Infiltration

Impacts of irrigation with treated wastewater effluents on soils and groundwater aquifer in the vicinity of Sidi Abid Region (Tunisia) are evaluated. The groundwater aquifer was monitored by several piezometers, where monthly water levels were registered and groundwater salinity was evaluated. This resulted in characterizing the spatial and temporal evolution of the hydrochemical and hydrodynamic properties of the aquifer, showing thereby the impact of artificial recharge. Piezometric maps for prerecharge and post-recharge situations were developed and a comparison study of both piezometric situations was considered. The piezometric evolution map showed a generalized rise of the piezometric level in the vicinity of the irrigation zone. The extent of recharge was shown to increase with time as the groundwater level increase, which was localized in the vicinity of the irrigation area, reached more extended zones. Several groundwater samples were withdrawn from wells and piezometers and analyzed. Examining the corresponding physical and chemical parameters showed an increase in the concentrations of nutrients (28 mg/l for NO 3 and 3.97 mg/l for NH 4) in the groundwater aquifer below the irrigation zone, which confirms again the infiltration of treated wastewater effluents. The evolution of soil salinity was examined through chemical analysis of soil samples. Electric conductivities of soils were generally shown to be less than 4 mS/cm while the irrigation water has an electric conductivity that may reach 6.63 mS/cm. This might be explained by the phenomenon of dilution and the capacity of soils to evacuate salts downward.

The period of the eighties is the main subject of my story. The aim is to analyze the crisis in the functioning of the Belgian State and society, which culminated at the end of 1985, and to provide background facts. This is a crisis that has so far been little analyzed. Reasoning back from that crisis can only be properly discerned the various elements that have dragged society along in today's very deep and almost hopeless crisis.
A few facts that should indicate the situation at the end of 1985 ... A whole series of factors come together and interact. First, there is a dynamic, but mainly pacifist mobilization of the young people for peace; a mobilization that at that time mainly revolves around whether or not to place American cruise missiles in Belgium. In the period October 1984-December 1985 an organization emerged that presented itself as an extreme left, the Cellules Comunistes Combattentes. It commits acts of violence, attacks that were not aimed at people, but which nevertheless involve a victim. The CCC comes out of nowhere, is said to come from extreme left-wing circles and consists of no more than 6 to 10 people. They ensure that violence is increasingly the subject of public debate. At the end of 1985, 4-5 persons responsible for the attacks they claimed were arrested.
At the same time an even more serious social drama occurs. In the first half of the eighties, a destabilization of the state takes place in all kinds of areas. A climate of tension is created. This tension among the entire population is mainly borne by people who have remained unknown to this day, who have gradually become known as the "Gang of Nijvel. There, too, a spiral of violence that has certainly occurred from 1983 onwards, and it is no coincidence that it reached its peak at the end of 1985. There is talk of terror, of apparently criminal violence, which in its methodology and in its timing pointing to political aims down to the smallest detail.
[...] In the first half of the eighties a third phenomenon occurs. In line with the Cold War, the Belgian government consulted the ally in the USA. Some of the best investigators from the Belgian police world (gendarmerie and judicial police) were sent to the US to receive training in undercover work. This training had a dramatic effect. As in many other European countries, they were given a training that only fit within the framework of American law. That American law permits far more than is customary in any other European democracy. The trained people came back with a formidable education that only suited the American context, but was totally illegal in the Belgian framework In Belgium, it is not allowed to proceed to arrests by provocation, ie by inciting to commit a crime.
[..] The dynamics that the Belgian state has shown recently lay in a completely different field, namely in the field of decentralization to absorb the contradictions between the Flemish and the Walloon communities as well as the uneven economic development between the industrialized, traditionally socialist south and the Flemish north where wealth accumulated more and more, while the traditional industrial structure in Wallonia has entered a very deep crisis. This uneven development has forced the state to a very far-reaching decentralization, which in the minds of some should end in secession (as the Lega Nord wants in Italy). It is mainly the extreme right that is aiming for this.
The "Vlaams Blok/Flemish Block" systematically conducts a political offensive that has only one goal: to abolish democracy by means of the detour of splitting Belgium into two pieces. When one sees in this development what is left of essential functions of the old unitary state - and these are in the first place justice, internal affairs, police services, military - then it must be concluded that it is precisely those sectors of the old state structures that are subject to a deep crisis; a crisis that poses a major threat to democracy.
What alternative is left to the old unitary structures now that the attention of politicians and the population is shifting more towards the new regional structures; now that the old state has been undermined by the anti-democratic forces of the Cold War, while the formation of the new regional states is partly driven by the extreme right; an extreme right that puts the theme of nationalism at the center of the propaganda and the aversion to everything that for them is not proper to the nation with all the discriminatory undertones that entails. Belgium faces a dilemma and a complex situation that is partly the result of what went wrong in a number of Western democracies as a result of what has been called the Cold War.

In semi-arid areas with sparse vegetation cover, runoff generated in the open areas is crucial for the maintenance of vegetated patches. Microphytic crusts play a major role in this redistribution of water, thus in¯uencing ecosystem functioning and dynamics. We investigated the effects of alpha grass (Stipa tenacissima L.) on the composition of the microphytic crusts, surface soil compaction, and in®ltration in a semi-arid steppe of SE Spain. The microphytic crust composition differed between the upslope of S. tenacissima tussocks (tussock microsites) and the inter-tussock areas with sparse vascular plant cover (open microsites), with more moss cover in the tussock microsite, and more cyanobacteria and lichens in the open microsite. The surface soil compaction was higher in the open microsite. Variables related with in®ltration showed a clear microsite effect, with higher in®ltration rate and less time required by ®rst drop to percolate in the tussock microsite. Partial correlation analysis showed a signi®cant negative relationship between the cyanobacteria cover and the in®ltration rate, and both the cyanobacteria cover and the percentage of bare soil showed a signi®cant positive relationship with the time required for ®rst drop to percolate. Our results reinforce the idea that open microsites act as sources of water for S. tenacissima tussocks. This study helps to understand the interactions between microphytic crusts and vascular plants in semi-arid environments. q

Tracer techniques were used to study infiltration losses into a dry wadi bed. In order not to be fully dependent on rarely occurring natural flood events, an artificial flash flood was studied in a small arid stream channel, Nahal Shahmon, Israel. A reservoir was built, filled with water (550 m3) and breached artificially. Three different artificial tracers were injected at different times during the flood. At two locations downstream surface water samples were taken. The water moving within the alluvium was also sampled with the help of fluocapteurs distributed at different locations within the alluvial body. The fluocapteurs enabled the different pathways of the two dye tracers downstream to be identified and the maximum depth of infiltration to be approximated. This sampling technique is promising for future studies in arid rivers, since fluocapteurs can stay for a long time without any maintenance. Towards the end of flow, exfiltration from the channel alluvium was observed. The...

Microbial activity in semiarid and arid environments is closely related to the timing, intensity, and amount of precipitation. The characteristics of the soil surface, especially the influence of biological soil crusts, can determine the amount, location, and timing of water infiltration into desert soils, which, in turn, determines the type and size of microbial response. Nutrients resulting from this pulse then create a positive feedback as increases in microbial and plant biomass enhance future resource capture or, alternatively, may be lost to the atmosphere, deeper soils, or downslope patches. When rainfall intensity overwhelms the water infiltration capacity of the plant interspace or the plant patch, overland water flow links otherwise separated patches at many different scales via the transport of nutrients in water, soil, and organic matter. For example, material carried from the plant interspace is often deposited under an adjacent plant. Alternatively, material from both of these patches may be carried to rills that feed ephemeral channels, thence to seasonally intermittent and, finally, perennial streams. These inputs can either be retained by the stream-riparian ecosystem or be exported in surface flow. However, in larger perennial streams, the fate of these material inputs is confounded by the impact of storm-driven flows on the extant aquatic biota, as flash floods can also represent succession-initiating disturbances to the stream-riparian ecosystem on a wide range of time scales. In contrast to uplands where precipitation initiates the microbial response, nutrient transfers can support a flush of plant uptake and microbial processing, triggered by high nutrient concentrations and changed nutrient form (e.g., nitrate or ammonium). The nature and strength of the linkages between the different ecosystem components define the structure and function of arid ecosystems. Losses of materials are natural processes, but it is problematic when ''conserving'' systems become ''leaky'' via anthropogenic disturbance and losses exceed gains.

We report preparation and characterization of novel bicomponent metal-based photonic crystals having submicron three-dimensional (3D) periodicity. Fabricated photonic crystals include SiO 2 sphere lattices infiltrated interstitially with metals, carbon inverse lattices filled with metal or metal alloy spheres, Sb inverse lattices, and Sb inverse lattices filled with Bi spheres. Starting from a face centered SiO 2 lattice template, these materials were obtained by sequences of either templating and template extraction or templating, template extraction, and retemplating. Surprising high fidelity was obtained for all templating and template extraction steps. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to characterize the structure and the effects of the structure on calorimetric properties. To the best of our knowledge, SAXS data on metallic photonic crystals were collected for first time.

The generation of runoff and the associated processes are important for the understanding of flood generation and sediment mobilisation. However, only few studies of this kind were conducted in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region. This paper presents detailed rainfall event analyses in the Jhikhu Khola catchment in the middle mountains of Nepal's Himalayas followed by analysis of runoff events in erosion plots on different land use. It shows that rainfall events in the catchment can be divided into four clusters: minor events, medium events, high intensity events and large events with each cluster having particular characteristics. Annually about nine high intensity events occur, most of them during the monsoon season. Large events, about one event per year, generally occur during the monsoon and the post-monsoon season. Both the high intensity and the large events are potentially important for the generation of floods in the catchment and beyond. Runoff events in the catchment are closely correlated to the event rainfall intensity parameters and the proposed clusters. Depending on land use another surface flow process is expected. While on degraded land infiltration excess flow is the key process in terms of runoff generation, on agricultural land saturation excess overland flow is more relevant. The bulk of the runoff is generated in a few major rainfall events. Particularly on agricultural land only few events cause the total annual runoff.

Effluent organic matter Managed aquifer recharge Riverbank filtration Biotransformation Co-metabolism Primary substrate a b s t r a c t This study explored the effect of different bulk organic carbon matrices on the fate of trace organic chemicals (TOrC) during managed aquifer recharge (MAR). Infiltration through porous media was simulated in biologically active column experiments under aerobic and anoxic recharge conditions. Wastewater effluent derived organic carbon types, differing in hydrophobicity and biodegradability (i. e., hydrophobic acids, hydrophilic carbon, organic colloids), were used as feed substrates in the column experiments. These carbon substrates while fed at the same concentration differed in their ability to support soil biomass growth during porous media infiltration. Removal of degradable TOrC (with the exception of diclofenac and propyphenazone) was equal or better under aerobic versus anoxic porous media infiltration conditions. During the initial phase of infiltration, the presence of biodegradable organic carbon (BDOC) enhanced the decay of degradable TOrC by promoting soil biomass growth, suggesting that BDOC served as a co-substrate in a cometabolic transformation of these contaminants. However, unexpected high removal efficiencies were observed for all degradable TOrC in the presence of low BDOC concentrations under well adopted oligotrophic conditions. It is hypothesized that removal under these conditions is caused by a specialized microbial community growing on refractory carbon substrates such as hydrophobic acids. Findings of this study reveal that the concentration and character of bulk organic carbon present in effluents affect the degradation efficiency for TOrC during recharge operation. Specifically aerobic, oligotrophic microbiological soil environments present favorable conditions for the transformation of TOrC, including rather recalcitrant compounds such as chlorinated flame retardants. (J.E. Drewes). A v a i l a b l e a t w w w . s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / w a t r e s 0043-1354/$ -see front matter ª w a t e r r e s e a r c h 4 4 ( 2 0 1 0 ) 4 4 9 -4 6 0

Runoff generation processes in the Canadian Shield were investigated to reconcile the considerable variability of runoff ratios noted by previous studies. Four bedrock plots near Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada were studied between May 1999 and September 2000. Surface runoff increases with rainfall and snowmelt intensity because higher values of the latter can exceed fracture in®ltration capacities. The size distribution of fractures affects in®ltration while the fracture network controls the direction of surface¯ow. Frost has no effect on in®ltration since the fractures are seldom ice ®lled. Storms of long duration and intermittent rainfall provide intervals between rainfalls during which evaporation can reduce the water available to runoff. Available storage in bedrock depressions, both empty and soil ®lled, retard surface¯ow and lengthen residence time, in turn enhancing evaporation and in®ltration at the expense of runoff. The further downslope available storage is on the slope the more control it has on plot runoff magnitude. These ®eld results show that rainfall±runoff relationships for bedrock slopes in the Canadian Shield should be considered in terms of microtopography, bedrock and soil characteristics and climate. q

A tank model consisting of three tanks was developed for prediction of runoff and sediment yield. The sediment yield of each tank was computed by multiplying the total sediment yield by the sediment yield coefficients; the yield was obtained by the product of the runoff of each tank and the sediment concentration in the tank. The sediment concentration of the first tank was computed from its storage and the sediment concentration distribution (SCD); the sediment concentration of the next lower tank was obtained by its storage and the sediment infiltration of the upper tank; and so on. The SCD, caused by the incremental source runoff (or the effective rainfall), was obtained by the theory of the instantaneous unit sediment graph (IUSG) and a sediment routing function. Using the SCD, the sediment yield was computed from the tank model as well as by the IUSG model. The sediment yield obtained from the tank model was then compared with that from the IUSG model. Finally, the tank model was verified on an upland watershed in northwestern Mississippi.

Objective. To compare the efficacy of a single intraarticular corticosteroid injection, a supervised physiotherapy program, a combination of the two, and placebo in the treatment of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. Methods. Ninety-three subjects with adhesive capsulitis of <1 year's duration were randomized to 1 of 4 treatment groups: group 1, corticosteroid injection (triamcinolone hexacetonide 40 mg) performed under fluoroscopic guidance followed by 12 sessions of supervised physiotherapy; group 2, corticosteroid injection alone; group 3, saline injection followed by supervised physiotherapy; or group 4, saline injection alone (placebo group). All subjects were taught a simple home exercise program. Subjects were reassessed after 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. The primary outcome measure was improvement in the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) score. Results. At 6 weeks, the total SPADI scores had improved significantly more in groups 1 and 2 compared with groups 3 and 4 (P ‫؍‬ 0.0004). The total range of active and passive motion increased in all groups, with group 1 having significantly greater improvement than the other 3 groups. At 3 months, groups 1 and 2 still showed significantly greater improvement in SPADI scores than group 4. There was no difference between groups 3 and 4 at any of the followup assessments except for greater improvement in the range of shoulder flexion in group 3 at 3 months. At 12 months, all groups had improved to a similar degree with respect to all outcome measures. Conclusion. A single intraarticular injection of corticosteroid administered under fluoroscopy combined with a simple home exercise program is effective in improving shoulder pain and disability in patients with adhesive capsulitis. Adding supervised physiotherapy provides faster improvement in shoulder range of motion. When used alone, supervised physiotherapy is of limited efficacy in the management of adhesive capsulitis. Adhesive capsulitis is a common cause of shoulder pain and disability. It is characterized by spontaneous onset of shoulder pain accompanied by progressive limitation of both active and passive glenohumeral movement (1). The pathophysiology of idiopathic adhe-Supported by a grant from the Arthritis Society of Canada.

Metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with thin YSZ electrolyte films and infiltrated Ni and LSM catalysts are operated in the temperature range 650-750 • C. A five-layer structure consisting of porous metal-support/porous YSZ interlayer/dense YSZ electrolyte film/porous YSZ interlayer/porous metal current collector is prepared at 1300 • C in reducing atmosphere. This cell structure is then sealed and joined to a cell housing/gas manifold using a commercially available braze. Finally, the porous YSZ interlayers are infiltrated with Ni and LSM catalyst precursor solutions at low temperature prior to cell testing. Infiltrating the catalysts after the high temperature sintering and brazing steps avoids undesirable decomposition of LSM, Ni coarsening, and interdiffusion between Ni catalyst and FeCr in the support. Maximum power densities of 233 and 332 mW cm −2 were achieved at 650 and 700 • C, respectively, with air as oxidant. With pure oxygen as oxidant, power densities of 726, 993, and >1300 mW cm −2 were achieved at 0.7 V at 650, 700, and 750 • C, respectively. Published by Elsevier B.V.

This article reviews the role of intelligence in public administration and compares diplomatic intelligence and espionage. In this context, the article provides examples of diplomatic intelligence and espionage across political, economic, military and scientific-technical areas. This comparative analysis is followed by the recommendations for addressing the existing challenges in national security.

სტატიაში განხილულია სადაზვერვო საქმიანობის როლი სახელმწიფო მართვაში და გაკეთებულია შედარებითი ანალიზი დიპლომატიურ და აგენტურულ დაზვერვას შორის. ამ კონტექსტში წარმოდგენილია პოლიტიკური, ეკონომიკური, სამხედრო და სამეცნიერო-ტექნიკური მიმართულებით დიპლომატიური და აგენტურული დაზვერვის მაგალითები და განხილულია აგენტურული გადაბირების ხუთი ძირითადი ეტაპი. დიპლომატიურ და აგენტურულ დაზვერვას შორის შედარებითი ანალიზის შემდეგ, სტატიის ბოლოს წარმოდგენილია რეკომენდაციები ეროვნული უსაფრთხოების სფეროში არსებული გამოწვევების საპასუხოდ.

Objective: Resin infiltration is considered as a treatment option for initial caries lesions. As cavitated early lesions might require additional restorative intervention, a caries infiltrant might be also used for enamel conditioning prior to composite insertion. This study aimed to analyse the shear bond strength of a flowable composite to sound and demineralised enamel pretreated with a caries infiltrant, a conventional adhesive or a combination of both.

Constructed soil filter (CSF) also known as Soil Biotechnology (SBT) is a process for water renovation which makes use of formulated media with culture of soil macro-and microorganisms. CSF combines sedimentation, infiltration and biodegradation processes to remove oxidizable organics and inorganics of wastewater in a single facility. Operating experience shows hydraulic loading in the range of 0.05-0.25 m 3 /m 2 h and organic loading up to 200-680 g/m 2 d. The results show increase in dissolved oxygen levels, COD removal (from 352 mg/l to 20 mg/l); BOD removal (from 211 mg/l to 7.0 mg/l); suspended solids removal (from 293 mg/l to 16 mg/l); turbidity reduction (from 145 NTU to 5.3 NTU); iron (from 5 mg/l to 0.3 mg/l); arsenic (from 500 g/l to 10 g/l); total coliform and fecal coliform removal (from 145 × 10 5 to 55 CFU/100 mL and 150 × 10 8 to 110 CFU/100 mL respectively), with desired pathogen levels as per WHO standards, i.e. ≤10 3 CFU/100 mL. CSF reveals advantages such as low HRT (0.5-2.0 h), low energy requirement (0.04 kW h/m 3 ), no pre-treatment, high dissolved oxygen levels in the effluent, no biosludge production, no mechanical aeration and no odor, fish compatible water quality and evergreen ambience.

For two decades, solid waste components in Bank projects have focused on collection of solid wastes, with equipment provided to upgrade operations at existing open dumps. Since early 1990, the private sector has become increasingly involved in the collection, disposal, and treatment of solid waste, and Bank projects have placed greater priority on implementation of new sanitary landfills. The following guidance provides an examination of some of the issues which need to be addressed in landfill siting and design.

L'infiltration lymphocytaire massive des léiomyomes utérins est une entité rare ; à notre connaissance, seuls 20 cas ont été rapportés dans la littérature. Nous rapportons une nouvelle observation chez une patiente âgée de 35 ans ayant bénéficié d'une myomectomie. Macroscopiquement, la tumeur était de consistance ferme et de couleur blanchâtre. À l'histologie, elle était formée par une prolifération fusocellulaire de faible densité parsemée d'un infiltrat lymphocytaire assez abondant associé à des amas lymphoïdes et à quelques plasmocytes. À l'étude immunohistochimique, l'infiltrat lymphocytaire était formé surtout de lymphocytes T exprimant CD8. Les cellules fusiformes avaient exprimé l'actine muscle lisse, la desmine et H-caldesmone confirmant leur nature musculaire lisse. La pathogénie de cette entité rare est mal élucidée mais c'est une lésion qui mérite d'être connue par le pathologiste puisqu'elle peut poser un problème de diagnostic différentiel en particulier avec un lymphome utérin, une pseudotumeur inflammatoire ou plus rarement un pyomyome.

The chemical and isotopic characterization of formation water from 18 oil production wells, extracted from 5200 to 6100 m b.s.l. at the Jujo-Tecominoacán carbonate reservoir in SE-Mexico, and interpretations of historical production records, were undertaken to determine the origin and hydraulic behavior of deep groundwater systems. The infiltration of surface water during Late Pleistocene to Early Holocene time is suggested by 14 C-concentrations from 2.15 to 31.86 pmC, and by 87 Sr/ 86 Sr-ratios for high-salinity formation water (0.70923-0.70927) that are close to the composition of Holocene to modern seawater. Prior to infiltration, the super-evaporation of seawater reached maximum TDS concentrations of 385 g/ L, with lowest d 18 O values characterizing the most hypersaline samples. Minor deviations of formation water and dolomite host rocks from modern and Jurassic 87 Sr/ 86 Sr-seawater composition, respectively, suggest ongoing water-rock interaction, and partial isotopic equilibration between both phases. The abundance of 14 C in all sampled formation water, 87 Sr/ 86 Sr-ratios for high-salinity water close to Holocene -present seawater composition, a water salinity distribution that is independent of historic water-cut, and a total water extraction volume of 2.037 MMm 3 (1/83-4/07) excludes a connate, oil-leg origin for the produced water of the Jurassic-Cretaceous mudstone-dolomite sequence. Temporal fluctuations of water chemistry in production intervals, the accelerated migration of water fronts from the reservoir flanks, and isotopic mixing trends between sampled wells confirms the existence of free aquifer water below oil horizons. Vertical and lateral hydraulic mobility has probably been accelerated by petroleum extraction.

Bioretention is one of the most commonly used stormwater control measures (SCMs) in North America and Australasia. However, current design is not targeted to regulatory need, often reflecting an outdated understanding of how and why bioretention works. The purpose of this manuscript is to synthesize research to recommend a suite of design standards focused on the purpose of bioretention SCM. Both hydrologic (peak flow mitigation, infiltration, annual hydrology, and stream stability) and water quality [total suspended solids (TSS) and particulates, pathogen-indicator species, metals, hydrocarbons, phosphorus, nitrogen, and temperature] regulatory and stream ecology needs are addressed. Bioretention cells designed to meet a prioritized subset of those measures would be substantially different than cells that are designed for a different subset of needs. Designers have the ability to adjust bowl volume, media composition, media depth, underdrainage configuration, and vegetation type. This study examines how each of those design parameters can be adjusted such that a "one size fits all" approach is no longer the norm.

Studies that relate changes in land cover with changes in river discharge at the small scale (, 1 km 2 ) are abundant. These studies generally indicate that deforestation causes an increase in the annual mean discharge. However, previous studies that evaluated the effects of changes in land cover in larger river basins (.100 km 2 ) usually have not found similar relationships. Here we analyse a 50-year long time series of discharge of a tropical river, the Tocantins River at Porto Nacional (175,360 km 2 ), as well as precipitation over this drainage area, during a period where substantial changes in land cover occurred in the basin (1949 -1998). Based on agricultural census data, we estimate that, in 1960, about 30% of the basin was used for agriculture. Previous work indicates that by 1995, agriculture had increased substantially, with about 49% of the basin land used as cropland and pastures. Initially, we compare one period with little changes in land cover (period 1-1949 -1968) with another with more intense changes in land cover (period 2-1979 -1998). Our analysis indicates that, while precipitation over the basin is not statistically different between period 1 and period 2 ða ¼ 0:05Þ; annual mean discharge in period 2 is 24% greater than in period 1 ðP , 0:02Þ; and the high-flow season discharge is greater by 28% ðP , 0:01Þ: Further analyses present additional evidence that the change in vegetation cover altered the hydrological response of this region. As the pressure for changes in land cover in that region continue to increase, one can expect important further changes in the hydrological regime of the Tocantins River. q

Soil moisture is an integral quantity in hydrology that represents the average conditions in a finite volume of soil. In this paper, a novel regression technique called Support Vector Machine (SVM) is presented and applied to soil moisture estimation using remote sensing data. SVM is based on statistical learning theory that uses a hypothesis space of linear functions based on Kernel approach. SVM has been used to predict a quantity forward in time based on training from past data. The strength of SVM lies in minimizing the empirical classification error and maximizing the geometric margin by solving inverse problem. SVM model is applied to 10 sites for soil moisture estimation in the Lower Colorado River Basin (LCRB) in the western United States. The sites comprise low to dense vegetation. Remote sensing data that includes backscatter and incidence angle from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) are used to estimate soil water content (SM). Simulated SM (%) time series for the study sites are available from the Variable Infiltration Capacity Three Layer (VIC) model for top 10 cm layer of soil for the years 1998-2005. SVM model is trained on 5 years of data, i.e. 1998-2002 and tested on 3 years of data, i.e. [2003][2004][2005]. Two models are developed to evaluate the strength of SVM modeling in estimating soil moisture. In model I, training and testing are done on six sites, this results in six separate SVM models -one for each site. Model II comprises of two subparts: (a) data from all six sites used in model I is combined and a single SVM model is developed and tested on same sites and (b) a single model is developed using data from six sites (same as model II-A) but this model is tested on four separate sites not used to train the model. Model I shows satisfactory results, and the SM estimates are in good agreement with the estimates from VIC model. The SM estimate correlation coefficients range from 0.34 to 0.77 with RMSE less than 2% at all the selected sites. A probabilistic absolute error between the VIC SM and modeled SM is computed for all models. For model I, the results indicate that 80% of the SM estimates have an absolute error of less than 5%, whereas for model II-A and II-B, 80% and 60% of the SM estimates have an error less than 10% and 15%, respectively. SVM model is also trained and tested for measured soil moisture in the LCRB. Results with RMSE, MAE and R of 2.01, 1.97, and 0.57, respectively show that the SVM model is able to capture the variability in measured soil moisture. Results from the SVM modeling are compared with the estimates obtained from feed forward-back propagation Artificial Neural Network model (ANN) and Multivariate Linear Regression model (MLR); and show that SVM model performs better for soil moisture estimation than ANN and MLR models.

Infiltrated water may originate from rainfall; irrigation; water bodies such as ponds, rivers, and lakes; or other anthropogenic activities. The terms infiltration and percolation are frequently interchangeably used even though they represent two different processes. Infiltration describes the entry from the surface to the subsurface, whereas percolation focuses on the flow of water through soil and porous media. The amount of water percolation that reaches the groundwater represents the groundwater recharge. When the soil surface is exposed to rainfall or submersion, infiltrated water fills the interstices between soil grains of the upper layers of the soil. The soil profile may contain a saturated horizon that extends a few millimeters in depth, called the saturated zone. Water continues to penetrate into the subsurface forming a...

Dr. Reza Parchizadeh, a political theorist and analyst, recently noted on Twitter that “the Iranian regime has turned the late #George_Floyd into Saint George, Shiite-style!” And sure enough, Parchizadeh posted a painting of Floyd depicting him in the way Shi’ite Muslims often depict their holy figures: in a green robe and surrounded by an aura of holy light.

Integrated geoelectrical and hydrochemical surveys were used to investigate and delineate different types of groundwater in the Kuala Selangor alluvial aquifer. Previous hydrogeological borehole investigation showed that this aquifer contains several types of groundwater in relation to its salinity. The high salinity of the groundwater in some areas is believed to be due to either saltwater intrusion from the nearby sea or river infiltration during high tide season. The vertical electrical sounding (VES) method was employed to study and map the subsurface variation of resistivity in the area. For each sounding measurement, a total spread length of 300 m was obtained with a vertical depth penetration of about 60 to 75 m. Chemical analysis of the groundwater samples taken from both shallow and deep boreholes was carried out for the water quality determination. A total of 45 VES stations were succesfully established along three parallel roads with a direction almost perpendicular to the coastal line. The distance between stations varies from 1 to 2 km with a maximum length of about 60 km surveyed line. Results of the vertical electrical soundings as well as the hydrochemistry of the groundwater samples show that the soil and groundwater in the study area can be grouped into fresh and brackish water zones. The subsurface resisitivity sections derived from the VES study suggest that the area is dominated by brackish soil and groundwater zones, especially in the area towards the coast. This result appears to agree well with the groundwater pumped from boreholes scattered around in the area. Water drawn from boreholes near the coast showed higher salinity compared to the water pumped from inland boreholes. Chloride values greater than 250 mg/L are considered to represent the brackish zones whilst values less than 250 mg/L represents zones of fresh soil and groundwater.

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a viable runoff reduction mechanism and an important player in the hydrologic cycle of vegetated green stormwater infrastructure (GSI). As a dynamic process, ET is dependent on both meteorological factors (e.g., rainfall characteristics, relative humidity, and air temperature) and GSI properties (e.g., soil media type). This paper investigates the role of ET in runoff volume reduction of green roofs and rain gardens through a comprehensive literature review. Evapotranspiration is mostly unaccounted in the design and crediting of GSI systems because of the complex interaction of soil, plants, and climate that makes its quantifica-tion difficult. To improve vegetated GSI design for runoff volume reduction, design methods should consider ET and infiltration processes concurrently. Two methods, complex and simple, are reviewed and discussed herein. The simple method requires minimal input information compared to the more complex continuous simulation method; however continuous simulation yields volume reduction values more similar to field observations. It is demonstrated that modifying the drainage structure and using fine-grained in-situ soils can potentially increase ET in vegetated GSI systems. None of the available ET predictive equations, mostly derived from agricultural sciences, are found to precisely match observed GSI ET data. Until further research is conducted on GSI ET estimation methods, the 1985 Hargreaves method is recommended when performing continuous simulations. The 1985 Hargreaves method is simple, requires limited input data that are readily available, and generates reasonable results. Technical recommendations and directions for future research are provided.

For two decades, solid waste components in World Bank projects have focused on collection of solid wastes, with equipment provided to upgrade operations at existing open dumps. Since early 1990, the private sector has become increasingly being involved in the collection, disposal, and treatment of solid waste and World Bank projects have placed greater priority on implementation of new sanitary landfills. The following guidance provides an examination of some of the issues which need to be addressed in landfill siting and design.

This article argues that the use of sexual infiltration by police and criminal collaborators represents a strategic deployment of surveillance technology by the state with the aim of creating Foucault’s “docile bodies” through the development of totalising omnipresence. The insertion of police into the private sphere of activists’ sexual relationships – a site presumed to be outside of state gaze – serves to not only disrupt the target communities but also to reverberate throughout social networks and create inactivity. By exposing informants from within one’s own “family”, the state is able to collect intelligence, spread insecurity and display totalising disciplinary power to the social movement under observation.

a b s t r a c t A significant portion of the total primary energy is consumed by today's buildings in developed countries. In many of these buildings, the energy consumption can be significantly reduced by adopting energy efficiency strategies. Due to environmental concerns and the high cost of energy in recent years there has been a renewed interest in building energy efficiency. This article strives to make an exhaustive technical review of the building envelope components and respective improvements from an energy efficiency perspective. Different types of energy efficient walls such as Trombe walls, ventilated walls, and glazed walls are discussed. Performance of different fenestration technologies including aerogel, vacuum glazing and frames are presented. Advances in energy efficient roofs including the contemporary green roofs, photovoltaic roofs, radiant-transmittive barrier and evaporative roof cooling systems are discussed. Various types of thermal insulation materials are enumerated along with selection criteria of these materials. The effects of thermal mass and phase change material on building cooling/heating loads and peak loads are discussed. Application of thermal mass as an energy saving method is more effective in places where the outside ambient air temperature differences between the days and nights are high. Air tightness and infiltration of building envelopes are discussed as they play a crucial role in the energy consumption of a building. Energy efficiency approaches sometimes might not require additional capital investment. For example, a holistic energy efficient building design approach can reduce the size of mechanical systems compensating the additional cost of energy efficiency features.

Soil infiltration refers to the soil’s ability to allow water movement into and through the soil profile. It allows the
soil to temporarily store water, making it available for uptake by plants and soil organisms. The infiltration rate can be restricted by poor management. Under these conditions, the water does not readily enter the soil and it moves downslope as runoff or ponds on the surface, where it evaporates. Thus, less water is stored in the soil for plant growth, and plant production decreases, resulting in less organic matter in the soil and weakened soil structure that can further decrease the infiltration rate. Runoff can cause soil erosion and the formation of gullies. It also carries nutrients and organic matter, which, together with sediment, reduce water quality in streams, rivers, and lakes. Excessive runoff can cause flooding, erode stream banks, and damage roads. Runoff from adjacent slopes can saturate soils in low areas or can create ponded areas, thus killing upland plants. The soil and vegetation properties that currently limit infiltration and the potential for increasing the infiltration rate must be considered in any management plan. Suggested that management strategies such as increase the amount of plant cover, especially of plants that have positive effects on infiltration, decrease the extent of compaction by avoiding intensive grazing and the use of machinery when the soils are wet, be considered. This paper investigates the influence of water in the soil and its influencing factors to be studied.

FOR CITATIONS:
Salem, Hilmi S. "A Budget of the Surface and Underground Water in Northern Jordan (Pages: 135-162)" in "Water and Peace in the Middle East", Studies in Environmental Science 58., J. Isaac & H. Shuval (Eds.), 1992, Elsevier.

ABSTRACT:
The motivation for this study is the great requirement for water expected in the future to satisfy the increasing demands of accelerated growth, and development programs in Jordan. This fact, in addition to the recent migration of hundreds of thousands of people after the Gulf War, should encourage more intensive studies of the quality and quantity of water
resources in Jordan. The aim of this study is to carry out a comprehensive assessment and evaluation of the water resources-potential of the northern area of Jordan. This work required hydrological,
hydrogeological, hydrodynamical and hydrochemical analyses and interpretations. The rates of precipitation, evaporation, surface runoff and infiltration were calculated. The regional recharge sources and directions of the groundwater movements were mapped. The recharge-discharge mechanisms should provide an improved understanding of the water resources in the study area, which covers about 6,000 km of northern Jordan.

Leachate from the public landfill of the city of Meknes is considered as a source of significant pollution of the waters of the Boufekrane wadi and agricultural land bordering the landfill. The objective of this study is the characterization of the physicochemical parameters of the leachates as well as the determination of the degree of pollution of the local superficial waters in order to propose adequate techno-economic solutions to remedy this problem. The results obtained following the characterization of the leachates showed that they represent a very important salinity (electrical conductivity: 30805μs / cm) with a strong organic and mineral pollutant load (BOD5: 598mg / l, COD: 3346mg / l and Chlorides: 5144mg / l) .Water quality monitoring in Boufekrane Oued has shown that the qualities are poor and that the contents of the majority of the parameters analyzed are well above the limit values for direct discharges into the receiving environment (EC: 9642μs / cm, COD: 910mg / l, BOD5: 320mg / l, dissolved oxygen: 7.2mg / l, Chlorides: 4470mg / l, Sulphates: 435mg / l). The principal component analysis confirmed that the results obtained are very consistent and consistent with the descriptive analysis.

The nonlinear Boussinesq's equation for infiltration phenomenon in unsaturated porous media is nonlinear partial differential equation and it has been solved by using Homotopy analysis method. the solution gives height of free surface of infiltrated water mound in unsaturated porous media by using appropriate initial guess value of the solution. The solution is physically interpreted and it is concluded that the height of free surface of infiltrated water in unsaturated porous media is decreasing and graph of the solution is given by using Maple coding.

Urban stormwater contains a variety of contaminants that can adversely impact receiving waters. Contaminants of greatest concern include compounds derived from paving materials and automobile tires, biocides, and pathogens. Low-impact development systems built to manage urban stormwater often utilize some form of engineered infiltration or subsurface filtration to reduce the volume of runoff leaving a developed site. Use of infiltration techniques without proper consideration of contaminants in stormwater risks further degradation of urban ecosystems and water resources. Although engineered infiltration systems also have the capacity to remove contaminants from stormwater, the potential of these systems has not yet been fully exploited or optimized. With improved designs based on known mechanisms of contaminant removal, engineered infiltration has the potential to provide reliable treatment of urban stormwater, resulting in a water resource that is safe for aquifer recharge or urban stream restoration. This article discusses chemical and biological contaminants of concern in urban stormwater and the mechanisms by which they are removed during infiltration through porous media systems, including filtration, sorption, and chemical and biological transformation. Three strategies have been identified as opportunities to more effectively optimize treatment of stormwater: (1) choice of infiltration media; (2) manipulation of system hydraulic behavior; and (3) manipulation of redox conditions. Novel techniques to apply these strategies and topics requiring further research are also discussed.

Assessing the impacts of climatic and, in particular, land use changes on rates of soil erosion by water is the objective of many national and international research projects. However, over the last decades, most research dealing with soil erosion by water has concentrated on sheet (interrill) and rill erosion processes operating at the (runoff) plot scale. Relatively few studies have been conducted on gully erosion operating at larger spatial scales.

Process Measurement Infiltration Air a b s t r a c t One component of the heat exchange rate in domestic refrigerators/freezers and of the other all types of refrigeration stores is the air infiltration due to the air exchange rate between inside and outside of the store trough the magnetic seals of the doors. Due to their use (opening and closing the doors) they become leaky with the time. So, it is necessary to know to measure them in a proper way in order to be able to quantify which percentage of the energy consumption of the compressor is used to overcome the air infiltration rate. In this work the tracer gas technique was used for the measurement of the air infiltration rate in a household double door commercial refrigerator. Through several tests carried out it was possible to analyse the influence of the magnetic seal conservation condition on the air exchange rates of the refrigerator. It was concluded that the air infiltration rates were strongly dependent on the door seals conservation conditions. (C. Afonso). w w w. i i fi ir . o r g a v a i l a b l e a t w w w . s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r . c o m / l o c a t e / i j r e f r i g i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f r e f r i g e r a t i o n 3 3 ( 2 0 1 0 ) 8 5 6 -8 6 7 0140-7007/$ -see front matter ª

Biopharmaceutical companies have focused the development of recombinant proteins on bacteria, insect and mammalian cell platforms. The associated high cost with current biopharmaceutical manufacturing processes makes many therapies unattainable. Within the past few years, the development of deconstructed viral vectors based on transient expression systems has given credence to plants as a viable biofactory to express recombinant proteins. Plant molecular farming with agroinfiltration using tailored viral vectors allows for major advantages over standard production schemes including cost, scalability, safety, speed and yield. This review focuses on the developmental path of plant molecular farming culminating in today's revolutionary breakthroughs involving deconstructed vectors, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and diverse delivery platforms.

Il a fallu attendre 1992 pour que l'efficacité des infiltrations cortisoniques de l'articulation sacro-iliaque (SI) fasse l'objet d'une première publication . Ce retard s'explique par les difficultés d'abord de la SI, articulation profonde et souvent masquée par un auvent osseux (bord médial de l'aile iliaque).