Household Economics

Financial fragility is recognized as a substantial issue for individual well-being. Various estimates show that between 46 and 59% of American adults are financially fragile and thus vulnerable in terms of their well-being. We argue that the role of financial control in shaping well-being outcomes—despite being less recognized in the literature than the role of financial fragility—is equally or even more important. Our study is a longitudinal cohort study that made use of observational data. Two waves of the Well-Being Survey data from 1448 U.S. adults were used in the analysis. Impacts of financial fragility and financial control on 17 well-being outcomes were examined, including emotional well-being (nine outcomes), physical well-being (four outcomes), social well-being (two outcomes), in addition to an unhealthy days summary measure and the flourishing index. Financial fragility was shown to be on average less influential for the well-being outcomes than financial control. Our re...

Men's and women's employment trajectories following divorce is an important issue for analysis because of the possible implications of the changes in employment characteristics on the economic well-being of divorced men and women and their children, and on their levels of dependency on the welfare state. In order to analyse the long-term effects of divorce on an individual's salary, employment stability, and the number of jobs held, we employ a unique register-based panel data from Israel. Using longitudinal multi-level analyses and linear growth models, so as fixed-effects models, we find that men's monthly salary and employment stability levels suffer more than those of women following divorce. Nonetheless, our results are in line with previous research on the negative effect of divorce on women's economic status. This is because our fixed-effects models show that, although women increase their employment stability and the number of jobs held following divorce, their earnings do not rise following marital disruption. Moreover, women usually experience a reduction in their salary growth rates. For men, our fixed-effects models suggest that their employment stability levels suffer following divorce, but that there are no substantial differences in men's earnings or in their salary growth ratesfollowing marital disruption. These results are discussed within the theoretical frameworks of the marriage premium and the divorce penalty.

In 1899, MIT chemist Ellen H. Richards (1842-1911) instigated a series of annual "Lake Placid Conferences" (1899-1908) that became known as the foundation of the home economics movement. Richards's first interest was in improving the household's well-being by using sanitary and nutrition sciences, an objective that was passed on to the movement. However, by the 1920s, home economists rather identified their field of expertise as the "science of consumption," emphasizing the idea of "rational consumption." My aim in this article is to give an account of how this shift in focus came about, by telling the story of the home economics movement founded by Richards. I examine how the movement problematized consumption by highlighting its relationship, and perception of itself, regarding economics. I argue that the concept of consumption was central to the structuring of the movement from its beginning and allowed home economists to claim it as their field of expertise because, as they believed, economists were not addressing the issue.

According to World Health Organization’s report upon household air pollution and health (2018), it has been estimated that globally around 3 billion of population uses kerosene and solid fuels (i.e. cow dung, charcoal, wood, coal and crop waste) for cooking food in ineffectual stoves and in open fires. However, the majority of the population lives in rural areas and has low income. As the process of such type of cooking is inefficient which results in producing high level of toxic compounds and gases within the surroundings of household, these gases then directly penetrates into the lungs causing health diseases. Such gases and compound fall into household air pollution or indoor air pollution categories.
This report examined the impact of household air pollution upon the health of household members and the minimizing this impact through usage of efficient cookstoves (i.e. Jaan Pakistan Supreme Stove). The survey was conducted upon the respondents residing in some of the off-grid districts of Pakistan by asking questions regarding their own understandings of danger of household air pollution and feasibility of using efficient biomass fuel combustion technology and its impact upon their lives.

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The majority of urban inhabitants in low-and middle-income country (LMIC) cities live in deprived urban areas. However, policy efforts and the monitoring of global goals and agendas such as the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and UN-Habitat New Urban Agenda are hindered by the unavailability of statistical and spatial data at metropolitan, city and sub-city scales. Deprivation is a complex and multidimensional concept, and presently, there is a strong focus within the existing literature on household-level (including individual) deprivation and less on area-level deprivation and this is problematic because deprivation at the area and household-level are known to interrelate and result in multiple challenges for individuals and communities. Within this scoping review, we build on existing literature that focuses on household-or area-level deprivation to arrive at a combined understanding of how urban deprivation is defined in relation to LMIC cities. The scoping review of existing literature was used in conjunction with local stakeholder workshops to produce a framework titled "Domains of Deprivation Framework". The Domains of Deprivation Framework conceptualizes urban deprivation at three different scales, including at the household scale, within the area scale and at the area connect scale. It includes nine domains, (1) SocioEconomic Status and (2) Housing Domains (Household scale); (3) Social Hazards & Assets, (4) Physical Hazards & Assets, (5) Unplanned Urbanization and (6) Contamination (Within Area scale); and (7) Infrastructure, (8) Facilities & Services and (9) City Governance (Area Connect scale). The Domains of Deprivation Framework is designed to support diverse urban, health, poverty, and development initiatives globally to characterize and address deprivation in LMIC cities from a holistic perspective, combining traditional data sources (e.g., surveys or census data) with new data sources (e.g., Earth Observation data).

Unter dem Begriff Haushalt wird nicht nur ein physischer Ort des Wohnens verstanden, sondern auch ein soziales Gefüge. In ihm befriedigen Menschen Grundbedürfnisse wie Essen oder Schlafen. Außerdem dient er zur sozialen Reproduktion, womit z.B. die Kindererziehung, die Versorgung von Alten und Kranken sowie die Weitergabe von Sinn- und Wertevorstellungen gemeint ist. Allerdings ist der Haushalt auch ein Raum, in dem Ungerechtigkeiten zwischen Geschlechtern sowie Homo- und Transfeindlichkeit überdauern.
In der Antike war das Haus ein wirtschaftliches Zentrum, in dem Lebensmittel selbstständig hergestellt und konsumiert wurden. Vorsteher einer Hausgemeinschaft war der Vater, der über die Regeln des Zusammenlebens bestimmte. Er allein besaß das Bürgerrecht. Während der Industrialisierung verlor das Haus seine wirtschaftliche Bedeutung, geblieben ist die dominante Stellung von Männern. Die Produktion von Waren verlagerte sich in Fabriken, wodurch das Haus zu einem privaten Raum wurde, abgetrennt von der beruflich-öffentlichen Welt. Bis weit ins 20. Jahrhundert hinein mussten zumeist Frauen den Haushalt führen, ohne dafür entlohnt zu werden, während sich Männer in höherem Maße ihren beruflichen Karrieren widmen konnten. Verstärkt wurde dieses geschlechterspezifische Ungleichgewicht durch Gesetze, die z.B. die rechtliche Vormundschaft von Männern über ihre Ehefrauen regelten. Heute befinden sich die historisch gewachsenen Geschlechterrollen im Wandel. Die zunehmende Beschäftigung schlechtbezahlter Haushaltshilfen aus dem Ausland deutet jedoch auf die Entstehung neuer Abhängigkeitsverhältnisse hin.
Die haushaltsinterne Verteilung von Einkommen wurde bislang in den Wirtschaftswissenschaften zu wenig untersucht. Zukünftig sollte genauer erforscht werden, welchen Einfluss die Einkommensverteilung auf die Selbstbestimmung der einzelnen Haushaltsmitglieder nimmt und welche Rolle dabei das Geschlecht spielt.

Link: https://www.gender-glossar.de/post/haushalt

It has been almost two decades since conditional cash transfer programs first appeared on the agendas of multilateral agencies and politicians. Latin America has often been used as a testing ground for these programs, which consist of transfers of money to subsections of the population upon meeting certain conditions, such as sending their children to school or having them vaccinated. Money from the Government in Latin America takes a comparative view of the effects of this regular transfer of money, which comes with obligations, on rural communities.

Drawing on a variety of data, taken from different disciplinary perspectives, these chapters help to build an understanding of the place of conditional cash transfer programsin rural families and households, in individuals’ aspirations and visions, in communities’ relationships to urban areas, and in the overall character of these rural societies.

With case studies from Chile, Mexico, Peru, Brazil and Colombia, this book will interest scholars and researchers of Latin American anthropology, sociology, development, economics and politics.

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) are coming forward as an outstanding insects for bioconversion of organic waste, which can convert household organic waste, i.e. manure, kitchen waste, into biomass rich in protein and fat. The harvested BSF larvae contained 40% protein and 30% fat. BSF may be used in low middle income countries to biodegrade the organic waste into valuable animal feedstuff, in their last larval stage called as prepupa. Revenues from sales of this valuable animal feed can cover cost of waste collection. This newest technology is applied for municipal solid waste, faecal sludge in developed countries. This paper presents and opens the new research area for application of this technology for Indian household kitchen organic waste. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of BSFL technology at small scale level, add value to the end product, and generate income.

В докладе, который является результатом двухгодичной научной работы в рамках проекта «Развитие системы социальной защиты в Российской Федерации», представлены история развития адресной социальной поддержки в России, архитектура нынешней государственной системы мер социальной поддержки и бюджетные расходы на нее, дана оценка авторами эффективности российской государственной системы мер социальной поддержки, в том числе анализ текущей региональной практики, наконец, предложены управленческие, организационные и аналитические инструменты, которые должны способствовать достижению целей сокращения бедности за счет переориентации этой системы на адресную помощь гражданам с низким уровнем доходов.

The paper presents the findings of a two-year research project  dedicated to Strengthening the Social Protection System in the Russian Federation (Razvitie sistemy sotcial`noy zashchity v Rossiyskoy Federatcii). It summarizes the history of targeted social assistance in Russia, discusses the design of the current welfare system and trends in government social protection outlays, assesses the performance of  social protection policies, including the sub-federal programs, and proposes some policy measures, as well as institutional and analytical tools that could help reduce poverty by re-shaping the existing welfare system to focus on income support of the poor.

During the last fifty years the traditional view of the American family has changed significantly.  There are many reasons contributing to the changing family dynamics that include larger percentages of women in the workplace, increases in single-parent homes, and younger generations waiting longer to engage in a marital relationship.  Today, according to Hawkins and Mothersbaugh (2013), American households follow much more complex and varied cycles….Therefore, researchers have developed several models of household life cycle (HLC).  All are based on age and marital status of the adult members of the household and the presence and age of children” (p. 189).

There are wide ranges of benefits that promise education. Education has an important role in the development and growth of manufacturing, services and agriculture sectors. It not only improve earning in different sectors but also have vital role in developing social set up of an economy, improve health, empower women and fast adoption of advanced technologies. So, present study investigates the impact of education on farmers earning. The primary data of 295 rural households are collected through stratified random sampling technique and is estimated with correlation coefficients and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) techniques. Empirical results indicate that Mother’s education, livestock, agricultural technical education, own agricultural land, father education, spouse education and education of farmer have significant and positive association with earning of the farmers. The present study suggests that agriculture is a backbone of an economy, promotion and acceleration of agriculture can develop the economy of country. Development in agriculture can be made by educating the women; increasing quantity and quality of livestock, to gain farming related knowledge, to get own agricultural land by land reforms program and educated domestic background.

In 1660, Joost van den Vondel described the Dutch seventeenth-century household as a place of luxury and treasure: ‘So, they trail the streets of the city,/ The inner and shadowy outer canals,/ [Passing] by houses, crammed with luxury and treasure, …’.  In the Dutch Republic (1581-1795), the household was the primary place of business and, equally important, of culture. Private homes were constantly designed, built, (re)furnished, and decorated with art. In the household, inhabitants made business transactions and met with clients, acquaintances and relatives. Art was viewed here, discussed and switched hands. Celebrations were held in the household and mourning took place; memories were made and lost again.

What did the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century households look like? Both those on swanky canals and those in back alleys? What did people own? And what role did men and women play in the design, decoration and use of the house? Who decided what went on the walls? Who chose curtains, tapestries, pillows, silver, and paintings? And how were men, women and children remembered after they had passed, both in the household and elsewhere?
With recent studies on material culture, art and its ownership, and women in the Dutch Golden Age, it is now both timely and promising to address the questions above.  Taking an interdisciplinary approach, this paper provides an overview of the related subjects above. Furthermore, it proposes a new approach and three study cases, all of which are part of a larger planned research program at the University of Amsterdam, entitled Lady of the House. Art and Memory in the Long Golden Age.

This paper builds on Marxist-feminist analyses of the links between the household, the economy, and the state through a discussion of recycling, pointing to the ways the unwaged work of household waste sorting contributes to capitalism’s crisis-prone dynamic of overaccumulation.  Household waste sorting is an instance of work transfer—a reorganization of labor and day-to-day life by the state and industry in which production is shifted from industry into households without compensation.  A periodization of “waste regimes” reveals how the state management of waste both mirrors and is implicated in accumulation regimes, their crises, and their resolutions.  The current recycling crisis demonstrates the contradictory nature and futility of recycling in capitalism, and the specific manner in which the work transfer involved in household waste sorting contributes to accumulation and crisis.

Loretta Lorance, an architectural historian, wrote that it is difficult to judge just how much mechanization had changed modern life because its impact was such that people alive today have difficulty understanding living without it.

"So entwined have mechanical devices become with modern life that the not so distant past, before they were established as necessary adjuncts to it, is often viewed with nostalgia and gratitude for the lessons learned during the preceding centuries of drudgery."

Lorance posited that mechanization in the home was always moving forward and began even before the Industrial Revolution but that the 1920s were the confluence of home, technology and readily available energy. This confluence, rather than mechanization by itself, was what was to create the greatest social change in the US in the 20th century and what would ultimately lead to new views on what gender roles should be as well.

This thesis reports on the 2010 excavations of the North Group and Eastern Court at the ancient Lowland Maya site of Pacbitun. It provides a construction history of the architecture and an analysis of associated artifacts, burials, and caches. The archaeological investigations demonstrate that the seven structures (Strs. 34-40) of this restricted access plazuela group were built in the Early Classic period, and renewed in the Late Classic period. Based on analyses of artifacts (ceramics and lithics), skeletal and faunal remains, and intra- and inter-site comparisons, the North Group functioned as a secondary elite domestic residential group. Reconstruction suggests that the inhabitants here were not commoners; instead, the occupants probably were related to the ruling elite of Pacbitun. Some of the evidence includes the central location and elevation of the North Group, the presence of red painted plaster surfacing, a burial with multiple ceramic musical instruments, and multiple dedicatory caches with exotic goods (e.g., marine shell, jadeite, "Charlie Chaplin" figures).

This paper analyse the level of financial inclusion in Nigeria using data from the global findex indicators. The findings reveal that Nigeria witnessed growth in several financial inclusion indicators in the early years of financial inclusion in 2014 but the benefits were not sustained in the later years especially in 2017. Nigeria's level of financial inclusion is very low compared to the World average. In the population group analysis, it was observed that the female, poorest, male, older and uneducated population were worse-off in all indicators of financial inclusion in 2017. The implication of the observed decline in the level of financial inclusion in 2017 suggest that there are barriers to financial inclusion in the post-2014 years.

В книге рассказывается о том, как избегать проблем, как не попадать в жизненные ловушки и прочее. Цель книги описать жизнь счастливого человека.
Книга может быть полезна мужчинам и женщинам в возрасте от 14-15 до 45-50 лет и старше. В книге затронуты темы образования, любви, покупки автомобиля и квартиры, а также многие другие вопросы.
Книга представляет собой набор не связанных друг с другом статей. Каждая статья посвящена одному вопросу, причем каждый вопрос рассмотрен именно в контексте счастливой жизни.

In the Laudatio Turiae, Turia saved her property from her male relatives, and provided her husband (who was under her protection) with money. She also gave financial support to her sister, who was under legitimate guardianship. During the defence of her father’s will, she undertook the case. Being childless, she suggested to her husband to remarry, willing to share her property with the eventual children. In the Laudatio Murdiae, Murdia, had been married twice to worthy husbands and had children from both marriages. She left a will settling all her legal issues, making all her sons equal heirs after she made a bequest to her daughter. She also left her second husband a fixed sum, as a dower. Hortensia delivered a speech in front of the members of the Second Triumvirate against their decision to impose taxes on 1400 wealthy women, in order to sponsor the military legions. The women refused to contribute because their social position would be seriously aggravated if they lost their properties. These texts give a unique insight into the Roman family ideology and mentality, related often with the Roman law. In this article we try to illuminate the legal aspects dominating Roman society, but also the wife's position as the true guardian of the house.

"La specificità del 'dispositivo' di cura domiciliare all'anziano non autosufficiente in Italia (composto prevalentemente da badanti straniere, parenti, assistenti domiciliari del servizio pubblico) appare di particolare importanza nella demografia e antropologia dell'età anziana, perché in queste specifiche pratiche della cura si palesano contemporaneamente tre aspetti che in altre nazioni non coincidono: l'accentuato invecchiamento della popolazione; la specifica dimensione morale dell'obbligazione alla cura parentale intergenerazionale; un modello politico di welfare-state 'mediterraneo' basato sulla sussidiarietà tra lo stato e la parentela.
Alcune delle ricerche di antropologia delle migrazioni in Italia condotte negli ultimi quindici anni hanno posto l'accento sulla funzione che le lavoratrici straniere hanno nel garantire la forza e durata della triplice connessione che abbiamo citato. Disponiamo così di una notevole mole di studi sulle 'badanti', una parziale presenza di studi antropologici sulla parentela e l'assistenza, una quasi totale assenza di ricerche etnografiche sulla prospettiva istituzionale alla cura domiciliare. Riteniamo che sia perciò importante fare un passo ulteriore, cercando di unificare le prospettive di analisi.
In quest'ottica, il nostro intervento vuole dare conto di un particolare aspetto – quello dei discorsi e delle pratiche intorno alle transazioni economiche legate all'assistenza– emerso durante una più ampia ricerca sulla cura domiciliare agli anziani non-autosufficienti in un medio comune dell'Emilia Romagna. Applicate all'ambito della cura domiciliare, le logiche economiche del mercato, della redistribuzione e della reciprocità appaiono rimescolarsi producendo degli interessanti corto-circuiti concettuali utili a comprendere i diversi punti di vista e le diverse aspettative dei care-givers intorno al significato di 'cura'. Le incomprensioni così come le potenziali sinergie mostrano come quello dell'assistenza domiciliare sia un ambito di negoziazione denso e multidimensionale, estremamente fertile in termini euristici così come in una prospettiva applicativa e di impegno del ricercatore.

Alcuni riferimenti bibiografici

Grilli S., Zanotelli F. (a cura di) (2010). Scelte di famiglia. Tendenze della parentela nell'Italia contemporanea. Pisa: ETS, p. 1-283, ISBN: 9788846729194.

AM. Rivista della Società Italiana di Antropologia Medica, numero monografico su “Presenze internazionali. Prospettive etnografiche sulla dimensione fisico-politica delle migrazioni in Italia”, a cura di G. Pizza e A.F. Ravenda, nn. 33-34, ottobre 2012.

Heady P., Grandits, H., Kohli M.,
Schweitzer P. (eds) (2010). Family, Kinship and State in Contemporary
Europe (3 Volumes). Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.

Joseph Troisi, Hans-Joachim von Kondratowitz (eds.) (2013). Ageing in the Mediterranean, Bristol: Policy Press.

Hochschild R. A. (2006). Per amore o per denaro. La commercializzazione della vita intima, Bologna: Il Mulino.

Vianello F. (2009). Migrando sole. Legami transnazionali tra Ucraina e Italia, Milano: Franco Angeli."""

This dissertation examines how a series of interlocking labor, welfare, and education policies framed the practices of growing up working-class in the half-century before World War II.  For the masses of working people in northern American cities, youth became a period of life protected from adult laboring relations, given over to therapeutic professionals, and situated in high schools that became committed to a peer-centered economy of consumption.  Working-class youths were active protagonists in these events.  As much as anyone, it was they who elevated the cult of youth over the filial piety demanded by their parents' traditions and the self-control expected by the new professionals.  Yet, ongoing waves of culturally distinct generations did not emerge.  This study shows that "youth culture" can not be comprehended as autonomous from "adult culture."  It suggests that a cult of youth sponsored by professional groups, but shaped by working-class youths and their parents, radically individualized how gender, race, and religion informed identities.  The meanings of maturation were increasingly directed inward toward the body and the personality of individuals.  This disassociated them from the interdependency that was articulated through kinship, religious institutions, and other remaining expressions of paternal order.

La présente étude cherche à lever certaines des lacunes de l'analyse microéconomique des relations d'emploi du large « secteur informel » des économies en développement, considéré à tort comme un marché de type walrasien. S'appuyant sur une enquête menée auprès de travailleurs de la petite industrie abidjanaise, en Cote d'Ivoire, la thèse établit une taxonomie des relations d'emploi originale qui est ensuite analysée à l'aide des outils standard de la microéconomie. Cette démarche de vérification des modèles montre que les agents ne se comportent conformément aux prédictions de l'approche néo-classique que lorsque des circonstances sociales spécifiques sont réunies. Cette thèse met ainsi l'accent sur la nécessité d'articuler les approches économiques standard à l'analyse des contextes sociaux dans lesquels se dessinent les décisions des agents.

The paper discusses Derrida's concept of hospitality which perfectly describes the experience of loosing the sense of feeling at home and reveals the disintegrating entrance of the Otherness into a coherent home space. Jacques Derrida's theory makes it possible to deconstruct the familiar home space, which, however, does not constitute in any case its destruction. Revealing a complex and ambiguous nature of the challenge of hospitality, he perceives the sense of feeling at home as one of the necessary conditions of a stable subject. This is the subject that most fears the Otherness which could disrupt, unsettle their permanent structure and a sense of certainty. Therefore, the Author follows closely the fear of strangeness and the nostalgic longing for the sense of feeling at home as depicted by David Lynch and Michael Haneke in their films. Then he passes on to the field of contemporary art which not only reveals the fact that something has happened to the house we have known so far, but it also allows for creative deconstruction of the feeling at home. The artistic works selected by the Author break the binary oppositions: one’s own/someone else’s, familiar/strange (Jessica Sue Layton), close/distant (Shizuka Yokomizo) and finally the most important one: interior/exterior (Marja Pirilä, Eve Dent).

Rumors of a new respiratory disease began to reach northern Haiti through reports from relatives from the diaspora; the subject soon took over radio stations, virtual communication apps, and everyday conversations in rural neighborhoods and popular markets. The need for social distancing, however, was met with skepticism-not out of disbelief in its effectiveness, but out of resignation to a situation that did not seem new. In this article, I look at the history of past epidemics in Haiti and how these experiences shaped the way people reacted to the arrival of COVID-19 in the country. Through ethnographic data and recent conversations with Haitian friends, I argue that the general feeling of immobility caused by the pandemic intensified a political and existential situation defined as lòk. Nevertheless, it was through a popular epidemiology centered around the household (lakou) that people were able to cope with this new virus. While discussing creative forms of dealing with this sense of stagnation, I try to show that mobility is a form of vitality, creating and structuring life even in situations of radical uncertainty.

This dissertation inquires into the forms of social reproduction of the urban poor under a process of accumulation in which real estate and finance capital have a preeminent role. My main hypothesis is that the forms of reciprocity and conflict at the scale of the household and the locality are deeply entangled with the reproduction of real estate and financial processes of accumulation. Capitalist relations regulated by the state become increasingly embedded in the everyday tensions of households and localities. This embeddedness configures social space and the dispositions, values and meanings that structure it, which simultaneously constitute the basis for particular forms of exploitation and rent-seeking activities. Following the main hypothesis, I provide a historical and anthropological explanation of the production of a particular working-class world. In this system of social reproduction, the creation and development of the construction industry goes hand in hand with the emergence of homeownership and the gradual penetration of credit as basic elements in the pursuit of livelihood. In this analysis, I expose a changing pattern whereby conflicts inherent to the production of social space and to the process of accumulation are progressively exacerbated. This transformation emerges at three different scales that are inextricably linked: the household, the neighborhood and the space of capital circulation – all of them regulated by the state. /// This research is based on 21 months of life and fieldwork in Ciutat Meridiana, a housing project on the immediate periphery of Barcelona. The rationale for choosing an impoverished neighborhood is simple: it is in the lowest regions of the urban space that the tensions inherent to the reproduction of a particular mode of production and a particular kind of society are often most clearly expressed.

"Utilitarian Ceramic Production and Distribution in the Prehistoric Tonto Basin" synthesizes sand temper-based provenance evidence collected over 15 years from three widely spaced project areas. Ideas regarding pottery manufacture in households and communities during the A.D. 100 - 1350 span are presented.