Mushroom

Many neurons show compartmentalized activity, in which activity does not spread readily across the cell, allowing input and output to occur locally. However, the functional implications of compartmentalized activity for the wider neural circuit are often unclear. We addressed this problem in the Drosophila mushroom body, whose principal neurons, Kenyon cells, receive feedback inhibition from a large, non-spiking interneuron called APL. We used local stimulation and volumetric calcium imaging to show that APL inhibits Kenyon cells in both their dendrites and axons, and that both activity in APL and APL’s inhibitory effect on Kenyon cells are spatially localized, allowing APL to differentially inhibit different mushroom body compartments. Applying these results to the Drosophila hemibrain connectome predicts that individual Kenyon cells inhibit themselves via APL more strongly than they inhibit other individual Kenyon cells. These findings reveal how cellular physiology and detailed n...

Edible natural or cultivated macrofungi (mushrooms) are economically significant in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey. Although they have considerable direct and indirect economic, social, and cultural value, these are to date poorly explored. In this study, edible macrofungi were investigated for their ethnomycological standing from identification to marketing. The method was face-to-face data collection with a semi-structured questionnaire, applied in 6 provinces (Bolu, Düzce, Karabük, Zonguldak, Bartın, and Kastamonu): 6 provincial centers, 17 counties, and 120 villages from April 2012 to December 2013. Seventy different local markets were visited particularly during mushroom gathering seasons. Four hundred and seventy-five responses from the forest villages provided results identifying the gender, identification of mushrooms, use, and marketing. Thirty-three species in 14 families were used for food (55.4 %), income (43.8 %), or medicine (0.8 %). These were Russulaceae Pleurotaceae (1). In addition, 169 different Turkish folk names were registered and five marketing channels were

Investigating the multidimensional integration between different microbiological kingdoms possesses potential toward engineering next-generation bionic architectures. Bacterial and fungal kingdom exhibits mutual symbiosis that can offer advanced functionalities to these bionic architectures. Moreover, functional nanomaterials can serve as probing agents for accessing newer information from microbial organisms due to their dimensional similarities. In this article, a bionic mushroom was created by intertwining cyanobacterial cells with graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) onto the umbrella-shaped pileus of mushroom for photosynthetic bioelectricity generation. These seamlessly merged GNRs function as agents for mediating extracellular electron transport from cyanobacteria resulting in photocurrent generation. Additionally, three-dimensional (3D) printing technique was used to assemble cyanobacterial cells in anisotropic, densely packed geometry resulting in adequate cell-population density for efficient collective behavior. These 3D printed cyanobacterial colonies resulted in comparatively higher photocurrent (almost 8-fold increase) than isotropically casted cyanobacteria of similar seeding density. An insight of the proposed integration between cyanobacteria and mushroom derives remarkable advantage that arises from symbiotic relationship, termed here as engineered bionic symbiosis. Existence of this engineered bionic symbiosis was confirmed by UV− visible spectroscopy and standard plate counting method. Taken together, the present study augments scientific understanding of multidimensional integration between the living biological microworld and functional abiotic nanomaterials to establish newer dimensionalities toward advancement of bacterial nanobionics.

Background This experiment was conducted to study the effect of diet contained mushroom spent wheat straw (MSWS) remained from Agaricus bisporus mushroom as well as the physical form of the diet on the performance of the feedlot calves. At the end of mushroom harvesting period, MSWS was collected from production room and the casing soil was removed from the whole compost, then it was sun dried and sampled for chemical analysis. In a completely randomized design, 24 Holsteins male calves with initial weight of 201.9 ± 1.0 kg were allocated to four experimental diets containing (1) standard pellet diet; (2) pellet diet with 15 % MSWS; (3) standard mash diet and (4) mash diet contained 15 % of MSWS. Results Average daily gain was 1,261, 1,146, 1,093 and 830 g; dry matter intake was 7.91, 6.51, 8.07 and 8.15 kg/ animal/day and feed conversion ratio was 6.32, 5.69, 7.39 and 8.76 for the diets respectively that were significantly different (P \ 0.05) among the treatments. Results of slaughtering observations showed that no differences could be detected in carcass and internal organs of the calves that received different diets. Conclusions The spent compost straw could be included up to 15 % in finishing calve diet in the pellet form.

Major efforts in mushroom cultivation have been focused on technological developments and yields. However, its future will also depend on a thorough understanding of consumer trends worldwide. This is the case of developing countries where the importance of edible mushrooms within consumer preferences and perceptions is not yet clear and studied. We carried out a study (2000-2003) to understand the patterns of mushroom consumption in central Mexico, where most wild/cultivated mushrooms are produced and/or marketed. Structured interviews were made to urban consumers, and data were statistically analyzed by the correlation of variables studied. About half (49.4%) of urban consumers buy mushrooms, independently of their social level (fresh or canned: Agaricus, Pleurotus, Lentinula). There were differing factors affecting mushroom quality and price through long channels of distribution. Preferences and perceptions from Mexican consumers depended on the social level. Mushroom prices were...

Based on morphological examination, genus of mushroom Polyporus sp. was identified, which constitutes the first record of this fungus in Iraq. It is necessary to study ecology of the rare species of polypores then conservation of their habitats. Because most of polypores live on the substrate of fallen trunks and rotten wood, it is very important to keep such substrate in the ecosystem. Polypors fungus was identified as genus level only which appeared on September 2013 in Fallujah city. The aim of this study to collect and identify of wild mushroom that grow naturally in different orchards and gardens.

Pleurotus is one of the most important and widely use mushroom in the world it contributed about 25% of the world total mushroom production. It can utilize agricultural waste and converted into a highly nutritious food. Now a days for strain improvement in mushrooms several modified breedings techniques such as selection and hybridization by the process of Protoplast fusion, use of chemical mutagenesis, use of resistance markers, have been employed with new findings of high yielding, more nutritious, disease resistance and more biological efficiency.

Morchella Esculenta is one of the expensive mushrooms throughout the globe due to its high nutritional and medicinal value. Naturally it grown in different locations of Pakistan i.e. Swat, Miandam, Kalam, MalamJabba, Parona, Kokaria, Jambile and Madian etc.Traditionally Morchella esculentais used as medicines in different countries like Japan, China and Malaysia for healing of different diseases and is famous due to its unique flavor and taste.

Pleurotus djamor var. roseus is an edible mushroom isolated from the wild and cultivated on paddy straw substrates. The present study was carried out to compare the nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of P. djamor var. roseus at different growth stages (primordia, basidiomata, and mycelia). The protein content was is in the range of 31.48 to 35.50 g/100g dw. The crude fiber content ranged from 8.0 to 14.60 g, and that of total carbohydrates ranged from 44.75 to 48.90 g. Sodium, magnesium, and calcium reached the maximum levels in basidiomata, and selenium was detected in basidiomata and mycelia (0.47 0.22 mg/Kg). The amino acid profile showed that all essential and nonessential amino acids and glycine showed maximum levels in basidiomata and 15.98 ± 0.01 g/100g. The fatty acid profile showed the presence of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids; the unsaturated fatty acid content was maximum in all of the samples, ranging from 76 – 40.41%. The total phenol and flavono...

No Brasil, o Paraná é um dos estados que mais recebem destaque no setor de papel e celulose. A Ibema Cia Brasileira de Papel é a terceira maior fabricante de papelcartão do país, responsável pela geração de lucros e empregos, mas também de resíduos, como a varredura da área do pátio de madeira (VAR), a fibra da fábrica de pasta mecânica (FPM) e fibra da estação de tratamento de efluentes (ETE). O cultivo de cogumelos em resíduos da indústria há muito tempo é avaliado, visto que esses organismos apresentam propriedades biodegradadoras, alimentares e até medicinais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar os resíduos da indústria papeleira e avaliar a aplicação destes e de suas misturas para a produção de cogumelos Ganoderma lucidum. A presença de elementos químicos foi determinada com uso de microscopia eletrônica de varredura acoplado a um detector de espectro de energia dispersiva. Após o preparo dos substratos em sacos plásticos, inoculação com grãos de trigo miceliados e incub...

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang serta ancaman yang dialami oleh petani jamur tiram di Kabupaten Probolinggo dalam memasarkan produknya. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kabupaten Probolinggo secara purposive. Di Kabupaten Probolinggo terdapat 60 KK berusahatani jamur timur yang tersebar di beberapa Kecamatan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode SWOT. Pada penelitian ini yang menjadi kekuatan usaha dalam memasarkan hasil panen jamur adalah umur petani, tenaga kerja yang dimiliki. Kelamahan yang dihadapi adalah kesulitan dalam pemasaran, jamur tiram tidak bertahan lama serta terbatasnya modal bagi petani. Untuk peluang usaha adalah permintaan jamur yang terus meningkat serta adanya diversifikasi produk olahan berbahan dasar jamur. Untuk mnegatasi hal tersebut maka dilakukan strategi SO yaitu  Strenghts – Opportunities, menggunakan kekuatan untuk memanfaatkan peluang yang ada dengan pemanfaatan permintaan jamur dengan memanfaatkan pasar yakni dengan harga ...

Jamur sawit sangat berpotensi untuk diolah menjadi sumber makanan alternatif dan beragam produk yang memiliki nilai ekonomis yang lebih tinggi dan memiliki umur simpan yang lebih lama. Salah satunya adalah bakso. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengkaji komposisi jamur sawit dan tepung tapioka yang sesuai untuk dijadikan bakso jamur sawit yang dapat diterima dan disukai oleh konsumen dan mengetahui kandungan kadar abu, protein, dan kadar serat kasar pada bakso jamur sawit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bakso jamur sawit yang disukai konsumen rata-rata tertinggi pada perlakuan J2T2, yaitu dengan komposisi jamur sawit 50% dan tepung tapioka 50%. 

Penelitian merupakan sebagian penelitian lanjutan dari MP3EI tahun ke 3. Topic penelitian kali ini adalah pengeringan jamur tiram (Pleurotus ostreatus) pada perlakuan berbagai suhu dan lama waktu pengeringan menggunakan dehydrator. Tujuan penelitian untuk mendapatkan teknik pengeringan jamur tiram yang lebih efektif menggunakan mesin pengering, mendapatkan waktu pengeringan dan suhu pengeringan yang tepat, sehingga diperoleh jamur tiram kering dengan kualitas dan heiginitas terjamin. Percobaan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap factorial, terdiri dari 3 macam suhu pengeringan (T= 60 0C, 650C dan 700C) dan 3 macam lama waktu pengeringan (W=4 jam, 5 jam, 6 jam dan 7 jam). Jumlah ulangan 3 kali. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis menggunakan analisis ragam. Luaran yang dihasilkan dari penelitian Mp3EI sampai tahun ke 3 (2016) bahwa limbah-limbah pertanian sesuai yang ada dilokasi mampu dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan substitusi media jamur tiram. Teknik yang dihasilkan adalah teknik pe...

The study was conducted to evaluate the pretreatment effects of ascorbate and osmotic solution on oven dried and pickled mushrooms. Significant differences in nutritional composition and sensory quality were observed between the pickled and dried samples of mushrooms. Pickling obtained in high moisture content, crude fibre, crude fat, crude protein, soluble solid and ash content, however, the content of carbohydrates and dry matter were lower than oven drying. Both osmotic and ascorbate pretreatments significantly affected the composition. As result, ascorbate concentration increased the protein, ash and fat contents of mushroom samples. In contrary to ascorbate pretreatment, osmotic solution pretreated mushrooms resulted in highest rehydration capacity. The sensory evaluation results of the pickled mushrooms products had more acceptances and acquired good colour, flavour and overall acceptability than that of oven dried products. Ascorbate treatments combined with pickling are adva...

Objectives: This open-label trial was performed to assess the immune markers in a cohort of children with refractory epilepsy in order to identify diagnostic and therapeutic markers and to also investigate the effect of an immunologically active supplement derived from mushroom, a standardized extract of cultured Lentinula edodes mycelia (ECLM), on the clinical status and on the immunological markers in the subjects.
Methods: Eighteen pediatric patients diagnosed with refractory epilepsy in which antiepileptic therapy was not effective were enrolled. All subjects were also treated with anticonvulsant medications for their seizures. Patients were administered 0.6 g/day (< 3 years old) or 1.2 g/day (> 3 years old) of ECLM (fine-granule equivalent) orally for one month. Immunological markers were assessed at baseline and after one month. Video electroencephalogram (EEG) was taken twice, once before the trials and once at the end of ECLM treatment. Seizure frequency and behavioral symptoms were measured by a questionnaire survey of the parents. A two-month follow-up was also performed for surveillance of secondary infections.
Results: The subjects treated with ECLM showed significant elevation of several immune parameters including immunoglobulin G (IgG), CD3, CD4, and CD20 lymphocytes, and phagocytic index. Six of the 18 children on stable anticonvulsant drugs had fewer seizures reported during the ECLM treatment. The ECLM-treated patients also had less sharp and spike activity in the EEG measurement. At the two-month follow-up, the ECLM-treated subjects had developed fewer infections and viral syndromes compared to their condition before the trial. The children’s family reported other subjective behavioral improvements, leading to improved quality of life (QOL).
Conclusion: ECLM administration to the pediatric patients with refractory epilepsy contributed to improvement of epileptic manifestation and decrease of epileptic seizure, possibly by suppressing the reactivation of herpes virus, as well as improvement of QOL. In addition, it was demonstrated that ECLM is a safe supplement for infants and children.

Cordyceps militaris (L.) Link is an entomopathogenic fungus, which enjoyed an extensive praise for its medicinal functions. In this study, taxonomic details, isolation of pure culture, influence of different physiological requirements on the mycelia growth of this fungus its chemical components and molecular characterization has been carried out. A small bit of tissue from stipe and stroma was used as material for in vitro isolation. The present investigation revealed that this fungus showed optimum growth in YPDA (yeastal potato dextrose agar) and GAS (glucose asparagine solution). The maximum mycelial growth was observed at 25 ºC and pH 7.5 and 5.5 in solid and liquid media respectively. Among various carbon, nitrogen, mineral and vitamin sources tested, sucrose, beef extract, zinc chloride and folic acid produced the maximum mycelial yield respectively. The fungus was found rich in various chemical components like vitamins, proteins trace elements, cordycepin and cordycepic acid. Molecular characterization of fungus resulted in amplified product of 540 basepairs, which is submitted in NCBI database having submission ID KJ004029. C. militaris has been successfully cultivated under lab scale cultivation trials under standardized nutritional and climatic conditions.