Hitler

Mary Fulbrook’un Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi’nden 2018 yılında yayımlanan Almanya’nın Kısa Tarihi (A Concise History of Germany) isimli kitabı, Roma İmparatorluğu’nun çöküşünden sonra oluşan siyasi boşluktan Berlin duvarının çöküşüne kadar geçen sürede, Alman prensliklerini, devletlerini, krallıklarını ve imparatorluklarını siyasi, iktisadi ve askeri açıdan inceleyerek okuyucuya sunmaktadır. Alman tarihinin kronolojik olarak anlatılması ve gerçekleşen sosyal, ekonomik, siyasi değişikliklerin nedenleri ve sonuçlarının bir bütünlük içinde gösterilmesi açısından kitap orijinalliğe sahiptir. Kitap Alman Devleti’nin tarihi gelişimi bağlamında bir yandan tarihsel kırılmalara ve savrulmalara ışık tutarak Alman Devleti tarihinin önemli dönüşümlerine ve bu dönüşümlerin nedenleri ve sonuçlarına ışık tutarken bir diğer yandan da Alman tarih yazıcılığının bu tarihi kaleme alırken içine düştüğü problemli yönlere ışık tutması açısından orijinallikler taşımaktadır. Bir başka katkı, Alman tarihi bağlamında aslında Alman Devleti’nin ilişki içinde bulunduğu devlet ve coğrafyaların tarihine de ışık tutması olarak tespit edilebilir. Kitap içerisine yerleştirilen 41 adet görsel ve 13 adet harita sürekli değişen sınırların ve tarihi atmosferin zihinde somutlaştırılmasını kolaylaştırmakta, önsözden sonra oluşturulan dokuz ana başlığın her birisi anlatılan tarih aralığını alt başlıklara ayırmakta ve bu ayrım ile okuyucunun spesifik olayları görmesi sağlanmaktadır.

Parmi les thèmes et engagements jalonnant l’œuvre et le parcours de Denis de Rougemont, le rapport à la démocratie, au fascisme et au national-socialisme dans les années 1930 suscite des jugements contrastées chez les historiens. Les exégèses du Journal d’Allemagne, publié par Rougemont après un séjour à Francfort en 1935-1936, en sont une bonne illustration. Quand les unes soulignent les prises de position condamnant le régime hitlérien, les autres pointent au contraire les efforts de Rougemont pour se mettre dans la peau des Allemands de l’époque, le peu d’attention accordée au destin des Juifs, la fascination mêlée de répulsion pour le chef charismatique. Ces éloges ou ces critiques, abordant la relation au national-socialisme en termes de répulsion-attraction ou de résistance-adaptation, font écho à la polarisation du débat historiographique qui s’est opérée suite aux travaux de Zeev Sternhell au début des années 1980. Sans ignorer les résultats de ces recherches, nous souhaitons ici renouveler l’interprétation des écrits de Rougemont en examinant le problème central que s’est posé l’écrivain face au national-socialisme : l’émergence d’une religion de substitution, dans un contexte de déchristianisation accélérée. Nous évoquerons tout d’abord le milieu intellectuel dans lequel Rougemont évolue au début des années 1930, en soulignant les tensions qui agitent ce milieu et qui sont exacerbées du fait de l’émergence du national-socialisme sur la scène politique allemande. Puis nous testerons la validité du concept de « religion de substitution » en montrant les conséquences, à la fois religieuses et politiques, du déclin du protestantisme en Allemagne. Nous évoquerons enfin l’une des limites de l’interprétation de Rougemont, ainsi que la manière dont son protestantisme conditionne non seulement son diagnostic du national-socialisme mais aussi la réponse qu’il lui oppose.

Trabajo Practico Holocausto

1) A partir de la lectura del material subido en la clase 11, responda: ¿Cuándo comenzó la política de exterminio del pueblo judío? ¿Qué rol le asignaría a Hitler? ¿Qué actores políticos y/o sociales fueron importantes?

Según Paxton, ¿cuáles son las tres “fases” en las que se puede dividir a la política nazi con respecto a los judíos? Explique cada una (puede añadir información del texto de la clase 11 para describir cada fase)

A partir de la observación del documental de Netflix:
a. ¿Qué rol adopta Goebbels en la política racial y cómo es descrita su figura?
b. ¿Por qué es tan importante la invasión a la Unión Soviética en 1941? ¿Cómo representaba Hitler a aquel país?
c. ¿Por qué los medios occidentales no publicaban los horrores informados por las tropas soviéticas en 1944?

We know so much about Adolf
Hitler. We probably have more information—
facts, details, and minutiae—about this man’s
life than any other major figure of modern times.
Nonetheless, we still feel that we do not know
the man. His life is one of the greatest mysteries
in human history. Why is it that Hitler, about
whom more facts and details are known than
perhaps any other figure in modern history
(perhaps in all history), remains such a mystery?
Hitler frustrated his opponents, amazed neutral
observers, and delighted his supporters by
pulling off the seemingly “impossible”. He
never would have made it into power except by
accomplishing these five “impossibilities”; and
it was this, more than anything else, that bound
his supporters to him, gave him an aura of
exceptionality, and catapulted this otherwise
ugly little man into power. This article will
illustrate that five “impossibilities” and their
influence on Hitler’s personality: The Early
Years: 1919-1923; The Putsch Trial; The
Refounding of the Party; The Political
Earthquake of 1930 and his ascent to
power.

* IRKÇILIK
* HİTLER’İN AİLESİ
* HİTLER’İN HAYATI
* HAYALLERİ, İDEALLERİ, TUTKULARI
* 1. DÜNYA SAVAŞI
* ALMANYA’NIN EKONOMİK DURUMU
* HİTLER’İN GELİŞİMİ
* HİTLER’İN SAVAŞA KARŞI TUTUMU
* YENİ İDEOLOJİ – İDEOLOJİK AYRIMLAR
* HİTLER’İN YAHUDİLERE YAKLAŞIMI

Article sur la vie à Wicres (Weppes) durant la Première Guerre Mondiale du futur chancelier Hitler, et la mémoire de ces événements lors du déclenchement de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale.

Du même auteur, dans la collection "Histoire des Weppes" :
- 1915 : Adolf Hitler à Wicres, 2018
- Nos cousins célèbres d'Amérique originaires de Wicres, 2018
- Compléments à l'histoire de Louis Joseph Bruneaux, 2018
- Compléments à l'histoire des cloches de Marquillies, 2018
- Parentèle Dubois & Lepoivre, 2023

İdeoloji konusunu çalışanlar bu kavramın ne kadar karmaşık olduğunu iyi bilir. Başlangıçta filozoflarca olumlu kabul edilen bu kavram ilerleyen süreçte olumsuz bir içeriğe bürünür. Fransız düşünür Louis Althusser' e göre ideoloji, bireyin gerçek varoluş ko-şullarıyla kurduğu hayali ilişkinin bir temsili olarak karşımıza çıkar. Bu haliyle ideoloji, klasik izahların aksine tüm sınıfların bu temsile dahil olduğu, sürek-liliği olan ve her yana yayılmış pratikler dizgesi ola-rak kabul görür. Althusser, İdeoloji ve Devletin İde-olojik Aygıtları adlı eserinde okul, medya, hastane, hapishane ve bunun gibi çeşitli ideolojik araçlar yar-dımıyla devletin üretim ilişkilerini yeniden ürettiği-ni ve böylelikle meşruiyet kazanarak ayakta kaldığını öne sürer. Adı geçen kitapta Hitler ve dönemine iliş-kin başlıklar yer almaz; ancak Althusser'in bu kitapta ele aldığı iki önemli kavram Hitler'in siyasal ve eko-nomik tezleri ile bu tezlerin temsilinin ileride nasıl somut hale geldiğini anlayabilmek açısından önem-lidir. Bu kavramların ilki ideolojinin maddi olması ilkesi diğeri de devletin ideolojik aygıtları vasıtasıyla toplum geneline enjekte edilebilmesi gerçeğidir. Bu yazının amacı da bu izahı "nasyonel sosyalizm yük-selişi" üzerinden yapabilmektir.

The Treaty of Versailles was an extremely harsh document that demanded exorbitant reparations from the German people for a war they did not start.  The result of the harsh treatment of Germany in the peace terms gave rise to Adolf Hitler and National Socialism.

France sought to pin the entire war squarely on the shoulders of the German people.  The aim was to turn Germany into an agrarian society that would never again be able to wage war.  What the treaty accomplished was to incite anger and frustration in the German people that led to the rise of their “savior”, Adolf Hitler.

The head of the German delegation, Count Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau, stated a confession of sole guilt on the part of Germany for the war, coming out of his mouth would be like telling a lie.  While admitting that Germany bore a responsibility for the war, he noted that there were other poisonous situations that had been developing in Europe some 50 years prior to the outbreak of the World War which contributed to the conflict.  He also pointed out that the assassination of Archduke Franz Josef, the heir to the Austria-Hungarian throne, was not the sole cause of the conflict. 

We can argue that the implementation of the Treaty of Versailles was one of the worst incidents in international relations.  It gave rise to an era of nationalism and hatred in Germany that could have been avoided.  Most of the Entente leaders allowed personal feelings of hate and anger to override logic and critical thinking.  Had they adhered to  Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, Germany would have had much less strife and economic woe. The lack of foresight by leaders such as Georges Clemenceau led to the eventual rise of Adolf Hitler. 

The Treaty of Versailles demanded much from Germany, not only acknowledgment of guilt for starting the war, but an enormous monetary reparation that could not be repaid for decades.  The clauses of the Treaty as well as the concessions and military restrictions it imposed forced Germany to an almost agrarian status.  Couple that with sentiments of the German military and citizenry against those thought responsible for the loss, and you have an explosive situation; a powder keg just waiting to be ignited.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a estrutura da organização denominada Juventude Hitlerista (Hitler Jugend), que vigorou na Alemanha nazista durante o período do Terceiro Reich (1933-1945). Busca-se por meio desta análise compreender quais os aspectos presentes na estrutura da organização que reproduziam a política nazista na formação da juventude alemã daquele período. será apresentado o contexto histórico do Terceiro Reich, uma descrição acerca da estrutura da Juventude Hitlerista e uma abordagem histórica sobre o documento utilizado como fonte de pesquisa, incluindo a identificação dos responsáveis pelo seu desenvolvimento, assim como a descrição dos elementos que o compõe. Além disso, também será realizada uma análise a partir da identificação dos principais elementos que demonstram como o regime nazista utilizou a Instituição para aplicar parte de sua base ideológica. A partir disso, busca-se colaborar com uma reflexão acerca do papel desempenhado pela Juventude Hitlerista no que se refere ao relevante apoio de milhares de jovens perante o regime nazista.

My research question is whether the relationships between Hitler and his team had an impact of the success of the Nazi Party. There are several related questions which stem from this, but first I will establish my argument. Hitler was pragmatic, because he used the individuals in his team strategically to further his power and that of the Party. This is not to say that the men were simply following orders, which is a common conception. The team did have autonomy, and the freedom to make decisions concerning policies. Some of the men were so devout to Hitler they refused to go against his word, whereas others were more concerned with their own personal gain than that of the Party. Therefore, the relationships between Hitler and his team did affect the success of the Nazi Party. Some other questions which stemmed from my initial research will be addressed in the main body of this essay.

The present work focuses on the underlying seminal causes of the Annihilation of Jewish Greeks in Bulgarian occupied Northern Greece, in particular the regions of Eastern Macedonia (the cities of Kavala, Serres and Drama) and Thrace (the cities of Alexandroupolis, Komotini and Xanthi), along with the Annihilation of their brethren of the cities of Didimoteixo, Nea Orestiada and Soufli of the Evros Prefecture of Thrace occupied by the Germans 70 years ago.  A definition of the Holocaust is given that broadens the term beyond its peak point that of the actual assassination of Jews by the Germans and some of their allies.  The definition includes all past historical events and practices that fermented the path to destruction of the European and North African Jewry during the World War II as well as the now and current state practices.  Starting milestones are the Preliminary Peace Treaty at San Stefano and the Peace Treaty at Berlin both of the year 1878, even though seeds of the later calamity were sowed much earlier:  The sum total of seemingly unrelated historic events led inexorably to the final act of the tragedy.  The root causes of the complicity of the Bulgarian governments of the time in the deportation of the Jewish inhabitants of the “New” Bulgarian territories are analyzed and, given the documentary and archival evidence presented, conclusions are reached.  Also, the nation states that were created in the wake of the First World War and the ensuing Peace Treaties are shown to be fraught with all those ingredients that fertilize the national psyche to accept as legitimate racist and exclusive policies along with anti-Semitic and prejudicial ones.  The distinction of Racial Anti–
Semitism versus the millennia old Religious one is emphasized.  Memory is an inseparable part of the Holocaust and, as such, it is both a means of Remembrance and a link with the past as well as instructive and educative for all generations and acts as a shield against Holocaust denial, revisionism and/or whitewashing of the past.

El tratado de Versalles significó que Alemania debía pagar todas las reparaciones de guerra tras culpabilizarla como responsable directa de la gran guerra, esto generó un ambiente de resentimiento haciendo que muchos partidos ultranacionalistas de derecha empezasen a aflorar, de uno de estos surgirá el partido nacionalsocialista alemán, quien intentará llegar al poder de dos maneras, una por la vía del golpe de estado en 1923 que será un intento fallido y que le costará que sea ilegalizado y otro, donde centraremos el eje de nuestra comunicación, por la vía legal aprovechando las circunstancias de paro, hambre y miseria que la crisis económica mundial originará.
Palabras clave: Hitler, Nazismo, República de Weimar, Crisis económica, Tratado de Versalles.

Since the fall of the Third Reich in 1945, debates have raged between historians who emphasise the supremacy of Adolf Hitler-encapsulated in This paper seeks to resolve this longstanding dispute by clarifying whether Hitler can be accurately considered all-powerful or weak. It will examine Hitler's role in the National Socialist (Nazi) regime and several important spheres of activity. Firstly, it addresses the question of free will and human responsibility and briefly outlines the historiographical context in which this work is situated. Secondly, it provides a short overview of the nature of the Third Reich and Hitler's place in it as well as the implications for Nazi domestic policy of his distant style of leadership. Then, the paper considers the foreign and expansionist policies of Hitler's Germany. Lastly, the essay addresses Hitler's participation in the development of the so-called Final Solution, and his anti-Semitic views. Ultimately, it concludes that there is no basis for calling Hitler a 'weak dictator', but neither would it be correct to call him a total master of the Third Reich.

A través de siete apartados se analiza la cronología de Star Wars, el contexto histórico-social que la determina y cómo se evidencia en la saga. También por qué se puede considerar Star Wars como un mito moderno y cómo refleja el viaje del héroe. Son estudiados aspectos religiosos que gira alrededor del concepto de la Fuerza, los aprendizajes biopedagógicos, la interculturalidad manifiesta en la saga y los elementos que ésta posee para que se desarrolle un nuevo camino espiritual llamado jedismo.
Abstract Through seven sections the chronology of Star Wars, the historical and social context that determines it and how is evident in the saga are analyzed. Also in which way Star Wars is a modern myth and how the hero's journey is reflected. Eeligious aspects that revolves around the concept of the Force, the biopedagogy learning, interculturalism manifested in the saga and the elements that this series of films has to develop a new spiritual path called jedism are studied.

While leadership scholars increasingly acknowledge the influence of followers in the leadership process, less attention has been paid to their role in the destructive leadership process. Specifically, the current debate lacks a broad-based understanding of different susceptible follower types that synthesizes related research across academic domains. Expanding on Padilla, Hogan, and Kaiser's (2007) toxic triangle model of destructive leadership, we integrate research and theory across various academic literatures to derive a cohesive taxonomy of vulnerable followers that we call the susceptible circle. We describe the core characteristics of each follower type, drawing on Barbuto's (2000) theory of follower compliance to highlight the psychological processes that motivate each follower to comply with destructive leaders. We then conclude by discussing theoretical and practical implications, as well as avenues for future research.

""From Back-cover:
"We are witnessing a concerted attempt by the RSS to establish MS Golwalkar as the ‘prophet of resurgent India’, ‘a saint’, ‘a new Vivekananda’, 'the best son of Bahratmata’, and the ‘biggest gift to Hindu society in the 20th Century’. This in spite of the fact that Golwalkar, throughout his life, remained committed to the concept of Hindutva which meant an inherent faith in Casteism, Racism and Imperialism. He stood for the establishment of a Hindu rashtra, or nation, where minorities like Muslims and Christians could exist only as second class citizens.

This book attempts to put across actual facts about Golwalkar’s life and beliefs in the light of his original writings, publications of the RSS, documents available in its archives and many other RSS documents the writer collected over the last 35 years from different parts of the country, specially the original text of Golwalkar’s book WE OR OUR NATIONHOOD DEFINED (1939) which is being reproduced in this book. It is the most important text in order to understand the RSS’ concept of Hindu state, and has not been available after 1947.

Comments by Khushwant Singh: “Golwalkar’s thinking was much influenced by Veer Savarkar (also a Brahmin). Both supported the caste system, asserting the superiority of the Brahmins over other castes and the need to keep their lineage free of contamination by inter-marriages with other castes. Both regarded Islam and Christianity as non-Indian because they originated outside India and believed that unless they recognised India as their fatherland and holy land, they were to be treated as second-class citizens.
Both believed in the superiority of the Aryan race and approved of Adolf Hitler exterminating millions of Jews in gas chambers. Nevertheless they supported Zionism and Jewish State of Israel for no other reason than it was forever waging wars against its Arab neighbours who were Muslims. Islamophobia became an integral part of Hindutva…I had read his Bunch of Letters  [Bunch of Thoughts] earlier and put it out of my mind. I didn’t know of his WE OR OUR NATIONHOOD DEFINED. It was published in 1939…It has been republished with the full text and A Critique by Shamsul Islam by Pharos Press. It substantiates all of what I have said."

Comments by Professor I. K. Shukla: “How fanatically vicious Golwalkar was in laying down his version of Mein Kampf informs this major handbook of Hindu fascism wherein he strips himself for condemnation and revulsion as an evil ogre of Dark ages. The long and well-researched Introduction by Prof. Islam in itself has become an invaluable asset for serious researchers, scholarly academics, and committed activists. He deserves kudos for retrieving Golwalkar’s poison-spewing book, always revered by RSS and its affiliates, and widely regarded as the Bible of Hindutva fascists…”
Link for buying:
https://pharosmedia.com/books/product/9788172210304/


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The Holocaust roughly spanned from January 30, 1933 to May 8, 1945, that is when Adolf Hitler of the Nazi Party became the Chancellor of Germany to the time the war in Europe officially ended. The Jews, who were blamed for Germany’s ills were supposed to be subjected to total annihilation through a propaganda campaign which ultimately  led to the destruction of the Jewish community on a very large scale. Schindler’s Ark (1982) by Thomas Keneally and The Book Thief (2005) by Marcus Zusak provide a narrative account of the Holocaust which led to the deaths of two thirds of European Jews and one third of the total Jews worldwide. This paper demonstrates the horrors in the reign of Adolf Hitler and how well the two novels retrace history. It entails to rediscover the ‘truths’ which are represented through fictional accounts of the events that took place during the genocide.

Expanding Christopher Browning’s concept of ‘ordinary men,’ two traditional versions can be identified, variously positing perpetrators as ‘ordinary humans’ (subject to social dynamics) or ‘ordinary Germans’ (subject to cultural-ideological indoctrination). Neither explanatory model is sufficient. Timothy Schroer’s “Ethos of Self-Control” provides a synthesis that salvages the ‘ordinary men’ thesis by integrating both ideology and social context.

In this paper we link Carl Jung's study of Marian devotion throughout the centuries to Marian devotion at the time of Shoah. Here I investigate an unfortunate, and centuries-old-what can best be described as form of-spiritual myopia, not only on the part of Carl Jung, but also on the part of the Catholic faithful, and indeed the entirety of Western civilization. By focusing on Jung show that the natural propensity for venerating aspects of the "famine" through Catholic devotion was a powerful form of active imagination but also had its dark side. He we illustrate that throughout Christian history, devotion to the Virgin Mary inadvertently led to the de-Judaization of her image in people's religious imaginations. By the time of the Shoah-and against the backdrop of Nazi racial ideology-we witness a well-established and age-old psychic "split" in the European religious imagination-between Mary the Jew, and Mary the sinless virgin. Although the Catholic Church has always maintained that Mary was a Jew; what happened at the time of the Shoah tells a different story. By utilizing Jung's research, we conclude that Marian devotion is not something to be rejected, but rather recalibrated. Although Marian devotion has always been viewed as bringing a healthy feminine balance to a war-torn, male-dominated and animus driven world, on another, we see that at the time of the Shoah Marian imagery was utilized in a problematic fashion to protect the Catholic Church against Nazi racial attacks on the Hebrew Scriptures-a matter of survival. It is unfortunate that Jung became ensnared through a similar myopic understanding of separating the sinless Virgin Mary (an anima figure) from her Jewish identity.1

see full version:

"Geliebter Führer"
Briefe der Deutschen an Adolf Hitler
Herausgegeben von Ebeling, Theresa; Heidrich, Max; Jakob, Kai u. a.

Vergangenheitsverlag
Seitenzahl: 277
180 S. m. zahlr. Abb. 170 mm
Deutsch
Abmessung: 168mm x 115mm x 20mm
ISBN-13: 9783940621443

Hitlers Charisma wird bis heute in der Geschichtsforschung diskutiert. Die Frage, ob Hitler charismatisch war, muss dabei im historischen Kontext nachvollzogen werden. Die hier zusammengestellten Briefe an Adolf Hitler geben einen Hinweis darauf, wie sehr er als unnahbar inszenierter Führer Projektionsfläche für viele Deutschen geworden ist, die elektrisiert von ihm waren, sich ihm leidenschaftlich, teils erotisch zugeneigt fühlten. Nachdem bereits Briefe aus der Bevölkerung an Hitler aus Beständen in Washington und Moskau publiziert worden sind, präsentiert der Band erstmals eine umfangreiche Sammlung von Bevölkerungspost aus den Beständen des Bundesarchiv Berlin der Jahre von 1933 bis 1945.

Die Verankerung der Weltanschauung Hitlers in seiner religiösen Begrifflichkeit und seinem Gottesbild

In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wird auf der Grundlage aller verfügbaren Texte und Reden Hitlers seine Verwendung der religiösen Begrifflichkeit untersucht und gezeigt, dass diese sich Hitlers weltanschaulichem Denken so einfügte, dass eine eigenständige Kriegsreligion in scharfem Gegensatz zur christlichen Religion entstand. Dabei wird Hitlers Weltanschauung als von 1919 bis 1945 weitgehend gleichbleibend erwiesen und als Triebfeder seines Handelns verstanden.

Unos 206 esquiadores de la División Azul tenían la misión de adentrarse en el Lago Ilmen para rescatar a un nutrido grupo de alemanes que habían quedado atrapados por los soviéticos. Era el día 10 de enero de 1942 cuando los españoles volvieron a asombrar a la historia nuevamente, que por aquella época se podría decir que eran Alemania y la URSS, ambas quedando boquiabiertas. Aquí va su historia, la que ellos hicieron.