Intergovernmental Organizations

This background document discusses transnational regulation in an effort to frame policy options for a formal, global approach for public agencies to regulate the supply of medicines. It also explores how the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) can best facilitate the interests of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other medicines regulatory agencies on this issue moving forward. The background document follows in three parts. The first part sketches the challenges facing public regulators regarding the diversification of global supply chains, including the consequent proliferation of substandard and counterfeit drugs and the need to leverage resources and build regulatory capacity globally to accomplish mandated domestic public health missions. The second part applies a theoretical framework for tackling these challenges and outlines a typology of policy options. The third part discusses how CFR might organize an initial meeting to discuss the experiences of other sectors in order to help advance discussions already underway by the Heads of Medicine Regulatory Agencies.

Cultural property symbolises a nation’s identity and culture. The Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to its Countries of Origin or its Restitution in Case of Illicit Appropriation (ICPRCP) at its first session  declared that dispersal of cultural property terminates the cord that links the present generation to their forbears and prevents the present generation from knowing the specific qualities that distinguish them from others.  The creators of these cultural objects are challenged to go after what rightfully belongs to them in order to showcase what they have to offer the world as a touchstone for means of production and life style. Cultural property in the context of this article is as defined in the 1970 UNESCO Convention  with its categories  reiterated in the 1995 International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT)  Convention.  ‘Return’ may refer in a wider sense to restoration, reinstatement and even rejuvenation and reunification.  Union de l’Inde contre Credit Agricole Indosuez (Suisse) SA  discusses this. Restitution refers to war pillage and stolen property or any unlawful situation. In Iran v Barakat Galleries,  the English court ordered the restitution of several very old (at least 2000BC) chlorite artefacts from Jiroft in Iran. To Kowalski,  ‘restitution’ relates to takings in wartime and belligerent occupation.  The holocaust represents cases of restitution.  The UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Committee (IGC) Guidelines for the use of the Standard Form Concerning Requests for Return or Restitution has it that “restitution” should be used in cases of illicit appropriation.”
Under the International Conventions on return and restitution of cultural property,  Return would be based on Article 7b of the UNESCO Convention and on Chapter III of the UNIDROIT Convention.  Restitution is based on Art. 7b of the UNESCO Convention and on Art. 3 of the UNIDROIT Convention. This makes the terminology on the topics ‘return and restitution’ to be clear and unified.
ICPRCP was set up to make it possible for countries whose cultural heritage has been dispersed to gather representative collections of the heritage through the return of at least some of the works that have been lost. The ability of those in possession of dispersed objects to return them to their creators would depict an act of fairness, unity and empathy towards the importance of the objects to the creators. The extent of participation of African countries in ensuring that their patrimony is preserved for the unborn is noteworthy hence the reason for this article.
This paper will be divided into six parts. The first being this introductory. The second briefly considers Africa and cultural property. The third discusses the ICPRCP and its involvement in preventing illicit trafficking. The fourth discusses the participation of African states in the work of ICPRCP. The fifth reflects on probable reasons for African states very poor state of participation in the work of ICPRCP. The sixth part is the conclusion.
Keywords: Sub Saharan African States; Participation; Intergovernmental Committee; Return and Restitution; Cultural Property.

The changes in the institutional structure of the EU brought about by the Lisbon treaty and recent developments in economic governance are offering scholars new fields of interest. In particular, the emergence of the European Council - and its President - as the institution driving integration further in times of crisis, the extension of co-decision and the continued quest for legitimacy through transparency are among the factors inviting scholars to cast new light on the role and functioning of the European Council and to re-assess the role and functioning of the Council of the European Union. The General Secretariat to both institutions has also increasingly been the object of scholarly enquiry.
The Library of the General Secretariat, a part of DG Communication and Document Management, wishes to contribute to and foster further research by offering scholars, libraries and civil society a structured bibliography of literature on the European Council, the Council of the European Union and their General Secretariat. The bibliography has been compiled by the Library on the basis of its own holdings and of targeted bibliographical research. It has greatly benefited from contributions by a variety of individual researchers and academic institutions throughout Europe and is constantly being updated with new contributions.
In its enhanced and updated January 2016 edition, the bibliography contains more than 1750 records: monographs, theses, academic articles and chapters of books. Records are indexed with EuroVoc descriptors http://eurovoc.europa.eu/ and classified by subject area. EuroVoc, the EU's multilingual thesaurus, is freely available via the EU Open Data Portal: http://open-data.europa.eu/en/data/dataset/eurovoc
In addition to the present printed release, the bibliography can be searched and browsed online at: http://ec.europa.eu/eclas/F?func=find-a-0&local_base=BIB
The Library invites research communities to use the bibliography and welcomes comments and suggestions on additional resources to be included. All materials referenced in the bibliography are held in full text in the Library and inter-library loans can be arranged. Researchers and students can access Library collections on site by appointment.

For research visits, comments, feedback and suggestions please contact:
Central Library
General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union
Directorate-General F - Communication and Document Management
Office JL 02-40-GH
Rue de la Loi 175
1048 Brussels
Belgium
Tel. +32 (0)2 281 65 25
central.library@consilium.europa.eu
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/documents-publications/library/
Twitter: #EUCOLibrary

Much is spoken and written about the liberal nature of global trade and its relation to democracy and freedoms. Trade representatives of the transatlantic free trade agreement (TAFTA | TTIP) have talked about the importance of the negotiations being transparent, accountable, and participative. However, a number of leaked draft texts of other free trade agreements being negotiated by the United States (US) and the European Union (EU) indicate that these promises are mostly empty. A leaked European Commission (EC) communiqué further evidences an attempt to establish a “mainstream media narrative” about the TAFTA | TTIP in order to reduce the “anxiety” of EU citizens and consumers. This article carefully analyzes the manners in which the negotiations of the TAFTA | TTIP are proving to be untransparent, lacking in participation, and unaccountable. The purpose of these analyses is not merely to present evidence that this is actually the case at hand, but also to clarify why transparency, accountability, and participation are crucial to the negotiations on transatlantic trade. Lastly, the article suggests that the TAFTA | TTIP negotiations learn from the World Intellectual Property Organization’s (WIPO) Marrakesh Treaty, characterized as an "exemplary exercise of transparency, civil society participation, and multilateral cooperation".

This article presents a general theory of how the interaction of state
agents within intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) leads to a
convergence in member state interests over time. The theory is based
on the notion that, all else being equal, IGOs that facilitate more
interaction between individuals from various states are conducive
to greater member state interest convergence over time because
there are more opportunities for agents from one or more member
states to persuade agents from other member states to accept
new ideas that affect how they define their states’ interests. I argue
that such persuasion does not necessarily have to involve a shift
in state identities but can also involve a diffusion of ideas about
cause-and-effect relationships. Also, by focusing on IGOs as structures
within which state agents interact, I argue against a narrow
focus on socialization defined as the induction of new members
into community norms. I present three hypotheses regarding which
institutional attributes are conducive to member state interest convergence
and test them using an original IGO data set. The findings
are supportive of my general theory but provide some interesting
support for existing theory that runs counter to one of the hypotheses
presented here.

organisasi internasional dalam eksistensinya yang saat ini sangat beragam memiliki peran dan fungsi yang beragam. berangkat dari buku Clive Archer yang membahas mengenai peran dan fungsi organisasi internasional secara umum kemudian kami bandingan dengan ide dari Paul A, Tharp Jr. yang dituliskan dalam bukunya yang berjudul Regional International Organizations/Structure and Functions untuk mencari persamaan-persamaan dan perbedaan terkait peran dan fungsi organisasi internasional

This study is the result of a rigorous academic trip that took place at the World Trade Organization in Geneva, Switzerland. In October 2015, the student body of the American University of Rome visited the European Union, the World Trade Organization and UNICEF. This study depicts the findings in regards to the World Trade Organization's 'dark history'. For those familiar with International Relations theory, this study weaves together perspectives from the houses of 'Realism', 'Liberalism', 'Constructivism' and 'Marxism'.

In this article, I assume that global intergovernmental organizations (GIGOs) function as enablers of interstate liberal politics by way of their multilateral institutional frameworks. To support this view, I recall and adapt the classical concept of ‘polyarchy,’ coined in the early 1950s by Robert A. Dahl. It consists of a two‐dimensional theoretical construct applicable for measuring the level of liberalization in modern political societies. It follows that the more actors who take part in politics, and the more such institutions allow political opposition, the more open a society (of states) is likely to be. I therefore assess and rate the level of polyarchization of 23 GIGOs that cover various issue areas and fit some specific criteria (for example, more than one hundred member states from at least three different continents). Methodology includes a scorecard developed to help achieve these research objectives.

Alongside the climate change denial movement, a section of the capitalist class has been organizing to promote a project of “climate capitalism” that relies on carbon markets and other policies compatible with the neoliberal order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Like the denial movement, promoters of climate capitalism have constructed an extensive network of think tanks and policy-planning groups to foster adherence to their climate policy proposals. This paper uses social network analysis to map out the reach of these climate and environmental policy groups within the array of interconnected NGOs, inter-governmental organizations, philanthropic foundations, and other organizations that constitute the global polity. This analysis sheds light on the position climate capitalism — understood as a project of a section of the global corporate elite — occupies among international organizations. Overall, I find that climate and environmental policy groups: (1) maintain substantial ties to key organizations of the global polity, and (2) mediate a substantial amount of relations, bridging between central organizations and more peripheral ones, as well as among those located in Europe and North America. I thus argue that a global inter-organizational infrastructure exists that supports climate capitalism, which contributes to its dominant position in climate change politics.

The Group of Seven (G7) leaders met for their 44th annual summit in Charlevoix, Canada in June 2018. Although the G7 has outlived many institutions of global governance, perennial doubts are cast upon it, particularly regarding its legitimacy and achievements. The Think 7/Idées 7 is a group of 35 scholars from all over the world who met from 21 to 23 May, 2018 at Laval University, Quebec City to identify key themes to be addressed at the Charlevoix Summit, communicating its findings to the G7 leaders’ personal representatives. This Policy Insights paper builds on these discussions and looks ahead to the 2019 Biarritz Summit by making recommendations of how the G7 can play a leadership role. We argue that it should address new, unprecedented and highly disruptive issues that characterise our complex world, rather than well-understood international problems that fit into existing categories. We argue that the G7 can do this by playing to its strengths – informality and like-mindedness in particular – in addressing emerging and transversal issues such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) and cryptocurrencies.

The UN Security Council is entrusted under the UN Charter with primary responsibility for the maintenance and restoration of the international peace; it is the only body with the power to authorise military intervention legally and impose international sanctions where it decides. However, its decision-making process has hitherto been obscure and allegations of political bias have been made against the Security Council in its responses to potential international threats. Despite the rule of law featuring on the Security Council’s agenda for over a decade and a UN General Assembly declaration in 2012 establishing that the rule of law should apply internally to the UN, the Security Council has yet to formulate or incorporate a rule of law framework that would govern its decision-making process.

This book explains the necessity of a rule of law framework for the Security Council before analysing existing literature and UN documents on the domestic and international rule of law in search of concepts suitable for transposition to the arena of the Security Council. It emerges with eight core components, which form a bespoke rule of law framework for the Security Council. Against this framework, the Security Council’s decision-making process since the end of the Cold War is meticulously evaluated, illustrating explicitly where and how the rule of law has been undermined or neglected in its behaviour. Ultimately, the book concludes that the Security Council and other bodies are unwilling or unable adequately to regulate the decision-making process against a suitable rule of law framework, and argues that there exists a need for the external regulation of Council practice and judicial review of its decisions.

When international organizations expand and proliferate, why do they fail to spread more evenly in their policy sphere? To answer this question, this article builds on organizational ecology theory, which was recently introduced into the study of international organizations. However, rather than studying each population separately, as previous studies have done, this article investigates how distinct populations with overlapping niches shape each other's evolution. It argues that when inter‐population competition occurs, the first population to occupy its niche at a high density limits the long‐term development of other populations. This is the case even if emerging populations may temporarily enjoy a higher growth rate. The argument is illustrated by a study of the relations between four populations of technical assistance providers in the field of intellectual property. By doing so, the article brings for the first time inter‐ population relations in the study of international organizations and provides an explanation for the persistent concentration of international organizations in specific areas of the governance space.

Cultural property symbolises a nation’s identity and culture. The Intergovernmental Committee for Promoting the Return of Cultural Property to its Countries of Origin or its Restitution in Case of Illicit Appropriation (ICPRCP) at its first session declared that dispersal of cultural property terminates the cord that links the present generation to their forbears and prevents the present generation from knowing the specific qualities that distinguish them from others. The creators of these cultural objects are challenged to go after what rightfully belongs to them in order to showcase what they have to offer the world as a touchstone for means of production and life style. Cultural property in the context of this article is as defined in the 1970 UNESCO Convention with its categories reiterated in the 1995 International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT) Convention. ‘Return’ may refer in a wider sense to restoration, reinstatement and even rejuvenation and reunification. Union de l’Inde contre Credit Agricole Indosuez (Suisse) SA discusses this. Restitution refers to war pillage and stolen property or any unlawful situation. In Iran v Barakat Galleries, the English court ordered the restitution of several very old (at least 2000BC) chlorite artefacts from Jiroft in Iran. To Kowalski, ‘restitution’ relates to takings in wartime and belligerent occupation. The holocaust represents cases of restitution. The UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Committee (IGC) Guidelines for the use of the Standard Form Concerning Requests for Return or Restitution has it that “restitution” should be used in cases of illicit appropriation.” Under the International Conventions on return and restitution of cultural property, Return would be based on Article 7b of the UNESCO Convention and on Chapter III of the UNIDROIT Convention. Restitution is based on Art. 7b of the UNESCO Convention and on Art. 3 of the UNIDROIT Convention. This makes the terminology on the topics ‘return and restitution’ to be clear and unified. ICPRCP was set up to make it possible for countries whose cultural heritage has been dispersed to gather representative collections of the heritage through the return of at least some of the works that have been lost. The ability of those in possession of dispersed objects to return them to their creators would depict an act of fairness, unity and empathy towards the importance of the objects to the creators. The extent of participation of African countries in ensuring that their patrimony is preserved for the unborn is noteworthy hence the reason for this article. This paper will be divided into six parts. The first being this introductory. The second briefly considers Africa and cultural property. The third discusses the ICPRCP and its involvement in preventing illicit trafficking. The fourth discusses the participation of African states in the work of ICPRCP. The fifth reflects on probable reasons for African states very poor state of participation in the work of ICPRCP. The sixth part is the conclusion. Keywords: Sub Saharan African States; Participation; Intergovernmental Committee; Return and Restitution; Cultural Property.

In this chapter, we outline the different elements of the public sector that have expatriates, discuss the main differences between expatriation in the private and public sectors, outline some of the key issues in public sector expatriation and draw some conclusions.

The paper aims at analyzing the nature of relations between Intergovernmental Organizations and International Corporations. In first instance the study concentrates on identifying the key determinants of Intergovernmental Organizations behaviours. The following section is a description of business environment of International Companies based on the Open Systems Model. Three levels of interrelations have been mentioned, including the Operating Environment, the Host – Country Environment and the Global Environment. The solution proposal provides an analysis of the influence of determinants of Intergovernmental Organizations behaviours on the determinants of business environment of International Corporations with use of correlation analysis method.

The World Bank’s Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) in Peru is examined to have many project’s flaws in sustainable development.  First, I define what sustainable development is in terms of politics, economics, laws, society, environmental sustainability and I critique the CPS strategy for development to check for flaws.  Secondly, as CPS succeeds or fails to develop sustainably, I suggest improvements for the Strategy to implement.  If the strategy is far removed from sustainable development, I call for the project to rehabilitate or restore the negative impacts which the project causes.  In many instances I find the Country Partnership failing to stabilize the political, economic, legal, social, and environment in my aspects.

The inability of nation-states to cope with global issues, intertwined with the rise of a global civil society including a large number of successful NGOs, has rendered the political legitimacy of nation state in contestation. In response to the problematic situation, a network has formed among nation-states. However, it is not a very effective form of association as nation-states put much emphasis on self-interest and are unwilling to compromise their sovereignty over common good on a global level.

El presente artículo pasa revista a los espacios regionales y subregionales con que cuentan los Gobiernos latinoamericanos para discutir asuntos migratorios y definir acciones conjuntas al respecto, y, a partir de las declaraciones conjuntas que se han adoptado recientemente, muestra los temas principales que preocupan a esos Gobiernos y los desafíos a los que se enfrentan para ser coherentes con lo acordado 

The United Nations is the most well-known of all active IGO's across the globe. Conceived with the ultimate goal of world peace in mind, the UN is a bureaucracy structured to function both effectively and efficiently. However, many have criticized it, saying that it is not the well-oiled machine many perceive it to be and that the organization is no longer even relevant to today's world.