New Economic Policy

The process of Europeanization implies a confluence of resources and outputs by the EU member states. This is mainly due to both structural economic harmonisation and institutional system-building. This paper deals with welfare developments in the European social model in contemporary times. After identifying major changes affecting European countries both functionally and territorially, EU initiatives in social policy-making are reviewed. New policies aimed at co-ordinating employment and social policies at the European level (OMC) have tried to offer perspectives for reconciling the dichotomies between the economic and the social and the national and the European. Hence, while a paradigm shift in macro-economic policies has allowed for monetary centralisation and a growing matching of EU internal 'open' markets, the quest for the decentralisation of welfare programmes has also aimed at meeting demands for territorial subsidiarity. Reforms related to the emergence of new social risks (NSR) may provide EU institutions with initiatives for making social policy reforms coherent with the new economic policy orientations, while also respecting national diversity. Speculative observations on whether there is convergence in social policy paradigms in European countries are carried out in the conclusion of the paper.

The establishment of British colonial administration brought the introduction of cash crops economy to Nigeria-as elsewhere in Africa. In line with the British colonial policy of providing raw materials for the industries of the metropolitan power, Nigeria witnessed the downplay of the importance of the indigenous economic system which made each family self-sufficient in food and other socioeconomic needs. Through a deliberate policy of discouraging food crop cultivation, most clans and communities were gradually rid of food supplies and thus introduced into acute hunger in favour of the cultivation of cash crops needed by British industries. Local governments were used as agents of this destruction of the indigenous food crop economy and the vigorous pursuance of the new economic policy. This work focuses on this role of the local government authorities, with the local government in Benin Province as a case study.

With the commencement of the New Economic Policy, 1991, developing countries, particularly those in Asia, have been observing an immense efflux of FDI inflows during the past two decades. The developing and the underdeveloped economies do not have the suf icient level of savings and income in order to meet the required level of investment needed to assist the growth of the economy. In such cases, FDI plays a pivotal role in bridging the gap between the available resources and the required resources. FDI provides a boost to the working of the economy. FDI is considered as a development tool in India which helps in attaining self-reliance in various sectors and also in the overall development of the economy. This paper aims to examine the impact of FDI on the Indian economy, particularly after the economic reforms.

market policy within the NEP framework, which involved the collapse of the market relation between the regime and peasantry in 1927-1928. 3 When Stalin decided to embark on rapid industrialisation, grain procurement to supply the towns with food, raising funds through grain exports and a labour supply were essential to this drive. This led Stalin to adopt the policy of collectivisation, which began as only voluntary but in the early 1930s involved driving the mass of the peasant households on to collective farms through any means necessary, freeing him from the dependence on and control of the rural capitalists. However, there was a strong defence for the rightist policies within the party. 4 Stalin, therefore, in order to fuel his immediate industrialisation requirements, had clear objectives for this urgent and rapid collectivisation program. Politically, he aimed to establish his power within the party by eradicating the obstructive rightist support. Economically, he undoubtedly wanted it to provide enough procurement and a labour supply, and ideologically, he aimed for the socialisation of agriculture by eliminating the Kulaks and the other capitalist elements within it to establish central control. The attainment of these objectives would, therefore, contribute considerably to Stalin's desire for unhindered

The first study of popular opinions in post-revolutionary Russia, this volume is based on new documentation of OGPU and party surveillance on the population, extracts from private letters, diaries, British Foreign Office reports and talks leaked by OGPU informants. These archival sources show an increasing disenchantment of a generation, which resulted in revolution. The population resisted the Soviet mobilization campaigns, which promoted workers-peasants unity, the achievements of socialism and new socialist patriotism. The Bolsheviks failed to reach a national consensus and unite the nation around the great aim of socialist construction. The story of the legitimacy crisis at the end of the 1920s presents an important argument in the explanation of why, in 1927, when faced with economical, political and social crisis at home and in foreign politics, the Bolsheviks started changing their politics in favour of the more oppressive and dictatorial methods.

Borodkin, L.WAGE DIFFERENTIATION OF INDUSTRIAL WORKERS
AT THE END OF THE NEP: BETWEEN “EQUALIZATION” AND LABOR INCENTIVES.
Задача регулирования зарплаты промышленных рабочих в годы нэпа была одной из приоритетных в советской социальной политике. Оплата труда на госпредприятиях регулировалась государством, которое должно было, с одной стороны, реализовывать новые принципы социальной политики (курс на выравнивание зарплат), а с другой — обеспечивать эффективность производства. Основными инструментами регулирования оплаты труда были тарифная сетка и условия коллективных договоров. Статья дает характеристику проводившейся государством политики в области оплаты труда промышленных рабочих в годы нэпа
и практики ее реализации, а также реакции рабочих на происходившие процессы регулирования дифференциации их зарплаты в среде и квалифицированных, и неквалифицированных рабочих. Показано, что последовательного выравнивания (нивелирования) зарплат рабочих достигнуть не удалось. Отношение рабочих к проводившейся политике в этой области анализируется на основе рассекреченных материалов многотомной публикации документов — информационных обзоров и сводок ОГПУ. Выявлены различные формы протеста и недовольства рабочих на почве регулирования зарплаты, которые проявлялись в различных группах рабочих, в различных регионах страны, на предприятиях различных отраслей и имели разные причины. Наиболее характерными были конфликтные ситуации, порожденные курсом на выравнивание зарплат, что означало снижение трудовой мотивации для
квалифицированных рабочих, вызывало их недовольство.


The task of regulating the wages of industrial workers during the NEP years was one of the priorities of Soviet social policy. Wages at state-owned enterprises during the NEP years was regulated by
the state, which was supposed, on the one hand, to implement the new principles of social policy (a course towards equalizing wages), and on the other hand, to ensure production efficiency. The main tools for regulating wages were the tariff scale and the conditions of collective agreements.
The article characterizes the policy pursued by the state in the area of wages of industrial workers
during the NEP years and the practice of its implementation, as well as the reaction of workers to the ongoing processes of regulating the differentiation of their wages among both skilled and unskilled
workers. It is shown that consistent alignment (leveling) of workers’ salaries could not be achieved. The workers’ attitude to the policy pursued in this area is analyzed on the basis of declassified materials from a multi-volume publication of documents — information reviews and summaries
of the OGPU. The author identifies various forms of protest and dissatisfaction of workers on the
basis of wage regulation, which manifested themselves in different groups of workers, in different regions of the country, at enterprises of various industries and had different reasons. The most characteristic ones were the conflict situations generated by the course of equalizing wages, which
meant a decrease in labor motivation for skilled workers and caused their dissatisfaction.

ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION
«NEP – RESULTS AND PROSPECTS FOR STUDY»

V.M. RYNKOV, V.A. IL’INYKH, V.V. KONDRASHIN, L.I. BORODKIN,
V.I. KLISTORIN, I.V. POBEREZHNIKOV, V.P. ZINOVIEV, G.E. KORNILOV,
A.A. NIKOLAEV, A.P. KILIN, V.S. PUSHKAREV
The Round Table “NEP - Results and Prospects of Study” discussion was held on September 17, 2021, during the All-Russian Scientific Conference “Russian Economic Reforms in the Regional Dimension”. Its speakers raised the issue of the NEP prospects besides the historiography
problems. V. Rynkov pointed out that the myth about NEP as the “golden age” of Russian economy was created in the late 1980s – early 1990s.
Further research of the problem led to the myth deconstruction. NEP was accompanied by a series of crises, and reconstruction processes in a number of regions and industries were not completed. V. Il’inykh concluded that NEP had not created effective mechanisms to overcome rural poverty. Modernization of the country was impossible based on the small-scale peasant economy. V. Kondrashin did not rule out that agriculture could continue developing successfully on the peasant economy basis, had the state support not been curtailed. L. Borodkin supposed that problems of developing the agrarian sector were related to state policy that hindered the agricultural development. Its liberalization, continuation of NEP could lead to sustainable and dynamic development. V. Klistorin pointed out that the decision to wind up NEP, since in 1925, had a political character and was not directly related to economy. I. Poberezhnikov emphasized that NEP was a forced compromise by the Bolshevik government, which had to be curtailed at the end. G. Kornilov and A. Kilin defined NEP as a complex of social and economic reforms, which were carried out in the form of an experiment. V. Zinovyev believed that China and other countries used the NEP experience. A. Nikolaev called on researchers to study NEP in frameworks of longer economic cycles.
As the discussion outcome, it has been concluded that it is premature to sum up NEP study results, and its historiography is at the next stage of
thematic and methodological bifurcation.

На правах рукопису Михайловський Тимур Олегович УДК 94 (477.7) «1921-1929» ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ МІЖНАРОДНИХ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЙ НА ПІВДНІ УКРАЇНИ (1921-1929 рр.) 07.00.01 -історія України Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата історичних наук Науковий керівник: Тригуб Олександр Петрович, доктор історичних наук, професор Миколаїв -2017 ПЕРЕЛІК УМОВНИХ СКОРОЧЕНЬ АРА -(англ. -American Relief Administration, АRА) -Американська адміністрація допомоги АСЄДС (АСЕПС) -Американська секція Європейської допомоги студентам (рос. -Американская секция Европейской помощи студентам) ВЄКД (ВЕКП) -Всесвітня єврейська конференція допомоги (рос. -

Over the years, the government business support services (GBSS) have worked closely along the government policies and experienced a number of transformations to suit the current needs of the SMEs and business environment. In order to understand the philosophy and the very nature of the GBSS in the present context it is paramount to study the development of the services in the country over time.

With the commencement of the New Economic Policy, 1991, developing countries, particularly those in Asia, have been observing an immense efflux of FDI inflows during the past two decades. The developing and the underdeveloped economies do not have the sufficient level of savings and income in order to meet the required level of investment needed to assist the growth of the economy. In such cases, FDI plays a pivotal role in bridging the gap between the available resources and the required resources. FDI provides a boost to the working of the economy. FDI is considered as a development tool in India which helps in attaining self-reliance in various sectors and also in the overall development of the economy. This paper aims to examine the impact of FDI on the Indian economy, particularly after the economic reforms.

During the past decade the world experienced two simultaneous revolutions. First, a wave of democratization either replaced or challenged authoritarian regimes, beginning in Latin America in the early 1980s, and later in Eastern Europe and the Asian Pacific Rim. Second, there was a move away from state involvement in the economy and a shift toward market economics and the establishment of what some have called neo-liberal policymaking. How are these dual revolutions linked? Do they complement each other, or do they involve inherently conflicting principles?

Russkiy yazyk: sistema, uzus i sozdavaemye imi riski [The Russian language: system, usage and the risks they create], by Olga B. Sirotinina, Saratov, Izdatel'stvo Saratovskogo Universiteta, 2013, 116 pp., RUB200, ISBN 978-5-292-04194-8 (hardcover)

In 1927 the first crematorium was opened in Moscow. The Association of Friends of Cremation which supervised the work of the first crematorium was founded in the same year. The historiography of cremation in the USSR creates an extremely negative image of this new way of funeral: encroachment on the old tradition, antireligious implications, an intention to spite the Russian Orthodox Church. The fact that the crematorium was used as the place of cremation for numerous victims of the political repressions is also often remembered. Basing on previously non-published documents the author investigates the first years of the work of the crematorium, when it was presented and perceived as economically and sanitary necessary institution for a great industrial city, as well as the relations with the Orthodox Church which supposed a kind of mutual acceptance and were wider and more ambiguous than just a confrontation.

The article examines the growing radicalization of the Marxist anti-Islamic discourse in the USSR as a case-study of "Soviet Orientalism". To which of Marx's five socio-economic formations should Muslim society be assigned? During the relatively pluralistic period of the New Economic Policy (1921)(1922)(1923)(1924)(1925)(1926)(1927) Marxist scholars offered various answers. Many argued that Islam emerged from the trading community of Mecca and was trade-capitalist by nature (M. Reisner, E. Beliaev, L. Klimovich). Others held that Islam reflected the interests of the agri culturalists of Medina (M. Tomara), or of the Bedouin nomads (V. Ditiakin, S. Asfendiarov); and some even detected communist elements in Islam (Z. and D. Navshirvanov). All authors found support in the Qurʾān and works of Western Orientalists. By the late 1920s Marx' and Engels' scattered statements on Islam became central in the discourse, and in 1930 Liutsian Klimovich rejected the Qurʾān altogether by arguing that the book, as well as Muḥammad himself, were mere inventions of later times. By the end of the Cultural Revolution (1929)(1930)(1931) it was finally "established" that Islam was "feudal" in character, and critical studies of Islam became impossible for decades. The "feudal" interpretation legitimized the Soviet attack on Islam and Muslim societies at that time; but also many of the Marxist writers on Islam perished in Stalin's Terror. We suggest that the harsh polemics the authors directed against each other in the discourse contributed to their later repression. By lending itself to the interests of the totalitarian state, Soviet Marxist Islamology committed suicide-the ultimate form of "Orient alism".

"""In 1925, the USSR communist party’s Central Asian Bureau ordered an inquiry on the countryside, resulting in the series The Modern Central Asian Village. It combined pre-revolutionary methods with Soviet attention to social stratification, while the benchmark of the pre-1917 economy and the composition of the commission revealed the heritage of Tsarist colonial rule.

En 1925, le Bureau pour l’Asie centrale du parti communiste d’URSS commanda une enquête sur les campagnes qui aboutit à la publication d’une série intitulée Le village centrasiatique moderne. Elle combinait une méthodologie prérévolutionnaire à un intérêt tout soviétique pour la stratification sociale. Par ailleurs la référence à l’économie d’avant 1917 comme standard et le profil des commissaires y étaient révélateurs de l’héritage du pouvoir colonial tsariste.

"""

Abstract. The author in his interview presents a major summary of the studies describing various aspects of continuity and discontinuities in the economic history
of Russia. The conditions and factors of industrialization and economic growth in Russia / the USSR from the end of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century
are discussed. With the help of models of historical alternatives, the author shows the potential opportunities for Russia’s economic development if the NEP economic model would be applied. The use of verified source data and mathematical models
makes it possible to quantify the effects of certain radical institutional reforms and major events that occurred at the points of “ history-making forks”, as well as the long-term consequences of the economic policy pursued. The author also discusses the
results of the study on the dynamics of wages and the property and social stratification
processes, which served as an important argument in justifying the rejection of the NEP continuation. He notes that the transition to forced industrialization was
accompanied by a significant differentiation of wages against the background of a general drop in workers’ incomes, while the NEP and the first five-year plan brought the indicators of workers’ living standard to pre-revolutionary values. The role and results of the compulsory labour economy are discussed. Important directions for further research are outlined.
АННОТАЦИЯ.
Представлены обобщения исследований, характеризующих различные аспекты преемственности и разрывов в экономической
истории России. Обсуждаются условия и факторы индустриализации и экономического роста в России/ СССР с конца XIX до середины ХХ века. С помощью моделей исторических альтернатив показаны потенциальные возможности
экономического развития России при сохранении нэповской экономической модели. Использование верифицированных информационных массивов и математических моделей создает возможности количественно оценить эффекты тех или иных радикальных институциональных реформ и крупных событий, произошедших в точках «исторических развилок», долгосрочные последствия проводившейся экономической политики. Представлены результаты исследования динамики заработной платы, процессов имущественного и социального расслоения, послуживших немаловажным аргументом при обосновании отказа от нэпа. Отмечается, что переход к форсированной индустриализации сопровождался существенной дифференциацией заработной платы на фоне общего падения доходов рабочих, а периоды нэпа и первой пятилетки лишь вывели
уровень жизни рабочих на дореволюционные показатели. Обсуждаются роль и результаты экономики принудительного труда. Намечены важные направления дальнейших исследований.

AbstractÐSince the creation of the National Alcohol Programme (NAP) in 1975, commonly known as`P roAlcool'', it has gone through a number of¯uctuations re¯ecting Brazilian political, economic and energy priorities. In 1996±1997 over 175 Mt of sugarcane (65% of 270 Mt harvested) was converted to ethanol fuel. The ProAlcool started as a highly innovative programme, but in recent years has lost part of its technological zeal and in certain areas is becoming stagnant. This is due to a combination of reasons, e.g. unclear energy policy, high sugar prices in the international market and lower investment in ethanol production as a result of low international oil prices. A new impetus is needed to re¯ect changing economic and energy policy in Brazil. This paper reviews the implications for ProAlcool of the new economic policies and the possibilities for restructuring the programme to guarantee its survival as a pioneering and sustainable renewable energy source. This will bring new challenges, costs and opportunities to Brazilian society. #

The process of Europeanization implies a confluence of resources and outputs by the EU member states. This is mainly due to both structural economic harmonisation and institutional system-building. This paper deals with welfare developments in the European social ...

... in the 1990s, local firms gradually shifted operations to the unproductive property and real ... in 1981, and since then has intervened strongly to promote heavy industry in Malaysia. ... The government's objectives here, inter alia, included the development of a strong capital goods ...

In early 1991, a major economic crisis surfaced in India which was the worst that this country had experienced since Independence. The origin of the crisis is directly attributable to the cavalier macro management of the economy during the 1980s when resulted in large and persistent macro economic imbalances. The growing fiscal deficits had to be met by borrowing at home. The growing difference between the income and expenditure of the economy as a whole resulted in huge current account deficits in the balance of payments which were financed by borrowing from abroad. The Gulf crisis in the late 1990 sharply accentuated macroeconomic problems. Besides, there was also political instability in the country at this juncture. All these developments together eroded international confidence in the Indian economy which resulted in decline in country " s credit rating in the international capital market. The fiscal imbalance led the country fall into debt trap. The balance of payments position put the country on the brink of disaster. The mounting inflationary pressure was attributable to the large deficits which were inevitably associated with a monetization of budget deficits and an excessive growth of money supply. The new economic policy was launched in 1991 to get rid of all the above three problems. A number of measures have been announced for liberalizing the economy. Out of many structural reforms trade policies one after one have been announced by the government. Through this paper an effort has been made to assess the impact of new economic policy on export performance of the country. Introduction : New Economic Policy was launched in 1991 which entails privatization, liberalization, globalization and disinvestment. The period after 1991 has been marked by a substantial liberalization of the trade policy including exports. Some liberalization measures were the result of conviction among government circles to make exports more competitive in the international market while some other liberalization measures were undertaken under the pressure of the international agencies, as a part of the stabilization and structural adjustment programme. For the promotion of the exports 16 export items have been decanalised. The new economic policy also permitted the setting up of trading houses with 51% foreign equity for the purpose of promoting exports. Under the 1992-97 trade policy, export houses and trading houses were provided the benefit of self certification under the advance licence system which permits duty free imports for exports 1 .

In this article, the coverage of so-called “country
wives’ revolts” in 1920s Soviet Russia are examined.
They played a significant role in the formation of the
new Soviet ideology and ideological politics within
the framework of the actualization of the “cultural
revolution.” In historical studies, “country wives’ revolt”
usually refers to women’s protests in villages
during collectivization, but an analysis of 1920s
agitatio nal literature shows that “country wives’ revolts”
were an entire conceptual segment of Soviet
agitation. As a result of an analysis of sources, the
general patterns of the plotlines, moves, and stereotypical
characters have been defined. It has been
determined that the goal of this kind of agitation
was to inform peasant women about their new political
rights and imbue them with new self-consciousness
and trust in the Soviet government. This gen -
der emancipation, however, was given within the
limi ted framework of the Marxist understanding
of the women question: the goal of the revolt was
only to educate the women and discipline the men.
“Сountry wives’ revolts” in the 1920s are merely an
ideological concept that had the aim of imposing
gender modernization on the peasantry from above,
but strictly within the framework of party strategy in
relationship to the peasantry.

The framers of the Indian Constitution did not intend India to be a laissez fair state. They, in fact, wanted India to be a welfare state. The constitutional conception of welfare state is not limited only to provide certain basic facilities, amenities or services like health, education, housing, and food etc. The concept of welfare state envisaged under the Indian Constitution is a holistic one. It is evident from article 38, one of the cardinal directive principles of state policy.

    Whether the Indian state is in a position to perform its welfare functions, as envisaged under the Constitution, in the post 1991 era, which marked the beginning of New Economic Policy (NEP) is a matter of great concern today.    The NEP aims at achieving LPG that stands for liberalization, privatization and globalization – the three dominant forces shaping societies and economies around the world. The processes of LPG are interrelated and their consequences multidimensional. In order to promote LPG, the state, on the one hand, is gradually withdrawing itself by adopting three Ds – deregulation, disinvestment and denationalization policies and, on the other, vigorously promoting foreign trade and investment by removing barriers. As a result, the state is not only losing its regulatory powers but, more importantly, its redistributionist capacity as well, which are sine qua non for performing its welfare functions. Thus, the policies of LPG, which are more passionately and relentlessly being pursued by the successive governments in the post 1991 era, are fraught with “grave constitutional improprieties” if not “invalidity”.  One needs to find a way out.

Статья посвящена неофициальным практикам партийно-советской номенклатуры. Главной ее темой является такое порицаемое явление как «пьянки» или «групповые вечеринки» районного начальства. Выдвигается гипотеза об институциональном характере «вечеринок» ответственных работников. В статье описывается функциональная сторона этого явления. По мнению автора, анализ случаев коллективного употребления алкоголя позволяет выйти на такое малоизученное явление, как существование внутри советской и партийной региональной элиты неформальных сообществ – клик.

The process of Europeanization implies a confluence of resources and outputs by the EU member states. This is mainly due to both structural economic harmonisation and institutional system-building. This paper deals with welfare developments in the European social ...

With the commencement of the New Economic Policy, 1991, developing countries, particularly those in Asia, have been observing an immense efflux of FDI inflows during the past two decades. The developing and the underdeveloped economies do not have the sufficient level of savings and income in order to meet the required level of investment needed to assist the growth of the economy. In such cases, FDI plays a pivotal role in bridging the gap between the available resources and the required resources. FDI provides a boost to the working of the economy. FDI is considered as a development tool in India which helps in attaining self-reliance in various sectors and also in the overall development of the economy. This paper aims to examine the impact of FDI on the Indian economy, particularly after the economic reforms.

Over the years, the government business support services (GBSS) have worked closely along the government policies and experienced a number of transformations to suit the current needs of the SMEs and business environment. In order to understand the philosophy and the very nature of the GBSS in the present context it is paramount to study the development of the services in the country over time.

The era of the New Economic Policy (NEP) was the golden age of Soviet affirmative national policies. This volume of documents offers insights into Polish and German minority institutions and political practices in early Soviet Ukraine. It provides a picture of how people in rural areas received the affirmative initiatives from above and adapted them for their own purposes. Even though these policies failed to achieve the goals the Bolsheviks expected, they granted a large degree of autonomy on a local scale that was unmatched in previous and later times. The Polish village of Hreczany near Proskuriv (today Khmel’nyts’kyi) in western Ukraine, and the German Karl-Liebknecht Raion in southern Ukraine serve as prime examples in this document collection.

В статье рассматриваются письма периода новой экономической политики, адресованные жителями Сибири в различные властные инстанции от партийной ячейки до ЦК РКП(б)–ВКП(б) и Совнаркома СССР. Показано, что взятые в совокупности эти источники свидетельствуют о наличии двух разнонаправленных тенденций: успешной интеграции в советскую систему одной части населения и тесно соседствовавшей с ней стремительной дезадаптации другой. Сделан вывод, что широко использовавшаяся населением возможность подачи апелляций в различные органы власти препятствовала развитию второй тенденции, удерживая поведение индивидов в границах существовавших норм и правил. Обращение во властные структуры, какую бы жесткую критику текущего положения оно не содержало, само по себе являлось негласным признанием авторитета и легитимности Советской власти.

İnternette ilginç projeler yürütülüyor. Mesela bir site 1917’de Twitter olsaydı devrimin nasıl ilerleyeceğinin bir tür simülasyonunu yapmış. Lenin tam Sovyet’te konuşma yapmaya çıkacakken alıyor eline telefonu, “Ben devrime gidiyorum, hadi bakiim” diye tivit atıyor, sonuna da zafer işareti emojisini konduruyor!
http://www.birgun.net/haber-detay/benim-leninime-emojili-tivit-attirdilar-150520.html

Despite the Soviet government's declarative efforts to engage foreign capital in rebuilding the economy during the 1920s, most concessions did not last long and were liquidated before the respective contracts expired. This article considers the conditions and key outcomes of concession enterprises, as well as the reasons and mechanisms for their premature liquidation, using the textile industry as an example. The main focus is on the indicators and reasons for the high profitability of these enterprises, lending issues and Soviet methods for limiting the growth of foreign concession operator profits.

В статье рассматриваются причины трудовых конфликтов, протекавших в разных формах на предприятиях Донбасса в годы новой экономической политики. Речь идет, как о трудовых спорах, разбиравшихся в расценочно-конфликтных комиссиях разного уровня, а также в других инстанциях (Инспекции труда, Нарсуде и т.п.), так и о наиболее острых формах проявления рабочими недовольства своим положением-забастовках. Как показало исследование, проблемы в сфере оплаты труда являлись основными причинами всех форм конфликтов, что в целом вписываются в картину трудовых отношений в промышленности Советской России в 1920-х гг. А вот способы решения данной проблемы, предлагавшиеся местными хозяйственными и профсоюзными органами, в ряде случаев отличались от аналогичных практик, имевших место в других промышленных районах и других отраслях производства. В частности, одной из таких мер стало наделение квалифицированных рабочих участками земли под огороды для выращивания там овощей. В статье дается характеристика хода и эффективности этой нестандартной меры, призванной закрепить квалифицированных рабочих на горнодобывающих предприятиях Донбасса, а также добиться роста производительности труда и соблюдения правил внутреннего распорядка. Несмотря на то, что профсоюзные органы рассматривали такой формат мотивирования рабочих как весьма перспективный, сами рабочие, и прежде всего, квалифицированные, не выказывали особого энтузиазма и продолжали настаивать на своевременной выплате и повышении размеров заработка, что дало бы им возможность купить все необходимые продукты и товары первой необходимости.

The 25 years of economic liberalization had adversely affected the Indian agriculture sector specially food grains. The Present research paper is based on secondary data. It is collected from various Government of India Reports. The main objective of research paper is to examine the trends of area under food grains, Production and yields in India. Moreover to examine the per capita net availability of foodgrians in India. The scope of the research paper is to all India area, production and yield and its per capita net availability for the study i.e. 1991 to 2014.One could observe that during the new economic policy period, the area under foodgrians (Five Year Average) was marginally decreased (-0.26 percent) from the level of 123.89 million hectare in 1991-95 to the 123.57 million hectare in 2011-14. After new economic policy, there is a clear decline in the per capita net availability of foodgrians in India. Moreover per capita of net availability of Rice, other cereals and cereals are also declined. The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. There are also broader cultural, political, and environmental dimensions of globalization”. Minimum support price , production strategies, public investment in infrastructure, research and extension for crop, livestock and fisheries, horticulture, agriculture technology, e-Mandi ,chemical fertilizers and irrigation facilities have expressively helped in growing the agricultural development. India accounts for only about 2.4 % of the world’s geographical area and 4 % of its water resources, but has to support about 17 % of the world’s human population and 15 % of the livestock.

Résumé La nouvelle orientation de la politique économique au Sénégal vise à accroître les revenus des pauvres et à attaquer la pauvreté là où elle est principalement localisée. La stratégie de réduction de la pauvreté va être mise en oeuvre dans un contexte de libéralisation des échanges commerciaux internationaux notamment dans le secteur agricole. Dans ce contexte, nous avons développé un modèle d’équilibre général calculable microsimulé multiménages intégrés permettant d’évaluer l’impact de politiques au niveau des ménages. Nous avons établi le lien entre ces réformes économiques, la pauvreté et la distribution de revenu. Ce modèle offre beaucoup de flexibilité et permet d’introduire des mécanismes de transmission entre les politiques et les indices d’inégalité et pauvreté. Les impacts négatifs obtenus sur la pauvreté suite à l’augmentation du prix des importations agricoles se révèlent importants. De plus, les résultats mitigés obtenus pour les pauvres en milieu rural devraient ...

Статья посвящена организации власти в провинции в середине 1920-х гг. В центре внимания – конфликт между ответственными работниками одного из районных центров Пермского округа Уральской области. Показаны особенности образа жизни местной элиты, специфика борьбы неформальных групп управленцев друг с другом. Работа выполнена в русле микроисторического подхода, основана на ранее не изученных архивных материалах.