Word formation

This article explores the iconicity of Total Reduplication (TR) and considers how iconicity is manifested in the reduplication of object, event, and attribute-denoting forms in Caribbean Creole (CC) languages. We argue that TR naturally lends itself to a “more of the same content” interpretation, but that iconicity is nevertheless compromised by restrictions on the eligibility of simplex forms as input for TR, arbitrary gaps in the interpretations available for reduplicated forms, and in the frequently attested secondary, affective connotations of the process. Additionally, we point out that the view that the presence of TR and other reduplicative processes in CC languages results from substrate transfer is difficult to maintain in light of the failure to find good parallels for these processes in relevant substrate languages. Thus, the presumed simplicity of iconicity disintegrates upon closer scrutiny.

В настоящей работе рассматривается роль диминутивов в русских анатомических терминах главы Ossa международной анатомической номенклатуры При наименованиии анатомическая терминология часто прибегает к метафоризации. Среди 85 метафор около 40% являются димиутивами. В большинстве случаев они возникли с помощью калькирования с латинских анатомических терминов, но некоторые из них являются словообразовательными метафорами с суффиксом -к-.

Abstract: The article deals with the interaction of international and native prefixes and prefixoids in Russian and Czech word formation. We explain the reasons for the inter- lingual asymmetry in this area: (1) the structural features of the language: e.g. in Czech, unlike in Russian, adverbs are easily turned into prefixes/prefixoids (rádoby-, skoro-, také-/taky-, etc.) and (2) language contacts (the expressive and colloquial morphemes truc- and monstr-, which were adopted into Czech from German and French and are not used in Russian). The final part of this article discusses processes common to both the Czech and Russian languages and caused by the influence of English (through the exam- ple of new meanings of the international prefix anti-).

Este libro es un tratado de morfología léxica completísimo y promete ser un manual de referencia en la didáctica de ELE/L2. Es un estudio descriptivo minucioso de los procesos de formación de palabras en español, desarrollado desde una perspectiva metalingüística con fines prácticos para la adquisición de la lengua. Por este motivo, es claramente una obra didáctica escrita desde un profundo conocimiento de la morfología, tanto teórico como práctico, y su originalidad reside en las actividades para la reflexión planteadas como un proceso de toma de conciencia de la lengua que sirve para entender mejor el léxico conocido, comprender el que es nuevo para el aprendiz de español o crear formas existentes en la lengua a partir de la inferencia de reglas [...].

Apesar de negligenciada durante muitos anos, tem-se assistido, recentemente, a um aumento da importância da diacronia para os estudos linguísticos e a área da formação de palavras não tem sido exceção. Neste artigo, a análise incidirá sobre algumas mudanças observadas no sistema sufixal nominal do português, tomando como casos de estudo os sufixos -ádig- / -ádeg- e -idão. Os dados foram recolhidos a partir de fontes primárias, mais concretamente textos do português arcaico, os quais fazem parte do CIPM - Corpus Informatizado do Português Medieval. Posteriormente, estes dados foram confrontados com as descrições das gramáticas históricas do português. O objetivo principal é evidenciar convincentemente que os estudos com uma perspetiva diacrónica subjacente são relevantes para a análise da formação de palavras em particular e para a morfologia em geral.

In: Multidimensionality of vocabulary in the literary language (2018): 117–133.
The chapter analyzes the semantic, structural, and functional features of the Ukrainian socio-political vocabulary in given period. It describes external factors which influence the language of internet media, such as Revolution of Dignity, Russian-Ukrainian hybrid war, post-truth politics, and other phenomena of social and political life. The research demonstrates change in semantic contents of socio-political vocabulary and emergence of a new associative field "Military affair." It investigates numerous neologisms in the given thematic layer and brings to light most productive methods, for instance, prefixation, blending, semantic change and borrowing. The study highlights trends in socio-political vocabulary functioning in the internet media and examines use of lexicon from pop-culture phenomena (for example, "The Lord of the Rings" and "Game of Thrones") in the Ukrainian political discourse.

This article deals with the history and word formation of the Icelandic word for ‘police’, i.e. lögregla. The word constitutes an interesting case of word formation in that said lexeme is a dvandva compound whose creation is related to the expression að halda uppi lögum og reglu ‘to maintain law and order’. Moreover, it is argued that the word has arisen in the wake of the Icelandic purist movement in the first half of the 19th century, and that its creator is Konráð Gíslason, who was at the time a
member of the Icelandic Literary Society (Hið íslenzka bókmenntafélag) and editor of the journal Fjölnir. According to the sources, the word, lögregla, cannot have been formed as an independent lexical item. In fact, the word appears first in a compound with maður ‘man’, meaning ‘policeman’ or, more precisely, ‘a man who is in charge of maintaining
law and order’. It is argued that lögregla has in fact been created in order to gradually substitute the Danish loanword pólití, first in compounds such as pólitímaður and pólitíþjónn ‘policeman’, and then as a single lexeme. The Danish loanword pólití had a twofold meaning: ‘policeman’ and ‘police’. Moreover, it is argued that lögregla, as an unbound lexeme, was initially a shortened form for lögreglumaður, and later assumed
the general meaning ‘police force’ by means of synecdoche (pars pro toto).

ON ONE SPECIFIC CASE IN THE CONTEMPORARY BULGARIAN WORD FORMATION

The paper analyses the formation of derivatives from primary iterative verbs. A starting point of a scientific analysis is the belief that iterative verbs are an independent component of the so called ‘aspectual triad’, grammatically opposing the perfective aspect, which, however, poses difficulties with defining the iterative morpheme – va (and its allomorphs). On the one hand, it cannot be defined as a suffix (due to its grammatical character), on the other hand – as an inflection (since it contains a marker of the base). In conclusion, an answer to the question of the character of this morpheme and its role in the process of word formation has been sought.

Previous work on Inuit has analyzed the morpheme pi as a ‘dummy root’ or ‘empty stem’; a morphological or phonological filler which satisfies a language-specific requirement that words contain lexical roots. We argue instead that pi is a pro-form similar to English ‘do so’ and ‘one’. As evidence for this analysis we examine the use of pi to avoid repeating constituents, its ability to replace VP-sized constituents, the need for discourse markers in some constructions containing pi, similarities with ‘stem ellipsis’ in Arctic Quebec Inuktitut, and pi’s behaviour in noun-incorporation.

Bei der onymischen Movierung (die Gottschedin ʻFrau von Johann Christoph Gottschedʼ, Caroline Louise Karschin ʻTochter von Daniel Karschʼ) handelt es sich um ein Phänomen, das in der Schriftsprache heute ausgestorben ist: ein männlicher Familienname dient als Basis und wird mit-in deriviert. Historisch handelte es sich um ein hoch produktives Wortbildungsmuster, das dazu diente, Ehefrauen, Witwen und Töchter zu bezeichnen. Der Zeitraum des Movierungsabbaus war bislang unklar, er wurde in der Forschung grob zwischen dem Ende des 17. und dem Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts verortet. Ziel des Beitrages ist es, auf Grundlage der Daten des Deutschen Textarchivs genauer zu untersuchen, wann die onymische Movierung mit-in im Deutschen abgebaut wurde. Die Befunde zeigen, dass sich der Abbau in einem relativ engen Zeitfenster in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts abspielt und dieses Zeitfenster gleichermaßen den Abbau der Bezeichnungen für Witwen, Ehefrauen und Töchter betrifft. Die Befunde werden schließlich mit den vorhandenen Erklärungen zum Movierungsabbau in Zusammenhang gebracht und es wird geprüft, inwiefern sich für jünger zu datierende Movierungsbelege allgemeine Verwendungsbedingungen bestimmen lassen.

The onymic feminine motion (die Gottschedin ʻwife of Johann Christoph Gottschedʼ, Caroline Louise Karschin ʻdaughter of Daniel Karschʼ) has been eliminated in written German today: a male family name serves as the basis of the word form and is derived within. Historically, it was a highly productive word formation pattern used referring to wives, widows, and daughters. When exactly it disappeared remains unclear but presumably between the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 19th century. The aim of the present article is to use the data from the German Text Archive to account for the decrease of onymic motion within in German. The findings indicate that language change took place in a relatively narrow time window in the second half of the 18th century, and that this time window equally affected the decreasing of motion forms referring to widows, wives and daughters. Finally, the findings are accounted for in application of existing explanations. The discussion focusses on factors that may account for the observation that feminine motion is circumstantially preserved after the 18 th century.

This study aimed to identify lexical blends found in PinoyTechblog a top technology blog based in the Philippines who provides different kinds of reviews from mobile phones, computers, digital cameras, earphones, tablets, iPods, etc. The aim of the blog is to provide the netizens relevant information and feedbacks about trending gadgets in our time.  The study also aimed at giving meanings of the identified words.
This study was anchored on the concepts of neologism and the approaches of identifying lexical blends by Barret (2006). and Jackson (2010). This study used the descriptive research design in describing the data used in analyzing the study. The researcher read 20 selected reviews from PinoyTechblog as the basis of the study.
The result of the study found out that there are more noun lexical blends than verbs, this is an indication that lexical blends are created to name invented gadgets. As what a noun function, naming a certain object, idea, place, or a person, a lexical blend created signifies something newly-invented. The lexical blend’s meaning is taken from the combination of the meanings of the two morphemes from which the lexical blend is formed.

In elementary school, words with the same root are defined as having “a common part with a common meaning.” At the same time, what exactly is meant by this common meaning is not usually specified. In practice, whether words have the same root is most often determined in Russian schools by the so-called Vinokur criterion, which requires reconstructing a derivational chain. As a result of using this criterion, cognate words of the same origin, in contradiction to what the intuition of native speakers suggests, are not recognized as having the same root, like poezd and ezdit’ (‘train’ and ‘to ride’), prestol and stolitsa (‘throne’ and ‘capital’), zapasnoj and pripasy (‘spare’ and ‘supplies’). The article analyses information from dictionaries and also from survey findings with data gathered from native speakers. It suggests introducing a more flexible approach in elementary schools, which allows reasoning based not only on a strictly synchronic approach, but also on a diachronic approach, provided that semantic similarity between the words in question is evident. The first approach shows the student’s ability to identify language structure, while the second one demonstrates their developed language intuition, which often makes it easier to learn the correct spelling of words.

This article provides an overview of the linguistic strategies adopted in the creation of Chinese brand names and in the translation of foreign brand names into Chinese. It also takes into account the cultural factors that affect the creation and the translation of brand names.

الملخص: يتناول البحث إعداد ودراسة المقاييس الضابطة للنقد الترجمي التي يمكن من خلالها ضبط العملية الترجمية
بوصفها عملية نقل يفترض أن تتم بأمانة مع مراعاة تامة لتحويل الافكار المغلفة بمفردات في لغة ما إلى لغة أخرى، وبيان آلية تطبيق
كل مقياس بغية الوصول إلى صحة الترجمة بطريقة علمية تطبيقية تستند إلى الثوابت العلمية المقرة في بنية اللغة ودلالتها وخصائصها
المعرفية مع الحرص على تقليل الخسارة بين النصين إلى أدى  مستوى، ورفع التكافؤ بينهما إلى حددوده القصوى من خلال المقاييس
الضابطة للعملية الترجمية بوصفها أدوات للنقد الترجمي.
الكلمات المفتاحية: الترجمة، النقد الترجمي، مقاييس النقد الترجمي، البنية اللغوية، التكافؤ الدلالي

By years passed, not only new words, but also phrases have been created. It is because the language has been changing from time to time. There are many variations in language features such as morphological, semantic, phonetic, and syntactic features. This paper will discuss the morphophonemic changes in derivational English suffix -ion. The consideration of choosing the topic is because affixation is the commonest way of building new words in language. Besides of that, suffix, which is one of the types of affixes, is used in many English words. This paper focuses on verbs as the stems. The aim of this paper is to explain what morphophonemic processes involved in the affixation -ion.

The present paper is dedicated to compound color terms in Italian. The aim is to give a descriptive overview of the characteristics of the individual compounding patterns both from the synchronic and the diachronic point of view. According to our preliminary research (cf. Grossmann, 1988;, in contemporary Italian compounding is the most commonly used device for enlarging the inventory of color terms. Data from corpora show that we are dealing with constructions at the crossroads between word-formation and syntax, i.e., between compounding proper and asyndetic coordination. From a diachronic point of view, we have ascertained that compound color terms appear with a certain frequency only from the 18th century onwards; in earlier times they are attested only by a few examples and in a limited number of patterns.

1. Premessa. Oggetto della nostra comunicazione è l'evoluzione storica di alcune strategie morfologiche concorrenziali nella formazione dei nomi dei mestieri in italiano. I nomi di mestiere rientrano nella categoria più ampia dei nomi d'agente, dove per agente si intende normalmente il ruolo semantico dell'iniziatore intenzionale, dunque tipicamente [+umano], di un'azione cui corrisponde in un enunciato la funzione sintattica di soggetto. Dal punto di vista semantico-pragmatico si possono identifi care diversi tipi di denominazioni agentive. Si può distinguere tra denominazioni che implicano una predicazione virtuale e iterativa, e denominazioni che implicano una predica-zione attuale e semelfattiva. Le prime si possono ulteriormente suddividere in classi-fi canti, che indicano la funzione dell'agente nella divisione sociale del lavoro, cioè il suo mestiere, e caratterizzanti, che gli assegnano un comportamento abituale. La categoria semantica dei nomi di mestiere può essere realizzata sia con mezzi lessicali, sia con mezzi morfologici. Rientrano nel primo caso: le parole ereditate dal latino, che non sono parole complesse (sarto) o almeno non sono più analizzabili (mugnaio < molinarium); i latinismi, che pur formati con mezzi morfologici nella lin-gua d'origine non sono trasparenti in italiano (orefi ce, veterinario); i prestiti, adattati (facchino, aguzzino, visagista, sciuscià) e no (coiffeur, sommelier, broker, vocalist); le metonimie e le antonomasie da nomi propri (violino, cicerone, fi garo). Nel secondo caso, i procedimenti morfologici usati sono suffi ssazione, prefissazione, composizione (anche neoclassica), conversione e riduzione. L'italiano possiede un discreto numero di suffi ssi di diversa produttività che formano nomi di mestiere soprattutto da basi nominali o verbali e, meno spesso, da basi aggettivali o avver-biali:-aio/-aia,-ai(u)olo/-ai(u)ola,-ano/-ana,-ante,-aro/-ara,-ar(u)olo/-ar(u)ola,-essa,-iere(o)/-iera,-igiano/-igiana,-ino/-ina,-ista,-nte,-one/-ona,-otto/-otta,-tore/-tora,-trice. I pochi prefi ssi che occorrono nella formazione di nomi di mestiere (pro-, sopra-, sotto-, vice-, ecc.) indicano la posizione in una gerarchia. Per quanto riguarda la composizione, accanto ad alcuni elementi formativi, neoclassici (-coltore,-grafo,-logo, ecc.) e non (-vendolo), specializzati nella formazione dei nomi di certi tipi di professioni, il tipo VN è quello più usato e documentato; tra i composti NN la maggioranza ha come primo elemento capo-. Una strategia compositiva che è cresciuta nel tempo consiste nel ricorso a costruzioni di tipo polirematico (assistente di volo, ecc.). Svolgono un ruolo marginale la conversione - di aggettivi (armato, bancario,

Данная статья посвящена проблеме классификации лексических контаминаций (блендов) и выработке критериев их отличия от других видов словообразования, прежде всего от сложных сокращений. Цель исследования -выявить и описать зависимость формы контаминаций от семантических факторов на материале английских блендов-неологизмов. Семантический анализ контаминантов позволяет описать формирование блендов и сложных сокращений как две различные модели словообразования. Ключевые слова: бленды, неологизмы, семантика, корпусный анализ.

The research is concerned with the phonotactic, morphotactic, graphic, logical, derivational, and syntactic features of clipped English slang neologisms coined in the early 21 st century. The main preconceptions concerning clipping per se are revisited and critically rethought upon novel slang material. An innovative three-level taxonomy of clippings is outlined. The common and distinctive features of diverse types of clipping are identified and systemized.

This article addresses the linking element -s- concerning its distribution and functionality in dialect German. Recent research has increasingly apprehended the system of linking elements in standard German. These systematical and functional aspects are introduced first. By means of an empirical study of lexicalized nominal compounds, this paper then examines the variation of the linking element -s- and zero linking element as well as other types of compositional stem forms (Gäul-s-bauer, Vögel-s-beere, April-a-narr) in the East Franconian dialect. We show that the distribution of linking elements in our study area is not only based on functional aspects, such as morphological complexity (Getreid-s-gabel vs. Treid-ø-gabel), but on diatopical preference as well. Language maps illustrate that the linking-s is more frequent in the northern part of our study area.

In this thesis, I study the differences in form and interpretation presented by event-denoting nominalizations. Frequently, languages have more than one type of event nominalization, such as deverbal nouns derived by means of suffixes (Italian mutamento / mutazione, ‘change’, ‘mutation’, or English assignment, explosion) and their corresponding verbal nouns, e.g. infinitives (il mutare, ‘the changing’) or gerunds (exploding). These are usually perceived as alternatives, since their semantic difference is not clearly understood by neither native speakers nor linguists.
The aim of this work is to understand the rationale that leads us to choose one form instead of the other and to define the linguistic features involved. The hypothesis underlying the whole thesis is that different forms are never true synonyms and, thus, present some differences in use, distribution or meaning.
In a first study, I explore the role of the base verb in the nominalization selection. I investigate if the various nominalizations are formed from different types of base verbs and which characteristics define their domain of application. By means of statistical modeling, I highlight how the transitivity of the base verb partially determines which nominalization is preferred. Moreover, I show that NIs are not used to make up for the lack of a corresponding EDN, refuting previous claims.
Then, I move forward analyzing the cases in which both forms are derived from the same base and I try to understand if they differ in meaning. In the second study presented, I use collocation analysis to observe their semantic dissimilarities. With focus on a single syntactic pattern, I find out that nominal infinitives and deverbal nouns inherit only part of the base verb senses. The former usually prefer metaphorical and abstract senses, whereas the latter select more concrete and literal ones.
Lastly, I use distributional semantic models to observe quantitatively the semantic shift of the two processes. I confirm the hypothesis that nominal infinitives are more transparent and more semantically regular than deverbal nouns, given their inflectional nature.
The studies presented have been conducted on Italian and German; however, the findings are relevant for the general treatment of nominalizations and may be replicated for further languages. Overall, my work shows how quantitative analyses of corpus data can help us investigate problems that are hardly addressed by linguists introspection. Moreover, it includes in the study of nominalizations nominal infinitives, non-finite verbal forms which, contrary to English gerunds, have not received the attention they deserve.

Hmong possesses both phonological words and grammatical words that may be comprised of one or more syllables. Phonological words are characterized by a prominence in certain pragmatic situations combined with a lack of pauses within the word, and the minimal consonant-vowel-tone structure of a syllable is a minor third criterion handling the phonotactically unusual enclitic clause-final markers such as =os 'CFM:SOFT'. Grammatical words are characterized by grammatical cohesion of two types-isolability, where words can appear alone in their domain, and the absence of separability, where components of a word cannot be separated-in addition to serving as the domain for reduplication and lexical tone melody alternations. With the identification of grammatical wordhood, affixes and compounds can be recognized in Hmong, and coordinate compounds and four-syllable elaborate expressions can be distinguished as set expressions and templatic constructions, respectively. Mismatches between phonological and grammatical word include the presence of clitics and cliticization in casual spt.ech at a moderate rate of speed, involving morphemes such as tsis 'NEG', puas 'Q' and =os 'CFM:SOFT: where two grammatical words combine into a single phonological word, and four-syllable elaborate expressions, which may constitute single grammatical words or be formed from multiple grammatical words or even intermediate cases, and comprise two phonological words.

This paper deals with the word-formation of Mayakovsky’s neologisms, the principles of their composition and also the objects subjected to neologization. Attention is also paid to the Nachleben of these neologisms in contemporary Russian, based on the research into the Russian Na- tional Corpus. The paper is a result of the analysis of all Mayakovsky’s neologisms listed in A. Hu- mesky’s book Majakovskij and His Neologisms (1964), except for those originated by the simple connection of two words or word components. The results were compared with the most recent work dealing with Mayakovsky’s neologisms, V. N. Valavin’s dictionary (Word-formation of Mayakovsky. An Attempt at a Dictionary of Occasiоnalisms). It is argued that the main word-formation principle is that of composition (substantives and adjectives) and suffixation (verbs), that even today many neologisms show surprising vitality, and also that not all of the neologisms ascribed to Mayakovsky are indeed his authorial creations.

This article discusses the collective names of trees used in the Scandinavian languages, as well as the formation process of similar collective names in Eastern and Western Germanic. It should be emphasized that the Northern Germanic languages used the suffix *-ijan for creating collective nouns which denote ‘a group of trees’, e. g. ON. birki n. coll. ‘birch forest’, Icel. birki ‘birch forest; birch’, Norw. birki ‘birch forest’, Swed. björke ‘birch forest, birch grove’ (< PG. *berkijan n. coll. ‘a group of birches, birch forest, birch grove’ <-- PG. *berkō f. ‘birch, Betula’). The same suffix denoting collectivity and originating from the Proto-Indo-European language is also present as *-ьje in most Slavic languages, cf. Ru. dial. берéзье n. coll. ‘birch forest, birch twigs’; OPol. brzezie n. ‘birch grove or forest’; Cz. březí n. ‘small birch-grove’, also břízí n. ‘birch twigs, birch-wood’; Slovak brezie n. ‘small birch-forest, birch-grove’; SC. brȇzje n. coll. ‘birch forest’, Sloven. brẹ̑ zje n. ‘id.’ (< PSl. *berzьje n. coll. ‘group of birches, birch forest, birch- grove’ <-- PSl. *bȅrza f. ‘birch, Betula’). Further possible traces of the same suffix can be found in the Baltic languages (cf. OPrus. pannean n. ‘mossy fen’ vs. Go. fani n. ‘mud’, OSax. feni n. ‘fen’) suggesting that the Proto-Indo-European collective suffix can be reconstructed as *-ii̯om (n. coll.). It seems probable that some northern Indo-European tribes used the derivative word *bherh̥2ĝii̯ om (n.) to denote ‘a group of birch trees’, espe- cially ‘a birch grove’ or ‘a birch forest’.

Word-formation and word-formation exercises as the subject of study in second language acquisition

The aim of this paper is to present various empirical studies on word-formation, not within linguistic approach but in relation to learning and teaching of a foreign language. The paper largely concentrates on studies carried out among learners of German as a second language. The studies presented in this paper are based on teaching materials as well as students' perspective in word-formation exercises. Based on presented approaches, certain faults in current studies were pointed out as well as new study areas proposed.

The aim of the present paper is to investigate the use of the adjectival suffix-cund in Old English and its development in Middle English. Since-cund is not attested in Present-Day English the study of the two discussed periods will focus on all the valid aspects of the suffix and its derivatives potentially indicative of the further decline of-cund. They include the semantics, the type of derivational bases, the number of types and tokens, textual and temporal distribution as well as semantic competition.

Събирателните имена в българската топонимия (Предварителни бележки). // Език свещен. Юбилеен сборник по случай 70-годишнината на проф. д-р Пенка Радева. Велико Търново: Университетско издателство "Св. св. Кирил и Методий", 2017, стр. 278–285.
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Collective nouns formed using older morphological indices of
collectiveness, except in Bulgarian dialects, have been preserved and well-represented
in Bulgarian toponymy. Word-formation models on the basis of which collective nouns
in toponymy have been formed manifest great diversity in the choice of classificatory
suffixes.

Niger-Congo is a putative language phylum commonly presented as a language family with the following branches: Mande, Kordofanian, Atlantic, Ijoid, Kru, Kwa, Benue-Congo (including Bantu), Dogon, Gur, Adamawa, and Ubangian, but more or less serious doubts exist about the Niger-Congo affiliation of some of these language groups. This paper presents the derivational processes typically found in the language families that constitute the core of the Niger-Congo phylum.

FORMACIÓN DE PALABRAS Y ENSEÑANZA DEL ESPAÑOL LE/L2 offers a unique combination of theory and practice that guides the reader through the main processes of word formation in Spanish. It provides a detailed analysis of the role of lexical creation in the acquisition of L2 Spanish vocabulary, as well as over a hundred practical self-reflection activities.

Key features:

• Comprehensive theoretical explanations of word formation, including theoretical and pedagogical principles and their implementation in the teaching of L2 Spanish;
• Step-by-step pedagogical introductions to the full range of lexical creation mechanisms in Spanish language, including prefixation, emotive and nonemotive suffixation and composition;
• Carefully-chosen lists of relevant issues on lexical morphology with immediate applicability to the teaching of L2 Spanish;
• Guided activities with an answer key, which helps the reader to connect theory with practice and to become familiar with the key aspects of Spanish lexical morphology;
• Guidelines on how to tackle the teaching of Spanish word formation and vocabulary in an effective and engaging way.
Written in a clear and accessible manner, Formación de palabras y enseñanza del español LE/L2 is an essential resource for teachers of Spanish at all levels. It is also an excellent reference book for language teachers who wish to integrate word formation into the teaching of the Spanish language.

This paper addresses the recent history of noun-participle compounding in English.  This word formation process is illustrated by forms such as hand-carved or computer-based. Data from the COHA shows that over the last two-hundred years, such forms have undergone a substantial increase in type and token frequency. These quantitative changes motivate an exploration of the qualitative changes that have accompanied them. A diachronic analysis of the noun and participle types that are recruited into noun-participle compounds reveals that the word formation process has changed substantially with regard to its component parts. While the observable changes in noun-participle compounding match several defining criteria of grammaticalization, it is argued here that these developments are more usefully seen as a process of constructional change. To distinguish between those two, this paper develops an idea that is called the upward strengthening hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, grammaticalization happens when the activation of a node in a constructional network strengthens not only that node itself, but also a node that is situated at a higher, more abstract level of that network.

… en Almela Pérez, Ramón / Montoro del Arco, Esteban Tomás (eds.): Neologismo y Morfología, Murcia, Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia, 2008, pp. 83-87 En el año 2006 se publicó un interesante libro, cuyos editores son Giovanni Adamo y Valeria Della Valle. No es éste el momento de hacer recensiones apresuradas pero sí quería dejar constancia de su título porque me parece muy sugerente: Che fine fanno i neologismi?… algo así como "¿Para qué sirven los neologismos?". 1

en Elena Felíu Arquiola (ed.): La morfología a debate, Jaén, Universidad de Jaén, 2006, pp. 145-169. El tratamiento de la formación de palabras es una de las cenicientas de la didáctica del español como lengua extranjera y no se le ha dedicado, ni en reflexiones teóricas ni en aplicaciones prácticas, la atención que merece. Es llamativo, por ejemplo, que se sigan presentando en algunos manuales de ELE simples listas de prefijos o de sufijos ordenadas alfabéticamente a pesar de que esa sistematización no se corresponde con la organización de carácter asociativo que parece regir la estructura del lexicón mental.

Gender marking has been in the focus of linguistic research since the 1960s, and especially since the feminist critique of language of the 1970s. The article presents the central theoretical problems linked to gender-marking, as well as providing an overview of the language-internal and cross-linguistic variability of the category.

In this chapter, we will try to map the specialized lexis of The Economist and Newsweek periodicals, especially in terms of their function and word-formation structure. In addition to economic vocabulary, we will include  lexical units from related industries (law, political science, etc.) in our corpus, as well as general vocabulary, which necessarily contextually accompany the observed language registers. Based on our experience as teachers at the Faculty of Applied Languages of the University of Economics in Bratislava, we will also outline examples of the application of the obtained data to the didactics of English-speaking professional lexicon.

This paper examines transgenerational language changes in heritage Russian in Germany by describing the system-linguistic processes behind the observed diversity in heritage language usage. Because of the wide variation of individual languages usages, the paper presents heritage languages as language systems within a set of sociolinguistic variables. Building on established theoretical concepts and the author’s previous work, this paper focuses on structural borrowings and variations in word-formation. From an methodological point of view, the study uses a mixed approach, combining observations in an experimental setting with corpus data collected during field work.

Key-words: heritage Russian, transgenerational language changes, structural borrowings and in word-formation

A corpus-based study of the prefix ge- in Old and Middle English, with an interpretation of ge- as a linguistic meme, a "linguistic replicator". Includes a comprehensive account of the English and German literature (with some Russian and Japanese sources) existing literature of ge- prior to 2001.

The book deals with numerous and miltifarious structures referred to as denominal verbs and their semantic development in the history of Polish. The organization in as follows: general characteristics of denominal verbs (Chapter One), ways of classification (Chapter Two),
development of transpositional derivatives (Chapter Three), changes in mutational formations (Chapter Four), status of verbs derived from foreign bases (Chapter Five), lexicalization of denominal verbs (Chapter Six).
The main objective of this monograph is tio describe the invariable set of semantic and structural features of denominal verbal constructions and also to indicate those elements that doundergo changes. The dynamic approach makes this book useful for both diachronic and synchronic studies of Polish.
In Chapter One the author discusses the terminology, methodological problems and the adequacy of the existing tools of study. The most satisfactory results are achieved owing to the combination of historical linguistics methods with those of modem synchronic word formation.
The definition of denominal verbs adopted by the author allows one to include and exclude certain examples.
Referring to previous works of Polish and foreign slavicists, in Chapter Two the author presentes various classications of denominal formations in two major groups: those that represent structural linguistics and those that might be called semanto-syntactic. In the final part she proposes her own classification, which she believes to be the most adequate for her material.
Since transpositional formations make up a major part of her language material, the author has decided to devote a separate chapter (Chapter Three) to the study of those derivatives, where subsequent sections deal with verbs of different transpositional formulas. Here we also find the analysis of dependencies between word formation paraphrases and analytic constructions.
Chapter Four is a detailed semantic description of mutational formations, where prefixed verbs are discussed separately, as their formal and semantic structures are different from other
formations.
The title of Chapter Five "Derivation or adaptation? Verbs derived from foreign bases" points to the existence of a certain number of formations which are derived so regularly that one might tend to believe that this phenomenon resembles inflectional processes. The problem is referred to the ongoing debate in Polish linguistics about he fuzzy borderline between inflection and word formation.
In Chapter Six the author considers various lexicalization models on the basis of numerous examples. She comes to he conclusion that whereas some derovatives are fully lexicalized, in others the process of lexicalization is not complete yet. She also pays attention to the relationship between lexicalization and semantic change.

This dissertation is a contrastive study of verb morphology, semantics, valency, and phrasal patterns in modern German and Finnish, focusing on prefix and par-ticle verbs. The aims of this thesis are to define the phenomena prefix and parti-cle verb, to discuss the status of the verbs, and to explore and compare the prop-erties of the verbs in German and in Finnish. The method used is contrastive analysis. The study is based on various types of data: both dictionary excerpts as well as evidence from text corpora.

The comparison of German prefix verbs with their Finnish counterparts re-veals interesting details of Finnish complex verbs and their morphological prop-erties. Furthermore, it makes it possible to detect valency alternation patterns in Finnish that have not yet been discussed in the research literature.

According to the traditional view of the German particle verbs, they are best dealt with in a morphological approach that integrates them into the study of proper word formation products. In the light of the present study, however, this becomes questionable. This work suggests that particle verbs are complex, often lexi¬calized expressions with a syntactic combination structure. This accounts for their behaviour in German sentences. The German particle verbs and their study offer a useful framework for the investigation of the Finnish ones that so far have attained only modest attention in the research on the Finnish language. This study explores several Finnish particle verbs and their properties. Further¬more, it discusses and compares the valency behaviour of several German and Finnish particle verb groups.

In addition, some further aspects such as evolutionary developments leading to the growth of prefix and particle verbs and complex verbs in Estonian and Hungarian, two related languages to Finnish, are also discussed.