Silver Economy

In this article, we first outline the rationale for engaging seniors, before listing a series of examples and case studies from Portugal and beyond, showing the different ways this can be done. In a final section, we share lessons learnt and recommendations. We hope that this article will serve as a source of ideas, examples, opportunities and, most important, good practices that science centres and museums should be aware of when considering the elderly as a target audience.

Starzenie się społeczeństw stanowi wyzwanie, które wymaga opracowywania i wdrażania horyzontalnej polityki społecznej. Polityka ta powinna uwzględniać zróżnicowanie osób starszych oraz odmienność działań skierowanych do osób starszych i na wizerunek starości. Złożoność negatywnych konsekwencji starzenia się sprawia, iż kluczowe jest zwiększenie współpracy podmiotów publicznych, komercyjnych, pozarządowych i nieformalnych na wszystkich poziomach organizacji polityki społecznej. Opracowanie ma na celu przybliżenie modeli wielosektorowej polityki społecznej oraz podkreślenie możliwości integracji usług społecznych. Artykuł wskazuje na szanse i zagrożenia dla integracji usług ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zagadnień srebrnej gospodarki, wykluczenia cyfrowego i robotycznego. W podsumowaniu wskazano na możliwości rozwoju innowacji społecznych oraz kierunki dalszych badań.
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Ageing is a challenge that requires development and implementation of the horizontal social policy. This policy should take into account diversity of older adults and division of interventions aimed at this population and on the image of old age. Complexity of the negative consequences of ageing shows that there is a need to enhance cooperation between the public sector, the commercial sector, the NGO sector, and the informal sector at all levels of social policy social policy. The article discusses models of the multisectoral social policy and possibilities of integrating social services. Conclusions include directions for further research and social innovation.
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A. Klimczuk, Modele wielosektorowej polityki społecznej wobec ludzi starych i starości w kontekście zmiany technologicznej (Models of Multisectoral Social Policy Towards Older People and Old Age in the Context of Technological Change), "Zarządanie publiczne" 2(32)/2015, pp. 41-53.

Main objective of this paper is to describe emergence of a Polish Universities of the Third Age model. These are a multidisciplinary non-formal education centers, which allow formation of positive responses to the challenges of an ageing population. Article indicates main organizational changes of these institutions conditioned by internal and external factors. Essay describes transformation, differentiation factors, and characteristics of these institutions for elderly based on a critical analysis of literature.

Various sources dealing with demographic trends such (e.g. UN Population Division, WHO, ILO) point out that population across the world is getting older. By the 2050 there will be more than 20% of world population age 65 and over. This negative demographic transition, i.e. population aging has been showing four very distinctive features: unprecedented, pervasiveness, endurance and profound implications on human life in general.
Statistics for the European Union are supporting the above mentioned. Namely, the age structure of the European population is expected to change significantly over the next decades and by 2060, the share of people aged 65 and above will increase from 18% to 30% compared to now, while the share of people aged above 80 will more than double. Thus, it is not surprising that the European Union has launched a notion of “Silver Economy” related to economic activities of population aged 50 and over and their impact on various sectors of the national economy. Elderly persons have been for a long time considered the fiscal burden, but EU countries have recently started to turn the negative demographic trend of aging into market opportunities for new products, services, jobs and consequently growth.
The purpose of this paper is to discuss the issue of silver economy with particular focus on investigating the potential economic value of active aging and elderly people in general. Supporting the silver economy in theory and practice means considering elderly population as an opportunity not a threat to local, regional and national economic development.

* Summary in English

Ozdoby ciała i stroju pełniły ważną funkcję kulturową. Z jednej strony miały znaczenie typowo utylitarne związane z potrzebą podtrzymywania elementów ubioru (np.
klamry, zapinki, szpile), z drugiej zaś biżuterii mającej na celu podniesienie własnej
atrakcyjności (np. naszyjniki, wisiory, diademy, zausznice). Surowiec, z jakiego zostały wykonane, kształt, który został im nadany, pojawiające się na nich motywy zdobnicze oraz sposób i miejsce noszenia mówią nie tylko o osobistych upodobaniach estetycznych ich właścicieli, ale również mogły stanowić materialny symbol identyfikacji z grupą plemienną lub etniczną, wskazywać na pozycję w grupie społecznej, określać wiek i status cywilny lub stanowić manifestację przekonań religijnych. Biżuteria mogła również stanowić odzwierciedlenie świata wierzeń i wyobrażeń. Zatem jest ona nie tylko przejawem poczucia estetyki dawnych społeczeństw, ale także odzwierciedleniem sposobu postrzegania świata i rzeczywistości. Wielu wypadkach stanowiła popis umiejętności rzemieślniczych wytwórców, stając się często wyznacznikiem prestiżu oraz synonimem luksusu.

W poniższym tekście przybliżam szczególny rodzaj biżuterii wczesnośredniowiecznej, jakim są ozdoby słowiańskie odkrywane w skarbach i na cmentarzyskach
na obszarze Skandynawii, zwłaszcza w rejonie południowego Bałtyku. Jest to ważny
rodzaj źródła archeologicznego, który – poza nielicznymi wzmiankami w źródłach
pisanych oraz ceramiką – pozwala na bliższe przyjrzenie się wzajemnym słowiańsko-skandynawskim relacjom.

The author is broadly interested in: law and history; slavery and freedom; colonialism and decolonization; cultural history; besides discussions on race, sexuality, gender, and discrimination. João Sodré has published articles, among them "Subaltern Spaces and Diasporic Imaginaries in Rio de Janeiro's Valongo Wharf" (Tinta Journal,

The paper discusses finds of silver cupellation and assaying waste from Sigtuna and Gotland, in minting contexts as well as in jewellery workshop contexts, and the processes' links to the measuring of value and means of payment in the pre- and early monetary Scandinavian economies of the 10th to 12th centuries AD. It also discusses cold testing methods like pecking and bending, silver standards and the use of symbols borrowed from the monetary sphere in order to lend credibility to Gotlandic currency arm rings.

Metallurgic ceramics form a common group of Iron Age/Early Medieval workshop finds. These highly specialized refractory ceramics carry a lot of information; telling us not just about the blacksmiths’ and goldsmiths’ skills in handling ceramic materials, but also about production and workshop organisation. This paper mainly deals with the question of heating trays, interpreted as vessels used in fire assay, or the refining and analysis of silver. A general connection between assaying and means of payment is briefly discussed, and a hypothesis is put forward that the presence of heating trays may provide information on Viking control over the means of payment and trade, in the same way as the presence of weights and weighing does. The Viking weight economy was dependent on methods for weighing the silver used for payment and methods for checking its purity. Analyses of heating trays from 9th-10th century Birka and of trays from the 10th – 11th century mint in Sigtuna are made and an experimentally produced heating tray is analysed for comparison purposes.

Effets démographiques générationnels et augmentation de l’espérance de vie : ces deux phénomènes combinés, inédits dans l’histoire de l’Humanité, confrontent la société française à de nombreux défis. En 2014, la France compte 16 millions de personnes âgées de 60 ans ou plus. Selon la projection moyenne, elles seraient 20 millions en 2030. Comment répondre à leurs besoins ? La question est au cœur de la Silver économie, filière qui vise à encourager les innovations pour accompagner l’avancée en âge et faire reculer la perte d’autonomie. Un vrai potentiel en termes de retombées économiques et d’emploi pour de très nombreux sec-teurs d’activités.
Des normes volontaires existent, mais des manques sont identifiés comme pénalisant la structuration de la filière. Les domaines comme les besoins fondamentaux (alimentation, ca-pacité de déplacement...), le cadre de vie (environnement, proximité de commerces...) ou la santé (accès aux soins, prévention) représentent des marchés à fort potentiel. Neuf secteurs clés sont identifiés : agroalimentaire, transports, habitat, lieu de travail, santé et action so-ciale, services financiers, sports loisirs et tourisme, biens de consommation et technologies de l’information. Cette expression de besoins provient d’ailleurs des seniors eux-mêmes et de leurs aidants qui, selon l’enquête nationale présentée dans ce rapport, placent l’alimentation, la santé et les nouvelles technologies dans le trio de tête de leurs attentes de services.
Dans le domaine de la Silver économie, des normes volontaires et référentiels privés exis-tent déjà, mais de nombreux manques persistent. Ces lacunes pénalisent la structuration de la filière. Pour un entrepreneur, consulter une norme volontaire permet de gagner du temps et de déployer son activité dans des conditions optimales, qui répondent aux besoins et aux exigences du secteur. Les conclusions de ce rapport encouragent tous les acteurs écono-miques concernés par la croissance de la filière (prestataires, industriels, PME, start-ups,...) à s’impliquer pour élaborer, ensemble, des normes volontaires qui correspondent aux be-soins du marché.

[Generational demographic effects and increased life expectancy: the two combined phenomena, unprecedented in the history of humanity, facing with many challenges. In 2014, France has 16 million people aged 60 or over. According to the average projection, they would be 20 million in 2030. How to respond to their needs? The question is at the heart of Silver economy sector aimed at encouraging innovations to accompany advancing age and reduce loss of autonomy. A real potential in terms of economic benefits and employment for many sectors of activities.
Voluntary standards exist but gaps are identified as penalizing the structuring of the sector. Areas such as basic needs (food, displacement capacity...), the living environment (environment, local shops...) or health (access to care, prevention) represent high potential markets. Nine key areas are identified: food, transport, housing, workplace, health and social Action, financial services, leisure and sports tourism, consumer goods and information technologies. This expression comes from elsewhere needs of older workers themselves and their caregivers, according to the national survey presented in this report, place the food, health and new technologies in the top three of their service expectations . In the area of the Silver Economy, voluntary standards and private standards already exist, but many gaps remain. These deficiencies penalize the structuring of the sector. For an entrepreneur, consult a voluntary standard allows to save time and deploy its activity in optimal conditions, which meet the needs and requirements of the sector. The findings of the report encourage all economic actors involved in the growth of the sector (service providers, industry, SMEs, start-ups, ...) to become involved in developing, together, voluntary standards that meet the needs of the market.

The 2006 excavation revealed a late 10th-early 11th century smithy, where an extensive mass-manufacture of Viking truncated iron/copperalloy weights had taken place. In the latest phase of the smithy itinerant glass workers started to visit the site, working with high lead glass. Glass craftsmen returned to the site several times until the mid 11th century, building a new furnace each time they visited.

Annotation The human population is ageing. This phenomenon is a major challenge for the society, but it can also be a great opportunity for business and economy. The competition for a better position in the ageing segment of the economy has already started worldwide. "Calico" was the first huge project in the United States to enter into this economic segment in an innovative way. In the EU, the "Silver economy" focused on developing strategies related to the ageing population, mainly in terms of special technology services. These services generally aim to support well-being through health monitoring, robotic assistance, electrical mobility or sport activities including health tourism, green care and web based home care solutions. Nowadays, innovation developers focus on solutions for elderly people. Economic sectors involved in innovation and development want immediate strategies and clear visions for the next decades. Health and social care, health services, self-health management and senior tourism all require ready models. The question is whether there is an innovative ready-to-use model that will be suitable for the needs of the Silver Economy?

In the summer of 2000 the remains of a late Viking Age building were located and excavated on the property Bottarve 1:19 in Fröjel parish, Gotland. The site proved to be a workshop partly devoted to metallurgical production. Two refilled furnace pits were found and they in turn yielded a range of finds which gave a good picture of the workshop’s production. Among the finds were shards of metallurgical ceramics like crucibles, broken moulds and hearth lining. By means of both ocular and scientific analyses it could be established that the workshop was used to produce silver jewellery of a very high standard. Raw silver was refined by means of cupellation and thereafter re-melted and cast into various items, among them silver armlets. Together this signals that the Fröjel workshop most probably was a part of a highly organized and prestigious production that might even have been on the verge of producing pre-monetary objects of value; primitive currency

"Finds from 11th century Sigtuna have supplied archaeological research with a range of different types of refractory ceramics, of which some have been rather recently identified. One example is melting bowls, i.e. clay packaging material emerging from the brazing of iron weights. These were found in vast numbers in the mint of King Olof Eriksson Skötkonung (late 10th to early 11th centuries). In order to supervise trade, the King probably had to verify the old means of payment by weighing silver, as well as his owh coinage. Another category of ceramic objects found in the mint and in several other parts of town, are heating trays. The paper interprets them as assaying trays, of vital importance for testing silver connected with payment. A short review is made of finds of assaying trays from Nothern Europe, and of analyses showing their characteristic surface composition of lead and copper oxides.

A small experimental series of assaying was made, in order to attain a comparative material for use in the interpretation of the trays from Sigtuna. It is suggested that heating trays used outside the mint could possibly tell the same story as the presence of waste from the manufacture of weights in the mint. The old means of payment and the monetary system, introduced by the King, existed side by side. In the silver economy, the methods for testing purity were probably as important as the equipment for weighing it."

A short notice on a smithy in Fröjel, Gotland, excavated in 2000. In the workshop silver armlets had been cast, obviously after refining the silver. The finds included mould- and crucible fragments and litharge-cakes from the refining process (cupellation).

A very rare intact silver ring from the Viking Age recently had been found in the borough of Buren. Cees-Jan van de Pol detected the ring with his metal detector.
On the same location also a piece of melted silver in the form of a drop was found together with a silver coin from the 10th century in the clay ground of the Betuwe.

The paper presents the concept of the "silver economy" as an economic system related to population aging and underlines the features of this policy idea. The study first introduces the discourse and stages of constructing this system by international and national public policy actors in aging. Next, a critical analysis of the dimensions and areas of implementation and development of the silver economy as a policy concept was carried out as well as a review of its external and internal limitations. The conclusion contains proposals for further research directions.

The site, and particularly house A 79 from the period 1000-1025 commonly called “King Olof's Mint”, gave finds of beads, tesserae and glass rods. SEM-EDS analyses may indicate that a furnace in the house partly was used as a glass furnace and partly for silver processing. The project is now facing its end, and a report will be written during the winter.

So far, no convincing traces of glass furnaces are secured and the fragments of crucibles are few. However the site, and particularly house A 79 from the period 1000-1025 commonly called “King Olof's Mint”, gave finds of beads, tesserae and glass rods. The contextual connection between the cutting of coin dies, the manufacture of weights, jewellery-making and the management of glass is obvoius, but the finds of large scale silver refining are sparse.

The approach to analysing population ageing and its impacts on the economy has evolved in recent years. There is increasing interest in the development and use of products and services related to gerontechnology as well as other social innovations that may be considered as central parts of the "silver economy." However, the concept of silver economy is still being formed and requires detailed research. This article proposes a typology of models of the silver economy in the European Union (EU) at the national and regional levels. This typology was created by comparing the Active Ageing Index to the typology of varieties and cultures of capitalism and typology of the welfare states. Practical recommendations for institutions of the EU and directions for further research are discussed.

A. Klimczuk, Comparative Analysis of National and Regional Models of the Silver Economy in the European Union, “International Journal of Ageing and Later Life”, Vol. 10, No. 2 2016, pp. 31-59.

Кулешов Вяч. С. Древнерусские весовые граффити на евхаристической чаше XII в. из Пермского Предуралья // Нумизматические чтения Государственного Исторического музея 2018 года (Москва, 27 и 28 ноября 2018 года) : К 100-летию отдела нумизматики Государственного Исторического музея : Материалы докладов и сообщений / Редакционная коллегия: Е. В. Захаров (ответственные редактор) и др. М.: [б. и.], 2018. — В надзаглавии: Государственный Исторический музей. — С. 145–148.

Main objective of this paper is to describe emergence of a Polish Universities of the Third Age model. These are a multi-disciplinary non-formal education centers, which allow formation of positive responses to the challenges of an ageing population. Article indicates main organizational changes of these institutions conditioned by internal and external factors. Essay describes transformation, differentiation factors, and characteristics of these institutions for elderly based on a critical analysis of literature.
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A. Klimczuk, Polish Universities of the Third Age. Emerging Model, [in:] M. Mokryš, Š. Badura, A. Lieskovský (eds.), Proceedings in Electronic International Interdisciplinary Conference. The 2nd Electronic International Interdisciplinary Conference, EDIS, University of Žilina, Žilina 2013, p. 226-231.

"Nel settembre 2005 nello scavo del “podere Chiavichetta” di Classe (RA) è stato rinvenuto un tesoretto di oggetti in argento, di piena epoca bizantina (V-VII sec. d. C.), formato da alcuni cucchiai e una coppa. Già dalle prime osservazioni archeologiche, è risultata chiara l’importanza e la preziosità degli oggetti, finemente decorati e scarsamente ergonomici,forse destinati ad un uso battesimale.
In collaborazione con la Soprintendenza Archeologica dell’Emilia Romagna, è stata impostata una serie di indagini volte a raccogliere informazioni sia sulla natura dei materiali (composizione della lega e microstruttura) sia sullo stato di conservazione dei reperti.
I microcampioni prelevati in corrispondenza di zone già danneggiate dalla permanenza nel sottosuolo, sono stati analizzati mediante XRF, microscopia stereoscopica, ottica ed elettronica a scansione a pressione variabile (VP-SEM), con sonda EDS.
Alcuni prodotti di corrosione sono stati inoltre sottoposti ad analisi mediate spettroscopia FTIR (microATR e trasmissione in pasticca di KBr) e XRD.
I risultati ottenuti hanno permesso di individuare sia le sequenze tecnologiche di produzione (la coppa è stata ottenuta per lavorazione termomeccanica, decorata a cesello-sbalzo ed incisione ed infine dorata, mentre i cucchiai
sono stati ottenuti per fusione) che le modalità di degrado: sui reperti sono stati individuati due distinti strati di corrosione, uno più interno formato da cloruri di argento e uno più esterno formato da solfuri di argento.
Le informazioni ottenute dalla sequenza analitica sono state utilizzate nella definizione dell’intervento di restauro."

Technical ceramics include a wide range of different refractory vessels and packages used in various metallurgical processes. The project “Metallurgical ceramics 800–1200 AD” was initiated for two purposes: to study materials that have been misclassified as “slag” or “fired clay” at excavations; and to find out what these objects can tell us about production and organisation at Early Medieval workshop sites. One of the sites studied was the
Trädgårdsmästaren block in Sigtuna, excavated 1988–90. Through the examination of 1.2 tons of slag and clay, it was possible to increase the registered finds of technical ceramics to c. 150%. As these finds of previously unrecognised types of vessels could be added to the crucibles and casting moulds from the site, a more complete picture of the craft activities could be drawn.

Metal craftwork started very discreetly at the site. No large-scale production took part before he mid-11th century, when a casting workshop was founded on one of the plots. The manufacture was probably administered by petty aristocrats who owned plots in town. The production was geared toward prestigious objects used as gifts in alliances between noblemen. Eastern connections are seen in the occurrence of an eastern Slavonic or Russian type of closed crucible.

In the 12th century the craft assumed a more mercantile position, shown by activities concentrating toward the main street and by a tremendous increase of craft waste such as ceramics and slag. A slight ecclesiastic direction can be seen in moulds for Christian crosses. In the late 12th century vast amounts of precious-metal refining residue was deposited, probably in connection with the royal mint under King Knut Eriksson in the 1180s.

Wykorzystanie samouczących się sieci neuronowych w analizie zachowań zakupowych i identyfikacji ich wzorców wśród konsumentów w wieku 60 lat i więcej Wykorzystanie samouczących się sieci neuronowych… Wstęp Z początkiem XXI wieku marketingowcy na całym świecie stanęli przed kolejnym wyzwaniem. Związane jest ono z wyłanianiem się nowego seg-mentu rynkowego, zwanego " srebrnym rynkiem " (silver market). Jego kształtowanie jest wynikiem sukcesywnego przebudowywania się struk-tury demograficznej zarówno krajów rozwiniętych, jak i rozwijających się. Ten uniwersalny i globalny proces polega na dynamicznym wzroście liczby osób w wieku 60 i więcej. Spowodowany został wydłużeniem się przeciętnej długości życia ludności w wyniku m.in. poprawy warunków bytowych i postępu medycznego, końcowo prowadząc do wyewoluowa-nia kolejnego segmentu konsumenckiego. Wstępne badania na świecie (szczególnie w USA i Europie Zachodniej) sugerują, iż segment ten cechuje swoista specyfika i autonomia w obszarze potrzeb i zachowań nabywczych. Zrozumienie rynku srebrnych osób (silver citizen market) wymaga pogłębio-nej wiedzy o postawach i stylu życia seniorów, aczkolwiek marketingowcy wciąż zajmują się tym lukratywnym rynkiem nieefektywnie [de Asis, 2007], jeśli w ogóle jest on pod ich obserwacją czy świadomą eksploracją. Rynek seniorów rozpatrywany jest najczęściej przez producentów kosmetyków, farmaceutyków oraz dostawców usług medycznych [Badowska, Rogala, 2016]. Zdecydowanie rzadziej (jeśli kiedykolwiek) jest rynkiem docelo-wym dla dóbr i usług technologicznych. Jednakże w świetle koncepcji srebrnej gospodarki (silver economy) akcentowanej przez Komisję Europejską [2015], w której rozwój wysokich technologii stanowi nieodzowny element, problematyka wzrostu potrzeb osób starszych może być pozy-tywnym impulsem do dalszego rozwoju przedsiębiorstw w skali lokalnej, jak i globalnej. Tym samym może stać się ona nowym źródłem inspiracji dla przedsiębiorstw dotąd niedostrzegających rosnącego popytu ze strony starszych konsumentów.

A. Klimczuk, Pokolenie 50+ w cyfrowym świecie - perspektywa gerontologiczna (Generation 50+ in the Digital World - Gerontological Perspective). Lecture: Podlaski Zjazd Latarników Polski Cyfrowej w ramach projektu "Polska Cyfrowa Równych Szans", Stowarzyszenie Miasta w Internecie, Białystok-Woźnawieś, 05-06.11.2012, electronic publication: http://starylatarnik.mwi.pl/phoca-download/category/1-biblioteka?download=50:pokolenie-50-w-cyfrowym-swiecie-perspektywa-gerontologiczna.

The global fertility rate has been falling dramatically. Experts from the department of Washington University evaluating health statistics (Institute for Health Metrics and Evolution) stated that the fertility rate fell to 2.4% worldwide in 2017. Prof. Dr. Christopher Murray says that "We are moving into a period in which the population in most of the world is naturally declining", in an interview with the BBC. He says that fertility rates in 183 out of 195 countries have fallen to a level that will lead to a decrease in the current population (Hürriyet, 2020).

The paper explores the needs and demands, related to tourism and traveling, of senior citizens of Bulgaria. Data from previous research is used to shape the specific social landscape in the country. Findings from the discussion of a focus group of Bulgarian seniors are collected and presented.

A. Klimczuk, Srebrna gospodarka jako odpowiedź sektora prywatnego wobec starzenia się społeczeństwa (Silver Economy as a Response of the Private Sector for Population Ageing), "Forum Odpowiedzialnego Biznesu" 27.05.2013, electronic publication: http://odpowiedzialnybiznes.pl/artykuly/srebrna-gospodarka-jako-odpowiedz-sektora-prywatnego-wobec-starzenia-sie-spoleczenstwa/

Google's interest in the subject of aging is growing. The company is now a player in longevity economy (or silver economy) in the world. The article discusses the acquisitions of technology giant in the area and shows how other companies are also choosing to target human longevity.

Jednym z głównych wyzwań współczesnego rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego jest proces starzenia się ludności. Złożony charakter zmian z nim związanych uzasadnia podejmowanie interwencji uwzględniających wyzwanie utrzymania solidarności pokoleniowej i przeciwdziałania wykluczeniu robotycznemu. Opracowane przybliża koncepcję srebrnej gospodarki jako systemu gospodarczego opartego na zaspokajaniu potrzeb starzejących się społeczeństw. W artykule przedstawione zostały założenia budowy srebrnej gospodarki zawarte w wybranych dokumentach projektu cywilizacyjnego "Polska 2030. Trzecia fala nowoczesności". Podsumowanie obejmuje wnioski z przeprowadzonej analizy strategii oraz postulaty co do kierunków dalszych badań.
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One of the main challenges of the contemporary socio-economic development is the process of population ageing. The complexity of the changes associated with it justifies interventions taking into account the challenge of generational solidarity maintenance and robotics divide prevention. Article introduces the concept of silver economy - an economic system based on meeting the needs of ageing populations. This paper present the assumptions of building the silver economy contained in selected documents which are a part of civilizational project "Poland 2030. The Third Wave of Modernity." Summary include conclusions from the strategy analysis and postulates of further research directions.

A. Klimczuk, Srebrna gospodarka w dokumentach strategicznych państwa (Silver Economy in the State Strategic Documents), [in:] J. Osiński, M. Pachocka (eds.), Zmieniający się świat. Perspektywa demograficzna, społeczna i gospodarcza, Oficyna Wydawnicza Szkoły Głównej Handlowej, Warszawa 2013, p. 461-472.

The concept of the "silver economy" is one of the complex response trials to the challenges of ageing societies. Its key objective is to bring goods and services to meet the needs of older people through gerontechnology. Article approximates relationships between technology and the ageing of the population and the main features of silver economy and gerontechnology. It is supplemented by examples of support efforts to promote gerontechnology including: (1) documents and strategic programs, (2) network organizations and clusters, (3) research and development institutions. Essay draws attention to the development of solutions such as: strategies for innovation, welfare clusters, regional silver economy networks, research institutions such as "agelab" and cultural institutions "medialab". Study indicates potential directions for further research.

Labor Transitions is a paper that is part of Chapter 2 "Psychosociology and age management" of the "Guide to Age Management and Occupational Risk Prevention", published by Osalan - Basque Institute of Occupational Safety and Health of the Basque Government.
The paper "Labor Transitions" provides a review of good practices in this field, carried out in the first two decades of the 21st century. Among which are the experiences:
- Line 2017 (BMW);
- Mid-career balances, driven by employers in the framework of European programs (The Mentor Me, Sodexo, Hekatron, Abloy Oy, etc.);
- The Mid-Life Lifestyle MOT, in the United Kingdom (following on from the Cridland report);
- The "Professional Transition" project developed in France as a public-private partnership initiative.
The paper concludes with an eminently practical section, which includes a list of activities to facilitate a first approach to the development of interventions for career transitions.
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Transiciones laborales, es un artículo que forma parte del Capítulo 2 "Psicosociología y gestión de la edad", de la "Guía de la Gestión de la Edad y Prevención de Riesgos Laborales", editada por Osalan - Instituto Vasco de Seguridad y Salud Laborales, del Gobierno Vasco.
El paper "Transiciones laborales" aporta una revisión de buenas prácticas en la materia, realizadas en las dos primerás decadas del siglo XXI. Entre las que se encuentran las experiencias:
- Línea 2017 (BMW);
— Balances de mitad de carrera, impulsados por empleadores en el marco de programas europeos (The Mentor Me, Sodexo, Hekatron, Abloy Oy, etc.);
— La ITV del estilo de vida de la mediana edad, en el Reino Unido (como consecuencia del informe Cridland);
— El proyecto «Transición profesional» desarrollado en Francia como una iniciativa de colaboración público-privada.
El "paper" finaliza con un apartado de eminente espíritu practico, que incluye una relación de actividades para facilitar un primer acercamiento al desarrollo de intervenciones para las transiciones profesionales.

The continuing growth in the number of adults aged 60-plus has raised global alertness of population restructuring. This demographic change, on the one hand, reduces productivity and increases public expenditure due to aging, resulting in prejudice, bias, misrepresentation, and discrimination against them. On the other hand, it develops a specific consumer market segment and extends the availability and accessibility of the elderly through employment, volunteering, or grandparenting. This study argues against the stigmatization of this age group from a functional perspective that damages social cohesion. It advocates a humanistic view toward seniors to eradicate marginalization and promotes the manageability of the senior population. With the aid of advanced technology and health equity, senior adults can retain everyday competence for self-care with dignity, as well as gracefully attain physical and psychological health, autonomy, and well-being in their later life. All these considerations give medical and nursing professionals insight into how to take care of the elderly.

Wzrost długości życia ludzkiego sprzyja rozwojowi dóbr i usług skierowanych do osób starszych. Opracowanie przybliża zjawisko srebrnej gospodarki jako systemu ekonomicznego opartego na zaspokajaniu potrzeb starzejących się społeczeństw. W artykule przedstawione zostały przykłady rozwiązań strategicznych i organizacyjnych związanych z tworzeniem gerontechnologii. Uwzględniono koncepcje obejmujące współpracę podmiotów sektora publicznego, komercyjnego i pozarządowego: strategie innowacji, klastry dobrobytu i regionalne sieci srebrnej gospodarki. Zwrócono także uwagę na nowe instytucje badawcze typu "agelab" i instytucje kultury typu "medialab", które mogą być wykorzystane do kształtowania społecznego wizerunku gerontechnologii.
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The increase in the length of human life favors development of goods and services to the elderly. Article describes phenomenon of the silver economy as an economic system based on meeting the needs of ageing populations. Study presents examples of strategic and organizational solutions related to the creation of gerontechnology. Work takes into account concepts of cooperation between public, commercial and non-governmental sector entities: strategies for innovation, welfare clusters and silver economy networks. It also highlighted the new research institutions such as "agelab" and cultural institutions "medialab", which can be used to shape public image of gerontechnologies.

Salutogenesis ensures that physical environments promote wellbeing across people’s lifespan. Although this has influenced medical architecture, it has not yet penetrated into the domain of urban development. Despite the gradual decrease of medicalization of healthcare facilities, a conceptual gap remains between hospitality and healthcare facilities. This paper explores the possibilities of synergistic domains between healthcare and hospitality facilities. Using the architectural typology interpretation of a dementia village as a case study this paper explores how to create hybrids between healthcare and hospitality facilities that contribute to the silver economy while providing the ageing population with better built environments.

W artykule przedstawiono zjawisko grania wśród osób dojrzałych i starszych. W tym celu przeprowadzono w 2017 roku badanie w podejściu do wirtualnej etnografii, obejmujące dwa ważne fora internetowe dla graczy w wieku 25 lat i starszych: The Older Gamers (TOG) i Senior Gamers (SG). W sumie zakodowano zestaw 471 postów, co przełożyło się na pogłębiony opis pięciu istotnych aspektów praktyki grania wśród graczy 50+: ogólnych, na które składają się podstawowe cechy demograficzne użytkowników, ich nawyki, sprzęt używany do grania, kompetencje i wiedza związana z grami oraz rola środowiska społecznego, zwłaszcza rodziny, w rozwoju praktyki grania. Badanie to stanowi novum, ponieważ wykorzystuje podejście wirtualnej etnografii do zagadnienia sięgania po gry cyfrowe przez osoby starsze, ale także rozpoczyna dyskusję na ten temat w polskim dyskursie akademickim.

In this paper, we discuss the urban question and
its relation to population aging. We show, in a
summarized way, the effect of financial capital, in
the 20th and 21st centuries, on urban space, labor
and social security. We argue that the loss of the
right to the city is the last stage of the dismantling
of the Welfare State. With the advance of the
real estate capital, the segregation of residents
increases, and the poorest ones settle in precarious
conditions in the cities, where 84% of Brazilian
elders live. Thus, this process contributes to the
construction of a paradoxical discourse about old
age, especially with regard to the right to work and
the postponement of retirement due to increased
longevity. We have produced a hypothesis to be
explored in further research regarding the role of the
built environment in the decision about retirement.

A. Klimczuk, Guest Blog: The Future of the Economy in an Ageing Society: The silver economy: one or many?, International Longevity Centre - UK, 30.11.2015, http://blog.ilcuk.org.uk/2015/11/30/guest-blog-andrzej-klimczuk-independent-researcher-the-future-of-the-economy-in-an-ageing-society-the-silver-economy-one-or-many/.