominiki Cieśli-Szymańskiej, Rafała Lisowskiego i Adama Pluszki oraz Krzysztofa Fordońskiego w roli moderatora. Dyskusja odbyła się 17 marca 2016 roku na Wydziale Lingwistyki Stosowanej UW podczas konferencji „Przekład literacki dzisiaj i jutro”.
http://stl.org.pl/baza-wiedzy/sytuacja-tlumacza/praktyka-przekladu-literackiego/
Tekst debaty ukazał się w piśmie "Komunikacja Specjalistyczna" numer 12/2016.

In my process- and experience-based model of interpreter competence (cf. Albl-Mikasa 2012), I summarized the wide range of skills and subcompetences reported by 10 professional interpreters to underlie their work in a 90,000 word interview corpus and described in detail the statements pertaining to those skills as voiced by the interpreters. I only briefly touched upon “intuitive competence”, which they referred to using expressions such as “instinct”, “social and emotional competence”, “sensitiveness”, “empathy” or “intuitive sense”. In
the analysis of the interview corpus, I came to understand, however, that this was an integral and important part of their expertise. Sifting through the specialist literature in interpreting studies, I noticed that this topic was not broached in a way that helped explain to the introspections and perceptions of the professional interpreters. In fact, the focus in interpreting studies seems to be firmly placed on the conscious parts of processing,
such as meta-cognition and self-regulation, adaptive expertise, and deliberate practice.
In this paper, I will sketch out in more detail the role of intuition as experienced by the professional interpreters. I will then discuss the paradigmatic shift from social constructivism to emergentism as adopted in translation studies to incorporate the notion of intuition. Finally, I will propose receptivism as an integrative intertraditional approach to questions regarding the relationship between cognition/rationality and intuition and indicate preliminary implications for interpreting and translation (theory and practice).

This paper sets out to illustrate the design of an in vivo translation course that attempts to project, as closely as possible, into the translation classroom the professional environment that students will encounter in their later careers as translators. The course forms part of the MA in specialised translation programme offered by the Institute of Translation and Multilingual Communication at Cologne University of Applied Sciences. It is based on the theoretical framework of situated translation (Risku, 1998, 2004), which stresses the situation-dependence of the intelligent human action of translation. Based on this framework, we review Göpferich's (2008) model of translation competence and illustrate how specific subcompetencies of this model can be linked to and are reflected in the design of our translation course. To conclude the article, we present several components of the translation course which are intended to develop the various subcompetencies of Göpferich's translation competence model.

PACTE, a research group from the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, has been carrying out empirical and experimental research on translation competence (TC) for over a decade. In relation to the translation process, our research has both validated our TC model and yielded data on the specificity of the competence and on the differences between direct and inverse translation. We have now studied the translation product from the perspective of corpus linguistics. A corpus comprising direct and inverse translations performed by professional translators and foreign-language teachers as part of a PACTE experiment on TC forms the basis for the analysis presented here, which revolves around the use of certain features. Our findings show that there are no major differences between the two experimental groups and in terms of directionality where the use of many of the features in question (including calques, loanwords, translator’s notes, brackets, type/token ratio and sentence length) is concerned. In contrast, however, measuring the degree of similarity among translations has revealed clear differences.

Digital media is defined as a universe that includes instant interactive technologies and social media software and applications used through internet and web 2.0 technology tools. In this study, it is aimed to determine the attitudes and situations of the students, who are being trained in academic translation departments, about using digital media and translation technologies. In line with this purpose, it is aimed to develop the "The Attitude Scale for Using of Digital Media Tools of The Students Having Academic Translation Education". The research group of this study consists of 397 students. A questionnaire was applied to the students having translation education in English-Turkish (Prep+2 years) and German-Turkish (Prep+4 years). As for the methodology, the relational screening model was used to determine whether there is a degree of variation between two or more completed variables. 5-Likert type questions were asked by using SPSS 21 program and a survey was applied. As a conclusion, an attitude scale about the using of digital media and translation technologies of the students who have academic translation education in different language pairs (Turkish-English and Turkish-German) and different education periods (Prep+2 years and Prep+4years) has been developed and Translation and Digital Media I-II courses have been proposed.

Notre intention était d'examiner dans un premier temps comment les facteurs textuels peuvent peser sur le sort des référents pragmatologiques en traduction juridique et dans un second temps comment le degré de différentiation des cadres juridiques de référence qui sont mis en question lors de la traduction d'un texte juridique peut causer des difficultés en matière de traduction des référents pragmatologiques.

Mots-clès:
traduction juridique, facteurs de textualité, systèmes juridiques, droit comparé,

Conference: 1st International Congress on Ethics in Science and TechnologyAt: Tehran, December 2017Volume: Published in abstracts of papers in 1st International Congress on Ethics in Science and Technology, Tehran, December 2017, p:421
Background and Objective: Moral competence is also part of the professional nursing competence, which is based on three structures of individual, educational and functional values. The aim of this study was to assess the moral competence of nurses working in educational hospitals in Guilan. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 230 nurses working in seven educational hospitals in Gilan which were selected by stratified random sampling. Data collection tool was a standard nursing ethics questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Spearman correlation coefficient using SPSS software and at significant level of 0.05. Results: The results showed that the average moral / legal competence of the nurses was 25.82 ± 4.19 (ranges 0 to 32) and in the five-level scale they were in fourth place, that is, the nurses were competent enough. There was a significant positive relationship between the moral / legal qualifications of nurses and age, marital status, overall work experience, and work experience in the current ward, and the average income. Also there is a significant negative relationship between the moral / legal qualifications of nurses and total working hours per month (p< 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that the nurses had sufficient moral / legal qualifications. According to the findings, nursing managers should consider the positive factors related to competence development. Key words: moral / legal competence, nurse, educational hospital, Gilan

Who Profits from Literary Translation?

The article, originally inspired by the studies of Pascale Casanova and Pierre Bourdieu, attempts to answer the question who in Poland profits from literary translation. The concept of “profit” is understood very broadly, both in financial or economic context, and in context of the acquiring and losing cultural, social, and symbolic capital. It is analysed both from the point of view of an individual (translator, publisher, and reader) and social (cultural and language community).
The article seeks to deal also such issues as the influence of foreign literature available in translation on the local literary market and locally produced literature. In Polish.
Published as:
“Komu opłaca się przekład literacki?” (“Who Profits from Literary Translation?”), in: Wilczek, Piotr and Maciej Ganczar (eds.) Tłumacz i przekładu - wyzwania współczesności (Studia o przekładzie tom 36). Katowice: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Śląsk, Stowarzyszenie Inicjatyw Wydawniczych, 2013, pp. 211-224.

Chinese traditional wedding is a marriage ceremony established with a pre-arrangement between families involving a ritual procession. In this respect, this study deals with the semiotics translation of Chinese traditional wedding signs in the ritual processions located in Medan.The aims of this research are: to analyse the types of semiotics displayed in the Hokkien Chinese Traditional Wedding signs, to translate the semiotics of each sign Chinese traditional wedding in Medan realized in English, and to discuss the cultural value in the semiotics translation of Hokkien Chinese Traditional Wedding in Medan. The research focuses on the semiotics meanings of Chinese traditional wedding signs in Medan, North Sumatra, by the community of Hokkien. The study employed a qualitative research design. Interview and documentations were used as the data collection methods. The research results showed that: there are thirty signs of Hokkien Chinese Traditional Weddings discussed in this research consisting of semiotics meanings which influenced and gave an effect to the bride and groom in their wedding, the tradition that has been practiced consisted of the cultural category of ecology culture, material culture, social culture, organization culture, gesture, and habit culture in which the most dominant one was the social culture. Based on these, it was concluded that all of the signs used in Chinese traditional wedding for the pre-wedding and wedding ritual were in hereditary from generation to generation, though some modifications had been made.

The articles concentrates on issued connected with the cooperation between literary translators and their editors. The issue of training for the job of editors as well as possible problems are presented and discussed. In Polish.
The article was originally presented at at a conference and published in conference proceedings in Polish. Its English later and more advanced version is available here: http://www.academia.edu/233204/The_Art_of_Translation_vs._the_Art_of_Editing

Tekst postuluje uzupełnienie badań umiejętności zawodowych tłumacza o pojęcie poczucia własnej skuteczności, wyrażające subiektywną ocenę szansy na powodzenie własnych działań, oraz o perspektywę społeczną zawodu, uwzględniającą interakcje z innymi osobami. Zamiast wizji tłumacza samotnie zmagającego się z tekstem, który tylko z trudem jest w stanie dorównać ideałowi kompetencji, proponuje badanie kompetencji w określonym kontekście pracy, który uzasadnia odrzucenie niektórych kompetencji jako zbędne. Jednocześnie uznaje się prawo tłumacza do autonomicznej oceny kompetencji koniecznych i niekoniecznych. Czynniki afektywne, jako integralna część istoty ludzkiej, mająca wpływ na jej działalność, powinny stać się przedmiotem badania przekładoznawczego. Jednym z nich jest poczucie własnej skuteczności (PWS), które powinno być traktowane jako jeden z aspektów kompetencji zawodowej, i jako taki podlegać badaniu i kształceniu.

Drawing on a 90,000 word corpus of in-depth interviews with 10 experienced professional conference interpreters and in adaptation, and by extension, of Kalina's description of the overall interpreting process dimensions, a process- and experience-based model of interpreter competence is presented, detailing the pre-, peri-, in-, post-, and para-process subskills as reported by 10 professional conference interpreters.

The present paper reports the researchers’ recent experience of developing a new undergrad program for translator education, traditionally known as the English Language Translator Training program in Iran. The new program is expected to
replace the old one which was initially developed as the result of the Cultural Revolution after the establishment of the Islamic Republic, modified and nationally implemented in 1990 and again partially modified in 1995. The aim of the new
program is to localize this brand of knowledge and practice, improve and update it. The huge time lapse since the last modification means a huge distance from present day teaching materials, teaching methods and market requirements. The
gap seems to have forced many translator trainers away from the program and its outdated goals, course descriptions and textbooks into uncertain idiosyncratic syllabi based on diverse personal experiences or expectations, copied and transferred
from other disciplines such as EFL and linguistics. To develop the program, first a list of 61 required and elective courses was prepared based on the existing experience and the most recent trends in translation pedagogy. 82 university lecturers and
professors were contacted through a general call, of whom about 40 agreed to write course descriptions, based on a guideline provided by the researchers. The course descriptions were collected and then reviewed in terms of content,
teaching materials, methods, textbooks and references, finalized and approved by a group of curriculum developers and specialists in the Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. The new program developed in line with insights
from PACTE (2003/2011) translation competence model. The focus on competences is apparent in the courses, syllabi and suggested methods for teaching. One major finding of the project was that to implement the program and to train more
qualified and cognizant translators, we need more proficient educators, thus a teacher education plan, together with new teaching materials and textbooks is required. The new program is expected to snowball into a translator education movement in the country in the next few years.

The paper describes the research design, the path and the evaluation activities of the research-intervention pro􏱊ject called Mindset carried out in 2017 in the province of Taranto (Italy). The focus of the pro􏱊ject was to explore the cultural representations of the target group (students and local entrepreneurs) in relation to the key competence “sense of initiative” and “entrepreneurship”, aimed at defining a training model to support participants and to develop the territory.
Mapping the cultural dimensions of this key competence means focusing on the relationship between the way in which we read/act/react social contexts and the practices of interaction with the same context. Exploring the system of representations that organizing their actions means interpreting their sense-making processes with reference to the development of competence “Sense of initiative and entrepreneurship”.
Moreover, exploring their cultural representations can guide the planning of the next training activities thanks to the enhancement of the cultural pattern below the different representations and practices of the competence “sense of initiative and entrepreneurship”. It is therefore necessary to consider the evaluation criteria oriented to the European standards/benchmarks (Entrecomp) as cultural criteria that may be contextualized with reference to the different cultural meanings that define “competent” a person who perform “sense of initiative and entrepreneurship” compared to EntreComp framework.
The next research step will explore the presence and type of possible statistical link among the cultural representations and the performance assessment levels related to this competence and/or its components carried out in formal, informal and non-formal contexts.

As a crucial communication material, the brand name exhibits its growing importance in the worldwide communication. It is a special text with a strong function and a clear persuasive purpose. This paper aims to explore the translation strategy and methods of English brand names from the perspective of culture. According to Skopostheorie, the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose of the overall translational action. The translation methods should be based on the text's function and the target culture. This paper is a tentative study of the guiding strategy and possible methods used in English brand names translation by analyzing the Chinese and English brand names, and how they fulfill the function of promoting products and enhancing the cultural exchange in the hope of offering a new perspective in the brand name translation practice. The study used the Skopostheorie as the guiding theory and strategy to analyze English brand names, which were selected from the brand names database " brandirectory ". It is found that the translation should follow the target-culture oriented strategy to conform to the habitual use of target language, social culture and aesthetics in target market.

The manual contains theoretical material and assignments envisaged by the course "Essentials of technical translation" for university students of linguistics and translation departments. Structurally, the manual consists of seven sections distributed among three main parts: "Lexical and grammatical units in translation", "Transformations in translation", "Text units in translation". Theoretical material, practical guidelines and 62 assignments contained in the manual are aimed at developing skills and techniques that are requisite for translating technical texts of different genres (academic papers, press and advertisement, patents) from English into Russian.

2014 is the published version!
The article presents various issues connected with cooperation between literary translators and their editors in the process of publication of translations of literary works within the frame of reference of Polish publishing market of the recent decades. The author proposes a list of qualities which should be expected from a good editor of literary translations. The issue of training editors specializing in working with translators is discussed as well, although the author stresses the importance of practice over theoretical education, available on a rather limited scale in Poland. Further part of the article warns against possible dangers resulting from editors’ lack of competence. The importance of “peer edition” is also stressed as an important stage in the process of translation. An earlier Polish-language version was published as: “Kanadyjka czy dwójka ze sternikiem? Kilka słów o redakcji przekładu” (“Canadian Canoe or Coxed Pair? Some Remarks on Editing Translations”) Kubiński, Wojciech and Olga Kubińska eds. Przekładając nieprzekładalne. O wierności. Gdańsk: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, 2007, pp. 95-101.

Various definitions have been given to website localization depending
on the perspective of people who approach it (Folaron 2006:197).
Translation Studies scholars approach website localization as a translation modality that can be included in a broadened concept of translation (Gouadec 2007, Nauert 2007, Gottlieb 2005, Pym 2004). From this viewpoint the competences of the website localizer bear many
similarities to those of the translator (Jimenez-Crespo 2012). On the
other hand, the competences of the website localizer also bear many
similarities to the ones required by technical communicators, such as
target analysis, source analysis, development of an overall strategy
and Project Management (Risku 2004).
According to Minacori and Veisblat (2010: 753) one of the basic elements that differentiate technical communication from translation is the fact that in the former the produced text is created from
scratch. On the contrary, translation includes the creation of a target
text on the basis of a source text. Website localization can be viewed
as a form of translation in the sense that there is always a pre-existing
website, usually an internationalized one, that constitutes the starting
point of the process. However, localization very often entails changes
that reach the level of recreation, rewriting and redesign with the aim
to achieve cultural customization and a maximum degree of persuasiveness. Thus, we could assume that website localization constitutes a meeting point for translation and multilingual technical communication.
Based on Minacori and Veisblat’s (2010: 765) comparison of
translators’ competences and technical communicators’ skills, we
will focus on two of these competences, namely intercultural competence/skills and visual literacy. Findings of previous research on
multilingual corporate and NGO websites will allow us to highlight
the crucial role of cultural knowledge in website localization as well
as the need for visual and multimodal literacy development both for
website localizers as well as technical communicators regarding the
corporate and NGO website subgenres.

We live in a world which is globalized and where international relations are much more active than ever. As people do not speak common language, need for translation and interpreting is more crucial in this regard. We cannot think of close contacts among states, societies, people and businesses without the mediation of translation and interpreting than before. Thus, translation and interpreting have became crucial and are playing a very important role in human interactions. International law, which regulates relations between organizations and states, has also gained importance. Thus, it can be said that international law (as a result of this translation and interpreting as well) has also become more crucial. Thus, legal translation has also become important among the other domains of translation. However, translating and interpreting are not easy at all. There is no room for error in translation and interpreting as legal consequences may follow. Legal translation involves very complex matters and specialized terminology. This is why it is extremely important to assign the legal translation task to a translator who is well qualified and specialized to handle translation of legal documents. The field of legal translation in Kosovo is not so much developed. There is a limited work and study done in this regard. Therefore, this paper attempts to make a modest contribution in this regard with description and discussion of the issues regarding translation of legal texts. Solutions offered herein may be taken as a basis for further research.

The collective power of Japanese popular culture permeating the rest of the world through manga and anime is a recent issue of interest for scholars. Studying the scanlation and translation of the manga, which are multimodal texts that hybridize linguistic and visual arts, also entails several topics of discussion and interest for the translation scholar. There are facets of these multimodal texts as in manga the narrative is conveyed through composite, cinematographic narrative with integrated frames. In turn these can yield interesting translation solutions and strategies, especially when compared in terms of the two mediums of production (i.e., in print and on the Internet). The following study entails a comparative analysis of the scanlation and translation of the manga Naruto into Turkish especially concentrating on: the format (i.e., arrangement of pages, lettering, typography), what was translated what was not (i.e., dialogues, onomatopoeia, honorifics, names), and the use of diverse translation strategies (i.e., adding notes, dealing with discourses, registers and translators choices). In this sense, as is the aim behind the study, manga translations present translation studies with rich grounds of research into multimodal, multicultural dialogue and interaction. As the potential for intercultural dialogue through comics has never been stronger than the present, manga seem to be a medium through which this may be achieved across cultures. Comparative studies in different languages and cultures would not only be a benefit for the comics' translators and scholars, but also the field of translation, as discussing the abundance of decisions and possibilities would enrich the discipline.

The study aimed to correlate the reading comprehension and translation performance of English linguistic students, then inform some pedagogical implications for the teaching of reading comprehension in translation classes in order to enhance the translation quality performed by the students. To this end, 45 junior students of English linguistics specialization of Hung Vuong University, including 5 males and 40 females, aged from 20 to 22, were subject to a TOEFL reading comprehension test and a translation performance test (ATA guidelines, 2011). Data were analyzed using the Pearson Correlation, SPSS version 20.0. The coefficient correlation of students' reading comprehension and their translation performance was noted 0.721 at the significant level of 0.01. It was found that the Reading comprehension was closely related to translation performance. Along the reading comprehension question types, translation performance was affected by the ability to determine gist and main ideas of the text, identify the vocabulary, infer the implied meanings and identify the writer's style and attitudes. The results were discussed, and implications for teaching reading comprehension to enhance translation performance were presented.

This study investigated EFL learners' formulaic competence achievements, and the extent to which the factors of non-compositionality, mutual information, socio-cultural specificity and frequency in formulaic sequences predict receptive-productive formulaic knowledge. Underrepresentation of formulaic competence construct in the existing phraseological measures motivated us to develop a receptive-productive test battery adapting Kecskes'(2007) formulaic language model. The battery was conducted on 63 upper-intermediate Iranian adult EFL learners from three different instructional settings. The majority of participants showed an underdeveloped competence. Particularly they demonstrated poor productive knowledge in writing an argumentative essay, as documented by repeated measures ANAOV and formulaic-language error-analysis. There was also a significant variation in their mastery of different types of formulaic sequences. To explain this variation, we designed a tri-dimensional cline of formulaicity on which the target formulaic sequences could be located on the basis of their quantitatively evaluated variables of formulaicity. Regression analysis revealed that non-compositionality and frequency factors in formulaic sequences affect their learnability more than mutual information and socio-cultural specificity do, which means that semantic opacity and conventionality in formulaic sequences influence their mastery more than fixity and pragmatic idiomaticity. The findings suggest an interplay between psycholinguistic reality of formulaic sequences (i.e. automaticity aspect) and their linguistic and socio-cultural realities, which offers pedagogical implications for EFL classes .

This research attempted to evaluate the quality of Persian translation of drug leaflets. The researchers randomly selected a set of 30 pharmaceutical leaflets collected between March-August, 2015. The leaflets were analyzed based on House's functional-pragmatic model of translation quality assessment. At first, the profiles of both source texts and target texts were collected. Then, their overtly and covertly erroneous errors and the kinds of strategies used by the translators in translating the pharmaceutical leaflets into Persian were identified. The results indicate that out of 90 selected sentences of English leaflets, 47 were overtly erroneous and 43 were error-free. These overtly erroneous translations had 27 instances of " mistranslation " , 15 instances of " grammatical mistakes " , six instances of " addition " , six instances of " omission " and four instances of " substitution ". The only covert error was " tenor mismatch " in all sample sentences. The study findings can help teachers in translation studies to improve the quality of students' translation. Moreover, awareness of the errors in the current leaflet translations can assist students in performing their future jobs as translators. The findings may directly and indirectly affect the health of patients in an efficient and effective way.

The present paper studies diverse procedures related to Venuti " s strategies of domestication and foreignisation in Farsi dubbing and subtitling of the English movie, Warcraft directed by Duncan Jones. The procedures of both domestication and foreignisation were studied and statically analysed for the purpose of exploring the film translation method (dubbing or subtitling) which is closer to target-language-culture and the one which is closer to source-language-culture. In other words it was intended to explore which translation strategy (domestication or foreignisation) dominates dubbing and which one dominates subtitling. The tertiary purpose was to compare the reasons of differences in dubbing versus subtitling on the one hand, and the reasons of differences of the target text from the source text. The statistical analysis revealed that in dubbing, cultural equivalence is the most frequently used procedure (38.26%) apparently for making the movie visible for the public Iranian audience and adjust the movie to cultural considerations. Henceforth, dubbing orients to domestication. However, subtitling, with literal translation as the most frequently used procedure (57.4%), orients to foreignisation. In dubbing of the movie, most differences are related to cultural equivalence (38.26%) and the literal translation (29.56%) is in the next step. An interesting point is that the procedure of calque is neither used in subtitling nor in dubbing. In subtitling, cultural equivalence stands in the second place (17.34) and explanation (9.50%) occupies the third place. Other procedures " frequencies show no meaningful difference. Once implemented on more cases, the findings of this study have the potentialities of generalization to identify the most frequently occurred errors in movie translation industry and henceforth suggesting translation solutions for rendering dubbing and subtitling with more degree of naturalness.

In the submitted paper, we map the most frequent mistakes students make in translation from English to Slovak language and in each case, we include examples. We identify types of mistakes made by beginner translators whereas selected ones are accompanied by our suggestions for correct translation solutions. With the knowledge about the proficiency of high- school graduates in the Slovak language at the time they start with translation and on the basis of the analysis of incorrect translations, we allow to state that Slovak language lessons shall, in a subtantial extent, also continue at the university.

Keywords: translation, mistakes, incorrect translation, Slovak language, English language, language competence.

İki dillilik en kaba hatlarıyla “bireyin iki farklı dilde ve kültürde var olması”
biçiminde tanımlanabilir. Toplumdaki iki dilliliği ise yine basitçe “toplumun büyük çoğunluğu tarafından iki farklı dilin konuşulduğu ve anlaşıldığı durum” biçiminde tanımlamak mümkündür. Çeviri olgusunun, farklı dilleri konuşan bireylerin iletişim kurma ihtiyacı sonucu, iki dil birden konuşabilen iki dillilerin iletişimi sağlamasıyla doğduğu öne sürülebilir. Çeviri, bağlama göre farklı kavramları niteleyebilir, bazen
bir “ürün” olarak değerlendirilen çeviri ifadesi, bazen bir “süreç” olabilir. Bütün bu ürün ve süreçleri mümkün kılan çeviri edincidir. Kültür uzmanı çevirmen kavramı bağlamında çeviri edincinin bileşenleri içerisinde ise iki dili ve iki kültürü tanımak yer almaktadır. İki dillilik, olgunun doğası gereği devingen bir kavramdır. Tez çalışmasında da ele alındığı üzere zaman ve uzam içerisinde değişim göstermektedir.
Bu açıdan bakıldığında bu olgunun pek çok tanımının olması ve bu olguyu farklı disiplinlerin farklı açılardan ele almaları sıra dışı değildir. İki dillilik incelemelerinde temel bileşenlerden biri, bir dil çiftinin ulunmasıdır. Bu özelliğiyle iki dilliliğe dair inceleme ve araştırma alanlarının
oluşturduğu küme, çeviri araştırmaları ile kesişmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı ise iki dillilik ve çeviri kavramlarını bir arada ele alarak, bu iki olgunun birbirleriyle olası ilişkilerini ortaya koymak ve bu ilişkileri
ilgili kuramsal boyutta tartışmaktır. Bu doğrultuda iki dillilik ve çeviri kavramları tanımlanarak çeviri edinci özelinde birlikte değerlendirilmiştir. Kuramsal çerçeve içerisinde ele alınan bu ilişkinin geçerliliğini sınamak üzere çeviribilim alanında etkinlik gösteren öğretim üyeleri üzerinde bir anket çalışması yürütülmüştür. Yürütülen çalışmada bu kesişen noktalar çeviribilim akademisyenlerinin gözünden ele alınmış ve kuramsal çerçeve bağlamında değerlendirilerek ortaya çıkan sonuçlar
sunulmuştur.
Anahtar kelimeler: iki dillilik, dil edinci, çeviri edinci, çeviri edinci modelleri.

Abstract
Bilingualism can be loosely defined as a phenomenon in which “the individual is within two languages and cultures”. As for the bilingualism in the social level, one can simply use the definition “the case in which two different languages are used and understood by a majority in a society”. It can be argued that the translation phenomenon was born out of the need for communication between individuals that use different languages and thus the bilingual individuals providing communication. The word “translation” can refer to various notions according to the context, while it can be a “product” in certain uses, it might refer to a “process” in others. Yet what makes all these “products” and “processes” possible is the translation competence. In the context of the translator as a cultural expert, the components of the translation competence include a vast knowledge of the two languages and cultures in translation. The notion of bilingualism is dynamic by its nature as it is discussed within this thesis, it changes within time and space. In this sense, it is not unexpected that this notion has numerous definitions and that various disciplines have various approaches to bilingualism. One of the main components of bilingualism research that there is a language pair. In this sense, it can be said that bilingualism research and translation studies intercept. The aim of this study is thus discussing the notions of bilingualism and translation together and revealing possible relations of these two notions and discussing such relations within the theoretical framework. For this aim, the notions of bilingualism and translation are defined and discussed together with specific reference to the translation competence. In order to test the relations discussed within the theoretical framework, a questionnaire was conducted on the translation scholars. In this work, these intercepting points mentioned above were discussed with the views of the translation scholars from the questionnaire and the results were described within the theoretical framework.

Keywords: bilingualism, linguistic competence, translation competence, translation competence models.

Translation quality assessment is at the heart of any theory of translation. It is used in the academic or teaching contexts to judge translations, to discuss their merits and demerits and to suggest solutions. However, literary translations needs more consideration in terms of quality and clarity as it is widely read form of translation. In this respect, Persian literary translation of Kite Runner was taken for investigation based on House's (2014) functional pragmatic model of translation quality assessment. To this end, around 100 pages from the beginning of both English and Persian versions of the novel were selected and compared. Using House's model, the profile of the source text register was created and the genre was recognized. The source text profile was compared to the translation text profile. The results were minute mismatches in field, tenor, and mode which accounted for as overt erroneous expressions and leading matches which were accounted for as covert translation. The mismatches were some mistranslations of tenses and selection of inappropriate meanings for the lexicon. Since the informal and culture specific terms were transferred thoroughly, the culture filter was not applied. Besides, as the translation was a covert one. The findings of the study have implications for translators, researchers and translator trainers.

Bearing in mind the responsibility of translators, which goes beyond merely transferring the meaning and entails them to act as terminologists, cultural transmitters, linguists, editors, and even authors, trainers in undergraduate translation and interpretation departments require to apply a multi-faceted approach. Over the last decade, the importance of creating a constructivist environment in translation classrooms has been foregrounded, and primarily, collaborative learning has been discussed by a vast number of researchers. Theoretical and applied studies shed light on how students can actively participate in classroom activities, achieve deep learning, and get involved in real-life tasks in collaborative learning environments. The collaborative learning approach calls for the interaction and cooperation of learners and instructors pointing to the significance of such methods as teamwork in translation courses, and that the gap between real-life and the courses taught at universities to be fulfilled through such tendencies.

This study aims to investigate the efficacy of the collaborative learning tasks on the translation skills of students through a pre-/post-test control group research design. Accordingly, empirical results were obtained regarding the contribution of a collaborative learning project, which was developed and applied by the researchers, to translation skills of the students in medical translation course. Within the scope of this collaborative learning method, the experimental group participated in teamwork and undertook various roles such as terminologists, translators, proof-readers, and peer editors to check the final work. On the other hand, the control group was instructed via the traditional translate-and-read method. The research findings revealed a statistically significant difference in favor of the translation performance scores of the experimental group. The noteworthy improvement in the translation
competences of the students, as revealed in the study, reiterates that the teaching and learning methods in undergraduate translation departments should be revised.

ENGLISH:  The article starts off translating into French an essay in Italian, "Il traduttore camaleonte" (above), then, after a few paragraphs, forgoes the linguistic considerations, given the different intended public, and becomes instead a new article on the essence of translation (and negotiation) competence, how to acquire it, how to use it.
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  FRANÇAIS:  L'article commence en traduisant en français un essai en italien, "Il traduttore camaleonte" (ci dessus), puis, après quelques paragraphes, étant donnée la diversité des destinataires, met de côté les considérations linguistiques et devient un nouvel article qui décrit le savoir du traducteur (et du négociateur), comment l'acquérir, comment l'utiliser.
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  ITALIANO:  L'articolo inizia come la traduzione in francese del saggio "Il traduttore camaleonte" (qui sopra) – poi, dopo qualche paragrafo, causa il diverso pubblico destinatario, tralascia le considerazioni linguistiche per diventare un articolo originale sul sapere del traduttore (et del negoziatore), su come acquisirlo, su come usarlo.
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Subtitles are a transcription or translation of a film, video and television presentations displayed as text on the lower part of the screen. An emotion is basically defined as a mental and physiological state associated with thoughts, feelings and behaviors. The preparation of film subtitles imposes certain requirements that make this type of translation complex. One of the constraints with subtitles is the failure sometimes to indicate the emotional nuances of dialogue, such as intonation, volume, and other vital information which may be required to fully comprehend the message conveyed. Consequently, the wrong use of Audiovisual Translation (AVT) techniques and strategies may lead to communication problems for the receiving audience. The aim of this article was therefore to i) identify the difficulties faced by the translator/subtitler in the translation of emotions in the subtitling process of the film Paris à tout prix from French into English for multilingual context viewers in Cameroon and ii) establish the strategies used in this process and propose solutions where necessary. The methodology involved the viewing of the two versions of the film [French version (Paris a tout prix) and its subtitled English version (Paris at any cost)], identification of emotions cases in the two versions, examination of the subtitling strategies used to translate the identified emotions in the films and highlighting inherent difficulties in rendering them into the target language of the audience. Findings revealed that the translator/subtitler used the strategies of modulation and adaptation to improve understanding of emotions in the film and thereby facilitating communication issues in the target language of the viewers. Proposals aimed at improving the quality of the subtitles of the film in particular and, the quality of Cameroonian audiovisual products in general are made where necessary.

This descriptive, library research considers the effects of globalization on the cultural acceptability of words and expressions transmitted to different linguistic-cultural communities via audiovisual materials through mass media such as movies industry, satellite channels or the internet. As words and expressions carry overlays other than lexical, the early assumption is that they have associations which are not acceptable in the culture of recipient communities. This is especially true about audiovisual texts that are highly culture-bound in form and communication style. The first question is whether globalization has positive or negative impact on translation as a whole. The second question is whether globalization can improve cultural acceptability and tolerance of cultural differences demonstrated in audiovisual products translated through various languages. The hypothesis is that due to technological advancement and globalization, mass media has acted as a facilitator among cultures in recent decades. The findings of the study show that the growing trend of globalization together with the fast pace of information technology and access to transnational satellites has brought cultures closer together. As well, introducing culture-specific terms to global viewers or readers has created linguistic connections among communities and many of such terms are now accepted and used by different people around the globe. Consequently, translation has become an easier task and a higher acceptability of translated audiovisual texts is achieved helping communities share cultures. Based on the findings, less known languages and cultures are encouraged to produce high-quality audiovisual products for global media and provide translations into different languages to have a share in global circulation of culture. Translators are also advised to make smarter choices for translation into/from their languages because they are assumed a higher status in the transfer of culture in a globalized world.

Many techniques have been applied in the interpretation and translation in the field of tourism guiding. This research paper focuses on the interpreting techniques of tour guides in North Sumatra. It seeks the types and the capabilities of tour guides in interpretation of the meanings of heritage of tourist destinations in North Sumatra. Data of this research were collected through document analysis, interviews, and analyzed using interactive data analysis in ancient tombs of Kings Sidabutar and the traditional house of Karonese Siwaluh Jabu at Dokan village in Karo district. The findings of this study showed that there were eight interpreting techniques applied by the tour guides in consecutive and liaison interpreting modes. The summarizing was the dominant technique. It was applied in order to clarify the objects.

AWEJ Volume.5 Number.2, 2014   
                                                                                                                                                            Pp.187 - 205
                                                                                                                                                                                                                     




Common Practice Errors Related to Syntactic Structures in English-into-Arabic
Translation



Mohammad Atawi Saraireh
English Department
German-Jordanian University
Jordan



Abstract
This paper handles common practice errors related to syntax in English-into-Arabic translation. The researcher collected material from student translations at BA and MA levels, translated texts, and subtitled or dubbed movies and documentaries. The researcher categorized the data and provided a discussion and interpretation of the errors. He found out that such errors can be attributed to several factors: incompetence in the SL or the TL or both, translator’s attitude, misunderstanding of modification (what constituent modifies what), shallow encyclopedic knowledge of the translator, ignoring the context, and influence of dialects.
Key words: errors, translation, Arabic, English, syntax, competence

The paper aimed to investigate the role of translator's religious ideology on his/her translation of the Nobel Quran by focusing on English translations of four verses from Surah An-Nisa (Women), Surah Al-Ahzab (The Confederates) and Surah An-Nur (Light) which are mostly referred to with the aim of imagining Islam as a religion that oppresses women and abuses their rights. To this end, four English translations of the Nobel Quran by four translators from Muslim, Christian and Jewish backgrounds, with different ideologies, were selected as the corpus of this study. The research applied Farahzad's model of translation criticism (Based on Fairclough's approach to CDA) as the theoretical framework of this paper. Based on this framework, English translations of selected verses were compared with their original versions at the textual level and paratextual level. The result of this study demonstrated that it is difficult to conclude that there is relationship between translator's religious ideology and his/her translation of Quran.

Drawing on adaptive models of translation, the paper attempts to identify how a change in the readership of the text could result in changes in the target text. For this purpose, a well-known book on the history of Iran, written originally in English and later translated into Persian, by a well-versed scholar was selected. The corpus was then analyzed using Vehmas-Lehto's (2002) classification of pragmatic adaptation and Chesterman and Wagner's (2002) model of pragmatic strategies. Results indicated that from among the adaptation types 'addition' was employed with the highest frequency, followed by omission. In addition, 'explicitness' and 'information change' as pragmatic strategies showed to be often used by the translator. Further, in both categories of 'omission' and 'addition', 'information change' appeared to be the most frequently employed strategy. The findings are discussed focusing on how translation practice can be improved based on the survey of recent translation theories.